1

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

HELD AT

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

NBC

BY

UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN

ENG/17/MCT/00341

JANUARY 2023

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ABSTRACT

The student’s industrial work experience scheme program is chiefly equipped towards the

introduction of the students to the society, industrial, domestic demand and needs of their

course of study. It prepare students to know what they will face in the labour market after

graduation, it also establish students to be self-reliance. In line with the aim and objectives of

the program it creates podium to bridge the gap the between the theoretical knowledge

acquired in the school and practical aspect and this gives students additional knowledge

about his/ her course of study, indeed the program serve as reservoir of knowledge in which

students fetch practical experience.

My six month student’s industrial work experience scheme with NIGERIAN BOTTLING

COMPANY was highly remarkable as it exposed me to the area of engineering aspect like

electrical ,mechanical, automation ,quality control ,data interpretational skills, report writing,

presentational skills, mutual relationship and interaction with staffs and clients.

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CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) was prepared

and

Compiled by UMAR FAROUK ALAUDDEEN (REG NO: ENG/17/MCT/00341`) from

department of mechatronics , bayero University Kano , for the successful completion

of my six months Industrial Training undertaken at NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY.

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR:

SIGNATURE AND DATE: ……………………………………………..

SIWES COORDINATOR ENG MUHAMMAD ATTAHIR

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………….

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DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to almighty Allah who gave me the physical and mental strength to

carry out this exercise and to my father (Alh) ALAUDDEEN I BIBI FAROUK who has

been taking my transportation responsibility & academic financially, morally and other kind

of supports. I pray that may you reap the fruit of your labor over me.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for His indefinite mercy on me during

and after this work.

I must appreciate the effort of (Al) ALAUDDEEN I BIB, ALHAJI BASHIR and HAJ

HADIZA BUHARI may you reap your fruits.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to the management and staffs of NIGERIAN

BOTTLING COMPANY. I also wish to appreciate and acknowledge the support and

encouragement received from my industrial based supervisor ENG OLORUNTOBA

OGUNBOWALE. I pray that your children sir will be highly favor where ever they find

themselves.

I am grateful for my brothers and sisters, my entire family members, my friends, my study

colleagues and well-wishers among whom are USMAN MAIJAMA ,ABDURRAHMAN

ADAM,AMINU MUHAMMAD and my brother and I owe you my gratitude for your moral

and financial support. May Allah continue to guide and bless you in all your doing amen.

REFERENCE

 Nigerian Bottling Company – Jobs in Africa – Find work in.

 Africa | Careers in Africa .

 Our Purpose and Strategy (coca-colahellenic.com).

 Wikipedia.com.

 Realpars.com.

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CHAPTER ONE

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………..1

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………2

CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………3

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………….4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..5

REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….

2.1 PROVIDE BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES AND HOW IT WAS

ESTABLISHED…………....9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANEGEMENT…………………………………….10

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY………………………………………… 10

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY\INSTITUTE…………………………………10

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY……………………………………………10

3.1.3 COMMENCEMENT…………………………………………………………11

3.1.4 ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPANY………………………………………. 12

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3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP OF THE COMPANY……………………. 13

3.2. PROVIDE AND EXPLAIN THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE

COMPANY……………………………………………………………………14

3.3PROFESSION ETHICS…………………………………………………….. 14

3.3.1 PROVIDE THE CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH COMPANY FOLLOWS…………

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ERGONOMICS……………………………………………………………… 14

4.2 EXPLAIN THE HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

(HSE) OF THE COMPANY…………………………………………… 14

4.2.1 TYPES OF PLAN USED BY THE COMPANY FOR ACHIEVING ITS

OBJECTIIVE……………………………………………. 14

4.2.2 DISCRIPTION OF MACHINE\SOFTWARE\EQUIPMENT…………… 15

4.2.3 PART LIST INGREDIENTS &COMPOSITION FOR PRODUCT SERVICE…

41

4.2.5 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT USED IN WORKPLACE……… 42

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING…………………………………… 43

4.3.1 EXPLAINATION OF QUALITY CONTROL………………….43

4.3.2 TOOL AND EQUIPMENT FOR QUALITY CONTROL………………… 44

4.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING………………………………… 45

4.4.1 MAINTENANCE POLICY OF THE COMPANY…………………… 46

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4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT…………………………………… 46

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM………………………… 46

5.1 REPORT ON ACTUAL WORKDONE ………………………………… 47

5.2 CHALLENGES OF SIWES……………………………………………… 49

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………… 50

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a human capital formation

program through industrial attachment for which students are expected to have a practical

experience on the basis of theories and principles acquired in the teaching-learning process.

However, the prevalence of the inability of participants of SIWES to secure employment after

the program casts doubt on the continuing relevance of SIWES to the contemporary industrial

development drive in Nigeria.

This technical report is a succinct documentation of my exposure and experience achieved

and picked up in the area of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and automation

engineering during student’s industrial work experience last for six month which it

commenced from January to June and aimed to exposed students of higher institution to the

practical aspect of what they were taught in the class in order to bridge the gaps scheme with

a Consultancy company called Nigerian bottling company .The program last for between

theoretical aspects and practical aspects, In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

of bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Mechatronics.

2.1

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2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHHEME (S.I.W.E.S) AND HOW IT WAS ESTERBLISHED.

