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VIONGOZI WAKUU
WIZARA YA ELIMU, SAYANSI NA TEKNOLOJIA

MH. PROF. ADOL F. MKENDA (Mb)


WazirI wa Elimu, Sayansi Na Teknolojia

MHE. OMARY JUMA KIPANGA (Mb)


Naibu Waziri wa Elimu, Sayansi Na Teknolojia

PROF. CAROLYNE IGNATIUS NOMBO


Katibu Mkuu wa Wazir ya Elimu, Sayansi Na Teknolojia

DKT. FRANKLIN JASSON RWEZIMULA PROF. JAMES EPIPHANY MDOE


Naibu Katibu Mkuu - Elimu Naibu Katibu Mkuu - Sayansi
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 22
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 23
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 24
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 25
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 26
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 27
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 28
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 29
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 30
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 31
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 32
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 33
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 34
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 35
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 37
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 38
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(3@79/:7  </ H7A7H= H/ (3@79/:7  H797E3;=


 39
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 40
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 41
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 42
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 43
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C874C<H/87

 44
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 45
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 46
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 47
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 48
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 49
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E/A67<27  9CB=9/ 9/B79/ 97:/ <G/<8/
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 50
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<27D72C/: %3@;/<3<B 11=C<B 9E/ :3<5= :/
9CBC<H/ B//@74/ H/ ;7/;/:/ G/ E/</4C<H7
E/<C4/79/ 9/B79/ 97>7<27 16=B3 16/ ;/A=;= </
E/9/B7E/9C@383A6/;9=>=</

D777 7;3B=/C4/267:79E/E/</4C<H7 E/</E/93


 </ E/</C;3  E/:7=>/B/ C4/C:C E/ 8CC
9/B79/;B76/<7E/B/74/E/972/B=16/A7B/9/B79/
B/6/ACA7 H/ A/G/<A7 9C>7B7/ 16C= 79CC 16/ /@
3A(/://;


 66

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7;33<23:3/
9C7;/@7A6/ CA67@797/<= </ <167 H/ <83 </ DGC= D79CC
9E/9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7;3@/B70CC4/267:7E/E/</4C<H7 E/</=A=;/


<167<7 67</ 9E/ ;E/9/  9C>7B7/
>@=5@/;CG/67</(16=:/@A67>=C<17:(

777;33<23:3/ 9CB=/ C4/267:7 9E/ E/</4C<H7


E/B/<= E/ 9CB=9/ 67</ E/</=A=;/ !C56/ G/
7AE/67:79/B79/6C= 79CC16//@3A(/://;

7777;34/267:7 E/</4C<H7   9/B79/ >@=5@/;C


;0/:7;0/:7 9C>7B7/ C;C7G/ G/ "/2=:/ G/
*7<53@3H/  63D3<7<5 *   C<5/@G 
*@CA7 "/C@7B7CA </67</ 

7D7;3@/B70C H=3H7 :/ 9CE/>3:39/ E/</4C<H7  


<167<7 A@/3:7 9E/ /87:7 G/ ;/4C<H=G/ 97:7;= </
;/4C<H=3:393H7</

D7;37<57/;/9C0/:7/<=</E/2/CE/B/<=E/<83
G/ <167 /;0/= <7 C/<55/<5 %=:GB316<71


 67
=::353 =<5G7<5 +=1/B7=</: <AB7BCB3 3787<5
<AB7BCB3 =4 )316<=:=5G (6/<2=<5 +=1/B7=</:
=::353 =4 (173<13 /<2 )316<=:=5G 6=<5?7<5
,/B3@ '3A=C@13A /<2 :31B@71 <57<33@7<5
=::353 9/B79/ <G/<8/ ;0/:7;0/:7 H/ )39<=:=87/
!3<5= :/ ;/9C0/:7/<= 6/G= <7 9C7;/@7A6/
CA67@797/<= </ B//A7A7 </ ;/A67@79/ G/
;/3<23:3=G/<2/<7</<83G/<167G/B/9/G=:3B/
B78/ 9E3<G3 <G/<8/ H/ C0C<74C CB/47B7 </
B//:C;/ 9C>7B7/ )//A7A7 G/ )39<=:=87/ /@ 3A
(/://;


 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7;33<23:3/
9C7;/@7A6/ ;7C<2=;07<C </ 9C=<53H/ 4C@A/ 9/B79/
DGC= D79CC </ B//A7A7 H/ A/G/<A7 </ B39<=:=87/ 9E/
9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7;33<23:3/ </ B/@/B70C H/ C83<H7 E/


;7C<2=;07<C 9/B79/ /;>/A7  H/ DGC= D79CC
/;0/>=C83<H79/B79/6C= 79CC@267C;34797/
/A7:7;7/  6C= 79CC 16/ (/G/<A7 </


 68
)39<=:=87/"03G/9/;>/A79CC/A7:7;7/ 6C=
79CC16/(/G/<A7</)39<=:=87/"03G/9/;>/A7
G/ 'C9E/ /A7:7;7/  </ 6C= 79CC 16/ "E:
C:7CA#G3@3@316/ 7:7;=</)39<=:=87/9/;>/A7
9CC /A7:7;7/  726/ H=3H7 :/ 9C>/B/
E/9/<2/@/A7 9/B79/ /;>/A7 H7:7H=0/97/
:7</3<23:3/

777;39/;7:7A6/ C83<H7 E/ 83<5= :/ @267 !/<2


C7:27<5 E7<5 JK :7</:=8C;C7A6/ ABC27= <<3
H7B/9/H=9CE/ </ CE3H= E/ 9C6C2C;7/
E/</4C<H7   9E/ E/9/B7 ;;=8/ ;/2/@/A/
;/E7:7 G3<G3 CE3H= E/ 9C6C2C;7/ E/</4C<H7
97:/;=8/=47A7B/<=H/E/BC;7A67 9/B79/
6C= 79CC @267 +7:3D7:3 7;39/@/0/B7
;/2/@/A/  <GC;0/ H/ E/BC;7A67 B/<= </
;//0/@/;07:7

7777;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ ;/83<5= ;/>G/


;/<<3 9/B79/ 6C= 79CC @267 /;>/A7 CC
G3<G3CE3H=E/9C6C2C;7/E/</4C<H7 </
E/BC;7A67 9E/E/9/B7;;=8//;0/>=C83<H7


 69
C;34797//A7:7;7/ "/83<5=G/</G=83<5E/<7
;//0/@/ G/ ;/BC;7H7 /<CE/7 "C:B7>C@>=A3
!/0=@/B=@G G3<G3 8C;:/ G/ ;//0/@/ A/0/
G3<G3 CE3H= E/ 9C6C2C;7/ E/</4C<H7   </
E/BC;7A67  83<5= :/ ABC27= :3<G3 8C;:/ G/
DGC;0/  :3<G3 CE3H= E/ 9C6C2C;7/
E/</4C<H7   </ E/BC;7A67  83<5= :/
9/@/9/</ "C:B7>C@>=A3 E=@9A6=>A 0C7:27<5
:3<G3 8C;:/ G/ 9/@/9/</  H3<G3 CE3H= E/
9C6C2C;7/E/</4C<H7</E/BC;7A67 </
83<5= :/ ;/2/@/A/ ;C:B7>C@>=A3 1:/AA@==;A
:3<G3DGC;0/DG/;/2/@/A/ </:3<G3CE3H=
E/ 9C6C2C;7/ E/</4C<H7   </ E/BC;7A67


7D7;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ ;//0/@/ 9CC  9/B79/


6C= 79CC 16/ /@ 3A (/://; /;0/>= C83<H7
C;3479/ /A7:7;7/  +7:3D7:3 7</3<23:3/ </
C>/<CH7E/6=AB3:7G/9B=6<%=;03"/5C4C:7
/;0/>= C83<H7 C;34797/ /A7:7;7/  726/
7;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ A6C:3 9CC G/ C16C;7


