Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Association Francaise Des Travaux 1991
Association Francaise Des Travaux 1991
Abstract--This set of recommendations updates the 1975 recom- P ~ ~ rwus Tunnek et Ouvragss S e u ~ de Juil/et.A~t
mendations of the French tunnelling association AFTES regard- 1975 dtait entitrement eonsa~ au textedss n m m mandationsde l'AFTE,q
ing grouting works for underground structures, and extends the rdatives aux tmvaux d~njectionpour lse ~ mutermb~ Le texte
chapters on grouts and their properties as a function of dosage,
thetr areas of application and durability; and the area of applica- que su s ~ w e S~ndmle ma~ c~,~ns ~ on~ dt~ d a ~ p p ~ s
tion of study and control techniques. Special emphasis has been ce,nme: ~ eoal~ a ~ ieure ~ U s en ~ des d o m ~ leur
placed on dialing methods, which have made interesting progress, d o m a ~ d ~ t i l i m t ~ et leur l ~ n n u ~ , ~ d~nc m a n i ~ trts
notably in the measurement and recording of driUing parameters exhaustwe; et le ehamp ~ a ~ des du~Jhodesd'd~de et de eontr61~.
as well as numerical or graphical processing. These techniques L'accent a ~t~mis sur les m~thodes de forage qui ont fait des ptvgrts O~s
provide a more finely tuned assessment oft_he medium to be treated intemm~t,, notammem m~c la ~ l ' ~ d ~ pam_m ~
during the drilling phase, thus permi_~ttingthe grouting progra_m_me de forage alnsi que lear tmi~mmt ~ u s ou graphique. C a tech.
to be adjusted while it is in process. The essential objective of these
recommendations is to define a study and control method, and to laphusedeforationetd'tri~rl~~d~mceursde
draw attention to the parameters that should be taken into aocount travau~ Ces recommandations ont pour but essmtid de d~mir une
when planning a new project so as to perform the grouting opera- ~ t h o d o l o ~ des ~ d e s , des ~omrOla et d ' a t ~ r raumtion ~ur lea
tion successfully. During the s _tudyo f prsliminary projects, it will ~ d lnndre ,n oompUpour ~tab~ ~ep r o ~ ~ men,r d him Zes
also help to define the technical and financial criteria that will be Uumux d'~ecaon. ~ass ~ p m n e t ~ , m outre, lore de l ' ~
used to compare grouting based methods and other techniques d'mm* p,o#t, de ~M"mirZes~ ~rAn~" u ~ eZananciers mn,u m d U,
applicable to the same project. These recommendations should ~ ent~ les nu~odes u ~ n t l ~ e c ~ n a l a autres mahodss
permit an adequate applicat~n of grouting techniques and con- c r ~ a p ~ d un m~r~ projet~_ C~ ~ daoem
tribute to finding solutions for the delicate problem of ground
stability, notably when proceeding with excavations or under- d mozdre lea~ d ~ m U de ~tabait~d ~ tm'alm, notammem l~
ground workings, which generally take place below water table o~ it ~ n~ess~irs de ~ u s e r d ~ fouiUes ou dss ~ t m ~ i n s g ~ r ~ , ~ e n t
levels. sous le niveau de la nappe aqui/tre. FJ2ssp o ~ r ~ aassi trouver des
appl~in~r~smntdsstmmux~injectiondansdssdomalnesaatrss
qus les ouvrages sout~min&
Tunnellingand Und~groundSpaceTechno~, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 383-461, 1991. 0886-7798/91 $3.00 + .00
Printed in Great Britain. Pergamon Press plc 8~
1.1. GROUND TREATMENT BEFORE 1.1.1. Consolidation
EXCA VA TION Si ]e terrain a une faibler6sistance m~canique, les injec-
The ground to be treated m a y be loose ground, fissured tions de consolidation, Iorsqu'ellessont possibles, ont pour
rock, or ground containing voids to be filled. In most cases, but de l'am6liorer en permettant ainsi:
the purpose of this treatment is: • L'exdcution plus aisde et plus afiredes excavations;
• To strengthen the ground; • La traversde des zones difficilement franchissables
• To m a k e the ground watertight; or par lea mdthodes traditionnelles(terrainsincoh~rents,
• Both at the same time. boulants...);
• Le franchissement des zones oi~ les conditions d'envi-
1.1.1. Strengthening ronnement sont defavorables.
If the ground has poor mechanical strength, strengthen- 1.1.2. Etanchement
ing grouting, when possible, is aimed at improving the
mechanical strength of the ground, thereby allowing: Des injections d'~tanchement permettent la r~aiisation
d'6crans r&luisant notablement les circulations souterrai-
• Easier and safer excavation works. nes tellesque air,eau, hydrocarbures, etc. Elles autorisent
• Passage through zones that are difficult to penetrate ainsi le creusement dans des conditions acceptables tant
by traditional methods (e.g., cohesionless or moving pour le travail que pour renvironnement:
soils).
• Passage through zones where environmental condi- • Dans des roches de bonne tenue, mais fissurdes et
tions are difficult. fractur6es fortement aquif~res;
• Dans des terrains tr~s perrndables dont la stabilit~
1.1.2. Waterproofing peut devenir insuffisante sous reffet de l'eau.
Waterproofing grouting is used to form curtains capable Remarques: Le traitement avant excavation peut ~tre
ofreducing the underground flow of such fluidsas air,water, fair,soitdepuis la surface ou/t partir d'un ouvrage auxiliaire
and hydrocarbons. It thus provides acceptable boring condi- ou existant, soit depuis la galerie, elle-mSme en cours de
tions, both for the work and the environment, in: creusement. En gdndral, les injections de consolidation ont
• Rocks that are of good structure, however fissured, dgalement un effetd'dtanchement et sous la nappo lea deux
fractured, or strongly permeated with water. effetssont souvent recherchds pour les travaux souterrains.
• Highly permeable grounds (e.g.,with water flows)that
prove unstable. 1.2. TRAITEMENT DES OUVRAGES
On distingue en g~n~ral le traitement des ouvrages neufs
Remarks. Pre-grouting can be done from the sitesurface, de ceux des ouvrages anciens.
from an adjacent or pre-existing work, or directlyfrom the
gallery under construction. Consolidation grouting gener- 1.2.1. TraRement d'Ouvragee Neufe
ally also has a waterproofing effect.Both types of grouting
are olten used below groundwater level in underground Les injections pratiqu6es sur un ouvrage neufont un r61e
de consolidation par intervention sur les zones situ6es/t
works.
l'extrados du rev~tement. A cette consolidation on pout
1.2. TREATMENT OF STRUCTURES associer un r6le plus ou moins prononc6 d'6tanchement
suivant le type d'injection pratiqu&
New structures must be treated differently from old
structures. a. Injections de Remplissage
En ouvrage souterrain, les injections de remplissage sont
1.2.1. New Structures destinies/t comhler les vides situ~s/~l'arri~re du rev~tement.
Grouting of new structures is carried out in order to Ces injections contribue nt/t r6duire les causes d'alteration
strengthen them by treatin~ zones behind the linings. This du terrain,/~ favoriser une bonne rdpartition des efforts sur
strengthening treatment can be associated with a more or ]'ensemble de la voOte, et/~ dvitsr le desserrage du massif.
less waterproofing-type treatment, depending on the type of
grouting used. b. Injections de Collage ou de Serrage
Les injections de collage ou de serrage sent g~n6ralement
a. Filler Grouting effectu~es aprbs les injections de remplissage pour parfalre la
In underground work, fillergrouting is used to fillthe liaison du terrain au rev6tement et assurer un 16gsr traite-
voids behind linings. In this manner grouting prevents ment du terrain encaissant. Par rapport aux injections de
ground weathering, contributes to ensuring a good distribu- remplissage, la pression sera plus 61ev6e et le coulis plus
tion ofpressure on the entireroof,and avoidsloosening ofthe fluide. La va]eur de pression sera adapt~e/t la r6sistance du
ground mass. rev6tement.
b. Bonding and Compaction Grouting c. Injections de Consolidation
These types of grouting are usually done after completion Pratiqu6es spree les injections de remplissage et de
of fillergrouting, in order to closelybond ground and lining, collage, elles permettent d'am61iorer les caractdristiques
thus ensuring a light treatment of the surrounding soil.In mdcaniques d u n anneau du terrain, d'dpaiseeur adapt~e
comparison with fillergrouting, the pressure in this case is aux conditions du milieu.
higher and the grout more fluid. The pressure value is
adjusted to the strength of the lining. d. Autres Traitements
• Raccordement/t un dispositifg~n~ral d'6tanch&t~ ou
c. Strengthening Grouting d'autres ouvrages.
