FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

HELD AT

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

NBC

BY

UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN

ENG/17/MCT/00341

JANUARY 2023
 ABSTRACT

The student’s industrial work experience scheme program is chiefly equipped towards the

introduction of the students to the society, industrial, domestic demand and needs of their course

of study. It prepare students to know what they will face in the labour market after graduation, it

also establish students to be self-reliance. In line with the aim and objectives of the program it

creates podium to bridge the gap the between the theoretical knowledge acquired in the school

and practical aspect and this gives students additional knowledge about his/ her course of study,

indeed the program serve as reservoir of knowledge in which students fetch practical experience.

My six month student’s industrial work experience scheme with NIGERIAN BOTTLING

COMPANY was highly remarkable as it exposed me to the area of engineering aspect like

electrical ,mechanical, automation ,quality control ,data interpretational skills, report writing,

presentational skills, mutual relationship and interaction with staffs and clients.
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) was prepared

and

compiled by UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN (REG NO: ENG/17/MCT/00341`) from the

department of mechatronics Bayero University Kano , for the successful completion

of my 6 months Industrial Training undertaken at NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR:

SIGNATURE AND DATE: ……………………………………………..

SIWES COORDINATOR:ENG MUHAMMAD ATTAHIR

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………….

 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to almight Allah who gave me the physical and mental strength to carry

out this exercise and to my father (Alh) ALAUDDEEN I BIBI who has been taking my

transportation responsibility & academic financially, morally and other kind of supports. I pray

that may you reap the fruit of yourlabour over me.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for His indefinite mercy on me during and

after this work.

I must appreciate the effort of (Al) ALAUDDEEN I BIB, ALHAJI BASHIR and HAJ HADIZA

BUHARI may you reap your fruits.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to the management and staffs of NIGERIAN

BOTTLING COMPANY. I also wish to appreciate and acknowledge the support and

encouragement received from my industrial based supervisor ENG OLORUNTOBA

OGUNBOWALE. I pray that your children sir will be highly favour where ever they find

themselves.

I am grateful for my brothers and sisters, my entire family members, my friends, my study

colleagues and well-wishers among whom are USMAN MAIJAMA ,ABDURRAHMAN

ADAM,AMINU MUHAMMAD and my brother and sister..I owe you my gratitude for your

moral and financial support. May Allah continue to guide and bless you in all your doing amen.
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………..1

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………2

CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………3

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………….4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..5

REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..9

2.1 PROVIDE BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES AND HOW IT WAS

ESTABLISHED…………....9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANEGEMENT…………………………10

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY…………………………………………10

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY\INSTITUTE…………………………………10

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY……………………………………………10

 3.1.3 COMMENCEMENT…………………………………………………………11.

3.1.4 ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPANY……………………………………….12

3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP OF THE COMPANY…………………….

3.2. PROVIDE AND EXPLAIN THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE

COMPANY……………………………………………………………………………………

3.3PROFESSION ETHICS………………………………………………………………..

3.3.1 PROVIDE THE CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH COMPANY FOLLOWS…………

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ERGONOMICS……………………………………………………………………….13

4.2 EXPLAIN THE HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT(HSE) OF THE COMPANY……………………………………………13

4.2.1 TYPES OF PLAN USED BY THE COMPANY FOR ACHIEVING ITS

OBJECTIIVE…………………………………………….13

4.2.2 DISCRIPTION OF MACHINE\SOFTWARE\EQUIPMENT…………………17

4.2.5 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT USED IN WORKPLACE……………

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING……………………………………

4.3.1 EXPLAINATION OF QUALITY CONTROL…………………………….

4.3.2 TOOL AND EQUIPMENT FOR QUALITY CONTROL…………………

 4.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING…………………………………

4.4.1 MAINTENANCE POLICY OF THE COMPANY……………………

4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT……………………………………

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM……………………………………

5.1 REPORT ON ACTUAL WORKDONE …………………………………………

5.2 CHALLENGES OF SIWES………………………………………………

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………..