 70
9/B79/ 6C= 79CC 16/ /@ 3A (/://; /;0/>=
C83<H7C;34797//A7:7;7/

D7;33<23:3/</C83<H7E/83<5=:/CB/E/:/9/B79/
6C= 79CC "HC;03 /;0/>= C83<H7 C;34797/
/A7:7;7/   +7:3D7:3 7;39/;7:7A6/ C9/@/0/B7 E/
6=AB3:7G/"/@7/#G3@3@39/;>/A79CC</6=AB3:7
G/ 0C@7B= 9/;>/A7 G/ "03G/ </ 7</3<23:3/ </
6/BC/H/;E7A6=H/C9/;7:7A6/87E/C>/<CH7E/
H/6/</B79/B79/6C= 79CC"HC;03

D77;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ 6=AB3:7 ;07:7 H3<G3


CE3H=E/9C16C9C/E/</4C<H7 97:/;=8/</
C83<H7E/;/9B/0/G3<G3CE3H=E/9C6C2C;7/
E/</4C<H7  9E/E/9/B7;;=8/9/B79/6C=
79CC 7A67@797 16/ :7;C "9E/E/ /;0/>=
C83<H7 E/ ;/83<5= 6/G= C;34797/ /A7:7;7/ 
+7:3D7:3 7;39/;7:7A6/ C>/<CH7 E/ ;//0/@/ G/
0/7=:=87/9/B79/16C=6716=

D77 7;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ /E/;C G/  G/


83<5=:/B//:C;/C9C;07E/;76/26/@/=AB3:7



 71
;07:79/B79/6C=16/)39<=:=87//@3A(/://;
9/;>/A7 G/ "E/<H/ /;0/>= C83<H7 C;34797/
/A7:7;7/   +7:3D7:3 7</3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/
/E/;C G/  G/ 83<5= :/ :3/B63@ 0C7:27<5
/;0/>=C83<H7C;34797//A7:7;7/ 

D777 7;33<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ 83<5= :3<G3 CE3H=


E/ 9C6C2C;7/ E/</4C<H7   9E/ E/9/B7
;;=8/ =47A7 ;07:7 AB==>/;=8/ </ 9C;07 ;07:7
H/9/@/9/</9/B79/)//A7A7G/)39<=:=87//@3A
(/://;9/;>/A7G/"E/<H/+7:3D7:37</3<23:3/
</ C83<H7 E/ ;/83<5= ;/E7:7 G/</G=83<5E/
9/B79/ )//A7A7 G/ )39<=:=87/ /@ 3A (/://;
/;>/A7 9CC G/ /@ 3A (/://; "/83<5= 6/G=
<7 '357=</: :/5A67> ) 3<B@3 I ' </
6=AB3:7/;0/>=C83<H7C;34797//A7:7;7/ </

7F7;3/<H/ C83<H7 E/ =47A7 G/ =27 G/ "79=>= G/


,/</4C<H7 E/ :7;C G/ CC 9/B79/ 787 :/
=2=;//;0/>=C83<H7C;34797//A7:7;7/ 

 

 72
 1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9C7;/@7A6/ </
9C0=@3A6/ 6C2C;/ H/ BC;3 G/ <5CDC H/ /B=;C
(3@79/:7 7;39/;7:7A6/ C83<H7 E/ ;//0/@/ 16/<5/;/<=
@CA6/ ;//0/@/ </ =47A7 =2=;/ ;//0/@/ G/
"E/<H/ /E/;C G/  </ C83<H7 E/ =47A7 </ ;//0/@/
./<H70/@ +7:3D7:3 7</3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ =47A7 </
;//0/@/ /@ 3A (/://; /;0/>= C83<H7 C;34797/
/A7:7;7/

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 >7/ 7;33<23:3/


9C7;/@7A6/C4C<27A6/87</C874C<H/879E/E/</4C<H7E/
3:7;CG/8CC9E/9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

77;3<C<C/ D74// DG/ 9C874C<H7/ </ 9C4C<27A67/


93;79/:7</D74//DG/;//0/@/H/A/G/<A79/B79/
6C= 79CC 7A67@797 16/ :7;C "9E/E/
+7:3D7:37;3E3H3A6/C>/B79/</87E/9=;>GCB/
</ ;/A67<3 ;07:7 H/ 9C16/>7A6/ </ 9C4/<G/
CE7/<= E/ =;>GCB/ 9E/ E/</4C<H7 9C>C<5C/
9CB=9/  6/27  9/B79/6C= 79CC 7A67@797
16/:7;C"9E/E/

 

 73
777;3<C<C/ ;/A67<3 G/ 9C16/9/B/ ;0/= </
;/A67<3 G/ 9C16/9/B/ ;/H/= G/ /A/:7 9E/ /87:7
G/ 9C7;/@7A6/ C4C<27A6/87 </ C874C<H/87 9/B79/
6C= 79CC 16/ 7:7;= (=9=7<3 I 9/;>/A7 G/
"7H3<5=%7<2/</

777 7;3<C<C/ >@=839B/  97@C2C4C  9=;>GCB/


;>/9/B=  9=;>GCB/  >@7<B/ A/0/ </
A1/<<3@  B/<= 9C>7B7/ 6C= 79CC 7A67@797 16/
:7;C /@ 3A (/://; 9E/ :3<5= :/ 9C7;/7@7A6/
C4C<27A6/87</C874C<H/87

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7;33<23:3/


9C7;/@7A6/ ;/4C<H= 9E/ D7B3<2= 9E/ E/</4C<H7 E/
DGC= D79CC </ B//A7A7 H/ A/G/<A7 </ B39<=:=87/ 9E/
9CE/E3H3A6/ 8C;:/ G/ E/</4C<H7   E/</4C<H7
  9CB=9/ 6C= 79CC 16/ (/G/<A7 </ )39<=:=87/
"03G/ </ E/</4C<H7   9CB=9/ 6C= 16/ *4C<27
@CA6/ 9C6C26C@7/ ;/4C<H= G/ D7B3<2= 9E3<G3
D7E/<2/9/;>C<7</B//A7A7;0/:7;0/:7<167<7+7:3D7:3
7;3B=/;/4C<H=9E/D7B3<2=9E/E/</4C<H7 E/

 

 74
J1:CAB3@KG/>7:7</G/B/BCE/6C= 79CC16/(=9=7<3
16/ 7:7;=

 1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9CE/83<53/ CE3H=


E/6/267@7</E/BC;7A67E/:7=>=9/B79/B//A7A7H/3:7;C
G/ 8CC (3@79/:7 7;3E3H3A6/ ;/4C<H= G/ ;C2/ ;@34C
9E/ E/</B//:C;/  C;/67@7  </ CH/;7DC 
9CB=9/DGC=DG/3:7;CG/8CCE/97E3;=E/</B//:C;/
 9CB=9/ DGC= 07</4A7 +7:3D7:3 7;3E3H3A6/ ;/4C<H=
G/ ;C2/ ;@34C 9E/ E/BC;7A67  A6/6/2/ 
AB/A6/6/2/ <//AB/A6/6/2/ 726/7;3E3H3A6/
;/4C<H= G/ ;C2/ ;4C>7 9E/ E/BC;7A67  7:7
9C7;/@7A6/CB3<2/879/H7

.=26*:2;1* %?.A8 ?* ,12 *<24* $*/2<2


*<=62A2 @* #*@*7;2 $.4785832* 7* %+=72/=
4?* .708 5* =,18,1.* %3.7A2 ?* %,1=62
?*&2?*7-*

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7;33<23:3/


9C7;/@7A6/ CA67@797/<= </ B//A7A7 H/ <2/<7 </ <83 G/
<167 >/;=8/ </ 9C6/;/A7A6/ CA67@797 E/ 8/;77 9/B79/

 