W h e n carried out alter fillingand bonding, this type of • Voiles aur6olaires de protection dopposant b des circu-
groutingis used toimprove the mechanical characteristicsof lations dommageables (par exemple, eaux agressives
a ground ring,in athickness adjusted to surrounding ground autour des ouvrages).
conditions.
1.2.2. Trsltement d'Ouvrages Anclens
A ces ouvrages, selon leur 6tat, on peut appliquer lea
diff~rentes techniques mentionn6as. Cependant, lee pres-
@ Rc 2aj 50
(MP.3)
a5 1 15 iti$
Unconfined compressive strength
0 at 28 days, Rc 2nd (Mpa)
,~03N I ~0 j --__
• Les silicates vitreux, qui doivent ~tre mis en solu-
tion aqueuse en autoclave dans des conditions bien
ddtermindes (150°C sous pression de 0,5-0,6 MPa);
• L e s silicates e n p o u d r e o u a t o m i ~ s , qui peuvent
1o Is aca % Na~0
~tre dissouts dans une eau & 40°C.
Remarque: Lorsque la temperature d u n silicate s'abaisee,
Figure 2. Sodium silicate: relation between degree Baum~ la viscosit~ augments tr~s rapidement. I] faut ~viter que sa
and Na sO and SlOt percentage for various ponderal ratios teml~rature soit infdrieure &0°C pour ~liminer des risques
(rip). dventuels d'alteration de ses qualit~s.
Figure 2. Silicate de soude: relation degrd Baurn~ et %
Na20 et SiO2pour diffdrents rapport pond~raux (Rp).
Usual dosages of organic reagents 2.2.3. Caract6ristlques des Coulls Abase de Silicate de
The quantity of reagents used will vary, depending on Soude
their nature and concentration, as well as the properties Dans l'6tude des caractdristiques de ces coulis il convient
required for the: de distinguer l'~tat liquide et l'~tat durci.
• Gel settin~ time; 2.2.3.1. Etat Liquids
• Mechanical resistance required for the ground;
• Durability of the treatment; Lea principales caractdristiques d u n coulis it base de
• Syneresis; silicate it l'dtat liquide sont:
• Environment. 1. L a densitY, li~e essentiellement it la teneur en silicate.
2. L a v i s c o s i t ~ i n i t i a l e , qui ddpend avant tout du rap-
The reagents most often used are added in a proportion of port pond~ral du silicate et de sa concentration dana le coulis
40 to 150 l/m s of grout for the following dosages: (rapport S/E ffi Silicate/eau de dilution).
• Sodium silicate (Rp 3.3: 35-37°B~): from 180 to 800 En fonction de la dilution du silicate la viscositd initiale
]/m s of grout. du coulis it 20°C peut varier d'environ 1,5 mPa.s pour les
! ! ! 1 ! ) 1 ! !! 1 \
w4 Coulis b base da silicate de soude
Sodium silicate grouts.
Di-ester hardener
f ’ ’
Initial viscosity
I mi nutes
I
I-
Setting time
Y
I 02 0 Viscosit4
Figure 4. Variation in setting time, &pending on Figure 4. Variation du temps de prise en fonction de la
temperature. temphture.
0t (minutes) 0
t (minutes)
bi-.
IO-
IS-
Durcisseur di-ester
Ot 1 1 I
D
C 0 1 I 1 I
10 20 10 20 20 T”C
I#
1.6
1.1
RP
48 t
48 h Y = 60 I
(MPal (MPa)
2 *
I.1
I
Gels b bese de silicate de soude
n.1 Sodium silicate grouts.
Hardener : aldehyde (modified loxal) Durcisssur : sldehyde (Gloxal modifik) I
Figure 6. Unconfined compressive strength in Figure 6. R4sistance ci la comprwsion simple aur eabk de
Fontainebkau sand I@ence ofvolumetric content of Fontainebkau. Influence des tenetve voLum&triquesen
silicate and of hardener. silicate et en dunzkseur.
20- 20 -
10 10 -
i I I i I I i i 1 l 1 T
20 30 40 50 60 70 Y% 20 30 40 50 60 70 Y,
(i) (9
~ Y : pourcentvge volum6trJque de silicete dans le coulis
1 Y : volumetric p e r c e n t a g e of silicate in the grout
2 S : syneresis~ rate S : toux de syn6r6se
Figure 7. Syneresis in pure gel, depending on volumetric F~gure 7. syndr~se sur gel p u t en fonction de la teneur
content of silicate. v o l u ~ t r i q u e en silicate.
@
(~S% ®N: ]i0~ ® N : 60~ S 1; @N = 30 1; @ N = 60 I;
log
I00 G r o u t s at :
CouI|$ 6 :
8 I St O?
8,~ Si 92
90- 12 I "
12~ ....
90-
- -
16 ! "
16,~" "
-~ ....... 19 J "
......... 19~" " |0-
80- •~- 21 $
• 21% . . . .
70-
70-
60-
60-
S0-
50-
40- \ ",,
40-
30-
30-
S o d i u m s i l i c a t e gelsJ
[D-ester hardeners J \ \ 20
I Ge15 de 5 l | i c e t s
~ J r c i $S~NJr $ d l - e s t e ¢ 5
d e 5oud~
J
\ "
ECh6once )0 Jours
20-
Time period = 3(3 d a y s 10
10-
0 ,
l 1 1 1
2.0 3,3 ~ 3.| 2.6 3,3 ~ 3.9
0 I I I I I I Rp
2.6 3,3 3,9 2,6 3.3 3.9
® ® ,p (~ Rp = SiO2
rapport pond~ral du s i l i c a t e
Nee2 '
Si02
1 Rp : , weight ratio of silicate S : taux de s y n 6 r ~ s e
2 S = syneresis r a t i o Taux de n e u t r a l | s e t | o n N = 30
3 N e u t r a l i z a t i o n r a t e N = 30
N e u t r a l i z a t i o n r a t e N = 60 Taux de n e u t r a l | s a t | o n N = 60 1;
Figure 8. Syneresis in pure gel, depending on: Figure 8. Syn~r~se sur gel pur en fonction de:
• weight ratio of silicate; • rapport pond~ral du silicate;
• neutralization rate; • taux de netralisation;
• weight content of silicon in the grout. • teneur pond~rale en silice darts le coulis.