The student work experience scheme{SIWES} came into establishment of the industrial

training fund[ITF] under degree No 47 of 8th October, 1971, in a bid to boost indigenous

capacity for the nation’s industrial need, the fund in its policy statement No. 1 published in

1973 inserted a clause dealing with the issue of practical skills which states that “the seek will

seek to work out cooperative machinery with industry, where student in institution of higher

learning may acquire training in industry or mid-career attached by contributing to the

allowance payable to the student”. The fund identified a great gap between theory and

practice of engineering and technology of higher learning and has come to an effort to

eliminate this gap. The fund initiated work experience scheme {SIWES} in 1973. SIWES

therefore is a skill training program designed to expose and prepared students of universities,

polytechnics and college of education to real life work situation including environmental,

technical and business student in higher institution of training in Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT.

3.1 DATA ABOUT THE COMPANY.

3.1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY.

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY NBC.

3.1.2 ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY.

PLOT 49 CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE , KANO.

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3.1.3 COMMENCEMENT DATE.

NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY (NBC) is one of the biggest companies in the non-

alcoholic beverage industry in the country and is the sole franchise bottler of The Coca-Cola

Company in Nigeria. The company serves about 160 million people by producing and

distributing a unique portfolio of quality brands, bringing passion to marketplace

implementation, and demonstrating leadership in corporate social responsibility. Nigerian

Bottling Company started operations in Nigeria in 1951. It is based in the city of Lagos and

has about 10 bottling plants across Nigeria. NBC channels products through 59 warehouses

and distribution centers.

3.1.4 ACTIVIES OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY NBC.

The activities of Nigerian bottling company is a production company that provide

market with beverages soft drink by means of a production machines. Production Sites are

the locations in the plant which is used for the production of Coca Cola products. These sites

houses the Productions lines.

The Production sites in Nigerian Bottling Company are two in number. They are;

1. Brownfield

This is the oldest plant in the company. It was established in the year 1982.

Brownfield contains two Production Lines. They include;

i. Line One

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Line one was the first production line established at the Challawa branch. It began its

operation in the year 1982. It has a production speed of about 28,000 bottles per hour (BPH).

It is also called a RGB Returnable Glass Bottle line. Meaning it uses glass for bottling the

Coca Cola products. It produces 35cl products.

ii. Line Two

Line Two was installed in the year 2013 and it has a production speed of about

24,000bph. It is also an RGB Line and it produces 50cl products.

 Greenfield

i. Line Four

Line Four was installed and commissioned in the year 2020 and it has a production

speed of about 30,000bph for 50cl products. It is also an RGB Line.

ii. Line Three

Line Three was installed and commissioned in the year 2021 and it has a production

speed of about 40,000bph for 35cl, 40cl and 60cl products. It is also called a PET Line

because it uses plastic bottles for the bottling of Coca Cola products.

iii. Line Five

Line Five was installed and commissioned in the year 2022 and it has a production

speed of about 65,000bph for 60cl products. It is also a PET Line.

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Iv. Line six

Line six was installed and commissioned in the year 2023 and its has a

production speed of about 65,000cph for 60cl product. It is a can line.

3.2 ORGANIZATION SETUP OF THE COMPANY

3.2.1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

FIG 1.0 THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING

COMPANY.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION/INSTITUTION

4.1 ERGONOMICS

4.1.2 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF NBC

the Administration Department is saddled with the responsibility of implementing the

Administrative policies of the company as well as the following specific program General

Administration: Office allocation, Maintenance of office Equipment, Management and

control of the company Reception and Car parks Security: To provide Security for the

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Locations and Installations and entire company Properties and residences nationwide by

coordinating all cadres of security personnel including Legionnaires, Supernumerary Police

and Private Security outfits Constantly recommend proactive measures to the management

for the safety of the company facilities which manifests in the installation of security gadgets

at various critical equipment locations .Security issues and request from outstation are

subjected to proper asses.

4.2.1 THE PLAN OF NBC FOR ACHIEVING GOALS

NBC’s vision is to become the undisputed leader in every market in which they compete.

Their mission is to refresh their customers partner with their customers reward our

stakeholders enrich the lives of our local communities Their core values includes;

Authenticity Excellence, Learning Caring for their people, Performing as one Winning

with their customers .NBC has many production plants across the nation. These plants

include; CHALLAWA Plant in Kano State., IKEJA Plant in Lagos State , OWERRI Plant

in Imo State. ASEJIRE Plant MAIDUGURI state , ENUGU plant , ABUJA plant,

Port-HARCOURT plant. The plant in which I did my SIWES was CHALLAWA Plant

located in Kano State. The address is Plot 49 CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL Estate, Kano

State.

4.2 PRODUCTION\SERVICES.

4.2.2 DISCUSSION OF MACHINE \EQUIPMENT\SOFTWARE USED IN

NIGERIAN BOTLING COMPANY NBC.

 ELECTRICAL / AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT.

 MECHANICAL DEPATMENT.

 QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT.

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ELECTRICAL / AUTOMATION /MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT/MACHINE

1. THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

The basic induction motor consists of a rotor with a stator having set of windings when an

alternating current passes through the stator windings a rotating magnetic field (magnetic

flux) is produced around the stator winding, which revolves with synchronous speed given as:

120 f
Ns=
p

Where f is the supply frequency , p is the number of stator poles.

• The relative speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors causes an

induced e m f in the rotor conductors, according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic

induction

• Faraday's law states that whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an e m f

will be induced in that conductor.

• The rotor conductors are short circuited; hence rotor current is produced due to the induced e

m f. That is why such motors are called as induction motors

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FIG 1.1 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The induced current in rotor will also produce alternating magnetic field around it.

 Thus the rotor rotates in the same direction as that of stator magnetic field to minimize the

relative velocity.

