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(PDF) STUCK PIPE PREVENTION WHILE DRILLING WELLS To LIMESTONE & SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS-SOUTHERN IRAQ
(PDF) STUCK PIPE PREVENTION WHILE DRILLING WELLS To LIMESTONE & SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS-SOUTHERN IRAQ
STUCK PIPE PREVENTION WHILE DRILLING WELLS to LIMESTONE & SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS-SOUTHERN IRAQ
September 2013
Conference: Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment · At: Turkey
Authors:
Mohammed Azeez
B A Tawfeeq Tuna Eren
TDD International For Geothermal Projects
Stuck pipe occurrences are observed to be a common trouble during the increased drilling
operations in the Southern Iraq Oilfields. At the time of the preparation of this paper there Discover the 25+
were more than 12 rigs actively working in the Field. This paper is giving the information world's research million
about the case studies encountered while drilling wells in an Oilfield in Southern Iraq. members
Examples of differential and mechanical stuck pipe occurrences are detailed; providing all
160+
necessary information to understand whether how the stuck pipes had occurred, and how
million
the problem had been overcome if successful. Most of the stuckpipe occurrences are Join for free
attributed to the sloughing and high permeability shale formations, overpressured drilling publication
fluid hydrostatic and depleted reservoirs. As per industry literature it is widely known that pages
recovering from a stuck pipe situation is time consuming, costly, with the high risk of losing 2.3+
the wellbore itself if not to re-drill it from the beginning. Damages occurring during the billion
drilling course due to the stuckpipe occurrences may also create a poor quality well that is citations
not up to the standard that it has been designed in the first place. In this study a number of
stuck pipe occurrences are given and analyzed as per why the workstring got stuck. It is
observed that the most important aspect in order to prevent the occurrence of stuck pipes
is considering how situations as such could happen and make sure the step-wise drilling
practices in effect are prepared appropriately that stuck occurrences are prevented and
made possible to be dealt with. The golden rule is to make the planning and dealing with
stuck pipe occurrences in the simplest way possible.
WELL-A
Stuckpipe…
Public Full-text 1
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
ICWEE’13-1
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
1200
nular Velocity (gpm)
1000
A field application method for estimating the minimum annular The stuck pipe events which led to the sidetrack operation
velocity to ensure appropriate wellbore cleaning is being fulfilled given wells located in Southern Iraq are analyzed in this paper
is based on Fullerton’s approach, [8]. This method assumes that of the remedial attempts such as pumping acid a nd lubr
the diameter of the cuttings is 0.25 in, the cuttings density is 2.5 sg materials to free the stuck pipes were unsuccessful. At the tim
and that the annular fluid velocity should be not less than twice the occurrence of stuck pipe events the use of diesel plugs
the cuttings settling velocity. The approach is based on the density not allowed as per regulations in the scope of environm
of the drilling fluid, i.e.: if df≤ 12 ppg (or 1.43 sg) then the concerns.
minimum annular velocity is calculated using Equation 4:
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
(4)
In literature the stuck pipe is defined as the situation in w
If df > 12 ppg (or 1.43 sg) then use of the chart given in Figure 2 drillpipe, collars, casing or tubing which cannot be pulled
is suggested.
from the wellbore. The wellbore diameter shall be large in si
accommodate the casing string designed to be set in place.
Most of the stuck pipe problems occurred in the Southern Iraq Oil
Fields occurred due to marl and sloughing shales, together with
Most of the time drillstrings shall be designed to have a marg
excessive drilling fluid density in borehole which resulted in stuck
overpull magnitude which may be in the range of 50,000-100
pipe incidents. The representative PPFG chart belonging to the
lbs to account for the extra pull force in case of stuck pipe ev
Southern Oil Fields in Iraq is given in Appendix-A. Accurate
PPFG charts are very important for the planning requirements of [10], [11].
the wells and interventions in case of stuck pipe incidents.
ICWEE’13-2
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
The stuck pipe events are preventable if the filter cake of the mud cuttings fallout and the complications imposed on well co
is thin and impermeable, filtercakes otherwise could be damaging management.
in addition to the sticky behaviour which may cause differential
stuck pipe events. Other two main groups of stuck pipe events are Bradley et al. [17] stated that establishing a task force c
Solids Induced Packs Offs and Wellbore Geometry Related stuck reduce the costs associated with stuck pipe events up to
pipe events. Figure 3 gives the mechanisms of pipe sticking. Influence of drilling crew was found to be the most impo
factor as compared to introduction of new technologies. Pr
handover practice whilst the shift changes were one of
significant reasons of the stuck pipe incidents among
outcomes of the study performed, which also resulted to give
importance of using top drive systems in reducing the tim
reduce freeing the stuck pipes.