II- Il-
O =
,; ,'. ;° ;, l
|lo 411 IO
(~Ys YS
Ml
7.6
‘at ( MPa
1.1
2.6
4; 6;
w
I I I
40 60 00 YX
0 0
1 Uncorfined compressive strength Rc
2Y= volumetric percentage of silicate in grout coulis
Figwe 10. Unwnfined compressive strength on grouting Fig- 10. R&iata~~~ ci ka wmpreseion simpk 8ur wrbka
sanda. Incidence of gmnular distribution. inject& Incidence de la r+rtition granuhirc
a silicate gel is usually carried out in quick test-tube silicate de compositions differentes en fonction de la
tests. The distortion rate used in testing the samples is vitesse d’&rasement. Lee difWences obtenues sur la
approximately 20 m&n. resistance B la rupture sent moins accu&s lorsque
However, the breaking process in the grouted sand is l’essai d’&rasement se fait sous triple &Ante.
made complex by the flowing property of silicate gels. La resistance instantanee et la r&ristance au flw aug-
This property causes breaking to occur under condi- mentent avec la teneur en r&&if, done avec le taux de
tions of stress, influenced by the existing stress rate. neutralisation. La sensibilite au flw varie dans le m&me
Figure 11 shows the variations in breaking strength sens que la concentration. Des gels peu concent& auronk
under simple compression in testtubes ofFontainebleau tomes chases @ales par ailleurs, un fluage mains important
sand injected with silicate gels of different composi- que des melanges riches en silicate.
tions, depending on the crushing rate. Variations Ces particularit& de wmportement sent A prendre en
obsewed in breaking strength are smaller when crush- compte dans le choix den for-mules de wulis. Notamment, les
ing tests are carried out under t&u&l stress. taux de neutralisation retenus habituellement pounont
The immediate strength and resistance to creep increase &re major& lorsque lee traitements envisages concement
in accordance with the reagent content, i.e., with the neutral- des terrains dont le mode de mise sous contrainte s’appa-
ization rate. Sensitivity to creep varies with the concentra- rente ala compression simple et lorsque ces traitementa sont
tion rate. Under the same conditions, the less-concentrated B caractire permanent.
gels will have a creep rate inferior to that observed in silicate-
2.2.5. Utllisatlon et Application des Coulls b Base do
rich mixes.
Silicate de Soude (Gels)
This particular type of behavior is to be considered when
selecting a grout formula. In particular, the neutralization Des que la structure dun terrain ne permet plus l’injec-
rates usually retained can be increased in the case of treat- tion au moyen de coulis du type suspension (granulometrie
ments that must he applied in grounds for which the rate of trop ‘Ylne”, faible perm&Mitil, la mise en oeuvre des pro-
compression is close to unconfined compressive strength and duits plus fluides dont les coulis B base de silicate de soude
when these treatments are permanent. constituent l’exemple type, devient necessaire. Ces coulis
sont en fait lee prod&s essentiellement utilis& pour le
2.2.5. Use and Application of Sodium-Silkate-Based traitement des sole granulaires.
Grouts (Gels) Leur utilisation est souvent preC&l& par une injection de
When the structure of a given ground does not allow the coulis a base de ciment ayant pour objet le remplissage des
injection of suspension grouts (as in the case of a particularly vides lee plus importants du milieu B traiter.
Leurs propri&& principales:
fine granulometry and a low penetrability rate), more fluid
products must be used, of which the sodium-silicate-based l Liquide de faible viscositi initiale;
grouts are typical examples. In fact, these grouts are the l Coulis a temps de price reglable;
productausedessentiallyforthetreatmentofgranularground. l Coulie conferant une r&Gtance m&anique;
Their use is often preceded by the injection of a cement- l Coulis conferant un bon taux d’etanchement, lee ren-
based grout, carried out in order to fill the largest voids in the dent particuli&ement intiressants du point de vue de
ground to be grouted. I’injection. Ils sont dune utilisation tree souple car la
‘I’he main properties of sodium-silicate based grouts are modification de ces propri&&, qui depend pour partie
their: de la nature des composants, est surtout fonction des
variations du doeage.
' ,
, , Ill ' I
} ~ . . N-50%!
i : , ! , l! I I I
d'.
(MPa)
( •
R6sistence ~ le compression slmple ~ ) en MPa
AL
Vitesse de dbformetion L / s
However, their use is restrictedfor a number of reasons, • Latex: Ce sont des ~mulsionsde polym~rescoagulables.
including toxicity and difficulthandling. * P o l y e s t e r s : Ce sont des prdpolym5res en so]ution
A non-exhaustive listof these grouts includes: dans un diluant reactif, durcissables (polymdrisation) par
• Asphalt: Asphalt is composed of hydrocarbons with a addition de catalysours.
very high molecular weight, usually obtained from residues • E p o x y : Ce sont des prdpolymeres liquides r~ticulables
from petroleum distillation.Asphalt gro~Hn~ products m a y par r~action (polyaddition) avec un durcisseur. Lee rdsines
be viscous to hard, becoming poura~ie wneN llot;or they m a y polyesters et epoxy sont utilisdes en raison de leur grands
take the form of emulsions with restricted stability,which rdsistance mdcanique et de leurs bonnes propridt~s d'adhd-
are likely to coagulate when in contact with mineral sur- sion. EUes sont en outre tr~s stables aux agents chimiques.
faces. Asphalt-based grouts are used in waterproofing • Rdsines furaniques: Elles sont obtenues par
operations. They remain stable over time and have a good po]ym6risation de l'alcool furfurylique en prdsence d'un
resistance to corrosive agents existing in the ground. catalysour acide.
• Latex: These are coagulable polymer emulsions. • Silicones: Ce sont des prdpolymSres durcissables
* Polyesters: Polyester-based grouts contain pre-poly- (polycondensation) en prdsence de rdticulant ou de cataly-
mers in solutionin a reactant and can be hardened (polymer- seur. LeE rdsines formdes ont une grands flexibilit~ e t u n e
ization) by the addition of catalysts. excellente rdsistance chimique. Ils peuvent ~tre utilis~s
• Epoxy: these are liquid pre-polymers, cross-linkable comme hydrophobant.
by reaction (polyaddition) with a hardening agent.
Polyesters and epoxy resins are used for their high me- 2.5. PE-NE-TRABILIT~"DES COULIS
chanical strength and their good adhesive properties. They La pdndtrabilit6 d u n coulis ddfinit sa facult~ & p4n~trer
are, apart from anything else,very stable in the presence of la plus grande partie des vides d u n terrain avec une pression
chemical agents. e t u n d6bit adapt6s au projet.
• F u r a n i c resins: These are obtained through polymer- La p6ndtrabilit6 d u n coulis dans un terrain donne d6-
ization of furfurylic alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. pend de divers facteurs qui sont des param~tres:
• Silicones: Silicones are pre-polymers that may be 1. Li(m au terrain.
hardened (through polycondensation) in the presence of 2. Lids au mode d'injection.
cross-linking or catalyzing agents. The resins thus formed 3. Lids ~ la nature des coulis.
have great flexibility and an excellent chemical strength.
They can be used as a water repellent material. 2.5.1. P a r a m b t r e s L i d s a u Terrain
T h e penetrability of a grout defines its faculty of penetrat- • De ]'existence et de la dimension des vides.
ing the largest number of ground voids, with pressure and • De la gdomdtrie de ces vides: vides intergranulaires,
flow rate adapted to the project. fissures, karste.
Open voids. Karsts. Cement-based grouts with rough Vides francs. Karsts. Coulis avec charge groasibre
Decimetdc fissures. fillers (gravels). Fissures (graviers) ~, base de oiment.
Cement-based cellular grouts: d6oim6triques. Coulis cellulalre b basee de
Quick-setting grouts. ciment.
Coulis b prise ace&lOs.
Large fissures Cement grouts with fine filler (ash,
(average opening > 1 fine sand filler). Grosses fissures, Coulis de dment avec charge fine
cm) Quick-setting grouts. sup6rieuree au (cendres, sable fin, filler). Coulls
Cement-based cellular grouts. centlm6tre # prise acc616e. Coulls cellulalre
Bentonite, clay, cement grouts. (ouverture moyenne) b base de dement. Coulls de
Polyurethane foam. Carbamide. bentonite, arglle, clment. Mousse
de polyur61hane. Arninoplaste.
• The pressure, which is related to the flow rate. 2.5.3.2. Coulis du Type Suspension
• The practical duration of injection. Leu¢ p~n~tmb~t~ d6pend des factsurs prindp~ux suJvants:
Gravity may have a disturbing effect in permeable soils by • Stabilit6
introducing a downward factor into the process of grout flow.