2. GEAR BOX

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

The Gearbox is the process of transmitting energy in an electro-mechanical drive that

increase the output torque or to change the speed of a motor. A motor shaft is attached to one

end of the gearbox and through the internal gearbox configuration, empowers an output

torque and the speed determined by given ratio. Are mechanical devices which transfer

energy from the driving device (usually a motor) to the rest of the systems. The gearbox is

mounted to the motor shaft and, through the internal configuration of mated gears within the

housing, produces an increased output torque and decreased output speed.

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FIG 1.2 GEARBOX ATTACHED WITH INDUCTION DRIVE.

3. CONVEYOR SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves

material from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications

involving the transport of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and

efficient transport for a wide variety of materials. A conveyor system is used in many

industries as a standard piece of mechanical handling equipment to move goods, products,

raw goods, and other materials from one location to another, usually in the same area or

building. Every conveyor system, including a belt support, pulley, drive unit.

4. ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANEL.

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An electrical control panel is an enclosure, typically a metal box or plastic moulding which

contains important electrical components that control and monitor a number of mechanical

processes in industrial automation.

They are energized systems that require maintenance, with planned preventative

maintenance and condition-based monitoring being the most effective methods. Electrical

personnel will need to gain access within control panels for fault finding, adjustments, and

electrical safety testing. Operators will interact with the controls of the panel to operate and

control the plant and process. Components within the control panel will facilitate many

tasks, for example, they may monitor pressure or flow within a pipe and signal to open or

close a valve. They are commonplace and integral to most industries. Problems with them,

including neglect, can cause havoc to any business operation and endanger employees. This

makes the safe operation of panels a desirable skill for both electrical and non-electrical

workers. There are three types of electrical control panels.

Power Control Center (PCC Panel).

Motor Control Center (MCC Panel).

Automation Panel (SCADA PLC Panel).

MOTOR CONTROL PANEL

Motor control panel controls the start, stop, regulate the speed, and change the rotation of

electric motors. Contactors control power-circuit switching and allow automatic cutoff in

response to a power failure. Motor starters monitor voltage during startup to protect motors

from damage. Motor switches provide on/off control of pumps, compressors, manufacturing

machinery, and other equipment.

COMPONENT OF MOTOR CONTROL PANEL

 CIRCUIT BRTEAKER.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

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All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary

substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low voltage

circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or

magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or

high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault

condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require a separate power

source, such as a battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained

with current transformers, protective relays, and an internal control power source.

Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this

is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as

a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) : It automatically switches OFF electrical circuit during any

abnormal condition in the electrical network such as overload & short circuit its usually used in

house hold loads.

 Molded case circuit breaker ( MCCB) : it is another type of electrical protection device which

is used when load current exceeds the limit of a miniature circuit breaker. The (MCCB )

provides protection against overload, short circuit faults and is also used for switching the

circuits. It can be used for higher current rating and fault level. MCCB can be used for

protection of capacitor bank, generator protection and main electric feeder distribution.

 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB): This residual current device is basically an

electrical wiring device that disconnects the circuit whenever there is leakage of current flow

through the Human body or the current is not balanced between the phase conductor. It is the

safest device to detect and trip against electrical leakage currents, thus ensure protection

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against electric shock caused by direct contacts. RCCB is generally used in series with an

MCB which protects them from over current and short circuit current. Both phase and neutral

wires are connected through a RCCB device.

FIG1.4 A METAL CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER

 MAGNETIC CONTACTOR

A contactor is an electrically-controlled switch used for switching an electrical power circuit. A

contactor is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than the switched

circuit, such as a 24-volt coil electromagnet controlling a 230-volt motor switch.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

When current passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced, which attracts the

moving core of the contactor. The electromagnet coil draws more current initially, until its

inductance increases when the metal core enters the coil. The moving contact is propelled by the

moving core; the force developed by the electromagnet holds the moving and fixed contacts

together. When the contactor coil is de-energized, gravity or a spring returns the electromagnet core

to its initial position and opens the contacts.

A contactor has three components:

 The contacts are the current-carrying part of the contactor. This includes power contacts,

auxiliary contacts, and contact springs. Contact material is chosen for high electrical

conductivity, mechanical strength, and stability under arcing and oxidation. Commonly

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used metals include alloys of tungsten, molybdenum, copper, and others. For example,

motor circuit contactors may use contacts made of silver with cadmium oxide added to

improved durability and arc resistance.

 The electromagnet (or "coil") provides the driving force to close the contacts. A basic

contactor will have a coil input (which may be driven by either an AC or DC supply

depending on the contactor design). Universal coils (driven by AC as well as DC) are also

available in the market today. The coil may be energized at the same voltage as a motor the

contactor is controlling, or may be separately controlled with a lower coil voltage better

suited to control by programmable controllers and lower-voltage pilot devices. Certain

contactors have series coils connected in the motor circuit; these are used, for example, for

automatic acceleration control, where the next stage of resistance is not cut out until the

motor. Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks,

thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads.