ICWEE’13-3
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
POOH to 2407 m. Attempted to pump out, however SPP increased well was sidetracked by means of a back off at 2168 m; follo
to 2500 psi. POOH with 40 tons over pull up to 2265 m. Jarred up all of the fishing attempts, including acid pumping.
and down without success. Lost the flow while back reaming.
Workstring stuck at 2265 m. The stuck pipe event that happened in Well -A would have
prevented should more attention had been put in place. Pr
Figure 4 shows the drilling parameters and sketch of the BHA at hole cleaning practices must have been applied and minim
the moment of drilling at 2453 m. The Q indicates that the Q was annular flow rate must have been attained. The circulation pri
reduced at the depth of 2235 m, the depth at which losses the pull out must have been kept longer.
occurred. The Mishrif Formation is in depletion and loss
circulations are expected. It is observed that at the moment of
4.2. Well-B-ST-1 Stuck Pipe Incident
drilling prior to the stuck pipe event; Q was at a magnitude that is
approximately equal to providing minimum annular velocity. It is The second stuck pipe event is given for Well -B. Figure 5 s
important to remember that the 19 hours drilling process (between the drilling parameters and sketch of the BHA at the mome
the 2324-2453 m interval) continued with partial losses, 20-90 drilling at 3276 m. The ROP is observed to have incre
bbl/h. following a change in the major drilling parameters at the dep
3200 m. While drilling 12 ¼ in hole section at 3276 m, the dri
The losses resulted in reduction in the Q across the Mishrif, even stopped, and without any circulation at the end of almost 60 h
though the HI-VIS pills and LCM pills were being pumped at of continuous drilling from 3180 m; the string was pulled o
regular interval, the accumulation of cuttings in the annulus was 3245 m, the tight spot was over pulled 20 tons. Back reame
not able to be prevented. Following the Fullerton’s approach the 3139 m. Serviced the top drive for approximately one hour.
minimum flow rate is ca lculated to be approximately 1940 lpm if to 3167 m, slacked off 15 tons and reamed to 3276 m. Circu
the hole diameter was 12 ¼ in in diameter, dcuttings = 0.25 in, MW for one hour and half. Pumped out to 3249 m, and back ream
= 1.15 sg, whereas the Q through the pump was as low as 2943 m. Attempted to circulate, however annulus packed off,
approximately 2000 lpm. If the actual hole diameter is taken to be stuck.
non-cylindrical; approximately 13.5 in in diameter, the minimum
flow rate would then be approximately 2200 lpm. The drilling
continued across formations consisti ng of limestone impeded with
shale layers.
Figure 5. WELL-B Stuckpipe-1 information.
As contrary to the case explained in Well-A, in Well-B the dri
parameters especially the flow rate was rather constant. The s
pipe had taken place following the long duration of dri
Figure 4. WELL-A Stuckpipe information.
without any pumping of HI-VIS pill or adequate circulation.
annulus has been filled in with cuttings, and the string having
The calculations reveal that the insufficient flow rate accompanied stopped in the open hole, maintenance of the rig machinery
with relatively high rate of penetration; resulted in accumulation been performed. The circulation that has been performed
of excessive cuttings in the annulus, and the stuck pipe event is duration of 1.5 hours is observed not to be enough considerin
observed to have been expected. Even though the bottom up time fact that the hole is from a practical point of view not in ga
was 70 mins, and the hole was circulated for two bottoms up, and The circulation should have been kept longer for at least
whenever the string pulled out, the stuck pipe event occurred at bottoms up as per best petroleum industry practices
the moment the top of the upper stabilizer came in contact with experience in the Oil Fields of Sothern Iraq. The stuck
the accumulation of cuttings across the Mishrif Formation. The incident occurred was reported to be a solids related pack-off
string was pulled to 2294 m by 40 ton overpull, beyond the 2268 inadequate hole cleaning.
m depth the overpull attempts were unsuccessful. The circulation
was also lost due to the accumulated cuttings and LCM inside the The stuck pipe event that happened in Well-B-ST-1 would
string and annulus. The stuck pipe incident occurred was reported also been prevented should more attention had been put in
to be a solids related pack-off with inadequate hole cleaning. The and maintenance of the rig machinery not performed whil
BHA was across the open hole interval.