Pour progresser dane les rides inter-granulaires ou duns
2.5.3.2. Suspension-type Grouts des fissures, un coulis de type suspension ne doit pas prdssn-
The penetrability of suspension grouts depends on the ter de d&mntation 61eves (g~n~ralement moins de 5% en
following principal factors: volume pendant 1 heure). Dans le cas contralre, les d~p6ts de
• Stability particules gressi6res et fines so font de fa$on h~t~rog6ne au
gr6 des diff6rences de vitesses de circulation dans lee vides
To progress in the intergranular voids or in fissures, a du terrain.
suspension-type grout must not have a high degree of decan-
tation (generally lees than 5% in volume during I hour). If • Seull de clsalllernent et vlscosit6 plastiqus
the contrary is true, the deposits of large and small particles Lee coulis du type suspension de ciment ou de bentonite-
will be made in a heterogeneous manner, depending on the ciment sent g6n6ralement des fluides ee rapprochant du
differences of speeds of circulation in the ground voids. mod6le rh6ologique de Bingham. Leur progression eat donc
• Shearing and plastic viscosity limit limit~ par la perte de charge due k la viscoait6 plastique et au
The suspension-type cement or bentonite-cement grouts
ssuil de cisaillement.
are generally fluids that are similar to the Bingham rheo- Ce ph6nom6ne peut 6tre mis k profit lorsque la distance
logical model. Their progression is thus limited by the loss de eheminement des coulis veut 6tre limit,s. Par centre,
of filler due to the plastic viscosity and shearing limit. lorsque la p~n~tration de ces types de coulis est jug, s
This phenomenon may be taken advantage of when the insuffisante, une action peut 6tre men,e, avec des additifs,
leakage distance of the grout is to be limited. However, when pour diminuerles valeurs des deux parambtres rh6ologiques.
the penetration ofthess types ofgroutsisjudgedinsufficient, Cela permet d'am61iorer les possibilit~a de p6n~tration en
an operation can be carried out using additives to reduce the rapprochant du mod6le newtonien le comportement
values of the two rheological parameters. This operation rhdologique des coulis (voir section 2.1.5.3).
improves the penetrating properties by allowing the rheo- A titre d'exemple, le comportemont rhdologique de quel-
logical characteristic of the grout to approach those of the ques coulis du type suspension est montre (Figure 12).
Newtonian model (see section 2.1.5.3., "Grouts with an • Concentration en partlcules
Improved Special Property9.
The rheological characteristics of some suspension-type Le blocage de ]a progression d u n coulis stable est d'autant
grouts are shown in Figure 12. plus rapids que sa teneur en mati~re s~che est elev~e.
• Dimension des particules
• Concentration of particles
The blacking ofthe progression of a stable grout is as fast La gresseur des particules en suspension s'oppcee b la
as its dry material content is high. progression des coulis dane lee vides intergranulaires ou
CEMENT C
CLAY-CEMENT NC
GROUT with filler
Cellular Grout NC
CLAY GEL W
BENTONITE (de~oocula~ed,smngthe~ed
GROUTS with improved
penetration NC
EMULSIFIED BITUMEN W
co~centrated C
Strengthening
low
SILICATE viscosity C
GEL concentrated W
Waterlighte-
ni~g
w
ACRYLIC W ~ ~
RESINS
Tableau 3. Domaine
d'appplication des coulis en
terrains granulaires.
Consolidation (C) Domaine d'application courant
COULIS ou
Etanchement (E) Lirnit~ par le prix de revient
CIMENT
o I I I
ARGILE-CIMENT
COULIS avec charges
COULIS cellulaires
GEL D'ARGILE
BENTONITE (d6flocul6e, rigidifi6e)
COULIS b pdn~tration amdlior~e
EMULSION DE BITUME
concentrd
de
GEL consolidation faible
viscosit(~
DE
concentr~
SILICE d' 6tanchement
tr~s dilu~
ACRYLIQUE E
RESINES
PHENOLIQUE
[] []
] Shearing limit []
/[~
~ te-eement grout 13-- 35 kg/m J "- C = 200 kg/m ~
{~ Shearingstrength
(~ Speedgradient at coaxial viseometer
®
A ~p : visCoslt6 plastlque
J
p
t
i II I| Z (Pa)
~ R~sistence eu cisa|ll®~nt
( ~ Gradient de vitesse eu viscosl~btre coaxial
. Lubricant*
• Air
• Water
• Clay mud/Bentonite
• Biodegradable foams/sludge
• Clay grout/bentonite cement
. P~rxng
• Simultaneous
• Stage-down
4. Parameter Monitoring
• Penetration speed
• Weight pressure on ~ e tool
• Fluid pressure
• Reflected percussion
Upper layers
above holes 60 to 200 1 to 3: In decreasing order of interest
. Lubdfiants*
• Air
• Eau
• Boue d'argiie/Bentonite
• Mousses/Boues biod~redables
• Coilis d'argile/Bentonite ciment
3. Tubage
• Simultan~
• A I'avancement
4. E n r e g i s t r e m e n t d e s p a r a r ~ t r e s
Vitease d'avancemeflt
• Poussl~e poids sur I'outfl
• Pression du fluide
Percussion r6fl(3chie
Milieu for~ E~ f o r a g e ( m m )
~)(
Mames, ergiles - - 604100
Sables, alluvions 6 0 4 100
Roches teedres 604100
Roches dures 38 & 75
Ouvrages 38 ~,75
Terrains d e ceuverture
60&200 1 ~ 3: Ordre d'int~r~t ck~grassif
des oaviMs ~ - -
Rock, Roche,
• Fine cracks 1 to3 • Fissures fines Iit3
Depth Prof. < 25 m
• Open cracks 2to4 • Fissures ouvertes 2/14
<25m
maillacje carre
forage primaire j -dvolutif. --
evolutive square
pattern
primary hole
This means that a normal temperature for utilization must rdtablir une temp6rature normaie d'utilisation des produits
be provided (insulation, cooling, heating). du mdlange (isolation, refroidissement~ 6chauffement).
Influence of Hygrometry. Because grout components may Influence de 17tygrom~ri~ Les constituants des coulis
be sensitive to moisture (hydration, hydrolysis), they must peuvent ~tre sensibles it l~umidit~ (hydratation, hydrolyse).
be protected accordingly. I1 y a lieu de les protdger efficacement.
3.5.2. Dosage of Grout Components (Table 7) 3.5 2. Dosage des Constituents d'un CouIis (Tableau 7)
'l~ms stage guarantees the properties of the grout. The Cette phase garentit les caract~rist~ques des coulis et le
material to be used must be checked permanently. materiel uti]is~ dolt fairs ]'objet d'une v~rification permanente.
Table 7. Proper dosages of grout components. Tableau 7. Dosage des constituants d'un coulis.
Weight closers* Dry products in small Doseurs ponderaux* Produits secs en petites
• scale quantities • bascule quantit6s
* For weight dosers, the water content of the batches must * Pour les doseurs pond~raux, tenir compte de la teneur en
be considered. eau des charges.
1"The feed tanks of dosing pumps must be kept at constant 1" Los bacs d'alimentatlon des pompes doseuses doivent
levels. 8tre b niveau constant.
Grouts that have a fast setting time can be stored on a Pour lee coulis/t faible temps de prise, le stockage de
short-term basis in the mixers, pending immediate injection. courte duroc s'effectue dane lee m~langeurs en attente de
Hnjection immt~liate.