FIG 1.5 A MAGNETIC CONTACTOR

 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD

A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by varying

the frequency and voltage of its power supply. The VFD also has the capacity to control ramp-up and

ramp-down of the motor during start or stop, respectively. A variable-frequency drive (VFD), or

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adjustable-frequency drives, adjustable-speed drives), variable-speed drives, AC drives, micro drives,

inverter drives, or drives) is a type of AC motor drive (system incorporating a motor) that controls

speed and torque by varying the frequency of the input electricity. Depending on its topology, it

controls the associated voltage or current variation.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VFD

A VFD is comprised of three main components: A Rectifier, a DC link, and an inverter. The rectifier

converts the AC supply into DC power. The DC Link supports voltage through the drive from the

rectifier and inverter, the DC link stores power converted by the rectifier. Capacitors in the DC link

absorb the remaining AC ripple and delivers smooth DC voltage. This DC voltage is converted into an

AC voltage by switching transistors in the inverter and sent to the motor. The Variable Frequency

Drive varies the output frequency by switching transistors connected to either the positive or negative

DC bus. The drive can change the voltage output by pulsing the DC voltage appropriately over the

required frequency, this is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). If the voltage is ON half the time

the average voltage will be 5Hz.

AREA OF APPLICATION

 VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to large compressors.

 Systems using VFDs can be more efficient than hydraulic systems, such as in systems with

pumps and damper control for fans.

 SOFT STATER

A motor soft starter is a device used with AC electrical motors to temporarily reduce the load and

torque in the powertrain and electric current surge of the motor during start-up. This reduces the

mechanical stress on the motor and shaft, as well as the electro-dynamic stresses on the attached

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power cables and electrical distribution network, extending the lifespan of the system. Electrical

soft starters can be any control system that reduces the torque by temporarily reducing the voltage

or current input, or a device that temporarily alters how the motor is connected in the electric

circuit. Digital Soft Starter

Whenever the armature of an electric motor is moving, both the motor action and generator action

are occurring simultaneously; the electromagnetic force produced by generator action opposes the

desired motor action and effectively creates a variable motor resistance which increases with motor

speed. When a voltage is applied to the motor, this resistance dictates the current drawn by the

motor. At rest, the resistance is relatively low, so the starting or inrush current can be high if the

full line voltage is applied to the motor. Compared to DC motors, AC motors tend to have

significantly higher stator resistance and correspondingly lower inrush current. Nevertheless,

across-the line starting of induction motors is accompanied by inrush currents up to 7-10 times

higher than running current, and higher efficiency motors can experience inrush currents 10-15

times running current. In addition, starting torque can be up to 3 times higher than running torque.

The starting torque transient can create a sudden mechanical stress on the machine, which leads to a

reduced service life. Electrical soft starters can use solid state devices to control the current flow

and therefore the voltage applied to the motor. They can be connected in series with the line voltage

applied to the motor, or can be connected inside the delta loop of a delta-connected motor,

controlling the voltage applied to each winding. Typically, the voltage is controlled by reverse-

parallel-connected silicon-controlled rectifiers (THYRISTORS), but in some circumstances with

three-phase control, the control elements can be a reverse-parallel-connected SCR and diode.

AREA OF APPLICATION

 To reduce the power inrush requirement at the start in pump to prevent pressure surge.

 Smooth starting.

 Reduction of Overheating.

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FIG 1.6 A SOFT STATER

 DC POWER SUPPLY

A dc power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The

main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage,

current, and frequency to power the load. All power supplies have a power input connection, which

receives energy in the form of electric current from a source, and one or more power output or rail

connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may come from the electric power

grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or

alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually

hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to

power their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and

outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.

CONTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

A DC power supply is composed of several components that work together to convert AC power

into DC power. The primary components of a DC power supply include a transformer, a rectifier, a

filter, and a regulator .The transformer is used to step down high-voltage AC power to a lower

voltage that can be safely used in the circuit. The rectifier then converts the AC power into DC

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power. The filter then filters out any AC ripple that was not converted by the rectifier. Finally, The

voltage regulator is used to ensure that the DC output is at the desired voltage.

FIG 1.7 DC POWER SUUPLY

5. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

 Synchronous motors have stators similar to those of induction motors but the rotor is excited

by a D.C power supply.

 Alternatively the rotor can be made of permanent magnet.

 Synchronous motors utilizing electromagnet as the rotor are called salient pole type.

 Synchronous motors utilizing permanent as the rotor are called permanent magnet type

 DC supply is fed to the rotor winding via slip-rings. The direct current excites the rotor

winding and creates electromagnetic poles.

 When an alternating current passes through the stator windings a rotating magnetic field is

produced around the stator winding.

 The rotor winding is fed with DC supply which magnetizes the rotor.

 Consider a two pole synchronous machine shown below.

 The stator poles are revolving with synchronous speed (clockwise).

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 If the rotor position is such that, N pole of the rotor is near the N pole of the stator, then the

poles of the stator and rotor will repel each other, and the torque produced will be

anticlockwise.

 Now, the rotor will undergo unidirectional torque. The opposite poles of the stator and rotor

will get locked with each other (magnetic locking), and the rotor will rotate at the

synchronous speed.

 They are usually used in heavy duty in industrial automation.

6. DIGITAL MULTIMETER AND VIBRATION METER.

A multi meter is an electrical device that used to measure electrical parameters like current,

voltage, resistance, continuity etc.

FIG 1.8 AN ELECTRICAL DIGITAL MULTIMETER.

7. PHOTO ELECTRIC SENSOR.

A photoelectric sensor is a device used to determine the distance, absence, or presence of

an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver. They are

largely used in industrial manufacturing. There are three different useful types: opposed

(through-beam), retro-reflective, and proximity-sensing (diffused).

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SENSING MODES

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 A through-beam arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of

the transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked

from getting to the receiver from the transmitter.

 A retro-reflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location

and uses a reflector to bounce the inverted light beam back from the transmitter to the

receiver. An object is sensed when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the

receiver.