 75
A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </ C0C<74C 7:7 9C16/<57/ 9/B79/
;/3<23:3= G/ 97C16C;7 </ CAB/E7 E/ 8/;77 9E/
9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7;3/<2// /<279= ;@/27 :/ 9C/<H7A6/ 7BC= 16/


7B/74/ 16/ )39<=:=87/ #/B7=</: )316<=:=5G
%/@9 97B/9/16==<53H/ 9/A7 G/ C3<23:3H/87 </
C07/A67@7A6/87 E/ C0C<74C </ B39<=:=87/
H7</H=H/:7A6E/<167<7+7:3D7:37;3/<2//27@/G/
;7/9/  G/ ;/67B/87 G/ B39<=:=87/ <167<7
#/B7=</:)316<=:=5G'=/2;/>7B/9/G=E3H3A6/
(3@79/:7 </ E/2/C E3<57<3 9CE393H/ 9/B79/
B39<=:=87/H7</H=/97A7;/67B/87G/;C2/;@34C

777;30=@3A6/ DGC= DG/ ;/3<23:3= G/ E/</<167


 9E/ :3<5= :/  9CBC;79/ 9/B79/ 9C16/57H/
C70C/87 </ C3<23:3H/87 E/ 0C<74C </ B39<=:=87/
*>5@/27<5  A 7<B= .=</: '357=</:
<<=D/B7=</<2)316<=:=5G(C>>=@B3<B3@A 

7777;3/<H/ B/@/B70C H/ 9C/<H7A6/ D7BC= D7<<3 DG/


C;/67@7E/CB/47B7</C0C<74C9/B79/6C= 79CC

 

 76
16/ (=9=7<3 16/ 7:7;= </ )//A7A7 G/ 4@79/ G/
(/G/<A7</)39<=:=87/G/#3:A=<"/<23:/+7BC=
67DG= D7B/8797B/ 9/B79/ B39<=:=87/ H7</H=70C97/
;3@57<5 )316<=:=573A 0726// </ ;//@74/
/A7:7/ #/BC@/: %@=2C1BA /<2 <2753<=CA
<=E:3253 A/G/<A7 </ B39<=:=87/ H/ /<5/
(>/13 (173<13 /<2 )316<=:=573A 16/<8= </
B39<=:=87/H/9C0/7<7;/5=<8E/G/07</2/;C</
E/<G/;/ +/117<3 /<2 7/5<=AB71A 4=@ C;/<
/<2 <7;/: 7A3/A3A </ B39<=:=87/ H/
9C4C<27A67/ </ 9C874C<H7/ 2C1/B7=</:
)316<=:=573A

7D7;39/;7:7A6/ B/B6;7<7 G/ 9/;>C<7   9CB=9/


<2/<7</<83G/<167H7</H=B3<53<3H/B39<=:=87/
H/ 9C4C<27A67/ </ 9C874C<H7/ /;0/>= 9/;>C<7
</<3 H7;30/7<79/ 9CE/ </ B39<=:=87/
H7</H=E3H/ 9CBC;79/ 9/B79/ ;/H7<57@/ G3BC
9C4C<27A67/</9C874C<H7/

D7;3B=/ BCH= H/ E/B/47B7 9E/ E/A67<27 


E/:7=16/>7A6/ ;/B=93= G/ B/47B7 9/B79/ ;/8/@72/


 77
G3<G3 6/267 G/ 8CC 97;/B/74/ BCH= 67H=
H7;33<23:3/ 9CB=/ 6/;/A/ 9E/ E/B/47B7 E/
<2/<7 9C4/<G/ B/47B7 0=@/ </ 9CH716/>7A6/ </
9C16/<57/ 9/B79/ 9CBC;7/ B/47B7 9CB/BC/
16/<5/;=B=H/978/;77

D77;3@/B70C ;//267;7A6= G/ 97B/74/ G/ A79C G/


E/</E/93 </ E/A716/</ 9/B79/ A/G/<A7
G/:7G=4/<G79/ B/@363  30@C/@7  G3<G3
:3<5=:/ 9C6/;/A7A6/CA67@797E/E/</E/93</
E/A716/</9/B79/;/AC/:/G/A/G/<A7B39<=:=87/
</C0C<74C /B79/;//267;7A6=6/G=H/727 G/
E/</E/93 </ E/A716/</   E/:7A67@797
"//267;7A6= 6/G= G/;33<23:3/ 9C=<53H/
CA67@797E/E/</E/93</E/A716/</9C87C<5/</
4/<7 H/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ C6/<27A7 </ 67A/0/B7
/;0/>= 9E/ A/A/ CA67@797 E/= <7 E/AB/<7 E/
/A7:7;7/ 

D77 7;3A67@797 ;9CB/<= E/ ;/E/H7@7 E/ C0C<74C


E/ ;E/9/  4@71/ <<=D/B7=< "7<7AB3@7/:
(C;;7B  C:7=4/<G79/ B/@363  #=D3;0/


 78
6/27  3A3;0/  9/B79/ 787 :/ 75/:7 
'E/<2//;0/>=B39<=:=87/;>G/H/9C4C<27A67/
</ 9C874C<H7/ B/9@70/<7  H7</H=E3H/
9C0=@3A6E/ </ 9CBC;79/ <167<7 H7:70/7<7A6E/
</

D777 7;3@/B70CCA67@797E/)/<H/<7/9/B79/;9CB/<=
;9CCE/E/;/;:/9/G/97;/B/74/G/<5CDC
H//B=;CC:7=4/<G79/+73<</CAB@7/(3>B3;0/
 /;0/>= 9/B79/ ;9CB/<= 6C= G/:78/27:7E/
;/AC/:/ ;0/:7;0/:7 G/ ;/BC;7H7 A/:/;/ G/
B39<=:=87/G/<GC9:7/797E3;=;/BC;7H7G/ '/GA
=4=>39/B79/;/B70/0CG/9/<A/</ B=;A4=@
==29/B79/C674/267E/;/H/=G/16/9C:/


 1.;1262?* #924* D7:3D7:3 (3@79/:7 7;33<23:3/
9C7;/@7A6/ B/47B7 9E/ :3<5= :/ 9CBC;79/ 9CB/BC/
16/<5/;=B= ;0/:7;0/:7 H/ 8/;77 </ 9C16/<57/ 9/B79/
;/3<23:3=G/<1679E/9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=



 79
77;33<23:3/ 9C@/B70C ;7@/27  G/ CB/47B7 </
C0C<74C 9C>7B7/ )C;3 G/ )/74/ G/ (/G/<A7 </
)39<=:=87/  $() 797E3;= ;7@/27  G/
CB/47B7</;7@/27 G/C0C<74C9/B79/DGC=D79CC
B//A7A7 H/ ;/3<23:3= >/;=8/ </ DGC= DG/ 9/B7
DG/ C4C<27 /;0/>= ;7@/27 A/0/ 7;39/;7:79/ </
9C4C<5E/ *B393:3H/87 E/ ;7@/27 67G=
C;3E3H3A6/ C>/B79/</87 E/ 0726// B39<=:=87/
</ 9/;>C<7 16/<5/ E/ ;4/<= 9/;>C<7 
H7;3H/:7A6E/ </ 9CA/87:7E/ 9CB=9/ 9/B79/ ;7@/27
67G=G/C0C<74C</9C/87@7D78/</ 

