1

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

HELD AT

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

NBC

BY

UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN

ENG/17/MCT/00341

JANUARY 2023

1
 2

ABSTRACT

The student’s industrial work experience scheme program is chiefly equipped towards the

introduction of the students to the society, industrial, domestic demand and needs of their

course of study. It prepare students to know what they will face in the labour market after

graduation, it also establish students to be self-reliance. In line with the aim and objectives of

the program it creates podium to bridge the gap the between the theoretical knowledge

acquired in the school and practical aspect and this gives students additional knowledge

about his/ her course of study, indeed the program serve as reservoir of knowledge in which

students fetch practical experience.

My six month student’s industrial work experience scheme with NIGERIAN BOTTLING

COMPANY was highly remarkable as it exposed me to the area of engineering aspect like

electrical ,mechanical, automation ,quality control ,data interpretational skills, report writing,

presentational skills, mutual relationship and interaction with staffs and clients.

2
 3

CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) was prepared

and

compiled by UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN (REG NO: ENG/17/MCT/00341`) from

the

department of mechatronics Bayero University Kano , for the successful completion

of my 6 months Industrial Training undertaken at NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR:

SIGNATURE AND DATE: ……………………………………………..

SIWES COORDINATOR:ENG MUHAMMAD ATTAHIR

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………….

3
 4

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to almighty Allah who gave me the physical and mental strength to

carry out this exercise and to my father (A l h) ALAUDDEEN I BIBI FAROUK who has

been taking my transportation responsibility & academic financially, morally and other kind

of supports. I pray that may you reap the fruit of your labour over me.

4
 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for His indefinite mercy on me during

and after this work.

I must appreciate the effort of (Al) ALAUDDEEN I BIB, ALHAJI BASHIR and HAJ

HADIZA BUHARI may you reap your fruits.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to the management and staffs of NIGERIAN

BOTTLING COMPANY. I also wish to appreciate and acknowledge the support and

encouragement received from my industrial based supervisor ENG OLORUNTOBA

OGUNBOWALE. I pray that your children sir will be highly favour where ever they find

themselves.

I am grateful for my brothers and sisters, my entire family members, my friends, my study

colleagues and well-wishers among whom are USMAN MAIJAMA ,ABDURRAHMAN

ADAM,AMINU MUHAMMAD and my brother and I owe you my gratitude for your moral

and financial support. May Allah continue to guide and bless you in all your doing amen.

5
 6

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………..1

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………2

CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………3

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………….4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..5

REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..9

2.1 PROVIDE BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES AND HOW IT WAS

ESTABLISHED…………....9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANEGEMENT…………………………10

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY…………………………………………10

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY\INSTITUTE…………………………………10

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY……………………………………………10

3.1.3 COMMENCEMENT…………………………………………………………11.

3.1.4 ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPANY……………………………………….12

6
 7

3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP OF THE COMPANY…………………….

3.2. PROVIDE AND EXPLAIN THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE

COMPANY……………………………………………………………………………………

3.3PROFESSION ETHICS………………………………………………………………..

3.3.1 PROVIDE THE CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH COMPANY

FOLLOWS…………

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1

ERGONOMICS……………………………………………………………………….13

4.2 EXPLAIN THE HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT(HSE) OF THE COMPANY……………………………………………

13

4.2.1 TYPES OF PLAN USED BY THE COMPANY FOR ACHIEVING ITS

OBJECTIIVE…………………………………………….13

4.2.2 DISCRIPTION OF MACHINE\SOFTWARE\EQUIPMENT…………………

17

4.2.5 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT USED IN WORKPLACE……………

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING……………………………………

4.3.1 EXPLAINATION OF QUALITY CONTROL…………………………….

4.3.2 TOOL AND EQUIPMENT FOR QUALITY CONTROL…………………

4.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING…………………………………

7
 8

4.4.1 MAINTENANCE POLICY OF THE COMPANY……………………

4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT……………………………………

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM……………………………………

5.1 REPORT ON ACTUAL WORKDONE …………………………………………

5.2 CHALLENGES OF SIWES………………………………………………

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………..