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a human capital formation program

through industrial attachment for which students are expected to have a practical experience on

the basis of theories and principles acquired in the teaching-learning process. However, the

prevalence of the inability of participants of SIWES to secure employment after the program

casts doubt on the continuing relevance of SIWES to the contemporary industrial development

drive in Nigeria.

This technical report is a succinct documentation of my exposure and experience achieved and

picked up in the area of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and automation

engineering during student’s industrial work experience last for six month which it commenced

from January to june and aimed to exposed students of higher institution to the practical aspect

of what they were taught in the class in order to bridge the gaps scheme with a Consultancy

company called Nigerian bottling company .The program last for between theoretical aspects

and practical aspects, In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of bachelor of

Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Mechatronics.

 2.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHHEME (S.I.W.E.S) AND HOW IT WAS ESTERBLISHED.

The student work experience scheme{SIWES} came into establishment of the industrial training

fund[ITF] under degree No 47 of 8th October, 1971, in a bid to boost indigenous capacity for the

nation’s industrial need, the fund in its policy statement No. 1 published in 1973 inserted a clause

dealing with the issue of practical skills which states that “the seek will seek to work out

cooperative machinery with industry, where student in institution of higher learning may acquire

training in industry or mid-career attached by contributing to the allowance payable to the

student”. The fund identified a great gap between theory and practice of engineering and

technology of higher learning and has come to an effort to eliminate this gap. The fund initiated

work experience scheme {SIWES} in 1973. SIWES therefore is a skill training program

designed to expose and prepared students of universities, polytechnics and college of education

to real life work situation including environmental, technical and business student in higher

institution of training in Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY Ltd

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY

PLOT 49 CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,KANO.

3.1.3COMMENCEMENT DATE

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY (NBC) is one of the biggest companies in the non-

alcoholic beverage industry in the country and is the sole franchise bottler of The Coca-Cola

Company in Nigeria. The company serves about 160 million people by producing and

distributing a unique portfolio of quality brands, bringing passion to marketplace

implementation, and demonstrating leadership in corporate social responsibility. Nigerian

Bottling Company started operations in Nigeria in 1951. It is based in the city of Lagos and has

about 10 bottling plants across Nigeria. NBC channels products through 59 warehouses and

distribution centers.

3.1.4 ACTIVITY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY NBC.

The activities of Nigerian bottling company is a production company that provide market with

beverages soft drink by means of a production machines.

 ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

 AUTOMATION DEPARTMERNT

 QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

 3.2 ORGANIZATION SETUP OF THE COMPANY

3.2.1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION/INSTITUTION

4.1 ERGONOMICS

4.1.2 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF NBC

the Administration Department is saddled with the responsibility of implementing the

Administrative policies of the company as well as the following specific program General

Administration: Office allocation, Maintenance of office Equipment, Management and control of

the company Reception and Car parks Security: To provide Security for the CNS equipments

Locations and Installations and entire company Properties and residences nationwide by

coordinating all cadres of security personnel including Legionnaires, Supernumerary Police and

Private Security outfits Constantly recommend proactive measures to the management for the

safety of the company facilities which manifests in the installation of security gadgets at various

critical equipment locations .Security issues and request from outstation are subjected to proper

asses.

4.2.1 THE PLAN OF NBC FOR ACHIEVING GOALS

NBC’s vision is to become the undisputed leader in every market in which they compete.

Their mission is to refresh their customers partner with their customers reward our stakeholders

enrich the lives of our local communities Their core values includes; Authenticity Excellence,

Learning Caring for their people, Performing as one Winning with their customers .NBC has

many production plants across the nation. These plants include; Challawa Plant in Kano

State ,Ikeja Plant in Lagos State , Owerri Plant in Imo State. Asejire Plant Maiduguri plant
Enugu plant Abuja plant Port-harcourt plant The plant in which I did my SIWES was Challawa

Plant located in Kano State. The address is; Plot 49, Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano State

4.2 PRODUCTION\SERVICES.

4.2.2 DISCUSSION OF MACHINE \EQUIPMENT\SOFTWARE USED IN

NIGERIAN BOTLING COMPANY NBC.

