Submitted By

Abdul Majeed
SAP ID

70148705
Semester
1st
Subject
Elementary Physics

Section 1B

Submitted To Mr. Shoaib Akmal

ASSIGNMENT Archimedes Principle: The science

of buoyancy and its applications in
TITLE real life.
 Archimedes Principle: The science of buoyancy and its applications in
real life.

Archimedes principle
It states that the buoyant force on a body that is partially or totally
immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. This principle is called
Archimedes principle and is a necessary consequence of the laws of fluid statics.

When a body is partly or wholly dipped in a fluid, the fluid exerts force on the body due to
hydrostatic pressure. At any small portion of the surface of the body, the force exerted by the
fluid is perpendicular to the surface and is equal to the pressure at the point multiplied by the
area. the resultant of all these constant forces is called upthrust.
Buoyancy or buoyant force:

When an object is immersed in a liquid, it displaces the

molecules of the liquid, due to which the molecules exert a force on the object to return to its
initial position. This is called buoyant force.

Center of buoyancy:
A point in a floating body where the force of buoyancy is supposed to be
concentrated is called center of buoyancy.

Center of gravity:
A point in a body where the whole weight is supposed to be concentrated is
called center of gravity.

Meta center:
The intersecting point between the vertical line passes through center of gravity
and center of buoyancy of the tilted floating body is called metacenter

Importance:
The position of the metacenter determines the stability of the floating body. If the
metacenter lies above the CG the body will be stable.
In this time lower parts of the body are made heavy if the metacenter lies below the CG the body
will be unstable in this time upper part.
Case:1
Weight of body < Weight of displaced liquid
Mass of body < Mass of displaced liquid

V × ρbody < V × ρliquid

ρbody < ρliquid
In this time body will float totally.

Case:2
Weight of body = Weight of displaced liquid
Mass of body = Mass of displaced liquid
V × ρbody = V × ρliquid
ρbody = ρliquid
In this time body will neither float nor sink

Case:3
Weight of body > weight of displaced body
Mass of body > Mass of displaced body
ρbody × V > V × ρliquid
ρbody > ρliquid
In this time body will totally sink in the liquid.
Equation of Archimedes Principle;
Let a body is immersed in a liquid of density ρ.
Top surface of the body experiences a downward force 𝐹1
𝐹1 = A 𝑃1 A (p + 𝜌gℎ1 )
Lower surface of the body will experience an upward force 𝐹2
𝐹2 = A𝑃2 A (p +𝜌𝑔ℎ2 )
As ℎ2 > ℎ1 so 𝐹2 > 𝐹1 so that
Net upward force F = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = A𝜌𝑔 ( ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
F = A𝜌𝑔L = V𝜌𝑔 (V= AL)
F = mg = Weight of the fluid displaced
Loss in the weight of body in liquid = Weight of the fluid displaced

Note:
1 Upthrust or buoyancy is independent of the mass, size, density of the body.
It depends upon the volume of the body inside the fluid and nature of the displaced fluid
(Density of the fluid)
For example, upthrust ∝ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 and upthrust ∝ density
Upthrust on a fully submerged body is more sea water than in fresh water because 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 > 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡
Upthrust = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝜌𝑔
Downthrust = mg
2 Due to upthrust the weight of the body decreases
Apparent weight = Actual weight – Upthrust
𝑤𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑤 − 𝐹𝑢𝑝

𝑤𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑣𝜎𝑔 – 𝑣𝜌𝑔

Where 𝜌 are the density of liquid and body respectively

Als loss in weight = 𝑤𝑎𝑝𝑝 – w = 𝐹𝑢𝑝
3 using Archimedes principle we can determine relative density of a body as
Density of body
Relative density = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4𝐶

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
R.D = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

R.D = =
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖
R.D = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑤1
OR = 𝑤1 −𝑤2

Where 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 weight of the body in air and water respectively.

Application;
1 A submerged floating tunnel also called Archimedes bridge or suspended
tunnel, is a tunnel that floats in water supported by its buoyancy (specially by applying
Archimedes principle)
2 Ships
3 Beach balls
4 Submarines
5 Floating
6 Hydrometer (used to determine density of fluids)
7 Hot Air balloon
8 Lactometer (used to determine the purity of milk)
9 Fish