8
 9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a human capital formation

program through industrial attachment for which students are expected to have a practical

experience on the basis of theories and principles acquired in the teaching-learning process.

However, the prevalence of the inability of participants of SIWES to secure employment after

the program casts doubt on the continuing relevance of SIWES to the contemporary industrial

development drive in Nigeria.

This technical report is a succinct documentation of my exposure and experience achieved

and picked up in the area of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and automation

engineering during student’s industrial work experience last for six month which it

commenced from January to june and aimed to exposed students of higher institution to the

practical aspect of what they were taught in the class in order to bridge the gaps scheme with

a Consultancy company called Nigerian bottling company .The program last for between

theoretical aspects and practical aspects, In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

of bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Mechatronics.

9
 10

2.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHHEME (S.I.W.E.S) AND HOW IT WAS

ESTERBLISHED.

The student work experience scheme{SIWES} came into establishment of the industrial

training fund[ITF] under degree No 47 of 8th October, 1971, in a bid to boost indigenous

capacity for the nation’s industrial need, the fund in its policy statement No. 1 published in

1973 inserted a clause dealing with the issue of practical skills which states that “the seek will

seek to work out cooperative machinery with industry, where student in institution of higher

learning may acquire training in industry or mid-career attached by contributing to the

allowance payable to the student”. The fund identified a great gap between theory and

practice of engineering and technology of higher learning and has come to an effort to

eliminate this gap. The fund initiated work experience scheme {SIWES} in 1973. SIWES

therefore is a skill training program designed to expose and prepared students of universities,

polytechnics and college of education to real life work situation including environmental,

technical and business student in higher institution of training in Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY NBC.

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY

10
 11

PLOT 49 CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,KANO.

3.1.3COMMENCEMENT DATE

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY (NBC) is one of the biggest companies in the non-

alcoholic beverage industry in the country and is the sole franchise bottler of The Coca-Cola

Company in Nigeria. The company serves about 160 million people by producing and

distributing a unique portfolio of quality brands, bringing passion to marketplace

implementation, and demonstrating leadership in corporate social responsibility. Nigerian

Bottling Company started operations in Nigeria in 1951. It is based in the city of Lagos and

has about 10 bottling plants across Nigeria. NBC channels products through 59 warehouses

and distribution centers.

3.1.4 ACTIVIES OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY NBC.

The activities of Nigerian bottling company is a production company that

provide market with beverages soft drink by means of a production machines.

Production Sites are the locations in the plant which is used for the production of Coca

Cola products. These sites houses the Productions lines.

The Production sites in Nigerian Bottling Company are 2 in number. They are;

 Brownfield

This is the oldest plant in the company. It was established in the year 1982.

Brownfield contains two Production Lines. They include;

11
 12

i. Line One

Line one was the first production line established at the Challawa branch. It

began its operation in the year 1982. It has a production speed of about 28,000 bottles

per hour (BPH). It is also called a RGB (Returnable Glass Bottle) line. Meaning it

uses glass for bottling the Coca Cola products. It produces 35cl products.

ii. Line Two

Line Two was installed in the year 2013 and it has a production speed of about

24,000bph. It is also an RGB Line and it produces 50cl products.

 Greenfield

i. Line Four

Line Four was installed and commissioned in the year 2020 and it has a

production speed of about 30,000bph for 50cl products. It is also an RGB Line.

ii. Line Three

Line Three was installed and commissioned in the year 2021 and it has a

production speed of about 40,000bph for 35cl, 40cl and 60cl products. It is also called

a PET Line because it uses plastic bottles for the bottling of Coca Cola products.

iii. Line Five

12
 13

Line Five was installed and commissioned in the year 2022 and it has a

production speed of about 65,000bph for 60cl products. It is also a PET Line.

Iv. Line six

Line six was installed and commissioned in the year 2023 and it has a

production speed of about 65,000cph for 60cl product. It is a can line.