 ELECTRICAL AND AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT

 MECHANICAL DEPATMENT

ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS/MACHINE

UPS –INVERTER SYSTEM

UPS(UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

UPS means uninterrupted power supply.Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides

uninterrupted power to the equipment. It means switching time from power cut to battery power

is very less hence important and critical equipment like computer, desktop .Medical Instruments

is not switch off and we can lose data.

A UPS is a complete system that is consisting of many parts that include batteries, a charge

controller, circuitry any transfer switch for switching between the mains and back-up battery,

and an inverter. An inverter is needed because the battery can only store DC power and we need

to convert that back to AC in order to match the appliances connected in the main power line.
UPS= Battery charger + Inverter

UPS is nothing but inverter with inbuilt battery charger.

UPS give backup only 10 to 20 minutes. The main intention of it is to provide backup only for

small time so that you can save the programs and data.

UPS also gives protection against line abnormalities like Surge, Voltage fluctuation, Under

Voltage, Over Voltage, Spike, Noise.

Inverter

Inverter circuit simple converters battery DC current to AC and supply

In inverter inverts the direct current to an alternating current. During normal condition electrical

supply is direct feed to the Load. It also takes the supply from the AC source and charges the

battery.

During the power cut, the inverter receives the supply from the battery and convert it DC to AC

Power and provides the power supply to the electrical equipment.

Inverters purpose is to provide power backup to total home appliances, lights, fans.

Inverter uses flat plate or tubular battery to store electricity. So it requires continuous

maintenance, needs to fill the distilled water toppings at regular intervals of time.

Inverter does not give protection against line abnormalities.

 Figure:12V Batteries connected in series

Figure : An inverter
VOLTAGE STABILIZER

It is an electrical appliance which is designed to deliver a constant voltage to a load at its output

terminals regardless of the changes in the input or incoming supply voltage. It protects the

equipment or machine against over voltage, under voltage, and other voltage surges.

It is also called as automatic voltage regulator (AVR). Voltage stabilizers are preferred for costly

and precious electrical equipment to protect them from harmful low/high voltage fluctuations.

Some of these equipment are air conditioners, offset printing machines, laboratory equipment,

industrial machines, and medical apparatus What is a voltage stabilizer

Voltage stabilizers regulate the fluctuating input voltage before it could be fed to the load (or

equipment which is sensitive to voltage variations). The output voltage from the stabilizer will

stay in the range of 220V or 230V in case of single phase supply and 380V or 400V in case of

three phase supply, within given fluctuating range of input voltage. This regulation is carried by

buck and boost operations performed by internal circuitry.

Fig: Voltage stabilizer

SURVEILLACE DEPARTMENT(RADAR)

PRINCIPLES OF RADAR.

DEFINITION OF RADAR: The word RADAR is a contraction of the expression Radio

Detection And Ranging. RADAR is an application of radio principles to detect distant objects

that cannot be observed visually and to determine their direction, range and altitude. RADAR

can also be simply defined as a method of using radio waves, to determine the location of objects

in space in relation to a known point. RADAR is also a means of getting information

aboutdistant objects or targets by directing electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the

echoes. In RADAR terminology, the reflected energy is called the radar echo or simply the

echo. The object is called the target. The radar targets are processed and finally shown on the

visual display

THERE ARE TWO TYPESRADAR:

1. Primary Surveillance Radar

2. SecondarySurveillnace Radar

APPLICATION OF RADAR

a) RADAR is used to promote efficient and safe guidance of aircraft in space (Air Traffic

Control). b) It is used in military to intercept enemy aircraft and in missile guidance system. c) It

is used in Communication, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM)

facility in the Aviation industry. d) Radar is used for safe navigation of ships. e) Used in
meteorology to forecast weather (weather sensing). f) It is used also in Search and Rescue

example when an aircraft disappears.