777;3/<2// ;7@/27 ;7>G/ ;7E7:7 G/ B/47B7 /;0/G=


<7 3=A>/B7/: ,30<4=@;/B71A (GAB3;
3D3:=>;3<B4=@"/</57<5/<2"=<7B=@7<55@7
%@=2C1BA 7< )/<H/<7/ </ CA7<3AA "=23:A 4=@
==2 /<2 "/@93B ,/AB3A "/55=B %@=2C1B7=<
(=17/: 113>B/07:7BG /<2 =;;3@17/:7A/B7=< 7<
)/<H/<7/ 9C>7B7/ 6C= 79CC @267 7:7 9CB/BC/
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7B670/B7 </ CB6707B7 E/ C0=@/ E/ 3:7;C 9/B79/ <5/H7 G/
3:7;CG/8CC9E/9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/3<23:3/ 9C@/B70C C2/67:7 E/ E/</4C<H7


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9E/ :3<5= :/ 9CH7B/;0C/ </ 9CH7A/87:7
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DGC= D79CC  9E/ :3<5= :/ 9C6/9797 C0=@/
E/93

7D7B/4/<G/ B/B6;7<7 G/ ;/=;07 G/ CB/;0CH7 E/


BCH= H/E/67B7;CH7:7H=B=:3E/9/B79/DGC=
D79CC DG/ <83 </ 9CH7B/;0C/ H7B/9/H=97267
D753H=</

D7B/4/<G/ B/B6;7<7 G/ ;/=;07 G/ E/</4C<H7


  E/</=B/@/87E/ 9C=;0/ C2/67:7 9/B79/
DGC= D79CC<83 G/ <167 9E/ :3<5= :/ 9CE/>/B7/
C6/979/ 9E/;0/ DGC= E/</DG=B/9/ 9C87C<5/
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1.;1262?*#924*7:79CE3H3A6/</9C7;/@7A6/

6C2C;/ G/ CB=/87 </ C>/B79/</87 E/ ;79=>= 9E/


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(3@79/:77B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/=<53H/ 4C@A/ H/ ;79=>= 9E/ E/</4C<H7 E/


3:7;CG/8CC9CB=9/  6/27   

 

 140
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E/9E/<H//;0/>=A6/6/2/G/9E/<H/  
A6/6/2/ H/ 8CC   E/</=A=;/ <83 G/ <167
 </#(9=:/A67>C  

7777B/B=/ C4/267:7 E/ ;/A=;= 9E/ E/</4C<H7  


E3<G3 C4/C:C E/ 8CC 9E3<G3 ;/A=;= G/
(/G/<A76CACA/<E/</4C<H7E/9793E/:7=67B7;C
"B76/<7E/)/74/G/ 72/B=16/(7B/</A6/6/2/
G//E/:79C>7B7/6C= 79CC16//@3A(/://;

7D7B/3<23:3/9C9CA/<G/;/23<7G/;79=>=7:7G=7D/
G/ 97/A716/#12527022528729CB=9/A39B/
G/ C;;/ </ 9C7;/@7A6/ ;/9CA/<G= 9CB=9/
A39B/ 07</4A7 </ 7A7G= @/A;7 726/ 7B/B/4CB/
E/<C4/79/ E/>G/  E3<G3 ;/@383A6= G/
;79=>= 7:7G=7D/ 7978C;C7A6/ E/<C4/79/ E/>G/
 E3<G3 ;79=>= 1631634C 9CB=9/ A39B/
07</4A7</7A7G=@/A;7

D7B//<H/ 9CB=/ C4/267:7 9E/ /87:7 G/ A6/6/2/ H/


8CC797E3;=3<3=:/4/<7G/;7=<H7</<GC9:7/

 

 141
D77B/3<23:3/ 9CB=/ 3:7;C 9E/ C;;/ 9C6CAC
0726//6C2C;/</;79/9/B7G/=27G/"79=>=
9C>7B7/9/;>3<7>@=5@/;C</;/B/<5/H=9/B79/
DG=;0=DG/6/0/@7</;/=<3A6=G/;0/:7;0/:7
7:7 9C@/67A7A6/ CB=/87 E/ B//@74/ </ 9C=<53H/
C4/<7A79/B79/CB=/87</C@383A6/87E/;79=>=</

D77 7B/3<23:3/</C83<H7E/=47A7H/)C;3G/+GC=
+79CC9/B79/787:/=2=;/

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9C0=@3A6/ ;/H7<57@/ G/ 9C4C<27A67/ </ 9C874C<H7/ 9E/
9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ ;//0/@/ 9CC G/


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6C= 79CC 16/ /@ 3A (/://; /;0/G=
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9C>7;/ A/;>C:7 H/ D7E/<2/<7 +7:3D7:3
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%=;03 =A3>6 "/5C4C:7 :/ 56=@=4/ ;07:7 :3<G3
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E/9/B7;;=8/

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(6C:3 G/ "A7<57 G/ "/H=3H7 6/<5M=;03
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(6C:3 G/ (39=<2/@7 G/ "/H=3H7 6/<5M=;03
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(/://;7:79C=<53H/C4/<7A79/B79/;/4C<H=9E/
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7777B/3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ ;7C<2=;07<C


;0/:7;0/:79/B79/6C= 79CC 7A67@79716/:7;C
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7D7B/3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ =47A7 </ 83<5= :/


B//:C;/ 9/B79/ #2/97 G/ (/G/<A7 G/ /;77 </
<A7/ 3<3= :/ 76=<2/ 9/B79/ 6C= 79CC 16/
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E/ 9C6C2C;7/ E/</4C<H7  9/B79/ 6C=
79CC16/*A67@79/"=A67

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7:7;= </ )39<=:=87/ /;>/A7 CC CB7/;/
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9/B79/9/;>/A7G/"03G/

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E/BC;7A67 9/B79/ "9=/ E/ #8=;03 %3;0/

 

 145
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C@7/16/)/<H/<7/

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</)39<=:=87/16/"E/:7;CC:7CA#G3@3@3

F7B/83<5/;/83<5=;0/:7;0/:7 9/B79/6C= 79CC


16/ 4G/ </ (/G/<A7 (67@797A67 "C67;07:7 9/;/
74C/B/DG= :7<797G/*>=@=B=*>=@=B=%=:G1:7<71
9E/ :3<5= :/ 9C=<53H/ CB=/87 E/ 6C2C;/ H/
97B/070C</B/47B79/B79/A6C:3G/;3<=83<5=:/
;76/26/@/=47A7G/E/4/<G/9/H79/B79/9/;>/A7
G/ C>/<5/ 726/ 7B/E3H3A6/ C9/@/0/B7 </
C83<H7 E/ ;7C<2=;07<C ;0/:7;0/:7 797E3;=
;//0/@/ G/ ;3<= ;//0/@/ G/ C<G3DC
;//0/@/ G/ 2/E/ ;/9B/0/ ;7C<2=;07<C G/
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;>7@/ E/ ;75CC E/ *>/<5/ 6=AB3:7 G/
E/</4C<H7 9/B79/ 9/;>/A7 9CC 6=AB3:7 H/
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 146
F77B/3<23:3/</C83<H7E/;/83<5=;/<<3;/>G/
9/B79/ 6C= 79CC @267 9/;>/A7 9CC G3<G3
CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/ 8C;:/ G/ E/</4C<H7  
</E/BC;7A67 9E/E/9/B7;;=8//;0/G=<7
;//0/@/ G/ ;/BC;7H7 /<CE/7 ;C:B7>C@>=A3
!/0=@/B=@G7</G=8C;C7A6/;//0/@/A/0/G3<G3
CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/ E/</4C<H7   </
E/BC;7A67 3<5=:/ABC27=:3<G3DGC;0/ 
</ CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/ E/</4C<H7   </
E/BC;7A67 3<5=:/ 9/@/9/</;C:B7>C@>=A3
E=@9A6=>A0C7:27<5:3<G38C;:/G/9/@/9/</ 
</ CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/ E/</4C<H7  </
E/BC;7A67  </ 83<5= :/ ;/2/@/A/
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;/2/@/A/ </CE3H=E/9C16C9C/E/</4C<H7
 </E/BC;7A67 </