3.2 ORGANIZATION SETUP OF THE COMPANY

3.2.1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

13
 14

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION/INSTITUTION

4.1 ERGONOMICS

4.1.2 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF NBC

the Administration Department is saddled with the responsibility of implementing the

Administrative policies of the company as well as the following specific program General

Administration: Office allocation, Maintenance of office Equipment, Management and

control of the company Reception and Car parks Security: To provide Security for the

equipments Locations and Installations and entire company Properties and residences

nationwide by coordinating all cadres of security personnel including Legionnaires,

Supernumerary Police and Private Security outfits Constantly recommend proactive

measures to the management for the safety of the company facilities which manifests in the

installation of security gadgets at various critical equipment locations .Security issues and

request from outstation are subjected to proper asses.

14
 15

4.2.1 THE PLAN OF NBC FOR ACHIEVING GOALS

NBC’s vision is to become the undisputed leader in every market in which they compete.

Their mission is to refresh their customers partner with their customers reward our

stakeholders enrich the lives of our local communities Their core values includes;

Authenticity Excellence, Learning Caring for their people, Performing as one Winning

with their customers .NBC has many production plants across the nation. These plants

include; CHALLAWA Plant in Kano State., IKEJA Plant in Lagos State , OWERRI Plant

in Imo State. ASEJIRE Plant maiduguri state, ENUGU plant ,ABUJA plant, Port-harcourt

plant. The plant in which I did my SIWES was Challawa Plant located in Kano State. The

address is; Plot 49, Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano State.

4.2 PRODUCTION\SERVICES.

4.2.2 DISCUSSION OF MACHINE \EQUIPMENT\SOFTWARE USED IN

NIGERIAN BOTLING COMPANY NBC.

 ELECTRICAL / AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT .

 MECHANICAL DEPATMENT.

 QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT.

ELECTRICAL / AUTOMATION /MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT/MACHINE

1. THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

The basic induction motor consists of a rotor with a stator having set of windings When an

alternating current passes through the stator windings a rotating magnetic field (magnetic

flux) is produced around the stator winding, which revolves with synchronous speed given as:

15
 16

120 f
Ns=
p

Where f is the supply frequency , p is the number of stator poles.

• The relative speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors

causes an induced e m f in the rotor conductors, according to the Faraday's law of

electromagnetic induction

• Faraday's law states that whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field

an e m f will be induced in that conductor.

• The rotor conductors are short circuited; hence rotor current is produced due to the

induced e m f. That is why such motors are called as induction motors.

FIG

 The induced current in rotor will also produce alternating magnetic field around it.

 Thus the rotor rotates in the same direction as that of stator magnetic field to

minimize the relative velocity.

16
 17

2. GEAR BOX

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

The Gearbox is the process of transmitting energy in a mechanical engine to increase the output torque or to

change the speed of a motor. A motor shaft is attached to one end of the gearbox and through the internal gearbox

configuration, empowers an output torque and the speed determined by given ratio. Are mechanical devices

which transfer energy from the driving device (usually a motor) to the rest of the system. The gearbox is mounted

to the motor shaft and, through the internal configuration of mated gears within the housing, produces an increased

output torque and decreased output speed.

FIG

3. CONVEYOR SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that

moves material from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in

applications involving the transport of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems

allow quick and efficient transport for a wide variety of materials. A conveyor system

17
 18

is used in many industries as a standard piece of mechanical handling equipment

to move goods, products, raw goods, and other materials from one location to another,

usually in the same area or building. Every conveyor system, including a belt support,

pulley, drive unit

FIG

4. ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANEL.

An electrical control panel is an enclosure, typically a metal box or plastic moulding which contains

important electrical components that control and monitor a number of mechanical processes in industrial

automation.

5. DIGITAL MULTIMETER AND VIBRATION METER.

6. PHOTO ELECTRIC SENSOR.

7. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR.

18
 19

8. CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR.

9. AIR SERVICE UNIT.

10. MODULATING VALVE.

11. REGULATING VALVE.

12. DRY RUN SENSOR.

13. REED SWITCH SENSOR.

14. PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS.

15. LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS.

16. HEAT EXCHANGER

17. BOTTLE UNPACKER MACHINE

This is an automation machine used for unpacking the bottles from the case which will

be used for production.

19
 20

Method of Operation

 The fed case are stopped at the removal position.

 The gripper head is lowered and the containers picked up and removed from the case.