Fig: Primary surveillance radar

THE BASIC RADAR SYSTEM ARE:

a) Antenna

b) Transmitter

c) Receiver

d) Indicator

A Basic RADAR system When a radio signal with a constant frequency is emitted by a

transmitter, radio waves travel out in all directions and are reflected by the objects that they
strike. The components of the waves are reflected in all directions. Some reflected waves return

to the source where they are picked up by the receiver. The receiver’s antenna collects the

returned waves (energy) and transfers them to the receiver. They are then processed to detect the

presence of a target and also to extract the location and velocity of those targets. The distance of

the targets is calculated by measuring the time for the waves (signals) to hit the target and back.

The direction (angular position) of the target is determined from the direction of arrival of the

reflected wave fronts. The received signals which contain noise are amplified at the receiver’s

input. After the frequency selective amplification, the signals with noise are passed to signal

processor. They are further processed to separate the moving target from the stationary target,

long target from short target etc. The filtered signals are passed to the display where they are

presented in terms of range, bearing, height etc. Transmitter Receiver Indicator 3 This is a simple

explanation.

THE PULSE RADAR SYSTEM:

The transmitter is turned on for short periods and off for long periods. During the period when

the transmitter is turned on, it transmits a short burst of energy called a pulse. When a pulse

strikes an object, part of the reflected energy is returned to the receiver, where it is displayed on

the screen. PRESENTATION UNIT Block diagram of a pulsed RADAR set T/R Switch H.F

Oscillator Modulator Mixer I.F Amplifier Detection Video Amp. Local Oscillator RECEIVER 

Synchronizer TRANSMITTER Sweep Generation Display 4 The complete location of an object

in space by RADAR pulse depends on three factors:

a. The range or distance (D) of the target from the Radar Site b. The azimuth angle (the angle of

the radar beam with respect to the North). c. The elevation angle (the angle of the Radar beam

with respect to the ground). . Azimuth Angle . Elevation Angle Distance is determined by

measuring the time it takes for the EM pulse to make a round trip from the radar to the target and

back using the relation: distance = time (t) * velocity

DETERMINING THE RANGE:

A pulse modulated Radar has the ability to measure distance in terms of time. When radio

energy is radiated into space, it continues to travel with a constant velocity. Its velocity is that of

light, 3x108 m/s or 162,000 nautical miles per second (1 nautical mile = 1,853metres) i.e. 3 x

108 = 161,899.622 = 162,000 nautical miles. 1,853 Recall that radio waves travel one nautical

mile in 1 seconds = 0.00000617285seconds 162000 5 = 6 .2 x 10ˉ6 µs = 6.2µs Thus radio waves

travel a radar mile, (a go and a return) in 12.4µs. This constant velocity is used in Radar to

determine the distance or range of a target by measuring the time required for a pulse to travel to

a target and return. Suppose a pulse of radio energy is transmitted towards a target some distance

away and the echo returns after 620µs. Then the distance of the target = 620 = 50nm 12.4 = 50 x

1.853 = 92.65km

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PULSE RADAR

Basic Elements of Pulse Radar Rotary joint Diplexer, Duplexer, T/R

Receiver,Indicator ,Transmitter,Modulator, Timer ,Antenna assembly.

1. ANTENNA ASSEMBLY: The antenna is used to radiate and receive reflected RF energy to

and from the space. The antenna is directional. The Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) uses a
spherical (parabolic) antenna while the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) uses a rectangular

antenna. Both antennas are co-located and have a speed of 15rpm. The other sub- parts of the

antenna are:

(a)The rotary joint allows the transfer of the RF energy between the fixed part and the rotating

part. Note: The two important signals generated by the antenna encoder are:

(i) Azimuth Clock Pulse (ACP):

The encoder generates azimuth clock pulses per complete revolution of the antenna. ACP

signals provide the angular position of the Radar antenna.