F77 7B/3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ ;/83<5= ;/B/<=


;/>G/ 9/B79/ 6C= 16/ @267 9/;>/A7 G/
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 147
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:3<G3 DGC;0/ DG/ ;/2/@/A/ </<3 </ DGC;0/
DG/ ABC27= D7<<3 </ CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/
E/</4C<H7    83<5= :/ =47A7 H/ E/BC;7A67
:3<G3 =47A7   H3<G3 CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/
E/BC;7A67 0E3<7:/E/</4C<H7:3<G3CE3H=
E/ 9C16C9C/ E/</4C<H7   <GC;0/ G/
E/BC;7A67 G3<G3 CE3H= E/ 9C16C9C/ 4/;7:7/
</<3</83<5=:/H/6/</B7726/7B/3<23:3/</
C9/@/0/B7 E/ ;/2/@/A/   ;//0/@/ ;07:7
;/0E3<7;/B/BC=47A7 H/E/BC;7A67<GC;0/
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 1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9C7;/@7A6/


C>/B79/</87E/D74// DG/=47A7 </D74// DG/ 9C4C<27A67/
</ 9C874C<H7/ 9/B79/ B//A7A7 H/ 3:7;C G/ 8CC (3@79/:7
7B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/<C<C/ D74// DG/ 9C4C<27A67/ >/;=8/ </


A/;/<7 H/ ;/83<5= ;/>G/ 9/B79/ 6C= 79CC
@267

 

 148
777B/<C<C/D74//DG/9C4C<27A67/</9C874C<H7/9E/
E/</4C<H7  >/;=8/ </ D74// DG/ CB/47B7 9E/
E/</B//:C;/ 7:7 9C7;/@7A6/ C4C<27A6/87 9E/
E/</4C<H7 E3<G3 ;/67B/87 ;//:C; +7:3D7:3
7B/<C<C/ D7B/0C   9E/ /87:7 G/ ;/9B/0/ G/
16C= </ A6C:3 H/ ;/H=3H7 9C>7B7/ 6C= 79CC
7A67@79716/:7;C/@3A(/://;

7777B/<C<C/ A/;/<7 </ D74// DG/ 9C4C<27A67/ </


9C874C<H7/ >/;=8/ </ A6C56C:7 H/ C3<23A6/87 7:7
9C0=@3A6/;/H7<57@/G/C4C<27A6/87</C874C<H/87
9/B79/6C= 79CC16/*A67@79/"=A67</

7B/0=@3A6/ ;/H7<57@/ G/ 9C4C<27A67/ </


9C874C<H7/ 9E/ 9C=<53H/ 97E/<5= 16/
C>/B79/</87E/D74//</H/</0=@/H/9C4C<27A67/
9/B79/ 6C= 79CC 16/ (=9=7<3 16/ 7:7;=
9/;>/A7G/"7H3<5=%7<2/I /B/D7

 1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9C6/9797A6/ ;7B//:/


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 149
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7B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/C<2/ ;/0/@/H/ G/ B/A<7/ 9/B79/ DGC= D79CC


/;0/G=G/B/6CA7A6/E/B/://;E/8/A7@7/;/:7</
E/0=03H7 9/B79/ /7</ ;0/:7;0/:7 H/ C8CH7
;//@74/ </ AB/27 H7</H=67B/879/ 9/B79/ A=9= :/
/87@/ +7:3D7:3 ;/0/@/H/ G/B/A67@797 9/B79/
9C6/9797A6/ ;7C<2=;07<C 7</G=//<2/:7E/
7</9CE/ @/4797 9E/ E/BC;7/87 E=B3 E/97E3;=
E3<G3;/67B/87;//:C;

777B/0=@3A6/ CB3<2/87 E/ B//A7A7 @3930C H/ 3:7;C


G/ 8CC 797E3;= #)+) </ )* 9E/
9CH783<53/ ;74C;= E3H3A67 </ @/4797 9/B79/
CB=/87E/6C2C;/</

7777B/4/<G/ B/B6;7<7 G/ >@=5@/;C  H/ ;/A=;=


;0/:7;0/:7 9/B79/ +GC= +79CC <167<7 9E/ :3<5=
:/ 9C6/9797A6/ 9CE/ >@=5@/;C 67H= H7</97267
;/67B/87G/E/2/C</9CH7>/B7/7B670/B7

 

 150
 1.;1262?* #924* 7:7 9C=<53H/ C4/<7A7 E/
CB3<2/87 9/H7 </ 72/27 G/ E/</B//:C;/ E3<G3 A74/
(3@79/:77B/3<23:3/9CE/83<53/CE3H=E/BC;7A67E/A7=
E/</B//:C;/ 9/B79/ B//A7A7 H/ 3:7;C G/ 8CC 9E/
9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/56/@/;7/ ;/4C<H=9E/ E/</B//:C;/  </


E/BC;7A67E/A7=E/</B//:C;/ 9E/ <5/H7G/
C;/67@7 </ A6/6/2/ G/ CH/;7DC 9/B79/ 4/<7
;0/:7;0/:7

777B/E3H3A6/ E/</B//:C;/ </ E/B3<2/87 E/


,7H/@/;/9/=;/9CC</B//A7A7H/3:7;CG/8CC
 9C6C26C@7/ ;/4C<H= ;/4C<H= G/ ;C2/
;@34C </;C2/;4C>7  9/B79/;/3<3=
G/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ C6/<27A7 67A/0/B7
)" ;/BC;7H7 0=@/ G/ /@267 9C8797<5/ </
;/8/<5/ 9CB3<53<3H/ 0726// 9E/ 9CBC;7/
;/0/97 G/ ;/H/= G/ 97:7;= 9CBC<H/
9C;0C9C;0CH/07/A6/@/<2=5=<2=5=9CBC<H/
;/H7<57@/ 9CC<2/ ;/8C9E// G/ 9C874C<H7/

 

 151
;B/<2/=<7</;/BC;7H7G/ B39<=:=87/</C9/B7:7
E/9787<A7/

7777B//<2// </ 9C@/B70C ;/4C<H= G/ 9C0/27:7A6/</


CH=34C9E/D7=<5=H7E/6/267@7</;/=47A/ 
E/DGC=D79CCDG/C;;/</07</4A76/>/<167<7
9E/ :3<5= :/ 9CE/83<53/ CE3H= 9/B79/
CA7;/;7H7</C3<23A6/87E/B//A7A7H/=

7D7B/E3H3A6/ E/</4C<H7  E3<G3 ;/67B/87


;//:C; 9/B79/ B//A7A7 H/ 3:7;C G/ 8CC 9E/
9CE/>/B7/ 4C@A/ 9/B79/ >@=5@/;C H/ A/G/<A7
B39<=:=87/C6/<27A7</67A/0/B7</

D7B/E3H3A6/ C<C<CH7 E/ ;/5/@7 ;/B/BC /87:7 G/


E/BC;7A67 E/ 6C= 79CC 16/ "E: C:7CA
#G3@3@316/ 7:7;=</)39<=:=87/

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9C0=@3A6/ </ 9C7;/@7A6/ ;74C;= G/ )" 9/B79/
C9CA/<G/87</CB=/87E/B//@74/9CB=9/B//A7A7H/3:7;C
G/ 8CC 9C>7B7/ BC;3 G/ DGC= D79CC 9E/ :3<5= :/
9C@/67A7A6/ C>/B79/</87 E/ B//@74/ 9E/ E/9/B7 726/
 

 152
9/B79/ 9C=<53H/ C4/<7A7 </ ;/BC;7H7 G/ )" G/
C4C<27A6/87</C874C<H/87(3@79/:77B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/=<53H/ ;/BC;7H7 G/ )" 9/B79/ 6C=