 The containers are set down onto the container table.

18. BOTTLE WASHER MACHINE

Bottle Washer machine is an automation machine used for washing , cleaning the

bottling used for production so as to make the product suitable for consumption.

WASHING CYCLE

 Pre-wash
20
 21

This consists of a zone for emptying residual liquid from the bottles and a

zone of jets inside and outside of the bottle. In this zone bottles are pre-heated by the

residual heat in the water recycled from the rinse zone.

 Rinsing

 There are three internal and external jet zones with recycled water and one with cold
water. The gradual lowering of the temperature and the removal of the detergent

solution are obtained as the water flows in the opposite direction to the bottles, thus

considerably reducing the amount of fresh water used. The rinse water is then used in

the pre-wash area; form here part of it can also be used to feed the crate washer.

 Washing

A series of tanks contains detergent solution for the actual washing action of

the bottles. The number of tanks depends on the treatment time required. The washing

operation is effected by means of the chemical action of the detergent solution and the

mechanical action of the internal jets situated at the outlet of the detergent soaks.

Label removal takes place in this phase.

i. Loading System

The conveyor belt of the accumulation table conveys the bottles to the

automatic loading system, dividing them into separate rows by means of agitators on

the table. The bottles are pushed inside the carrier pockets by two separate

synchronized continuous rotating movements: the first introducer takes the bottle from

the accumulation table and sets it horizontally on the slides; the second pushes the

21
 22

bottle into the pocket. Safety devices are fitted on both movements to stop the

machine in cases of overloading. The alarm signal is visualized on the operator

control panel.

The bottle separators on the accumulation table are made of plastic material

and allow for quick format changeover, if necessary. The bottle loading motion is

transmitted from the main drive, while the accumulation table has an independent gear

motor worked by electric signal directly by the introducer shaft in order to adjust to

the speed of the machine. The table stops for an instant when the first introducer grips

the bottle in order to reduce the pressure from the other bottles.

ii. Discharge System

The bottle slides down a plastic chute onto a mobile plate. At the right

moment, the plate rotates so that the bottle drops onto a cam which accompanies it to

the discharge conveyor. This cam thus accompanies the bottle in its falling motion,

shifting the bottle previously discharged towards the discharge conveyor. All parts in

contact with the bottles are made of plastic in order to reduce noise. Three safety

systems are used: the first controls the removal of the bottle from the pocket by means

of a sensor monitoring the position of the chutes; the second checks the movement of

the cams by means of a clutch fitted on the cam support shaft; and the third monitors

the obstruction of the conveyor by means of a barrier rod fitted at the end of the

discharge conveyor. The bottle separators on the accumulation table and the chutes

permit quick format changeovers if necessary. The system is driven by the main chain

drive gear motor through an angular transmission connected by a chain.

19. ALL SURFACE EMPTY BOTTLE INSPECTOR(ASEBI)

22
 23

ASEBI is a machine used for inspecting the empty bottles from bottle washer

discharge for inspection. It is a machine that used in a full inspection of the empty and

cleaned bottles between the washer machine and the bottle filler machine.

 Base Inspection

This is a function that helps in the detection of foreign objects, chipping, contamination

on the base of the bottle.

23
 24

 Sidewall Inspection

24
 25

This is a function that helps in the detection of foreign objects and contamination on

the body, both external and internal. It’s features include 2- high resolution cameras

and 360o inspection. This inspection happens both at the entry and exit of the ASEBI

machine.

 Bottle Finish Inspection

This is a function that helps in the detection of foreign objects, cracks or chips at the neck

of the bottles.

25
 26

 HF Residual Detection

This is a function that helps in the detection of liquid residue in the bottle.

20. MIXER MACHINE

Mixer is a machine used for mixing the different ingredients of a Coca cola product at

different proportions to give the desired product.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

I. De-aeration

 Water feed to the horizontal de-aeration tank via two differently large sets of nozzles.

 De-aeration via the single-stage or double stage vacuum process and optional
stripping gas support.

 Reduction of the sealing water consumption to a minimum thanks to a water saving

function in the vacuum pump.

ii. Carbonation

 High-precision carbonation thanks to consistent volume flow rate in the carbon

nozzle.

