1-20 Modified TRUE or False.

Choose A if all statements are TRUE, B if all statements are FALSE, C if 1st statement is TRUE and
2nd statement is FALSE, and D if 1st statement is FALSE and 2nd statement is TRUE.

1. I. Early childhood is the developmental period from 3 through 5 years of age.

II. Early childhood is sometimes called the “school years.”
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

2. I. Early childhood is the developmental period from 3 through 5 years of age.

II. Middle and late childhood is the developmental period from about 6 to 10 or 11 years of
age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

3. I. During early childhood, children master the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and
arithmetic, and they are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
II. First grade typically marks the end of early childhood.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

4. I. By the time children reach 3 years of age, the brain is three-quarters of its adult size.
II. By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

5. I. The preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, is the third
Piagetian stage.
II. In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

6. I. Preoperational thought is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has
been established in behavior.
II. This developmental stage can be divided into two substages: the symbolic function
substage and the intuitive thought substage.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
7. I. The symbolic function substage is the first substage of preoperational thought, occurring
roughly between the ages of 4 and 7.
II. The intuitive thought substage is the second substage of preoperational thought, occurring
between approximately 2 and 4 years of age.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

8. I. Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone
else’s perspective.
II. Animism, another limitation of preoperational thought, is the belief that inanimate objects
have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

9. I. Centration, a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

II. Centration is most clearly evidenced in young children’s lack of egocentrism.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

10. I. In Vygotsky’s theory, children are more often described as cognitive creatures than in
Piaget’s theory.
II. Their cognitive development depends on the tools provided by society, and their minds are
shaped by the cultural context in which they live.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

11. I. Erikson's theory was based on what is known as the genetic principle.
II. The epigenetic principle suggests that people grow in a sequence that occurs over time and
in the context of a larger community.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

12. I. Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development.
II. Mastery leads to ego strength.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
13. I. The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early
childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.
II. The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

14. I. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would
lead to purpose.
II. When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is
achieved, the ego quality known as will emerges.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

15. I. The young child’s growing awareness of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding
range of emotions.
II. Their emotional development in early childhood allows them to try to make sense of other
people’s emotional reactions and to begin to control their own emotions.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

16. I. During the early childhood years, emotions such as pride and guilt become more common.
II. They are especially influenced by parents’ responses to children’s behavior.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

17. I. From about 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

II. At about 10 years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

18. I. Authoritative parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to
follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
II. Authoritarian parenting encourages children to be independent but still places limits and
controls on their actions.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

19. I. Children whose parents are neglectful develop the sense that other aspects of the parents’
lives are more important than they are.
II. These children tend to be socially incompetent.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

20. I. Indulgent parenting is a style in which parents are highly involved with their children but
place few demands or controls on them.
II. Such parents let their children do what they want.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

21. Children who are in Piaget’s stage of concrete operational thought are also in Erikson’s stage
of:
a. Identity vs. Role confusion
b. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
c. industry vs. Inferiority
d. initiative vs. Guilt

22. A second grade student is asked if 8 ounces of water becomes “more” when poured in a tall
skinny container than when in a short, wide container. This is a test of:
a. Conservation
b. Identity
c. Classification
d. Reversibility

23. In front of Chris, Tasha pours 8 ounces of water from a measuring cup into a short, wide
glass. She then pours another 8 ounces of water from a measuring cup into a tall, thin glass.
She then asks Chris which glass has more water. According to Piaget, if Chris does not yet
understand the concept of conservation, he is likely to answer:
a. He does not understand what more means
b. The short, white glass
c. The tall, thin glass
d. They are the same

24. According to Erikson, the successful negotiation of a stage of development results in:
a. Self-acceptance
b. Pride
c. Ego strength
d. Superego

25. Purpose develops immediately following the resolution of the:

a. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
b. Basic trust vs. Mistrust
c. Industry vs. Inferiority
d. Initiative vs. Guilt

26. What is the primary purpose of meiosis in the human reproductive process?
a. To create identical copies of parent cells
b. To form somatic cells for body growth and repair
c. To duplicate chromosomes in testes and ovaries
d. To produce eggs and sperm (gametes)
27. Which of the following best describes the epigenetic development principle of Erik Erikson’s
Psychosocial Theory?
a. Each crisis in development exists in a primitive form at birth and is present in some
form at every other stage of development.
b. Each crisis is experienced only once.
c. Development proceeds in a smooth, continuous fashion.
d. Development can simply go dormant for long periods of time (as in the latency stage).

28. Which cognitive ability is NOT characteristic of concrete operational thinkers according to
Piaget?
a. Conservation
b. Seriation
c. Abstract reasoning
d. Transitivity

29. Lily, a 12-year-old, receives a gift that she wanted for a long time but also feels sad because it
reminds her of a friend who moved away. How does Lily's experience reflect the increased
understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation?
a. Lily only experiences happiness about the gift.
b. Lily is only aware of the sadness related to her friend moving away.
c. Lily recognizes and experiences both joy and sadness simultaneously.
d. Lily is indifferent and does not feel any emotions about the gift.

30. Jake, an 11-year-old, is upset after a disagreement with his friend. How might Jake
demonstrate self-regulation of emotion in response to this peer conflict?
a. Jake reacts impulsively, yelling at his friend.
b. Jake takes a deep breath and tries to understand his friend's perspective.
c. Jake ignores the conflict, pretending it didn't happen.
d. Jake blames himself for the disagreement, feeling guilty.