79CC 16/ 4G/ </ (/G/<A7 (67@797A67 "C67;07:7
9CB=9/ /A7:7;7/  6/27 /A7:7;7/   7:7 9C=<53H/
C4/<7A7 9/B79/ 9C4C<27A6/ 72/27 9C0E/ G/
E/</4C<H79E/E/9/B7;;=8/

777B/E39/ ;/H7<57@/ E3H3A67 9E/ 9C0=@3A6/


;74C;= G/ )" 7</G=C<5/<7A6/ B//A7A7 H/
;/3<23:3= G/ B/47B7 B//A7A7 H/ 3:7;C G/ 8CC </
;74C;= G/ C@/B70C E/ CB/47B7 </ C0C<74C 7:7
9C@/67A7A6/ CB3<2/87 E/ 9/H7 </ C>/B79/</87 E/
B/9E7;C ;0/:7;0/:7 H7</H=6CAC CB/47B7 C0C<74C
</;/3<23:3=</

7777B/=<53H/ </ 9C0=@3A6/ ;7C<2=;07<C G/


B39<=:=87/G/6/0/@7</;/E/A7:7/<=9/B79/DGC=
D79CC DG/ (3@79/:7 797E/ <7 >/;=8/ </
9CD7E3H3A6/ DGC= D79CC </ B//A7A7 @3930C

 

 153
C>/B79/</87 E/ /<2E7B6 H/ ;B/<2/= H/
9CB=A6/

1.;1262?*#924*7:79C7;/@7A6/CA67@797/<=</

;/B/74/ ;3<57<3 </ 9C=<53H/ 4C@A/ H/ 3:7;C <167<7


(3@79/:77B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/B=/ C4/267:7 9E/ E/</4C<H7 E/B/<= 9CB=9/


67</ E/</=A=;/ !C56/ G/ 7AE/67:7 9/B79/
6C= 79CC16//@3A(/://;7:79C07/A6/@7A6/
!C56/G/ 7AE/67:7

777B/B=/ C4/267:7 9E/ E/</4C<H7 E/B/<= @/7/ E/


$;/< </ E/</4C<H7 E/B/<= @/7/ E/ C<5/@7/
9CA=;/ 9/B79/ DGC= D79CC DG/ 6/>/ <167<7
9C:7<5/</</;79/B/0/</

7777B/A67@797 9/B79/ ;79CB/<= G/ CA67@797/<= E/


979/<2/ </ 97;/B/74/ <B3@*<7D3@A7BG =C<17:
4=@/AB4@71/* /AB4@71/<=;;C<7BG
 (=CB63@<4@71/3D3:=>;3<B=;;C<7BG
 ( *<7B32 #/B7=<A 2C1/B7=</: (173<B7471
/<2 C:BC@/: $@5/<7H/B7=<  *#($ </ 4@71/
 

 154
*<7=<  * 7:7 9C7;/@7A6/ CA67@797/<= 9/B79/
C3<23:3H/87E/3:7;CG/8CC

1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9C6/97A6/ 3:7;C </


;/4C<H= <167<7 G/</B=:3E/ 9E/ 97E/<5=
97</16=B/;0C:79/<167<7(3@79/:77B/7;/@7A6/CA67@797/<=
</ <167 H/ 67</ <27/ </ *83@C;/<7 9E/ :3<5= :/
9C7;/@7A6/;/4C<H=G//;/:7 9/B79/<5/H7H=B39C>7B7/
>@=5@/;CH/9C>/B/E/:7;C9CA=;3A6/E/9C4C<H7</
E/6/267@7 </ 9C>/B/ 4C@A/ H/ C/</53<H7 9/B79/
D7E/<2/

. =26*:2;1* %?.A8 ?* ,12 4*<24* %<*/2<2


*<=62A2 @* #*@*7;2 $.4785832* 7* %+=72/=
252=,18,1.*%3.7A2?*%,1=62?*&2?*7-*
1.;1262?* #924* 7:7 9C16=163/ C83<H7 E/
C16C;7E/D7E/<2/(3@79/:77B//<2//7@/G/)/74/G/
)39<=:=87/7</G=8C;C7A6/;/3<3= /;0/G=<73:7;C
:C56/ ;/E/A7:7/<= ;/:7/A7:7 07/A6/@/ /4G/ 97:7;=
;74C5= CDCD7 6/97 H/ 07</2/;C ;/3<23:3= G/ E/BC
</ )" +7:3D7:3 7B//<2// ;>/<5= E/ 9C0=@3A6/
B39<=:=87/H/3:7;CH7:7H=4/<G7E/;/8/@707=
 

 155
1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/
9CA7;/;7/;/3<23:3=G/B/47B7</9C7;/@7A6/;/BC;7H7
G/ (/G/<A7 )39<=:=87/ </ *0C<74C 9E/ :3<5= :/
9C16/<57/ ;/3<23:3= G/ C16C;7 </ CAB/E7 E/ 8/;77
/B79/9C4797//H;/67G=(3@79/:77B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/3<23:3H/ B39<=:=87/ </ 0726// H7</H=H/:7A6E/


</E/0C<74C<167<77:79C4797/6/BC/G/9C7<57HE/
A=9=<7 </ 9C6/;/A7A6/ E/2/C ;0/:7;0/:7
9C3<23:3/9CBC;7/;/B=93=G/9/H7H/CB/47B7

777B/3<23:3/ 9C@/B70C </ 9CE3H3A6/ "/A67<2/<=


G/ 7B/74/ G/ )39<=:=87/ G/ (/G/<A7 </ *0C<74C
;/9=<5/;/<= </ ;/=<3A6= 7:7 9C70C/
9CB/;0C/ </ 9C3<23:3H/ C0C<74C E/
E/B/<H/<7/ 9/B79/ <G/<8/ H/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/
</C0C<74C

7777B/3<23:3/ 9C9CA/<G/ 9C674/267 </ 9CB/<5/H/


;/B=93=G/CB/47B79E/E/</<167E/BC<5/A3@/
</ E/B=/ ;//;CH7 7:7 9C83<5/ C3:3E/ </

 

 156
9C=<53H/ CE/H7 </ CE/87079/87 9/B79/ 9C4/<G/
;//;CH7G3<G3B78/9E/;/3<23:3=G/)/74/

7D7B/3<23:3/ 9CA67@797/</ </ B//A7A7 H/ 97B/74/ </


97;/B/74/ H/ CB/47B7 </ D7BC= DG/ B/9E7;C 9E/
/87:7 G/ 9C9CA/<G/ </ 9C0/27:7A6/</ B//@74/ H/
CB/47B7 </ C0C<74C 9E/ :3<5= :/ 9CB/BC/
16/<5/;=B= H/ 978/;77 97C16C;7 </ 9C0=@3A6/
CB=/87E/3:7;C</

D7B//<H7A6/ CA67@797/<= </ D7E/<2/ D7B/BC 7:7


9C=<53H/ CE3H= E/ 9CH/:7A6/ @/A7:7;/:7 E/BC
9/B79/ 9/2/ G/ /4G/ 9/B79/ 9C3<23:3H/ D7E/<2/
9C>7B7/ 6C= 79CC 16/ 4G/ </ (/G/<A7
(67@797A67"C67;07:7

1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9CD7E3H3A6/DGC=D79CCDGC=DG/3:7;CG/C4C<27</
;/4C<H= G/ C4C<27 AB/27 </ B//A7A7 H/ A/G/<A7
B39<=:=87/</C0C<74C9C4/<G/CB/47B79/B79/;/3<3=G/
3:7;C/4G/97:7;=;74C5=CB/E/:/<7A6/B707/A6/@/
;/:7/A7:7 </ CB/:77 )" CA67@79/ </ CA/47@7A6/87 7:7

 