(ii) North Reference Pulse (NRP): It generates 1NRP per antenna revolution corresponding

with the transit of the antenna through the geographical North of that installation.

(2) TRANSMITTER: This provides RF energy at extremely high power for a very short time.

The frequency is extremely high to get many cycles into the short pulse. The range of

frequencies is from 220MHz - 35GHz, a spread of over seven octaves. Band Designation

Nominal Frequency Range VHF 30 - 300MHz UHF 300 - 1000MHz L 1000 - 2000MHz S 2000

- 4000MHz C 4000 - 8000MHz X 8000 - 12000MHz Ku 12 - 18GHz K 18 - 26.5GHz 7 Ka 26.5

- 40GHz

(3) MODULATOR: This is the source of power for the transmitter by the pulse from the timer.

It is controlled by the pulse from the timer. The modulator enables the formation of the basic

waveform that will eventually be the envelope of the RF signal.

(4) TIMER: The timer or synchronizer is the heart of the pulse radar. It synchronizes the

transmission of a pulse and the beginning of the timing cycle in the indicator. In other words, its
function is to ensure that all circuits connected with the radar system operate in a definite time

relationship with each other and that the interval between pulses is of the proper length.

(5) RECEIVER: It comprises of sensitive circuits to detect, process and amplify received RF

energy to a level suitable for presentation. The analogue and digital signal processing of the

received echo signal is carried out in the receiver. It also generates all synchronization and

trigger pulses necessary for the equipment’s operation.

(6) INDICATOR: This displays the information processed by the receiver in a way that range,

altitude, azimuth etc can be determined. The indicator presentvisually all the necessary

information to locate the target on the indicator

RADAR EQUIPMENT\SOFTWARE

The following sub-units make up the Radar equipment: Antenna, Ancillaries, RCMS, MWA,

GRA, SST2000, TMR, TRC, RF, Transmitter, Receiver, DPC, Time stamping, ATC and

Interface.

ANTENNA:

Both PSR antenna and the SSR antenna are comounted on the same rotating mechanism. The

speed of the antenna is 15rpm. The PSR antenna STAR 2000S is an S-band Terminal Approach

antenna with parabolic mesh reflector. The reflector is of parabolic form in azimuth and squared

cosecant form in elevation. It uses a double curvator reflector illuminated by a source radiating a

circular or linear vertical polarized wave. The double curvator reflectors are used for high

coverage (reception only) and low coverage (transmission and reception). The 17 AN2000S is

operated alternatively as a transmission and reception interface of the radar system. The purpose
is to radiate the energy transmitted and to recover the energy reflected back from the targets.

Transmission of the RF signals is sent to the antenna by a transmitter via waveguide and received

signals are sent to the receiver unit by waveguide and coaxial cables via the rotary joint. The

PSR covers a range of 60NM. The secondary antenna RSM970S assembly makes it possible to

transmit pulses produced by an interrogator and to receive replies from aircraft equipped with

transponder. The SSR antenna has 36 vertical radiating columns (35 front radiating columns and

1 rear radiating column). Each radiating column is composed of 11 dipoles. The 36 columns are

identical and made using air-stripe technology. The electrical characteristics of the antenna are:

Transmittted power = 4kW Characteristic impedance = 50 ≤ohms VSWR = ≤ 1.5 Polarisation =

vertical.

The Rotary joint :

(a) transfer of the RF signals between the fixed and the movable parts of the radar antenna. (b)

azimuth position encoding of the antenna assembly. The azimuth position of the antenna is given

by two optical encoders (for the two channels). The encoders transmit their azimuth information

to the MDRP and to the TMR. Distribution of Azimuth Data: Each MDRP processes the azimuth

absolute positions delivered by the encoder belonging to the channel. The 19 MDRP generate

ACP and NRP and delivers the ACP/NRP to its associated TMR.