 A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation

must reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this mode, an object is

detected when the receiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see

it. As in retro-reflective sensors, diffuse sensor emitters and receivers are located in

the same housing. But the target acts as the reflector so that detection of light is

reflected off the disturbance object. The emitter sends out a beam of light (most often

a pulsed infrared, visible red, or laser) that diffuses in all directions, filling a detection

area. The target then enters the area and deflects part of the beam back to the receiver.

Detection occurs and output is turned on or off when sufficient light falls on the

receiver.

FIG 1.9 PHOTO ELECTRIC SENSOR.

8. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR.

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An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect

or measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when an electric current flows

through it; alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the

magnetic field through it changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that

interact with a magnetic field. Non-metallic substances, such as liquids or some kinds of dirt,

do not interact with the magnetic field, so an inductive sensor can operate in wet or dirty

conditions.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The inductive sensor is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The temporal

variations of the magnetic flux F through a coil with N turns will induce a voltage e. One

form of inductive sensor drives a coil with an oscillator. A metallic object approaching the

coil will alter the inductance of the coil, producing a change in frequency or a change in the

current in the coil. These changes can be detected, amplified, compared to a threshold and

used to switch an external circuit. The coil may have a ferromagnetic core to make the

magnetic field more intense and to increase the sensitivity of the device. A coil with no

ferromagnetic core ("air core") can also be used, especially if the oscillator coil must cover a

large area.

AREA OF APPLICATIONS

o Search coil magneto meter : inductive sensors constitute the main element to

build a search coil magnetometer, also known as a search coil. These are used

in many fields of research: electromagnetic waves measurement, space

magnetometers to investigate electromagnetic waves in space plasma as well

as natural electromagnetic waves observations on Earth.

o Inductive proximity sensor ( proximity switch ) : An inductive proximity

sensor is a non-contact electronic proximity sensor. It is used for positioning

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and detection of metal objects. The sensing range of an inductive switch is

dependent on the type of metal being detected. Ferrous metals, such as iron

and steel, allow for a longer sensing range, while nonferrous metals, such as

aluminum and copper, may reduce the sensing range by up to 60 percent.

FIG 2.0 INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY.

9. AIR SERVICE UNIT.

10. ENCODERS

An encoder is a sensor which turns a position into an electronic signal.

There are two forms:

 Absolute encoders give an absolute position value.

 Incremental encoders count movement rather than position. With detection of a datum

position and the use of a counter, an absolute position may be derived.

The position can be measure either in linear or rotary.

Linear encoder, converts linear position to an electronic signals, the rotary encoder

converts rotary position to an electronic signal.

A rotary encoder, also called a shaft encoder, is an electro-mechanical device that

converts the angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to analog or digital output

signals.

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There are two main types of rotary encoder: absolute and incremental. The output of

an absolute encoder indicates the current shaft position, making it an angle transducer.

The output of an incremental encoder provides information about the motion of the

shaft, which typically is processed elsewhere into information such as position, speed

and distance.

Absolute rotary encoder

Construction

Digital absolute encoders produce a unique digital code for each distinct angle of the

shaft. They come in two basic types: optical and mechanical.

Mechanical absolute encoders

A metal disc containing a set of concentric rings of openings is fixed to an insulating

disc, which is rigidly fixed to the shaft. A row of sliding contacts is fixed to a

stationary object so that each contact wipes against the metal disc at a different

distance from the shaft. As the disc rotates with the shaft, some of the contacts touch

metal, while others fall in the gaps where the metal has been cut out. The metal sheet

is connected to a source of electric current, and each contact is connected to a separate

electrical sensor. The metal pattern is designed so that each possible position of the

axle creates a unique binary code in which some of the contacts are connected to the

current source (i.e. switched on) and others are not (i.e. switched off). Rotary

encoders are used in a wide range of applications that require monitoring or control,

or both, of mechanical systems, including industrial controls, robotics, photographic

lenses, computer input devices such as opto-mechanical mice and trackballs,

controlled stress rheometers, and rotating radar platforms.

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11. DRY RUN SENSOR.

12. PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS.

13. LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS.

14. HEAT EXCHANGER.

15. ACTUATOR SENSOR INTERFACED(ASI)

16. PROCESS FIELD BUS (PROFI BUS DP)

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid.

Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be

separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely

used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants,

petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment. The

classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a

circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the

coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another example is the heat sink,

which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a

mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.

 Plate Heat exchanger : A plate heat exchanger contains an amount of thin

shaped heat transfer plates bundled together. The gasket arrangement of each

pair of plates provides two separate channel system. Each pair of plates form a

channel where the fluid can flow through. The pairs are attached by welding

and bolting methods. The following shows the components in the heat

exchanger. In single channels the configuration of the gaskets enables flow

through. Thus, this allows the main and secondary media in counter-current

flow. A gasket plate heat exchanger has a heat region from corrugated plates.

The gasket function as seal between plates and they are located between frame

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and pressure plates. Fluid flows in a counter current direction throughout the

heat exchanger. An efficient thermal performance is produced. Plates are

produced in different depths, sizes and corrugated shapes. There are different

types of plates available including plate and frame, plate and shell and spiral

plate heat exchangers. The distribution area guarantees the flow of fluid to the

whole heat transfer surface. This helps to prevent stagnant area that can cause

accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. High flow turbulence

between plates results in a greater transfer of heat and a decrease in pressure.

FIG 2.1 A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

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17. BOTTLE UNPACKER MACHINE

This is an automation machine used for unpacking the bottles from the case which will be

used for production.

PRNCIPLE OF WORKING

 The fed packs are stopped at the removal position .