ICWEE’13-4
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
4.3. Well-B-ST-2 Stuck Pipe Incident shear rate viscosity may assist hole cleaning. Properties of
drilling flui d must be closely monitored; the API fluid loss m
The second stuck pipe occurred in Well-B took place along the be kept as low as possible to prevent the excessive filter
deeper sections of the well; after having cored from 3749 m to creation across the permeable levels.
3777 m in 15 hours. Figure 6 shows the drilling parameters and
sketch of the BHA at the moment of coring at 3777 m. When The following best practices are the recommended to pre
attempted to pump out of hole, after having circulated for two occurrence of stuck pipes while drilling in the Southern Field
hours only, noted that the string was differentially stuck at 3775 Iraq:
m. The circulation was performed with a flow rate of 880 lpm.
However the Fullerton’s approach indicates that the minimum a. Periodical High Viscosity pills are suggested to be pum
flow rate must have been at a rate of 1020 lpm, which reveals that at regular intervals (e.g. 15 m or every two hours) to en
the hole cleaning was not at the desired rate. The drilling fluid efficient hole cleaning. The pills will be incorporated
density was reduced from 1.77 sg to 1.74 sg to have less the mud system and eventually build up a good rheol
differential pre ssure across the stuck interval. Attempts to release The drilling fluid rheology may be supplemented w
the string by pulling and slacking off 60 tons did not provide addition of polymer to maintain effective hole-cleaning.
enough pull to free the string. The stuck pipe incident occurred b. While across open hole never keep the workstring station
was reported to be a differential sticking in kind with permeable always ensure the string is reciprocating, rotating
zone exposed to high overbalance. Successive attempts of circulation in progress if drilling is not continuing.
pumping fluid spots also proved to be unsuccessful. Backed off c. It is suggested that the drilling fluid density is increase
the string and continued operations performing a sidetrack. 1.20 sg prior to entering the Tanuma and Nahr U
Formations. Prior to 50 m or while entering to Nahr U
bridging pills (48 sec/qt) inclusive of sealing and CaC
materials are suggested to be pumped not only while dril
but also when pulling out of hole for any operation in o
hole without bit under rotary table.
d. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) shall be monito
The following ECD management practices are
practices: Slow pump start-up and breaking of gels,
flow rates only as required for good hole cleaning – red
flow rates when drill collars are in front of shales, contro
drilling fluid, minimized surge/swab pressures.
e. Use of two roller reamer in BHA at optimum distance
reduce the sloughing and prevent tight spots during ream
back-reaming and wiper trips.
f. After having drilled each stand the fresh interval mus
Figure 6. WELL-B Stuckpipe-2 information. reamed good enough after ample circulation.
g. In the event of stuck pipe across a limestone forma
The grade of the DP limited the maximum overpull of 100 tons pumping 22% HCl/HF acid to cover the annulus area f
only. The free point indication tools revealed that the bottom hole the bit the top of the carbonate formation and make sure
assembly was stuck for a length of approximately 100 m, which the acid pill soaks for duration of two hours w
indicated that the freeing pull force is high above the limits of the attempting to rotate the string.
workstring.
6. CONCLUSIONS
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
One of the important findings of this paper is the fact tha
The string shall be kept in motion whenever applicable at all wells shall be time li mited to open-hole exposure and
times if hole cleaning is calculated to be a problem. The loss zone troublesome formations shall be cased off as early as practic
shall be determined at the earliest convenience and to the accurate possible. The drilling crew shall be very much attentive to a
level possible for correct mitigation action. the indications the well could give, and read carefully
meanings and take the necessary actions in a timely mann
LCM particles of mean size greater than 1/3 size of the smallest prevent occurrence of stuck pipe events. In order to avoid fa
bit nozzles shall not be used when curing the losses. Rule of costly and long fishing/remedial operations preventing
thumb states that the LCM concentrations greater than 50 ppb for occurrence of stuck pipes is to share the experience that
losses upto 50 bbl/h shall be pumped. Denser concentrations may common acceptance not only among the drilling contractor
not be effective and though result in having excessive filter cakes. also the operators. It is very important to know that it
It is observed that correctly sized LCM concentrations work requires small cuttings volume, to get stuck and packed off w
efficiently. pulling upwards.