 157
9CB/BC/ 16/<5/;=B= H/ 978/;77 </ 9C:3B/ ;/3<23:3=
726/7B//<2// 7C<H716/B670/B7G/)/47B7H/"//0/@/
</)/47B7<G7<57<3H7</H=6CAC;7C<2=;07<CG/C0C<74C
+7:3D7:3 7B/E/B/;0C/ E/</A/G/<A7 E/0=03H7 </
9C/<2// 9/<H72/B/ H7B/9/H=7;/@7A6/ C9CA/<G/87 E/
B/9E7;CH/B/47B7</9CDCB7/C56/@7;7/87

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9C7;/@7A6/B//A7A7 H/3:7;CG/8CC</B//A7A7 H/97B/47B7
9C3<23:3/ 9C4/<G/ CB/47B7 E/ 97;9/9/B7 </ 9C=<53H/
;16/<5= E/93 9/B79/ /83<2/ G/ ;/3<23:3= G/ )/74/
</ 9C0=@3A6/ CAB/E7 E/ 8/;77 9E/ 9CB393:3H/
G/4C/B/G=

7 7B//<2// ;79/9/B7 G/ CB393:3H/87 </ CA/;0/H/87


E/;/B=93=G/CB/47B7

777B/4/<G/ B/47B7  9/B79/ ;/3<3= G/ 3:7;C


A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ CB/E/:/ /@267 ;/H7<57@/
;/H/= G/ 97:7;= ;74C5= A/G/<A7 G/ 8/;77
C=<5=H707/A6/@//4G/;74C5=;7A7BC</CDCD7

 

 158
9E/ :3<5= :/ 9C=<53H/ ;//@74/ </ 9CB/BC/
16/<5/;=B=H/8/;77

7777B/D7E3H3A6/ DGC= D79CC 9C4/<G/ B/47B7 9E/


;/3<23:3= G/ C16C;7 E/ <167 </ 7B/9/;7:7A6/
C/<2//87E/D7>/C;03:3DG/">/<5=E/ 7B/B74/
E/*B/47B7#/B7=</:'3A3/@16%@7=@7B73A#'%A

7D7B/7;/@7A6/ ;/9C<27 G/ 97B/47B7 '3A3/@16


:CAB3@A </ 9CB=/ ;/4C<H= 9E/ D7=<5=H7 E/
;/9C<27 6/G= 7:7 9C83<5/ CE3H= E/ <2/<7 E/
9C/<2// </ 9C4/<G/ B/47B7 H3<G3 B78/ 9/B79/
9CB/BC/16/<5/;=B=H//4G/

D7B//<2// ;/16/>7A6=  G/ B/47B7 9/B79/


;/3<3= G/ 3:7;C CA67@79/ /4G/ CA7;/;7H7 </
C3<23:3H/87 /@267 ;/H7<57@/ ;/9/H7 </ C83<H7
C=<5=H7</

D77B/B=/;/4C<H=9E/E/B/47B79C6CACC/<2//87</
C16/>/87 E/ ;/8/@72/ G/ 97A/G/<A7 G/ <2/<7
!=1/:%33@'3D73E(173<B7471=C@</:A</D7C<H7
DG/CB6707B7
 

 159
 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B//<2// ">/<5=
/0/;03E/)/74/E/(/G/<A7)39<=:=87/</*0C<74C
726/ 7B/4/<G/ CB/47B7 E/ 97;9/9/B7 E/ C:7<5/<7A6/87
9/B79/<167/;0/H=DGC=D79CCD7</CH=34CE/9CBC;7/
B39<=:=87/ G/ 972787B7 9/B79/C4C<27A6/87 </ C874C<H/87</
6C2C;/H/CB/E/:/

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9C6/;/A7A6/ C/<27A67 </ CB=/87 E/ BCH= 9E/
;/16/>7A6= 0=@/ 2C<7/<7 9/B79/ ;/8/@72/ G/ 97B//:/;
G3<G36/267H/97;/B/74/9/B79/4/<7H/A/G/<A7<//4G/
9/B79/B//A7A7H/3:7;C G/8CC726/7B/3<23:3/9CB=/
BCH=9E/E//<27A67;/67@7

 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9CE/B/;0C/E/0C<74C9CE/3<23:3H/7:7E/479736/BC/
G/ 9C07/A6/@7A6/ C0C<74C E/= >/;=8/ </ 9C3<23:3H/
;7@/27 ;0/:7;0/:7 G/ C0C<74C 9E/ :3<5= :/ 9C9CH/
CB//:/;C/A7:7/9E/9CB393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/6/;/A7A6/ C/<H7A6/87 E/ D7BC= DG/


9C3<23:3H/ B39<=:=87/ 9=<5/<= 0C<74C </

 

 160
9/;>C<7B/<HC9/B79/B//A7A7H/3:7;CG/8CC</
CB/47B7 H/ C;;/ </ 07</4A7 <167<7 9E/ :3<5= :/
9C3<23:3H/ 0C<74C H7</H=B=9/</ </ B/47B7
H7</H=4/<G79/9/B79/B//A7A767H=

777B//<H7A6/ ;/2/E/B7 G/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </


C0C<74C 9/B79/ ;79=/  </ 6/:;/A6/C@7 
9E/:3<5=:/9C7;/@7A6/C@/B70CE/;/AC/:/G/
A/G/<A7B39<=:=87/</C0C<74C

7777B/3<23:3/ 9CE3H3A6/ 8C9E// :/ ;E/9/ :/


E/2/C E/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </ C0C<74C 9E/
E/B/<H/<7/ E/</=7A67 /C 9C4/<G/ 9/H7 <83 G/
<167 27/A>=@/ 7:7 9CE/6/;/A7A6/ 9C16/<57/
9/B79/ 9C9CH/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </ C0C<74C
9E/;/3<23:3=G/97C16C;7</978/;77</

7D7B//<2// 8C9E// :/ 97B/74/ :/ A39B/ ;0/:7;0/:7


:3<G3 :3<5= :/ 9C8/27:7 </ 9C@/B70C ;7>/<5= G/
9C7;/@7A6/ ;/AC/:/ G/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </
C0C<74C

 

 161
 1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/
9C/267;7A6/,797G/ 7B/74/G/:7;C*8CH7</*0C<74C
"37 9E/:3<5=:/9CB=/3:7;C9E/C;;/9C6CAC
9/H7 H7</H=B393HE/ </ ,7H/@/ +7:3D7:3 7B/4/<G/
"//267;7A6= G/ (79C G/ 7B/74/ G/ ,/</E/93 </
,/A716/</9/B79/(/G/<A7B/@363 30@C/@7 

1.;1262?*#924*(3@79/:77B//<H7A6/>@=5@/;C

)/:3<B %==: %@=5@/; 7B/9/G=E/E3H3A6/ D78/</


E/</=67B7;C 9/B79/ <5/H7 ;0/:7;0/:7 H/ 3:7;C
9C3<23:3H/ ;/E/H= G/ C0C<74C 7:7 G/E3 07/A6/@/ /C
9/;>C<7 16/<5/  9E/ /87:7 G/ 9C87/87@7 /C 9C/87@7E/
726/ 7B/E/E3H3A6/ D78/</  E3<G3 D7>/87 </
E/0C<74C 9/B79/ ;/AC/:/ G/ C6/<27A7 </ B39<=:=87/
9C>7B7/>@=5@/;C/B/;7H7

1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/


9C0=@3A6/ ;7C<2=;07<C 9/B79/ B//A7A7 H/ B/47B7
A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </ C0C<74C 9E/ 9CB393:3H/
G/4C/B/G=

 

 162
7 7B/4/<G/ B/B6;7<7 G/ ;//0/@/  H/ CB/47B7 </
C26707B79/B79/B//A7A7H/CB/47B7</;/3<23:3=7:7
9C0/7<7A6/ </ 9C0=@3A6/ ;//0/@/ H3<G3 A74/
</;/67B/87G/9CE/;//0/@/H/97B/74/