 The gripper head is lowered and the containers picked up and removed from the case.

 The containers are set down onto the container table.

FIG 2.2 BOTTLE UNPARKER MACHINE.

18. BOTTLE WASHER MACHINE

Bottle Washer machine is an automatic machine used for washing , cleaning ,the bottling

used for production so as to make the product suitable for consumption.

WASHING CYCLE

 Prewash : This consists of a zone for emptying residual liquid from the bottles and a zone of
jets inside and outside of the bottle. In this zone bottles are pre-heated by the residual heat in

the water recycled from the rinse zone.

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 Rising: There are three internal and external jet zones with recycled water and one with cold
water. :The gradual lowering of the temperature and the removal of the detergent solution are

obtained as the water flows in the opposite direction to the bottles, thus considerably reducing

the amount of fresh water used. The rinse water is then used in the pre-wash area; form here

part of it can also be used to feed the crate washer.

 Washing : A series of tanks contains detergent solution for the actual washing action of the
bottles. The number of tanks depends on the treatment time required. The washing operation

is effected by means of the chemical action of the detergent solution and the mechanical

action of the internal jets situated at the outlet of the detergent soaks. Label removal takes

place in this phase.

i. Loading System

The conveyor belt of the accumulation table conveys the bottles to the automatic loading

system, dividing them into separate rows by means of agitators on the table. The bottles are

pushed inside the carrier pockets by two separate synchronized continuous rotating

movements: the first introducer takes the bottle from the accumulation table and sets it

horizontally on the slides; the second pushes the bottle into the pocket. Safety devices are

fitted on both movements to stop the machine in cases of overloading. The alarm signal is

visualized on the operator control panel.

The bottle separators on the accumulation table are made of plastic material and allow

for quick format changeover, if necessary. The bottle loading motion is transmitted from the

main drive, while the accumulation table has an independent gear motor worked by electric

signal directly by the introducer shaft in order to adjust to the speed of the machine. The table

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stops for an instant when the first introducer grips the bottle in order to reduce the pressure

from the other bottles.

ii. Discharge System

The bottle slides down a plastic chute onto a mobile plate. At the right moment, the

plate rotates so that the bottle drops onto a cam which accompanies it to the discharge

conveyor. This cam thus accompanies the bottle in its falling motion, shifting the bottle

previously discharged towards the discharge conveyor. All parts in contact with the bottles

are made of plastic in order to reduce noise. Three safety systems are used: the first controls

the removal of the bottle from the pocket by means of a sensor monitoring the position of the

chutes; the second checks the movement of the cams by means of a clutch fitted on the cam

support shaft; and the third monitors the obstruction of the conveyor by means of a barrier

rod fitted at the end of the discharge conveyor. The bottle separators on the accumulation

table and the chutes permit quick format changeovers if necessary. The system is driven by

the main chain drive gear synchronous motor through an angular transmission connected by a

chain.

19. ALL SURFACE EMPTY BOTTLE INSPECTOR(ASEBI)

ASEBI is a machine used for inspecting the empty bottles from bottle washer discharge

for inspection. It is a machine that used in a full inspection of the empty and cleaned bottles

between the washer machine and the bottle filler machine.

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FIG 2.3 ASEBI MACHINE.

 Base Inspection

This is a function that helps in the detection inner and outer base of washed bottle to detect

contamination on the base of the bottle.

FIG 2.4 BASE INPECTION

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 Sidewall Inspection : This is a function that helps in the detection of foreign objects and
contamination on the body, both external and internal. It’s features include 2- high resolution

cameras and 360o inspection. This inspection happens both at the entry and exit of the ASEBI

machine.

FIG 2.5 SIDEWALL INSPECTION

 Bottle Finish Inspection

This is a function that helps in the detection of foreign objects, cracks or chips at the neck of

the bottles.

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 HF Residual Detection

This is a function that helps in the detection of liquid residue in the bottle.

20. MIXER MACHINE

Mixer is a machine used for mixing the different ingredients of a Coca cola product at

different proportions to give the desired product.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

I. De-aeration

 Water feed to the horizontal de-aeration tank via two differently large sets of nozzles.

 De-aeration via the single-stage or double-stage vacuum process and optional stripping gas
support.

 Reduction of the sealing water consumption to a minimum thanks to a water saving function
in the vacuum pump.

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ii. Carbonation

 High-precision carbonation thanks to consistent volume flow rate in the carbon nozzle.

 Variable mixer output from 100 to 33 percent.

 No gas consumption thanks to output regulation in the carbonation tank − Dosing of up to

two gaseous ingredients possible

 Consistent level of technological values despite of variable output regulation:

 Highly accurate Brix and CO2 dosing

 Consistent de-aeration performance

iii. Dosing

 Adding the syrup with a high-precision register control

 Exact Brix value control via flow meter

 Dosing of up to eight liquid components possible

21. BOTTLE FILLER MACHINE

The Filler is a machine used for filling the bottles with finished product coming out from

Mixer machine to the filler machine.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SOME MAIN PART OF FILLER MACHINE

1. Filling valve: is a component that activate when air is distributed inside the bottle and

open the filling valve due to retractable pressure and fill the bottle.

2. Lift cylinder: a component that lift or carried the bottle up and down.

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3. Flushing systems : it is used in CIP maintenance(clean in place maintenance).

4. Air distributor: used in distributing air pressure to activate the filling valve.

5. Safety guide sensors : used in safety between machine and the operator.

6. Crowner sorter : machine used for capping the bottle.

7. Star wheel: used in transferring bottle from the main machine to crowner to discharge

conveyor.