In case the flow rate is reduced due to the loss ci rculation, the Each stuck pipe incident or event must be analyzed in detail
hole may become dirtier, for this reason elongated periods of the root cause must be put on the table by drilling engine
circulation may be established. Increasing the yield point and low experts. The necessary recommendations must be issued a
ICWEE’13-5
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
earliest and the key findings must be distributed to all parties 9. REFERENCES
involved in the Field development.
[1] G.T. Byrom, “Casing Depth and Size Determination
The well should be treated accordingly, and the indications being Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion, Houston,
given by the well shall be well understood in a timely and Gulf Publishing Company, 2007, ch. 3, sec. 3.2, pp. 97-10
practical manner. The response of the driller is going to be the key [2] A.T. Bourgoyne, M.E. Chenevert, and K.K. Millheim, “R
whether to face the stuck pipe event or not, unless the event was Drilling Process,” in Applied Drilling Enginee
inevitable due to a well design issue or other technical reason. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1986, c
Stuck pipe events are evitable with continuous efforts including sec. 1.10, pp. 32-37.
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the shifts, studying the offset wells in detail, understand sticking Driller’s Role,” SPE Drill & Compl, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 5
mechanisms, and taking the actual stuck-pipe events as lessons Mar. 1997.
learnt. [4] Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Dri
Engineering, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richard
The hydraulic parameters must be more effective ensuring the TX, 2007, pp. 89-118.
hole cleaning is not an issue together with preventing the [5] B. Mitchell, “Fishing,” in Advanced Oilwell Dri
circulation loss occurrence. One of the solutions to prevent Engineering Handbook & Computer Programs, 10th
drilling through the fractured/depleted reservoirs is the application Lakewood, CO: Mitchell Engineering, 1995, ch. 7, pp.
of Managed Pressure Drilling, which may be studied in a separete 564.
dedicated study to understand the feasibility. [6] E. Ozbayoglu, O. R. Ettehadi, M. Ozbayoglu, and E. Yu
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912-923, Sep. 2012.
[7] R.O. Ettehadi, "’Determination of Cutting Transport Prope
C = coefficient of friction
of Gasified Drilling Fluids," Ph.D dissertation, Pet. &
dc = largest cutting diameter (ft)
Gas Eng., Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara, Turkey, 2010
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[8] The Drilling Engineering Distance Learning Package, O
dh = wellbore diameter (in)
Training material.
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[9] T. Ere n, "Real-time-optimization of drilling parameters du
g = acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec2)
drilling operations," Ph.D dissertation, Pet. & Nat. Gas E
MW, df = drilling fluid density (sg)
Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara, Turkey, 2010.
L = Contact length of pipe with the cake (ft)
[10] Drilling Engineer, Petroleum Engineering Departm
Pd = differential pressure (psi)
Heriot Watt University, UK, 2005, pp. 25.
rh = radius of the borehole (in)
[11] S. Miska ed. , “Dynamic Loading of Drill Pipe Du
rdc = radius of the workstring (in)
Tripping,” in Developments in Petroleum Engi ne
Vmin = minimum annular velocity (ft/min)
Developments in Petroleum Engineering (Vol. 2), Hou
Vs = slip velocity (ft/sec)
TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 1988, ch. 11, pp. 339.
T = tension (klbs)
[12] S. Devereux, “Drilling Problems-Avoidance Planning
W = projected width of the contact area (in)
Practical Well Planning and Drilling Manual, Tulsa,
s = cuttings density (lb/ft2)
PennWell Corporation, 1998, ch. 2, sec. 2.9.2, pp. 302-307
m or df= mud density (lb/ft2) [13] J. J.Azar, and G. R. Samuel, “Rotary Drilling for Oil
= mud viscosity (cps) Natural Gas,” in Drilling Engineering, Tulsa, OK, Penn
Corporation, 2007, ch. 1, pp. 1-18.
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stuck pipe in the Netherlands,” SPE/IADC Dri
Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1995, pp. 757-765.
AV = Annular Velocity
BHA = Bottom Hole Assembly [15] B.S. Aadnøy, , K. Larsen, and P. C. Berg, “Analysis of
pipe in deviated boreholes,” J. of Pet. Sci. and Eng., vol
ECD = Equivalent Circulating Density
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HI-VIS = High Viscosity
[16] M. Niznik, W. Elks, and S. Zeilinger, Pressurized Mud
LCM = Lost Circulation Material Drilling in Qatar's North Field,” IADC/SPE Man
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NPT = Non Productive Time
& Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 2009, pp. 1-11.