 Variable mixer output from 100 to 33 percent.

 No gas consumption thanks to output regulation in the carbonation tank − Dosing of

up to two gaseous ingredients possible

 Consistent level of technological values despite of variable output regulation:

 Highly accurate Brix and CO2 dosing

26
 27

 Consistent de-aeration performance

iii. Dosing

 Adding the syrup with a high-precision register control

 Exact Brix value control via flow meter

 Dosing of up to eight liquid components possible

27
 28

21. BOTTLE FILLER MACHINE

The Filler is a machine used for filling the bottles with finished products flowing from

the Mixer machine to the product bottle.

22. BOTTLE PARKER MACHINE

The Packer is a machine used for putting the Coca cola product filled bottles into the

crates to be ship for sales.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

 The bottles on the container table are divided up onto lanes.

 The pre-positioned containers are picked up using gripper heads and set into the fed
case.

 The bottle formation is set down reliably with the integrated insertion frame.

28
 29

4.2.4 PART LIST (INGREDIENTS &COMPOSITION FOR PRODUCT SERVICE.

PRODUCTION PROCESSES

 STEP ONE

Pure water is subjected to sophisticated filtering, softening and disinfecting to

remove all impurities.

 STEP TWO

Sugar is added in appropriate beverage concentrate to produce syrup the basic

component of the soft drink.

29
 30

UPS –INVERTER SYSTEM

UPS (UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

30
 31

UPS means uninterrupted power supply. Uninterruptible power supply. (UPS) provides

uninterrupted power to the equipment. It means switching time from power cut to battery

power is very less hence important and critical equipment like computer, desktop .Medical

Instruments is not switch off and we can lose data.

A UPS is a complete system that is consisting of many parts that include batteries, a charge

controller, circuitry any transfer switch for switching between the mains and back-up battery,

and an inverter. An inverter is needed because the battery can only store DC power and we

need to convert that back to AC in order to match the appliances connected in the main power

line.

UPS= Battery charger + Inverter

UPS is nothing but inverter with inbuilt battery charger.

UPS give backup only 10 to 20 minutes. The main intention of it is to provide backup only

for small time so that you can save the programs and data.

UPS also gives protection against line abnormalities like Surge, Voltage fluctuation, Under

Voltage, Over Voltage, Spike, Noise.

Inverter

Inverter circuit simple converters battery DC current to AC and supply

In inverter inverts the direct current to an alternating current. During normal condition

electrical supply is direct feed to the Load. It also takes the supply from the AC source and

charges the battery.

During the power cut, the inverter receives the supply from the battery and convert it DC to

AC Power and provides the power supply to the electrical equipment.

31
 32

Inverters purpose is to provide power backup to total home appliances, lights, fans.

Inverter uses flat plate or tubular battery to store electricity. So it requires continuous

maintenance, needs to fill the distilled water toppings at regular intervals of time.

Inverter does not give protection against line abnormalities.

Figure:12V Batteries connected in series

32
 33

Figure : An inverter

VOLTAGE STABILIZER

It is an electrical appliance which is designed to deliver a constant voltage to a load at its

output terminals regardless of the changes in the input or incoming supply voltage. It protects

the equipment or machine against over voltage, under voltage, and other voltage surges.

It is also called as automatic voltage regulator (AVR). Voltage stabilizers are preferred for

costly and precious electrical equipment to protect them from harmful low/high voltage

fluctuations. Some of these equipment are air conditioners, offset printing machines,

laboratory equipment, industrial machines, and medical apparatus What is a voltage stabilizer

Voltage stabilizers regulate the fluctuating input voltage before it could be fed to the load (or

equipment which is sensitive to voltage variations). The output voltage from the stabilizer

will stay in the range of 220V or 230V in case of single phase supply and 380V or 400V in

case of three phase supply, within given fluctuating range of input voltage. This regulation is

carried by buck and boost operations performed by internal circuitry.

33
 34

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING

4.3.1 ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY CONTROL

SIWES shall operate assurance system. We are keen on excellence to our customer`s service

deliverables which must consistently be of the highest quality obtainable. We ensure that our

customers need are met and exceeded, where possible demonstrating our professionalism and

experience in our areas of operations.