MICROWAVE ASSEMBLY (MWA):

MWA is the RF line used to:

a. couple the RF energy from the transmitter to the antenna.

b. couple the received RF energy from the antenna to the receiver. The MWA also ensures:
the interface of the transmitter and receiver with the antenna.

reception channels A/B switching.

the high beam/low beam switching.

the protection of the LNAs.

the amplification and STC performed by the LNA.

GENERATION RECEPTION ASSEMBLY (GRA):

The GRA is an S-band synthesizer and receiver. Its functions include:

generation of transmitter low level radar pulse input signals.

reception of aircraft and weather radar signals and conversion into digital video.

generation of reference basic radar clock signals.

 BITE and interface with other units.

MULTI RADAR TRACKING (TMR):

The functions of TMR are: a. radar management (radar sequencing, synchronization and control

management). b. acquisition of the digital video signal. c. aircraft channel processing and

primary plot extraction. d. weather channel processing. 20 e. transmission of plot and weather

maps to DPC-PC.

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER CABINET (TRC):

The TRC has he following functions:

house the transmitter and receiver/processors

delivers power supply to the TRC equipment

cools down the TRC equipment.

DATA PROCESSING COMPUTER (DPC-PC):

It processes the data received from the TMR through the input/output LAN. The functions of

DPC-PC include:

Mode S/SSR radar processing.

time stamping.

track management.

 ATCC interface.

channel BITE management.

TIME STAMPING:

The purpose of time stamping is to provide, with a service continuity, “time stamped” radar at

the time of detection. The time synchronization is performed on a UTC basis. The time stamping

system is composed of: (1) NTPS is synchronized from an internal satellite clock GPS receiver,

providing time message on an Ethernet LAN to the tracking PC. The NTP 21 server provides the

reference UTC time to the time stamping function of the DPC-PC. (2)GPS active
antenna/converter receives navigation message from the GPS satellite constellation. 3.3:

INTERFACE:

The interface units include:

PLINES:

It is a communication processor which main purpose is to provide interface communication

between up to 8 serial links and a Ethernet network. It performs the format conversion of input

data (radar) to make them compatible with the EUROCAT processing data standards. PLINES

are used as data transfer function between radar processor and ATCC via modem. 3.3.2: ATCC:

The Mode S, SSR and PSR track data are output on serial lines. Data are sent to the ATCC via

modem.

MODEM:

It is used to send the radar data to the EUROCAT or ATCC.

 Figure: Radar servers cabinet

REMOTE CONTROL MONITORING SYSTEM (RCMS):

This concerns the man machine interface. The RCMS is used for control and monitoring of the

main parts of the radar station from the local operator position (LTM) and remote operator

position (STM). The role of the RCMS is to isolate a fault sub-assembly as well as the defective

sub-unit. Then the operator refers to the Technical Manual to perform the corrective maintenance

on the faulty.

4.2.5 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

The major tools and/or equipment used are:

ii)Log Book: this is a book in which activities taking place in the system arerecorded, for proper

system control and stability, and also for reference purposes Activities such as when a feeder is

out for any reason, application and issuance ofstation guarantee, when reports are received from

sub-stations under the area control, when reports are passed to the regional control center, raising

of a trouble report etcetera are recorded in the log book.

III)Operating Forms: these are booklets that are used during the course ofoperation. Examples

are the log book, trouble and repair report, application for stationguarantee, order to operate,

hourly reading sheet, transformers and feeders daily load flow, work permit, work and test perm

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING

4.3.1 ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY CONTROL

SIWES shall operate assurance system. We are keen on excellence to our customer`s service

deliverables which must consistently be of the highest quality obtainable. We ensure that our
customers need are met and exceeded, where possible demonstrating our professionalism and

experience in our areas of operations.

We shall achieve this through.

We shall achieve this through;

1. Prompt provision of information.

2. Priority attention to passenger satisfaction, through articulated consideration and

cu needs and expectation.