POOH = Pull Out of Hole
[17] W. B. Bradley, R. S. P.D. Jarman, , R. D. Wood, T
PPFG = Pore Pressure Fracture Gradient
SPP = Stand Pipe Pressure Schofield, R. A. Auflick, and D. Cocking, “A task f
approach to reducing stuck pipe costs,” SPE/IADC Dri
Q = Flow Rate
Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1991, pp. 1-6.
WOB = Weight on Bit
[18] G. Yarim, U. Rodney, M. Richard, T. Alejandro, an
Church, “Stuck Pipe Prevention--A Proactive Solution t
Old Problem,” SPE Annual Technical Conference
Exhibition, Anaheim, CA, 2007, pp. 1-12.
ICWEE’13-6
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
[19] J. M. Guzman, M. E. Khalil, N. Orban, M. A. Mohiuddin, J. APPENDIX-A: PPFG (Pore Pressure Fracture Gradient) Cha
Verma, and S. Ganda, “Stuck-Pipe Prevention Solutions in Southern Iraq
Deep Gas Drilling; New Approaches,” SPE Saudi Arabia
Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobar, PPFG Graph
Saudi Arabia, 2012, pp. 1-9. Pore Gradient, sg MW_Actual _Zb-202 (Time Anal ysis ) Fracture Gradient Calculated (n=0.25
0 RT TOC 0 m
Upper Fars -Di bdiba (Sd,Grv,Cl)
Raudhatain 206,” SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology 250 TOC 250 m
Conference and Exhibition, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2003, pp. 20- Lower Fars (Ls,Sh)
22. 500
Ghar (Sd,Grv,Ls,Sd)
Dammam (Ls)
A
750
20 in. CSG @
Rus (Anhy,Dol)
Ummer-Radh (Dol)
1000
1250
Tayarat (Dol)
1500
Hartha (Dol,Anhy)
1750
C
Depth (m TVD)
Sadi (Ls) D A
B
A 13 3/8in. CSG @
2000 C
D
Tanuma (Sh,Marl) C
Khasib (Ls ,Silt)
Mishrif (Ls)
2250
Rumalia (Ls)
Ahmadi (Sh,Ls)
2500
Mauddud (Ls,Chlk )
3000
Shuaiba (Ls,Marl,S h,)
Zubair (Sh,Sst,Sil t)
B
U-S-St-Mbr(3rdPay)
3250
M-Sh-Mbr
L-S-St-Mbr(4thPay)
L-Sh-Mbr TOC 3452 m
3500 Ratawi (Ls,Sh) B
9 5/8 in. CSG @
Yamama (Ls,Marl)
3750
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 .2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
7 in. Liner @
Pressure Gradient (kgf/cm2/10 m)
ICWEE’13-7
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy and the Environment
Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013, paper#313
ICWEE’13-8
Citations (2) References (16)
... Their study introduced a new method in response to the type of wells such as extended reach wells, in terms of
introducing a numerical method taking into account downhole friction, tool joints, upset end of drillpies, tubular materials
and sizes to determine the stuck point in extended reach wells. Eren et al. [5] stated that stuck pipe events are evitable
with continuous efforts including conducting meetings with crew prior to the commencements of the shifts, studying the
offset wells in detail, understand sticking mechanisms, and taking the actual stuck-pipe events as lessons learnt. Their
study revealed the importance of the crew and drillers role in understanding the indications being given by the well. ...
... Well-B ST-2 stuck incident graphical representation after Eren et al. [5] . The second stuck pipe occurred in Well-B
took place after having cored from 3749 m to 3777 m in 17 hours. ...
... PPFG (Pore Pressure Fracture Gradient) Chart of Southern Iraq, after Eren et al. [5] ...
Stuck Pipe Incidents in Middle East Wells Drilled to Limestone and Sandstone Reservoirs
Article Full-text available
Jan 2018
Tuna Eren
... This formation is highly porous, leading to considerable mud losses and drilling difficulty (Owen and Nasr, 1958). The
low flow rate accompanied by a relatively high drilling rate for soft carbonates resulted in excessive cuttings in the
annulus and led to stuck pipe events (T Eren et al., 2013) . Besides that, the presence of hydrogen sulfide in Radhuma
and Tayarat formations may also affect the drilling rate as higher mud density is applied to avoid kick occurrences,
mostly if a blind drilling method is used (Alkinani et al., 2018). ...
Development of a modified Bourgoyne and Young model for predicting drilling rate
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