3.5.5. Transportation and Injection of grouts
Depending on the distance between the preparation site 3.5.5. Transport st Injection d e s Coulis
and the site of injection, the grout m a y or m a y not be directly En fonction de la distance entre le lieu de fabrication des
injected. coulis et le point d'injection, le cou]is peut 8tre directement
F o r i a j e c t i o n s a t s h o r t d i s t a n c e s , the grout is injected inject~ ou non b partir de son lieu de fabrication.
with pumps located near the site of manufacture; this equip- P o u r d e c o u r t e 6 di~mmcem, rinjection se fait au moyen
ment is referred to as an injection plant. de pompes g r o u p , s pros du lieu de fabrication des coulis;
Storage, preparation and injection of grouts from a cen- Fensemble constitue une c e n t r a l e d ' i n j e c t i o n .
tral place encompass the operation, control and automated La centralisation du stockage, de la prdparation et de
processing. This allows the plant to be isolated and avoids l'injection des coulis facilite ]a conduite le contr61e et
risks of pollution and nuisance. rautomatisation de ces opdrations. Elle permet risolement de
Grouting is carried out using pumps (see Table 9) for la centrale pour dviter lee risques de pollution et de nuisance.
which the utilizationrange is as follows: L'injection se fait au moyen de pompes (voir Tableau 9)
The pumps pressurize the grout in order that it can be dont la gamme d'utilisation est ]a suivante:
transported through pipelines to the grouting site. Lee pompes ont pour but la raise en pression du coulis pour
The grout is transported and distributed through pipe- son transport darts des conduites jusqu'au point dqrdection.
lines (diam. 2-5 cm) capable of resisting the injection pres- Le transport et ]a distribution de coulisse font au moyen
sure. The diameter is determined with respect to the product de canalisations pouvant r~sister aux pressions d'injection,
and the distance. For suspensions, the flow rates m u s t be de diam~tre de 2 ~ 5 cm. Ce diam~tre est d~termind en
sufficient to obtain turbulances t h a t inhibit decantation. fonction du produit et de la distance. Pour lee suspensions,
For resins, the distribution piping m u s t be of anti-U.V. la viteese de circulation dolt permettre d'atteindre un r~gime
pipes and m u s t be rinsed immediately after injection. turbulent pour 6viter ]a decantation.
F o r i n j e c t i o n s a t tt l o n g d i s t a n c e , the grout m u s t be Pour lee r~sines, le circuit de distribution devra ~tre en
transported to hoppers from which it is injected by pumps tube anti U.V. et ~tre rinc~ imm~diatement apr~s injection.
located near the injection site. P o u r lee i n j e c t i o n s b l o n g u e s dit~ancem, le coulis est
Additives are mixed with the grout in the mixers, where transport~ du lieu de fabrication et de otockage b des bacs de
the usual control tests (setting time, viscosity, etc.) are reprise pour ]'injecter au moyen de pompes situ6es prbs du
carried out. lieu d'injection.
Lee adjuvants sont a mettre en oeuvre au niveau des bacs
de reprise ou il y a lieu d'effectuer lee e u a i s de contr6le
conventionnels (temps de prise, viecoeit~).
Centrifugal pump Injection of large voids under Pompecentrifuge Injection de gros rides/~ faJble
• output 10-50 cu. rn/h low pressure with aerated . d 6 ~ t l 0 - 5 0 o u . m/h presslon avec des ¢oulls
Screw pump grouts or mortar Pompe b ~ s abrbs ou des mortlers
• output 10-20 cu. m/h . d b ~ t l 0 - 2 0 c u . m/h
Piston or pressure Standard pump for the Pompe ~ piston ou Apparell type pour l'Injectlon b
pump* Injeclion at controlled pressure presse* dbblt contr61b
Vadous methods: of: Diffbrents mod61es: • de mortlers b sable fin (dla. <
• Output 0.1-10 ou. m/h • Mortars of fine sand (dia. 2 • d6bit 0.1-10 cu. m/h 2 mm)
• Pressure from 0.5 -10 mm) • pression 0.5-10 MPa • de coulid b base de ciment
MPa at adjustable • Cement grout • de gels
output • Gel • de coulls ~ base de silicate
• Silicate grout
masonry
Figure 14. Grouting using a screw-expandable packer: Figure 14. Injection ~ l'aide d'un obturateur gonflable a
grouting at bore head. vis: injection en t~te.
: .; :.-~..L.'.' ~'~.::::.. .1
..'...'.'.,
,...~:, ;:"!'g~'-i::!iiill
4..;.,.::..
:..t.';. . } t .~ '~,. !~"
% . , : ::.'/?.-'.:: : ~'.
. .: ~'.: ::~ :....'.::~ ~.',
; "/."" ";',~'2 :'.".
: r ".'.:~: ~,'" .:: ! L '. :
• . -,(- '.~,:-/
CoupeI tes~,:.!~-~, Terrain
Leather Treated on c u i r L.'.... :.:-. .-}}: t r a i t e
collars soil " ":;"
'; ,,.... ':""',;:~
~-..% , ::";.i'..t {' :, '.,4
[,:!::,...•..,...,.. • " C ' 4"; :. " ;" '::
: : .,',:,. "Ci :
~:.-': ::.1 I ....
::....:,. :'. . ~. .. "(.,
/
Drilling
passage
' Traitement
Treatment -o \l- ~/'-I .\ ell cours
n progress .~ " ~ -
®
~1 ~ t \ x - , | ,
_J
Figure 15. Injection in a drill hole (rock) with single-collar Figure 15. Injection dane un forage (rocher) d l'obturateur
packer: stage-up grouting, simple d coupelles--injection ~ l'avancement.
U
i ~,
Treatment in
Progress aitement
Ma COU r S
d;..t
.".'-;..~.
-•~"
,".~,:;,'~;~
..':~..;..: raint r a i t b
Treated ground
Figure 16. Injection with double collar packer in sleeved Figure 16. Injection & l'obturateur double ~ ooupelles dons
pipe: stage-up injection. un tube ~ manchettes: injection en remontant.
Flexible
haute E n rou leu r
pres~i~
High-pressure
pipe Roller/winder Conf leu r ~ # ~ )
• II
! f-N
E~o
Borere-hole
-hole , ~ ~ , , , ~ F° r 89e" ~ i~T""~T~;~ I
manchet tee
• _ . . . . ,
,0o 0,oo, !
~;~1,.~ ~.,~]~,l,~':Ground being l~-
Expandable~'~'tl"'~'~l-~l~--~l~" --/~tJ'treated i ~ ~ ~ i I ' iF~~[,=~ai
- ~1 ~~ Tra,te,ent
:. :-.-.. :;..i .:*... -": - .~;:~ •. "~ .~...'. • ~.~. • "t', "" • '; -'" i -~- ::;"~:.-
f -. .~;..-..~'...:
.~..
"~
Figure 17. Grout injection in a tube ~=manchette (sleeve Figure 17. Injection dan,s un tube d manchettes #=
pipe), expandable with double packer: stage-up grouting, l'obturateur gonflable double: injection en remontant.
Coulls
Gon f lage d e /
l'obturateur
Grout
Expansion of
packer ~ ~
Expandable i-.,,,;;..:~.~•
m e m b r a n e ~ I ' " '=""~"" }';.~!.::!~,S
:J..
•. : : . : : . ' : ~ . ~ . , : . . ~.
IC~.!" :
I ,, ," -" I - ' C " ",'"/"" I " / I ', ," " '--
Figure 18. Grout injection in an open bore hole (rock) with Figure 18. Injections darts un forage nu (rocher) a
single expandable packer: stage-down grouting. l'obturateur g o n ~ b l e simple: injection d l'ovaneement.
O m Open
e
Smooth pipes
O Tube a'manchette
m
, • __Tube a'manchette foam
O
pipe with grout ports
O
(Pipes with jacketed ports)
I
EnvironmenL to be treated
Loose ground (clay, sand-gravel)
Soft rock
iC
@,4,
Hard rock ®-i_ e
Concrete
Karst cavities IA -®®
e m Nu
m m Tubes lisses
• • Tubes 6 manchettes
m - - Tubes crepines
• obturateur gonflable
© IStudySite o,
Geological study
Hydrogeology (overall notions)
Environment (various works, sensors).
Q
Figure I9. Typical study project diagram before injection grouting work.
