Lab Report: Half Subtractor Circuit

Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to design and analyze a half subtractor circuit in digital
electronics. This experiment aims to understand the functionality of a half subtractor, its
application in binary subtraction, and its implementation using basic logic gates.

Apparatus:
1. Logic gates (AND, XOR, NOT)
2. Resistors
3. LEDs (optional for visual indication)
4. Breadboard
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply

Theory:

A half subtractor is a combinational circuit used to subtract two single-bit binary numbers.
It has two inputs: minuend (A) and subtrahend (B), and two outputs: difference (D) and
borrow (Borrow). The truth table for a half subtractor is as follows:

A B D Borrow
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

The difference output (D) represents the result of the subtraction operation, while the
borrow output (Borrow) indicates whether a borrow is required from the next higher-
order bit during subtraction.

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 Procedure:

Circuit Design:
o Understand the logic expressions for the difference (D) and borrow (Borrow)
outputs.
o Design the half subtractor circuit using basic logic gates (AND, XOR, NOT)
based on the logic expressions.
• Circuit Implementation:
o Place the logic gates on the breadboard according to the designed circuit.
o Connect the power supply and ground connections to the breadboard.
o Connect the input switches for minuend (A) and subtrahend (B).
o Connect LEDs or output indicators for the difference (D) and borrow
(Borrow) outputs.
• Testing:
o Apply different combinations of input values (A, B) to the circuit.
o Verify the outputs (D and Borrow) against the expected truth table values.
o Observe the behavior of the circuit and ensure correct subtraction operation.
• Optional Enhancement:
o Use multimeters or oscilloscopes for more detailed analysis of the circuit
operation and waveforms.

Software Attempts/Results:
Conclusion:

In conclusion, this experiment demonstrated the design and implementation of a half

subtractor circuit in digital electronics. By analyzing the truth table and understanding the
logic expressions, the functionality of the half subtractor was comprehensively explored.
The experimental setup allowed for testing and verification of the circuit's operation under
different input conditions, ensuring accurate subtraction results. This experiment
enhanced understanding of binary subtraction and the practical application of basic logic
gates in digital circuits