3. Making everyone committed to attainable, define quality requirements.

Therefore, management shall create a conducive working environment for

employees through mutual trust, respect and love, teamwork, continuous

improvement, compliance with national and international standards recognition

and celebration of individual or team achievements.

Adequate communication interface with passengers to identify complaints before

they become problems and most importantly, NIGERIAN AIRSPACE MANAGE

AGENCY will treat our passengers as partners in our work.

QUALITY OBJECTIVES

1. Provide a service that consistently meet the needs and expectations of our

customers and indeed exceed them. Targets shall be compliance to regulatory

and contractual requirements.

2. Targets shall be defined through periodic evaluation process.

3. Ensures that all works are performed correctly at the first time for cost

effectiveness and efficiency.

 4. To be seen and perceived by our Passenger as being better than the

competition.

5. Delivering service with improved results as evident of continuous process

improvement activities.

4.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

Introduction

From the dictionary maintenance are actions performed to keep some machine or system

functioning or in service.

Maintenance Engineering

Is a discipline and operation of applying engineering concept for optimization of equipment,

procedures, and departmental budget to achieve better maintainability, reliability and availability

of equipment.

Maintenance and hence maintenance engineering, is increasing in importance due to rising

amount of equipment, system, machineries, and infrastructure. Since the industrial revolution,

devices equipment of machinery and structure have grown complex, requiring a host of

personnel, vocation and related system needed to maintain them. Maintenance is to ensure a unit

is fit for purpose with maximum availability at minimum costs.

Types of maintenance

Preventive Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where the equipment is maintained

before break down occur.

 Corrective Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where equipment is maintained after

break down. This maintenance is mostly used although it is often most expensive because

worn equipment can damage other parts and cause multiple damages.

Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities

Assume optimization of the maintenance organization structure.

Analysis of respective equipment failure.

Estimation of maintenance cost and evaluation of alternatives.

Forecasting of spare parts.

Maintenance Engineer

A maintenance engineer should possess significant knowledge of statistics, probability and

logistics, and additionally in the fundamentals of the operation of the equipment and machinery

he or she is responsible for.

A maintenance engineer shall also possess high interpersonal communication, management skills

and ability to make quick decision.

4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT

AIR CONDITIONER (AC)

An air conditioner is a group of equipment that "conditions" the air by controlling not only the

temperature but also the humidity (moisture level), circulation, and purity of the air within a

room or a building. It usually consists of a pump called a compressor, a condenser, an

 evaporator, and a refrigerant (see below). Most people associate air conditioning with cooling the

air during warm weather. However, air conditioning also involves heating the air during cold

weather. In both cases, air conditioning provides human comfort.

The cooling capacity, or size, of an air conditioner is rated by the number of British thermal units

(Btu) of heat it can remove per hour. Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature

of one pound (0.45 kilogram) of water one degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degree Celsius) per hour. Air

conditioner sellers and contractors help consumers determine the size of the air conditioner unit

needed using published calculation procedures recommended by industry experts.

Design

An air conditioner has four basic parts—a pump called the compressor, an evaporator, a

condenser, and an expansion valve. It also contains a refrigerant, or a working fluid, that

continuously moves through the air conditioning system. Most residential air conditioners get

their power from a combination of an electric motor and pump. Some may use a gas engine and a

pump.

The process of air conditioning involves the drawing in of heat from the air inside the home and

then releasing that heat outdoors. These functions are performed by the refrigerant as it circulates

through the air conditioning system. The pump is designed to increase system pressure and

circulate the refrigerant.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)

Is heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion

chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the
 expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct

force to some component of engine. The force is typically applied to piston, turbine blades, rotor

or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical in to useful

mechanical energy.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is

intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke engine and two-stroke piston engines, along

with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and wankel rotary engine. A second class of

internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engine and most rocket

engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously

described.