FIG 2.6 BOTTLE FILLER MACHINE

8. BOTTLE PARKER MACHINE

The Packer is a machine used for putting the Coca cola product filled bottles into the crates to

be ship for sales.

COMPONENT AND PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

1. Lubricant nozzle: It is used for spraying lubricant reagent for protecting bottle from

falling, its makes the bottle to stick on the conveyor belt.

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2. Injection fork: It is used to align and grouping the bottle to the desired number of

bottles for parking

3. Bottle table conveyor : A conveyor that accumulate large number of bottles for

grouping.

4. Ultrasonic sensor: it is used for sensing the presence of bottle to activate the lifting

mechanism to lift the bottle to the desired position(case).

5. Bottle cup : It is used in picking the bottle up and down using pneumatic air which is

attached to air host.

6.

 The bottles on the container table are divided up onto lanes.

 The pre-positioned containers are picked up using gripper heads and set into the fed case.

 The bottle formation is set down reliably with the integrated insertion frame.

FIG 2.8 BOTLE PARKER MACHINE

4.2.4 PART LIST (INGREDIENTS &COMPOSITION FOR PRODUCT SERVICE.

PRODUCTION PROCESSES

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The different kinds of beverages produced by The Nigerian Bottling are subject to strict

quality control and inspection procedure ensuring they meet the highest international

standards. The processes involves the following steps;

 Step one

Pure water is subjected to sophisticated filtering, softening and disinfecting to remove

all impurities.
 Step two
Sugar is added along with appropriate beverages concentrate to produce syrup the
component of the soft drink.

 Step three

The mixture is saturated with carbon dioxide at a low temperature and under high

pressure to give the drinks their renowned ‘fizziness’.

 Step four

Automatic machinery dispenses the mixture, in precisely calculated quantities, into

sterilized bottles while another cans, caps or seals them.
 Step six

The containers move to another machine which applies labels and bar codes,
after which they are automatically inspected to guarantee they meet all
requirements.
 Step seven
After final checking, bottles and cans are transported to machines which pack
them in cartons or boxes before being laces on wooden pallets.

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4.2.4 THE DRAWING AND RELATED DATE OF MACHINE OF NBC.

FIG 2.9
4.2.5 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT USED WITHIN THE NBC
WORK SPACE

1. Bottle guide: it is used in guiding the bottle moving on the conveyor belt,
they are of different types; 35cl, 60cl etc.
2. Bottle stopper: it is located at the inlet bottle filler machine used in stopping
the bottle from moving to filling point, they are of different type ; 35cl, 60cl.
3. Bottle Wheel : It is located at bottle filling machine, it is used in transferring,
discharging filling bottle by means of a rotation motion designed by the
filler machine. They are of types infeed star wheel, transfer wheel, discharge
wheel, they are also for 35cl,60cl.
4. Mould cavity: It is used for casting the plastic freeform to desired shape of
production. They are used in PET LINE.
5. Pipe joint: It is used for transferring, discharging, product to the product line.
6. Bottle cup: It is located at the bottle parker and unparker machines used in
picking the the bottle to the desired unit, they are for 35cl,60cl.

4.3 QUALITY ENGINEERING

4.3.1 ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY CONTROL

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SIWES shall operate assurance system. We are keen on excellence to our customer`s service

deliverables which must consistently be of the highest quality obtainable. We ensure that our

customers need are met and exceeded, where possible demonstrating our professionalism and

experience in our areas of operations.

We shall achieve this through

1. Prompt provision of information.

2. Priority attention to passenger satisfaction, through articulated consideration and cu needs

and expectation.

3. Making everyone committed to attainable, define quality requirements.

Therefore, management shall create a conducive working environment for employees through

mutual trust, respect and love, teamwork, continuous improvement, compliance with national

and international standards recognition and celebration of individual or team achievements.

Adequate communication interface with market customer to identify complaints before they

become problems and most importantly, NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY will treat

our market customer as partners in our work.

QUALITY OBJECTIVES

1. Provide a service that consistently meet the needs and expectations of our customers and

indeed exceed them. Targets shall be compliance to regulatory and contractual requirements.

2. Targets shall be defined through periodic evaluation process.

3. Ensures that all works are performed correctly at the first time for cost effectiveness and

efficiency.

4. To be seen and perceived by our market customers as being better than the competition.

5. Delivering products with improved results as evident of continuous process improvement

activities.

4.3.2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN QUALITY CONTROL

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 Electrical /automation tools

1. Air blower: it is used in blowing air to minimize dirt, dust in an electrical

control panel to ensure good performance.

2. Screw Drivers: they are used in tightening loosed electrical connections,

sensor connection etc.

3. Digital multi-meter/current transformer : it is used in measuring electrical

parameter for good power consumption and efficiency.

4. Cable tight: it is used in tightening loosed wire ,cable etc.

5. Cleaning: cleaning of machine by using some recommended fluid.

6.4 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

6.4.1 MAINTENACE POLICY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

INTRODUCTION

From the dictionary maintenance are actions performed to keep some machines or system

functioning or in service.

Maintenance Engineering

Is a discipline and operation of applying engineering concept for optimization of equipment,

procedures, and departmental budget to achieve better maintainability, reliability and

availability of equipment.

Maintenance and hence maintenance engineering, is increasing in importance due to rising

amount of equipment, system, machineries, and infrastructure. Since the industrial revolution,

devices equipment of machinery and structure have grown complex, requiring a host of

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personnel, vocation and related system needed to maintain them. Maintenance is to ensure a

unit is fit for purpose with maximum availability at minimum costs.