777B/83<5/ 83<5= ;B/;0C9/ :/ A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/


</ C0C<74C 9/B79/ 787 :/ =2=;/ </ 9C9/@/0/B7
83<5=:/)C;3G/)/74/G/(/G/<A7</)39<=:=87/
8787<7/@3A(/://;

7777B/4/<G/C9/@/0/B7;9C0E/E/;7C<2=;07<CG/
9C4C<27A67/ ;7B/;0= 9/@/9/</ </ 6=AB3:7
9/B79/ )//A7A7 G/ )39<=:=87/  9/;>/A7 9CC G/
/@3A(/://;

7D7B//<H/ C83<H7 E/ 83<5= :/ 56=@=4/ A7B/ /;0/:=


:7B/BC;7E/ </ 9/;>C<7 B/<HC G/ )//A7A7 G/
(/G/<A7</)39<=:=87//@3A(/://;>/;=8/</
97BC= 16/ CA6/C@7 E/ 97B//:/; 7:7 9CE3H/
9C07/A6/@7A6/ C0C<74C >/;=8/ </ CB=/87 E/
6C2C;/0=@/9E/8/;77</

 

 163
D7B/3<23:3/ </ C83<H7 E/ 97BC= 16/ 979/<2/ 16/
C;/67@7 E/ )" 97BC= 16/ C;/67@7 16/
C16/9/B/87 <5=H7 </ ;/0E3<7 G/ E/</4C<H7
9/B79/ )//A7A7 G/ (/G/<A7 </ )39<=:=87/ /@ 3A
(/://;9/;>/A7G//@3A(/://;</"E/<H/

1.;1262?* #924* (3@79/:7 7B/3<23:3/ 9C/<2//

@/A7:7;/:7E/BC G3<G3 ;//@74/ AB/27 C;/67@7 </ CE3H=


9/B79/ 9C3<23:3H/ B/47B7 9C7;/@7A6/ ;/BC;7H7 G/
A/G/<A7 B39<=:=87/ </ C0C<74C 9E/ 9CB393:3H/
G/4C/B/G=

7 7B//<H7A6/ >@=5@/;C B/<= ;>G/ H/ 979/<2/


H3<G3 6/267 G/ 97;/B/74/ 9/B79/ )//A7A7 G/
)39<=:=87//@3A(/://; /;>/A7 CCG//@
3A (/://; </ "E/<H/ %@=5@/;C 67H= <7
$@27</@G 7>:=;/ 7< <2CAB@7/: CB=;/B7=< /<2
@=0=B71A /163:=@ =4 <57<33@7<5 7< G03@
(31C@7BG "/AB3@ =4 <57<33@7<5 7< G03@
(31C@7BG /163:=@ =4 :3/B63@ >@=13AA7<5 /<2
/::732 B316<=:=573A </ 7>:=;/ 7< :3/B63@
>@=13AA7<5/<2/::732B316<=:=573A
 

 164
777B/E/3<23:3H/E/6/<27A7 9C>7B7/;9/9/B7E/
9C3<23:3H/ E/B//:/;C 9/B79/ CBC;7/87 E/
<7A6/B7 G/ C;3;3 97C4/<7A7 <3@5G 3447173<1G
9C4797/ D7E/<5= DG/ 97;/B/74/ <B3@</B7=</::G
3@B74732 %@=43AA7=</:A /;0/>= ;/4C<H= 6/G=
G/B/E3H3A6/ )/74/ 9CE/ </ E/B//:/;C /;0/=
E/</E3H/9CB393:3H/;7@/27G/97;9/B/B7<167<7
</G/97;/B/74/9/B79/4/<7G/C;3;3</

7777B//<2// </ 9C@CA6/ A/B3::7B3 7B/9/G=E3H/


9C16/9/B/B//@74/9CB=9/9/B79//<5/H/8CC9E/
9CA67@797/</ </ <B3@</B7=</: (>/13 (B/B7=< ((
I />/< +7:3D7:3 (3@79/:7 7B//<H/ 9C/<2//
E/B//:/;C9/B79/;/3<3=6/G=

 1.;1262?* #924* 7:7 9C=<53H/ ;//@74/ </


9CB/BC/16/<5/;=B=9E/8/;77</9C=<53H/B78/9/B79/
9/H7H/97C16C;7(3@79/:79C>7B7/B//A7A7H/3:7;CG/8CC
7B/3<23:3/9CB=/6C2C;/H/CA6/C@7E/97B//:/;C9E/
8/;77 9/B79/ ;/3<3= G/4C/B/G= ;/BC;7H7 0=@/ G/
/@267 C>7;/87 </ B/B6;7<7 CA/<74C ;/83<5= </
CA7;/;7H7 E/ C83<H7 C7;/@/ E/ C2=<5= 9=9=B= </
 

 165
:/;7 C>7;/87 E/ C0=@/ E/ ;/87 07/A6/@/ A63@7/
CB/E/:/C16C;797:7;=C4C5/87CDCD7B39<=:=87/9E/
9CBC;7/ ;07<C ;0/:7;0/:7 9/;/ D7:3 D7BC= /B/;7H7
;/A6/;0/2/@/A/A3;7</>/;=8/</9C/<2//D7>7<27
;0/:7;0/:79/B79/@C<7<5/</@327=

 1.;1262?* #924* 9/B79/ 9C7;/@7A6/ ;/BC;7H7

A/:/;/ G/ ;7=<H7 G/ <GC9:7/ <167<7 (3@79/:7 9C>7B7/


)C;3G/#5CDCH/B=;C7B/B393:3H/G/4C/B/G=

7 7B/3<23:3/ 9C26707B7 ;/BC;7H7 G/ ;7=<H7 <167<7


9E/ 9C9/5C/D7BC= 797E3;=6=A>7B/:7D7BC=
DG/ /4G/ ;75=27 D7E/<8/ DG/ <2353 </
D7E/<2/</;/83<5=G3<G3 ;/A67<3H/9C>7;/
;7=<H7 7:7 9C6/9797A6/ CE3>= E/ ;/H7<57@/
A/:/;/ 9E/ E/5=<8E/ E/4/<G/9/H7 </ C;;/
9E/C8C;:/

777B/>7;/ </ 9C26707B7 D7E/<5= DG/ ;7=<H7 9E/


E/4/<G/9/H7   E/</=4/<G/ 9/H7 9/B79/
;/H7<57@/G/DG/<H=DG/;7=<H79/B79/6=A>7B/:7
;75=27<7 </ D7E/<2/<7 7:7 9CE/:7<2/ 26727 G/

 

 166
;/26/@/ G/B=9/</G= </ DG/<H= DG/ ;7=<H7
A363;CH/9/H7

7777B/3<23:3/ 9CA7;/;7/ 97BC= 16/ =;>@363<A7D3


#C1:3/@ )3AB/< )@3/BG $@5/<7A/B7=<  ))$
16/ 9C>7;/ 63E/ 9/B79/ /<5/ 9E/ :3<5= :/
9C26707B7C16/4CH7C</=B=9/</</;7=<H7

7D7B/3<23:3/ 9C9CA/<G/ </ 9CA/47@7A6/ ;/0/97 G/


DG/<H= DG/ ;7=<H7 G/</G=B=9/ 9/B79/ ;/3<3=
G/ C83<H7 E/ 0/@/0/@/ 6=A>7B/:7 D7E/<2/
;75=27 </ B//A7A7 H/ 97B/47B7 </ 9C674/267 9/B79/
97BC= ;//:C;C 16/ ;/0/97 G/ ;7=<H7 3<B@/:
'/27=/1B7D3 ,/AB3 "/</53;3<B /17:7BG 7:7
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