FOUR-STROKE ENGINE

A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycles) is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which

piston completes four separates stroke while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full

travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

Intake: also known as induction or suction stroke. This stroke of the piston begins at top

dead center (T.D.C) and ended at bottom dead center (B.C.D). In this stroke the intake

valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture in to the

cylinder by producing vacuum pressure in to the cylinder through its downward motion.

Compression: this stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of suction stroke, and end at

T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition

during the power stroke (below). Both intake and exhaust valves are closed during this

stage.
 Combustion: also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of

the four stroke cycle. At this point the crank shaft has completed full 36-degree

revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the

compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engines) or by heat

generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C.

This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.

Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from

B.D.C to T.D.C. While the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel

mixture through the exhaust valve.

Fig. 2.1: Four stroke cycles of operation.

DIESEL ENGINE

The diesel engine (correctly known as a compression ignition engine) is an internal combustion

engine in which ignition of fuel that has been injected in to the combustion chamber is caused by
the high temperature which a gas achieves (i.e. the air) when greatly compressed (adiabatic

compression).

Diesel engines work by compressing the air. This increases the air temperature inside the

cylinder to such atomized diesel fuel that is injected in to the combustion chamber.

Fig. 2.5: Shows how diesel engine works.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM

During my SIWES I worked in several sections in the company where I was trained, assisted

and carried out several duties and assignments experience gained working at NIGERIAN
AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY as a student trainee at engineering department has

given me the opportunity of getting a firsthand appreciation of maintenance& Project

Management technology, learning its fundamentals, learning to work with various equipment

used in maintenance& Project Management, and also acquiring skills in software simulation

packages. I was able to apply some of the theoretical knowledge gained during my study at the

university to real work situations thereby bridging the gap between school work and actual

practice. I also gained experience in other fields of science, engineering and project management.

I learnt invaluable lessons on the code of conduct of big firms and it prepared me for work

scenarios I am likely to meet after graduation. Personally, one of the most important skills I

gained during the course of my IT was commercial communication skills within major

companies. During the course of my work, I had to interact with engineers and IT professionals

from Architectural firms, manufacturing companies, oil and gas industries, multinational

companies and others. To carry out projects, I had to work together with personnel from different

departments. I also had to relate with senior engineers from my company and our international

service partners

5.2 CHALLENGES OF SIWES

1. A week strike occurred during the internship program which principally was a general strike

for all NAMA workers in the country thereby, a week without work elongated the project time

for completion.

2. Due to long hours of transporting materials needed on site (shipping imported materials),

there were days whereby petite activities took place, thus limiting work progress on site.
3. Inadequate equipment to carry out some tests in the quality control section limited my

experience concerning test for rebar.

4. During my first few weeks, I had difficulties understanding a lot of the terms and

terminologies that was used at the office because a lot of them were very new to me. This made

it hard for me to follow the procedures.

5. I wasn’t able to visit other on-going projects by NAMAhence, no experience was gained in

regard to their operations.

5.2Basic Work activities and job assigned to me in the office and workshop

1. Repairment of engine seat bealt.

2. Repairment of air condition.

3. Maintenance of workshop tools and machines.

4. Observation of all engineering related work going-on in the workshop.

5. Identification and training on how to use different tools and equipment like

electrode welding, spanersscreawdriver ,plier,etc.

6. Changing transceiver of antenna.

7. Carry out routine inspection of materials and tools.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION
My industrial training with NIGERIAN AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY has exposed

me to the practical application of engineering methods, the Electromechanical method in

particular for Radar .I also gained experience in the aspect of Communication, power

distribution, etc.

In addition, I gained how to make a smooth relationship and mutual understanding with other

staffs.

6.0 RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that federal government should make appropriate funds available for the

program

It is recommended that the university management to review the duration of the program

It should be legislated that only licensed contractors and professionals are to drill boreholes in

the country. This will help in the collation of litho-logs and proper documentation of the

available technical work and engineering data for detailed and comprehensive academic work on

our aquifers.