Q PROJET DE TRAITEMENT~
Figure 19. Schema type d'~tude d'un projet avant travaux d'inj'ection~
STUDIES
FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS
fine stratigraphy
cracks : spacing
il
opening
I
_cavities : general location
t
frequence & size
ti filling
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
_granulometry
_density on site - porosity
_deformability
mechanical characteristics
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS
_permeability
speed of circulation
INVESTIGATION METHODS
-GEOPHY SICAL
surface : microqravimeter
between bore-holes (seismic tranparence)
_BORE-HOLES
CORE SAMPLES (VIBROCORE SAMPLING IN GRANULAR
SOILS)
"+ identification tests
+ ROD
DESTRUCTIVE
+ recording of parameters
-WATER T E S T S
Lefranc-Lugeon - water-table pressure
Hydrofr acturing test
flow-rate measurement (horizontal bore-hole)
tracer - micro-propeller
SOUNDING IN DRILLING
endoscope
photos -film-camera - echosounder
Figure 20. Survey methods for the study of grout injection projects.
ETUDES
- - I __ rempltssage
PARAMETRES PMYSIQUES
-- granulometrle
densite en place - porosite
deformaOilite
caracterlstlques mecaniques
ants
CARACTERISTIOUES HYDRAULIOUES
permeabilite
vitesses de circulation 1
M E T H O D E S D'INVESTIGATION
GEOPHYSIQUE
de surface : mxcrogravimetrie ~ ~
e n t r e f o r a g e s (sismique transparence )
FORAGES
CAROTTES (VIBROCAROTTAGE OANS LES SOLS GRANULAIRES)
+ essais d'identification )"--"~ p
F~0 - - - -
DESTRUCTIFS
+ enregistrement des p a r a m e t r e s
YF, nn
_ ESSAIS D'EAU
-- AUSCULTATION EN FORAGE
endoscope
pi~otos - camera - e c h o s o n d e u r
Before hole
Compact zone
Startte;\sinjection
Compact sand -
Gravel zone
rrw”....
l-l
,*..s..*
“,,..I..
,..“1”9v
.>“,,“,Y
,..I..,..
,...*.,a
.I..,.,,
. ..*..a.
..,.....
._,.,..I
W.,..“”
,.. w... n
n
,. ,. ,. >* ..
,..1‘1.1
. . ...I.*
,. .a . . . .
751
Figure 21. Example of results of recording bore-hale Figure 21. Example de r&x&ants dhnregistrement de
parameters. Mjustment fir the nature of soils and parambres de firage. Calage auec kz nature de8 termins
grouhg pressures. et lee pressions di’njection.
5.2.4. Pressure Meter Test Essai ponctuel, il peut donner certaines indications sur
This type of test is of interest for periodic ground treat- l’amelioration des caract&istiques physiques du milieu trait&
ment control. The pressure meter test is an on-site test that Sa mise en oeuvre est de pratique courante.
is easy to carry out before and after treatment; it gives short-
5.2.4. Pressiombtre
term deformation and rupture characteristics. The probes
canbeleftinplaceduringtreatmentsoastobesureoft.esting Ce type d’essai intiresse le contrhle de traitement des sols
the same soil during the two series of tests. d’une maniere ponctuelle.
The operation of these tests requires a certain skill, but L’essai pressiom&ique est un essai in situ, qu’il est facile
the results are of good quality. de tialiser avant et aptis traitement; il donne des caracti-
ristiques 8.court terme de deformation et de rupture. On peut
mdme concevoir de laisser les sondes en place pendant le
5.2.5. Dilatometer Test
traitement pour Qtre sur d’intiresser le meme terrain lors
The dilatometer test is used for rock in the same way that des deux dries d’essais.
the pressure meter testis used for soils. It gives good results La mise en oeuvre de ces essais demande une certaine
for the evolution of deformability characteristics. technicit& mais les result&s sont de bonne qualiti.
As for the pressure meter, the operation of dilatometer
testing equipment requires a certain skill.
5.2.5. Dilatombtre
N.B: Generally, the bore holes should be carefully sealed
throughout their lengths when the controls are carried out; L’essai au dilatom&re est le correspondant pour le rocher
this is essential in the case of treatment for watertightening. de l’essai pressiom&rique pour lee sols. Il donne de bona
resultats quant a l’evolution des caracteristiques de
deformabiliti.
5.3. MECHANICAL TESTS ON SAMPLES IN THE
Comme pour le pressiometre, sa mise en oeuvre demande
LABORATORY une certaine techniciti.
These tests are carried out on samples taken during Nota: G&Aralement, on aura intAr& B colmater soigneu-
survey work, or during excavation in the case of strengthen- sementlesforagessurtouteleurlongueurlorsquelescontr6-
ing treatment. Precautions have been noted above concern- les auront et& effect&s (c’est une n4cessite dans le cas de
ing the problem of sample-taking. traitement d’&anchement).
The simple test most often carried out is the unconfined
compression test.
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
deformability and mechanical
characteristics
HYDRAUL IC CHARACTERISTICS
permeability
i
!
ENVIRONMENT -
modification of natural
flows
I i
i
i i
INVESTIGATION METHODS
_GEOPHYSICAL
seismic transparence between bore-holes III
--DRILLING
_ CORE SAMPLES (VIBRO-CORE SAMPLING IN GRANULAR
I
+ identification tests SOILS) T Im
+ ROD ..
+ Lab. mechanical tests (compression)
[
!
!o
DESTRUCTIVE
+ recording of parameters it m
_IN-SITU DRILLING MECHANICAL TESTS
penetrometer, SPT
I O
pressIJremeter, dilatometer
IT O
m
--WATER TESTS
Lefranc-Lugeon - water-table pressure [
pumping test i It.
f l o w - r a t e measurement followed by piezometric ~ [ In.
micro-propeller meter IT[ m
-BORING SOUNDING m
endoscope [
photos - film camera - echosounder TT!
J
//// CONTROLE DES RESULTATS
perm~abilite
ENVIRONNEMENT - CONTENTIEUX
m o d i f i c a t i o n des ecoulements
neturels
II
i
m i |
iI
,®
M E T H O D E S D'INVESTIGATION 1
u .o
u ~ o
GEOPHYSIqUE
III
sismique transparence entre forages D
FORAGES
CAROTTES(VIBRO CAROTTAGE DANS LES SOLS GRANULAIRES I
+ esseis d'identification T I
+ ROD I II
+ e s s a i s mecaniques labo (compression) I m
DESTRUCTIFS
+ enregistrement des p a r a m e t r e s rr l
penetrom&tre,SPT I ii
pressiom~tre,dilatometre It D:
- CONTROLESDIRECTS IN SITU
realisation d'excavation I Q D
+ e s s a i s mecaniques II if Q
+ mesures de d b b i t I • •
_ ESSAIS D'EAU
Lefranc-Lugeon - p r e s s i o n nappe I D
essai de pom~ge I i
m~sure de debit-suivi piezo~trique I Q
-micromoulinet !ITI
- AUSCULTATIONEN. FORAGE i
endoscope I
photos -camera - e c h o s o n d e u r :III
Figure 22. Mdthodes de contr~le des r~sultats d'un traitement par l ~njection.
Establishment of the drilling report is extremely impor- L'~tablissement de ce rapport est d u n e grande impor-
tant because its immediate interpretation can lead to modi- tance car son interpretation imm6diate peut conduire it
fications in the type of equipment or bore hole and the modifier le type d'6quipement du forage et la conduite des
execution of grouting works. travaux d'injection.
This report must include modifications made to the sched- Ce rapport doit contenir les modifications apport~es au
ule for drilling; time, date and duration of the drilling;, and the programme de perforation,heure, date et durde de la perfo-
qualitative observations of the driller (e.g., regarding voids, ration etles observations qualitativesdu foreur (vide,obsta-
obstacles, resurgences or loss of drilling fluids, miscellaneous cle,r~surgence ou perte de fluide de perforation,incidents
incidents and their location, nature of the ground, etc.). divers et leur localisation,nature du terrain).