Types of maintenance

Preventive Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where the equipment is maintained before

break down occur examples.

 CLIT (cleaning lubricating inspecting tightening) maintenance: is an example of

preventive maintenance apply to automation machine.it is a 30 minute maintenance.

 Work order maintenance: Another example of preventive maintenance applied to

automation machines.it is a 24 hours maintenance.

 Checklist maintenance : There are maintenance for cross-checking performance and

efficiency of important machine parts and record for any disabilities etc.

Corrective Maintenance: Is the type of maintenance where equipment is maintained after

failure. This maintenance is mostly used although it is often most expensive because worn

equipment can damage other parts and cause multiple damages. Examples

 Over-hall maintenance: It is a type of corrective maintenance that

Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities

 Assume optimization of the maintenance organization structure.

 Analysis of respective equipment failure.

 Estimation of maintenance cost and evaluation of alternatives.

 Forecasting of spare parts.

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Maintenance Engineer: A maintenance engineer should possess significant knowledge of

statistics, probability and logistics, and additionally in the fundamentals of the operation of

the equipment and machinery he or she is responsible for.

A maintenance engineer shall also possess high interpersonal communication, management

skills and ability to make quick decision.

4.4.2 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM

During my SIWES I worked in several sections in the company where I was trained, assisted

and carried out several duties and assignments experience gained working at NIGERIAN

BOTTLING COMPANY as a student trainee at engineering department has given me the

opportunity of getting a firsthand appreciation of maintenance& Project Management

technology, learning its fundamentals, learning to work with various equipment used in

maintenance& Project Management, and also acquiring skills in software simulation

packages. I was able to apply some of the theoretical knowledge gained during my study at

the university to real work situations thereby bridging the gap between school work and

actual practice. I also gained experience in other fields of science, engineering and project

management. I learnt invaluable lessons on the code of conduct of big firms and it prepared

me for work scenarios I am likely to meet after graduation. Personally, one of the most

important skills I gained during the course of my IT was commercial communication skills

within major companies. During the course of my work, I had to interact with engineers and

IT professionals from Architectural firms, manufacturing companies, oil and gas industries,

multinational companies and others. To carry out projects, I had to work together with

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personnel from different departments. I also had to relate with senior engineers from my

company and our international service partners.

5.1 ACTUAL WORK CARRIED OUT WITH CLEAR STATEMENT OF

EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED.

1. TROUBLESHOOTING POWER FAULT IN AN ELECTRICAL PANEL.

I learn how to troubleshoot an electrical fault using some analysis and strategies

which are been used throughout the period of my SIWES, examples on work carried.

 Troubleshooting of 24Vdc power fault from dc power supply to the terminal

connectors by using a multi-meter.

 Troubleshooting of 3-phase power supply to 3-phase induction motors from

the protective devices (circuit breakers ,fuses ), switching devices(relays,

contactors, overload relay), starting devices(soft starter, variable voltage

drive).

 Troubleshooting of short circuit fault from switching devices to terminal

connectors.

 Electrical connection of 3-phase induction motor which are the STAR

connection, DELTA connection, STAR-DELTA connection.

2. TROUBLESHOOTING SENSORS

I learn how to troubleshoot sensors power failure from the power source to the power

terminal of the sensor using meter and LED blinking, examples

 Troubleshooting 24vdc power of photoelectric sensor, inductive proximity,

capacitive proximity, dry-run sensor etc.

 Sensitivity adjustment of sensor using screw driver.

3. TROUBLESHOOTING ACTUATORS

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I learn how to troubleshoot an electrical, pneumatics, actuators such as 3-phase

induction motion, solenoid valve, double acting cylinders etc.

 Troubleshooting of 3-phase power to 3 phase drives eg induction, synchronous

motor, Stator bearing replacement.

 Troubleshooting power failure of solenoid valve of modulating valve, relief

valve, regulating valve.

 Troubleshooting power failure of electro-pneumatic(solenoid valve) of

pneumatic cylinders.

2. AUTOMATION MACHINES OPERATION: I learn how to operate

automation machines such as palletizer machine , parker and un-parker machine,

filler machine, etc.

 Troubleshooting programmable logic controller(PLC) input/output modules.

 Troubleshooting dis-alignment counting sensors(photo sensor ).

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PERIOD OF SIWES PERIOD

1. A week strike occurred during the internship program which principally was a general

strike for all NBC workers in the country thereby, a week without work elongated the

project time for completion.

2. Due to long hours of transporting materials needed on site (shipping imported materials),

there were days whereby petite activities took place, thus limiting work progress on site.

3. Inadequate equipment to carry out some tests in the quality control section limited my

experience concerning test for rebar.

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4. During my first few weeks, I had difficulties understanding a lot of the terms and

terminologies that was used at the office because a lot of them were very new to me. This

made it hard for me to follow the procedures.

5. I wasn’t able to visit other on-going projects by NBC hence, no experience was gained in

regard to their operations.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION

My industrial training with NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY has exposed me to the

practical application of engineering methods, the Electrical/automation method in particular

for mechatronics engineering .I also gained experience in the aspect of quality engineering ,

power distribution, etc. In addition, I gained how to make a smooth relationship and mutual

understanding with other staffs.

6.0 RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that federal government should make appropriate funds available for the

program

It is recommended that the university management to review the duration of the program

It should be legislated that only licensed contractors and professionals are to drill boreholes in

the country. This will help in the collation of litho-logs and proper documentation of the

available technical work and engineering data for detailed and comprehensive academic work

on our aquifers.

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