We shall achieve this through.

We shall achieve this through;

1. Prompt provision of information.

2. Priority attention to passenger satisfaction, through articulated consideration

and cu needs and expectation.

3. Making everyone committed to attainable, define quality requirements.

Therefore, management shall create a conducive working environment for

employees through mutual trust, respect and love, teamwork, continuous

improvement, compliance with national and international standards

recognition and celebration of individual or team achievements.

Adequate communication interface with passengers to identify complaints

before they become problems and most importantly, NIGERIAN AIRSPACE

MANAGE AGENCY will treat our passengers as partners in our work.

QUALITY OBJECTIVES

1. Provide a service that consistently meet the needs and expectations of our

customers and indeed exceed them. Targets shall be compliance to

regulatory and contractual requirements.

2. Targets shall be defined through periodic evaluation process.

34
 35

3. Ensures that all works are performed correctly at the first time for cost

effectiveness and efficiency.

4. To be seen and perceived by our Passenger as being better than the

competition.

5. Delivering service with improved results as evident of continuous process

improvement activities.

4.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

Introduction

From the dictionary maintenance are actions performed to keep some machine or system

functioning or in service.

Maintenance Engineering

Is a discipline and operation of applying engineering concept for optimization of equipment,

procedures, and departmental budget to achieve better maintainability, reliability and

availability of equipment.

Maintenance and hence maintenance engineering, is increasing in importance due to rising

amount of equipment, system, machineries, and infrastructure. Since the industrial revolution,

devices equipment of machinery and structure have grown complex, requiring a host of

personnel, vocation and related system needed to maintain them. Maintenance is to ensure a

unit is fit for purpose with maximum availability at minimum costs.

Types of maintenance

Preventive Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where the equipment is maintained

before break down occur.

35
 36

Corrective Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where equipment is maintained

after break down. This maintenance is mostly used although it is often most expensive

because worn equipment can damage other parts and cause multiple damages.

Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities

Assume optimization of the maintenance organization structure.

Analysis of respective equipment failure.

Estimation of maintenance cost and evaluation of alternatives.

Forecasting of spare parts.

Maintenance Engineer

A maintenance engineer should possess significant knowledge of statistics, probability and

logistics, and additionally in the fundamentals of the operation of the equipment and

machinery he or she is responsible for.

A maintenance engineer shall also possess high interpersonal communication, management

skills and ability to make quick decision.

4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT

AIR CONDITIONER (AC)

An air conditioner is a group of equipment that "conditions" the air by controlling not only

the temperature but also the humidity (moisture level), circulation, and purity of the air within

a room or a building. It usually consists of a pump called a compressor, a condenser, an

evaporator, and a refrigerant (see below). Most people associate air conditioning with cooling

the air during warm weather. However, air conditioning also involves heating the air during

cold weather. In both cases, air conditioning provides human comfort.

36
 37

The cooling capacity, or size, of an air conditioner is rated by the number of British thermal

units (Btu) of heat it can remove per hour. Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of one pound (0.45 kilogram) of water one degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degree

Celsius) per hour. Air conditioner sellers and contractors help consumers determine the size

of the air conditioner unit needed using published calculation procedures recommended by

industry experts.

Design

An air conditioner has four basic parts—a pump called the compressor, an evaporator, a

condenser, and an expansion valve. It also contains a refrigerant, or a working fluid, that

continuously moves through the air conditioning system. Most residential air conditioners get

their power from a combination of an electric motor and pump. Some may use a gas engine

and a pump.

The process of air conditioning involves the drawing in of heat from the air inside the home

and then releasing that heat outdoors. These functions are performed by the refrigerant as it

circulates through the air conditioning system. The pump is designed to increase system

pressure and circulate the refrigerant.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)

Is heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a

combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid circuit. In an internal

combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced

by combustion apply direct force to some component of engine. The force is typically applied

to piston, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance,

transforming chemical in to useful mechanical energy.

37
 38

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is

intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke engine and two-stroke piston engines,

along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and wankel rotary engine. A second

class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engine and

most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as

previously described.