An example of the quantitative data on bore-hole param- Les donndes quantitatives des enregistrements de
eter recordings is included in the Appendix. param~tres de forage sont annexdes au rapport.
b. Equ~oment b. Equipement
The equipment report must indicate, for each bore hole, Ce rapport doit indiquer par forage ]es modifications
any modifications to the schedule (actual placement of the apport~es au programme (positionnement rdel des 6quipe-
equipment and quantity) and the quantity of sealing prod- ments et leur quantitY) e t l e s quantitds des produite de
ucts (volume of sleeve grout, supplies used, etc.). scellement (volume du coulis de gaine, fournitures utilisdes).
lore-
r~s|
execu-
ted
.............. :..:.
.............. ::::.
For the MainContractnL Fatal
: : : " ;
CONTRACTOR Date [
SITE
l 11 Post n ° [
SITE CONTRACTOR
I I
11 =nO [ I
INJECTION PRESS N° SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Type Grout
PACKER i ength
Pressure limit . . . . . . . Flow-rate limit __
• Miscellaneo._us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date IPost and Packer Composi tior Quantities Duration Measured pressures Modification of
, director depth of grout . injected )f grouting start - end of schedule
qroutinq Observations
5 io 15 20 25 ',O Control results
from IN forecast real from to
Prdvu
I:~alis6
....,.,........~.~,.,.,...............,.,..;,....,
TRANCHE OBTURA
FORAGE COULIS PARAMETRES DE LIMITATION
TEUR
Quantit6s Mati~res CONSIGNES
(composition maxirnales Volume
injecter temps de prille Type sech6s Cadence total
de par passe, limite DIVERSES
dens l'ordre spdciflcation et Iongueur pr6vu
suivant de fabrication) par tranche (~'h)
(m') Mini MaxJ (m3)
Sands,
sends and 0.4 30-45 1-2.5 2.7 3.2
gravel
Large Volume
voids and of 3-15 0.4
karsts cavities
Large
5-20 2--4 1.1 1.0 0.8
cracks
Filling
behind Variable 2-3 1.4 1.4
lining
Filling
behind 0.3 Variable 2-3 2.3
lining
Renewal of Variable
0.05 Variable 12 12
works
As an example, for large sites in the Paris region, the coefficient 1 is valued at between 450 FF and 550 FF as of 1 January 1987
(prices exclusive of VAT). Under the same condilJons, the price of drilling and equipment is between 150 FF and 250 FF/ml, or even
300 FF/ml in galleries.
Pourcent Espace-
age de ment de Coulis Gel Gel de
Milieu b Cadence videe forages Ciment Argile Ilvec d'~t,m- Coneo- Rd-
injector (cu, m/h) (%) (m) Pur Ciment Charge cl~i~ lid:lion sines
Sables,
sables et 0,4 30-45 1-2.5 2.7 3.2
graviers
Volume
Gros vides
of 3-15 0.4
et karsts
cavities
Grosses
5-20 2-4 1.1 1.0 0.8
fissures
Fissures 1-10
0.5 I-3 1.5 1.5 2.3 3
fines
Remplis-
sage
Variable 2-3 1.4 1.4
derribre
vo0te
Rdgenera-
tion 0.05 Variable Variable 12 12
d'ouvrages
A titre d'exemple, pour des chantiers importants et en rbgion parisienne, le coefficient I vaut entre 450 et 550 F au I janvler 1987
(prix hors taxes). Dane lee m@mesconditions, les prix de forage et d'~:luipement se situent entre 150 et 250 F/ml, voire 300 F/ml en
galede.
Specify the parameter range to record, as well as 101 Increase in price No. 100 for the installation of Unit
the recording equipment and retrieval method. recording instruments for bore-hole
parameters.
• Define the drilling station. 110 Moving of a drilling station from one site to Unit
• Specify the sites, the type of transport (transport another.
means, scaffolding, etc.).
• Establish a price for each type of site.
• For rock drilling, notably with stage-down 115 Moving of a drilling station from one bore hole Unit
grouting to another and support of equipment on drilling
site.
The field of application of the price should be 120 Execution of bore holes for grouting. m
spedfied. This may be defined by: This price per linear meter covers drilling done
from the surface; it notably comprises:
• The nature of the ground (rock, soil, masonry);
• The drilling method (rote-percussion, rotary • The supply and use of drilling fluid;
leaching or water-jetting); • The depredation and maintenance of the
• The range of bore-hole diameters; drilling station;
• The depth or length sections; • The support of the equipment on the drilling
• The bore-hole orientation or inclination sections; site (in some cases).
• The various drawbacks of the site, of the
environment and the sub-soil.
The No. 140 prices are the added values to price 140 Added value to price No. 120 for execution of m
No. 120 to increase the field of application (site, underground drilling.
depth, Inclination, presence of masonry, concrete,
etc.) if necessary.
Pr6ciser la gamme des param~tres ~ enregistrer et 101 Plus value aux prix No 100 pour installation Unit6
le support d'enragistremant et le mode de d'un appareillage d'enragistrement des
restitution. paramt~es de forage
• D6flnir I'atelier de forage 110 D6placement d'un atelier de forage d'un site & Unit6
• Pr6ciser lee sites, le type de d6placement un autre
(transport, 6chafaudage, etc.)
.. Etablir un prix pour chaque site type.
• Pour le forage au rocher, avac notamment le 115 D6placement d'un atelier de forage, d'un Unit6
traltemant A I'avancemant forage & un autre et calage de 'l'outillage sur
I'emplacement du forage.
II y a lieu de pr6ciser le domaine d'application du 120 Execution des forages pour injection. m
prix qui peut 6tre d6fini par: Ce prix r6mun~e au m~tre lin6aire le forage
ex/cut6 depuis la surface; il comprand
• La nature du terrain (rocher, sol, ma~onnerie); notamment:
• La m6thode de forage (roto-percussion, rotation,
lavage ou langage & I'eau); • La fourniture et la mise en oeuvre du fluide de
• La gamme des diambtres de forage; perforation;
• Lee tranches de profondeur ou de Iongueur; • UamortJssemant et I'antretian de I'atelier de
• Les tranches d'odantation ou d'inclinaison de forage;
forages; • Le calage de I'outillage sur I'emplacement du
• Los suj6tions diverses du site, de I'environnement forage (6vantuellemant)
et du sous-sol
Les pdx No. 140 sont des plus-values ~ appliquer au 140 Plus value au prix No. 120 pour ex6cution de m
prix No. 120 pour 61argir leur domaine d'applicaiton forages en souterrain.
(site, profandeur, indinaison, passage de
magonnerie, de b6ton) si besoin est.
Define the nature, the interpretation level of the 141 Added value to price No. 120 for recording and m
recordings interpretation of drilling parameters.
The nature of the smooth pipe and the tube 200 200 - DRILLING EQUIPMENT m
manchette must be specified (diameter,
thickness, material) and the number of Supply and use of smooth tube in the bore hole.
manchettes per meter of tube.
N.B.: The usa of sleeve grout is also paid for by 210 Supply and use of tube ~ manchette in a bore m
the price of filling grout injections. hole.
In the definition of the price, the following should 300 300--GROUTING Fixed
be specified: global
Installation at and withdrawal from a grouting price
• The type of grouting (filling, treatment, etc.); plant. This price covers the supply, the
• The nature of the grout(s) used and their operation and the organization at the installation
charge or additives; sites, and returning the equipment in good
• The range of pressures of flow rates that the condition.
grouting equipment must satisfy;
• The first installation site;
• The details of:
- The number of grouting pumps;
- The equipment for:
supplies and energy;
storage and transport of products, dosing
and preparation of grout, con~ol and
recording of flow rates and pressures.
• The various tools and ducts that allow the grout
to be supplied to the bore hole heads.
• Define the grouting plant; 310 Moving from one grouting plant to another. Unit
• Specify the sites and type of handling
(disassembly, transport, reassembly);
• Establish a price for each type of site.
D6finir la nature, le niveau d'interprbtation des 141 Plus value au prix No. 120 pour endgisVement m
enregistrements et interpr6tation des parambtres de forage
N.B.: La mise en oeuvre du coulis de gaine est 210 Foumiture et mise en oeuwe de tube m
6galement rbmun6r6e par les prix d'injection de manchettes dens un forage.
remplissage.
• DMinir la oentrale d'injection; 310 Dbplacement d'une oentrale d'injection d'un Unit6
• Preedse. les sites at le type de d6placement site ~ un autre.
(d6rnontage, transport, remontage).
• Etablir un prix pour chaque site type.
Different pdces for use must be established 300 Use of grouts: cubic
according to: meters
These prices apply to the cubic meter injected,
1. The nature of the grout (for which the whatever the nature of the soil and the zone of
composition will be indicated by weight); treatment. They notably comprise:
2. The type of grouting (bonding injection, filling,
watertightening, etc.), which also corresponds to a • The leaching or alr-balsting of bore holes;
specific flow rate in cu. m/h, a parameter that • The preparation of the grout (dosing, mixing,
participates significantly in the estimation of the supply of water included);
price of use by cu. m of injected grout. • The control of grout manufacture;
• The connection at each head and each pass of
N.B.: These flow rates, which depend on the the grouting system (see "No. 230");
nature of the soil, for example, for bentonite- • The actual injection of the grout and all the
cement and silicate-gal grouts, are defined as control operations necessary for grouting
follows: control;
• Fast flow rate: more than 1 cu. m of grout per • The depredation end maintenance of the
hour; grouting plant;
• Normal flow rate: for 600 1to 1 cu. m of grout per
hour; The supply of products is paid for elsewhere.
• Reduced flow rate: for 300-6001 of grout per
hour;
• Slow flow rate: for less than 300 1of grout per
hour.
N.B.: In the case of grouting on an urban site or
near sensitive structures, control operations can
include the levelling of the surface.
N.B.: The price for the use of unstable grouts for
hydraulic packing can apply to a tonne of dry
products.
Define the grouting parameters and the recording 340 Increase in added value to "No. 330" for cubic
equipment and the method of retrieval recordings and interpretation of grouting meters
parameters. 1
350 Increase in added value to "No. 330" for use of cubic
grouts underground. meters
The only factors taken into account during a phase 400--IMMOBILIZATION OF DRILLING AND
of the work are immobilizations of more than a GROUTING EQUIPMENT
half-day, to the exdusion of antidpated
interruptions (phasing, execution method). The This price covers the stopping of machine
manpower is paid by the manager, for example. operations on the orders of the main contractor.
Per
401 •The ddlling plant; working
402 •The gmu~ng plant. day
L
Diff0rents prix de misa en oeuvre doivent 6Ire 330 Misa en oeuvre des coulis: m~tre
6tablis suivant: cube
I. La nature du coulis (dent on indiquera la Ces pdx s'appliquent au mbtm cube injectd
composition pond=1rale). quelles que seiont la nature du terrain et la zone
2. Le type d'injection (injection de collage, de taltement. II comprend notamment:
mmpllssage, d'=1tsnchement, etc.), ce qui • Le lavage ou le soufflage des trous d'injection.
correpond d'allleurs =1uoe cadence d'injection • La pr6paration du coulis (dosage, malaxage,
sp0dfique en m=11Tescubes/heure, pamm6tre qui fourniture de reau incluse).
partidpe pour la plus grande pert & r6valuation du • Le contr61e de la fabrication du coulis.
pdx de mise en oeuvre par m~tre cube de coulis • Le branchement & cheque t6te et cheque
inject6. passe du syst~me d'injectlon (voir prix 230).
• L'injection proprement dite du coulis et toutes
N.B.: Ces cadences qui dependent de la nature du les op6rations de contr61e n6cessaires/t la
terrain sont, part exemple, pour les coulis de maTVisa des injections.
bentonite-ciment et de gel silicate, d6finies comme • L'amorlJssement et I'entretien de la centrale
suit: d~njection.
• Cadence mpide, plus de 1 cu. m de coulis ~, La fourniture des produits est r~mundr6e par
rheure; ailleurs.
• Cadence normale pour 600 1& 1 cu. m de coulis ,~
rheure;
• Cadence r6duite pour 300 1& 600 1de coulis A
rheure;
• Cadence ionte pour moins de 300 1de coulis ~,
rheure.
N.B.: Les op6rations de contr61e inclure clans le
cas d'injection en site urbain ou & proximit6
d'ouvrages sensibles les nivellements de surface.
N.B.: Le prix de misa en oeuvre de coulis instables
pour remblayage hydraulique peut s'appliquer & la
tonne de produits sacs.
D6flnir los pamm6tres d'injection et le support 340 Plus value au pdx 330 pour enregistrement et m6tre
d'enregistrement et le mode de restitution. interpr0tation des param=1tresd'injection. cube
350 Plus value aux prix 330 pour mire en oeuvre du m6tre
coulis en souterrain. cube
a) b)
Figure A1. Example of recording of drilling parameters, a) Diagram of assembly of sensors and box (8) for recording and
storage, b) Use of data measured and geographical restitution by digital processing.
PARAMETRES USUELS
@®@@ L
BOITE DE CAPTEURS
®
RESTITUTION SIMPLE PARAMETRES COMBINES
PRESSION I PARAMETRE A = I + (P - V)
2 COUPLE 2 PARAMETRE B ffi C.~/V
3 POUSSEE 3 DEGRE D'ALTERATION LOCALE
4 AVANCE 40URETE D'ENSEMBLE DE LA ROCHE
5 VITESSE OE ROTATION S ECHELLE METRIQUE DES PROFONDEURS
6 RETENUE 6 REPERAGE DES TIGES
• . • . , 7 ECHELLE METRIQUE DES PROFONDEURS
8 REPERAGE DES TIGES
./. !
::i ::i: ¸
a) b)
Figure AI. Exemple d'enregistrement de param$tres de forage, a) Schema de montage des capteurs et du boitier (8)
d'enregistrement et de stockage, b) Exploitation des donn~es mesurds et restitution g~ographique par traitement
nurndrique.
' '
I I
J
I
', I I ,. 3.5 °o°o°o
o_ooo.
nun
o-o-o-~Yr'J
Compactpudding stone
I
,
Ii II I Ii,,, I I.°.°°°.°.?~
.... Puddingstone and sandy
~o~o~o" Very compact pudding
i!i I I R2 °°n°O°o0 stone
'.I .., I l-.
I I ~o~o~o
I ', "o""o"'o""o
II II ~ I IliO°O°O0~
s a n d y iPudding
nt°erla°yers° °st°he
° ° and
,0 ,~ ,0,~o°o°o°o~
I I
! I I,~[,._ Coarse, loose, argile sand
t t
I I
f I I
I I I Sandstone marl
I I ~I I
I Siliceous sandstone
I I I s
I T I
Figure A2. E~ample of graphic printout with geological interpretation using processing software (after regulating with
core samples).
Percussion
VA (m/h) PI (bars)' reflechie Description lithologique
100 200 0 100 200 MAX Ngf
:=,.. I I 1 I I--I--F-T--I ['-&lit 2o
! II i |r ~I! i I IIm~l
~'-~ { I ~s
I It' '~ '~ I II~lil
I'%,~ ~ i ICJ I I
~--~--~
ll--~, i--I ' '~li
I i l~i i ', Pou~,n~ueset,n*e~ancs
1' ~! i, I I ~i [ i I~ I sableux
,o I I1 ~111 i.-l~ I
[~---'-q~ I ,,!-I i1~
"T ! I IIU ~~ Sablesgrossierslaches
/ I ! -------~, -'1 argileux
// - - ~ 1 ~I > l l ~ I1~.1 I 10
~-1 I III I I ,,3,5
I/i i I 4.~111111 i
" "
IIi'
; i I I', ,' a nessa ,euses
I I I 118,~
ILi i I I,I I '
I I I I Marnes franches
~ol&; I ', ~ 1 2o..'
Figure A2. Exemple de sortie graphique avec interpretation g~ologique au moyen d'un logiciel de traitement (apr~s calage
sur des sondages carott~es).