FOUR-STROKE ENGINE

A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycles) is an internal combustion (IC) engine in

which piston completes four separates stroke while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to

the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes

are termed:

Intake: also known as induction or suction stroke. This stroke of the piston begins at top

dead center (T.D.C) and ended at bottom dead center (B.C.D). In this stroke the intake

valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture in to the

cylinder by producing vacuum pressure in to the cylinder through its downward

motion.

Compression: this stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of suction stroke, and end at

T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for

ignition during the power stroke (below). Both intake and exhaust valves are closed

during this stage.

Combustion: also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution

of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crank shaft has completed full 36-degree

revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the

compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engines) or by

38
 39

heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to

B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.

Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns

from B.D.C to T.D.C. While the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent

air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.

Fig. 2.1: Four stroke cycles of operation.

39
 40

DIESEL ENGINE

The diesel engine (correctly known as a compression ignition engine) is an internal

combustion engine in which ignition of fuel that has been injected in to the combustion

chamber is caused by the high temperature which a gas achieves (i.e. the air) when greatly

compressed (adiabatic compression).

Diesel engines work by compressing the air. This increases the air temperature inside the

cylinder to such atomized diesel fuel that is injected in to the combustion chamber.

40
 41

Fig. 2.5: Shows how diesel engine works.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM

During my SIWES I worked in several sections in the company where I was trained, assisted

and carried out several duties and assignments experience gained working at NIGERIAN

AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY as a student trainee at engineering department has

given me the opportunity of getting a firsthand appreciation of maintenance& Project

Management technology, learning its fundamentals, learning to work with various equipment

used in maintenance& Project Management, and also acquiring skills in software simulation

packages. I was able to apply some of the theoretical knowledge gained during my study at

the university to real work situations thereby bridging the gap between school work and

actual practice. I also gained experience in other fields of science, engineering and project

management. I learnt invaluable lessons on the code of conduct of big firms and it prepared

41
 42

me for work scenarios I am likely to meet after graduation. Personally, one of the most

important skills I gained during the course of my IT was commercial communication skills

within major companies. During the course of my work, I had to interact with engineers and

IT professionals from Architectural firms, manufacturing companies, oil and gas industries,

multinational companies and others. To carry out projects, I had to work together with

personnel from different departments. I also had to relate with senior engineers from my

company and our international service partners

5.2 CHALLENGES OF SIWES

1. A week strike occurred during the internship program which principally was a general

strike for all NAMA workers in the country thereby, a week without work elongated the

project time for completion.

2. Due to long hours of transporting materials needed on site (shipping imported materials),

there were days whereby petite activities took place, thus limiting work progress on site.

3. Inadequate equipment to carry out some tests in the quality control section limited my

experience concerning test for rebar.

4. During my first few weeks, I had difficulties understanding a lot of the terms and

terminologies that was used at the office because a lot of them were very new to me. This

made it hard for me to follow the procedures.

5. I wasn’t able to visit other on-going projects by NAMAhence, no experience was gained

in regard to their operations.

5.2Basic Work activities and job assigned to me in the office and workshop

42
 43

1. Repairment of engine seat bealt.

2. Repairment of air condition.

3. Maintenance of workshop tools and machines.

4. Observation of all engineering related work going-on in the workshop.

5. Identification and training on how to use different tools and equipment like

electrode welding, spanersscreawdriver ,plier,etc.

6. Changing transceiver of antenna.

7. Carry out routine inspection of materials and tools.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION

My industrial training with NIGERIAN AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY has

exposed me to the practical application of engineering methods, the Electromechanical

method in particular for Radar .I also gained experience in the aspect of Communication,

power distribution, etc.

In addition, I gained how to make a smooth relationship and mutual understanding with other

staffs.

6.0 RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that federal government should make appropriate funds available for the

program

It is recommended that the university management to review the duration of the program

43
 44

It should be legislated that only licensed contractors and professionals are to drill boreholes in

the country. This will help in the collation of litho-logs and proper documentation of the

available technical work and engineering data for detailed and comprehensive academic work

on our aquifers.

44