2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the digestive system.

F C

D
E

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents:

where salivary amylase is produced .............................

where insulin is produced .............................

the liver .............................

where protease acts. .............................

[4]

(ii) State one function of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Amylase is an enzyme.

(i) Describe the function of amylase.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Define the term enzyme.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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2 A student investigated photosynthesis in a variegated leaf.

A variegated leaf has a green part that contains a green pigment and a white part that does not
contain the green pigment.

Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of some variegated leaves.

green part of the leaf

white part of the leaf

Fig. 2.1

(a) State where the green pigment is found in a plant cell.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) A student investigated a variegated leaf from a plant that had been kept in the light for
24 hours.

The student prepared the leaf by boiling it and then placing it in ethanol to remove the green
pigment.

The student then tested the leaf with iodine solution.

Table 2.1 shows the results.

Table 2.1

part of the leaf colour with iodine solution

green blue‑black
white yellow‑brown

Explain the results shown in Table 2.1 for the white part of the leaf.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) This investigation was repeated with a plant that was kept for 24 hours in an environment
where all the carbon dioxide was removed.

Complete Table 2.2 to predict the results.

Table 2.2

part of the leaf colour with iodine solution

green

white

[2]

© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23 [Turn over

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(d) (i) The boxes on the left show the names of some substances that are made in plants.

The boxes on the right show uses of these substances in plants.

Draw lines to link each substance with its correct use in plants. Draw three lines.

substance use in plants

to attract insects for pollination

cellulose

to build cell walls

nectar

for transpiration

sucrose

for transport in the phloem

[3]

(ii) List the chemical elements contained in carbohydrates.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

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2 Mangrove trees are hydrophytes because they grow in water.

Fig. 2.1 shows a young mangrove tree.

Fig. 2.1

(a) An adaptive feature is a feature that increases the fitness of an organism.

(i) Define the term fitness.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Mangrove trees have many aerial roots and floating seeds.

Suggest how these adaptive features allow mangrove trees to survive in water.

many aerial roots ...............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

floating seeds ....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a food chain in a mangrove forest.

mangrove tree fiddler crab seagull

Fig. 2.2

Table 2.1 gives the number of organisms and their biomass in a mangrove forest.

Table 2.1

organism number of organisms biomass of organisms / kg

mangrove trees 1 000 450 000
fiddler crabs 7 500 000 8 000
seagulls 150 000 1 200

(i) Estimate the biomass of one fiddler crab in grams.

Write your answer to two significant figures.

Show your working.

............................ g
[2]

(ii) Sketch a pyramid of numbers, using the information in Table 2.1, for the food chain
shown in Fig. 2.2.

Write the number of each trophic level on the appropriate part of your pyramid.

[3]
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(iii) Explain why the shape of a pyramid of biomass, for the information given in Table 2.1,
would be different from the shape of your pyramid of numbers.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 12]

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7 (a) The substrates and products of three digestive enzymes are shown in Table 7.1.

Complete Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

substrate digestive enzyme product

amylase sugars
...............................................

fat
............................................ ......................... and fatty acids

protein protease
................................................

[3]

(b) State two functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice in the stomach.

1. . ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Fig. 7.1 shows a graph of activity against temperature for two enzymes, A and B.

enzyme A enzyme B

enzyme
activity

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
temperature / °C

Fig. 7.1

(i) Identify the temperature of maximum activity of enzyme B.

temperature = ......................................................°C [1]

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(ii) The enzyme activity of both enzymes is the same at 47 °C.

The temperature is increased to 50 °C.

State and explain the effects of this temperature increase on the activity of enzyme A.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Amylase is a digestive enzyme secreted in parts of the alimentary canal.

Suggest which enzyme, A or B, is amylase. Give a reason for your answer.

enzyme .......................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 10]

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a simplified diagram of the carbon cycle.

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

X photosynthesis respiration

respiration
fossilisation feeding
fossil fuels green plants animals

respiration Y
Y

decomposers

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name process X.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name process Y.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain the effect of clearing forests on the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Nitrate ions can be added to water in a lake accidentally. The effects of this can lead to the
death of organisms living in the water.

Use the words in the list to complete the sentences which explain how this happens.

Each word can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

addition death decomposers decreased feeding

growth increased respiration

• There is an increased availability of nitrate ions.

• This results in an increased ...................................... of producers on the surface of the

lake.

• This leads to ...................................... decomposition after the ...................................... of

producers.

• Increased aerobic respiration by ...................................... occurs which results in a

reduction of dissolved oxygen.

• This causes the death of organisms in the water.

[4]

[Total: 8]

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows part of a forest food web.

fox

blackbird

ladybird hedgehog

aphid
slug

green plant

Fig. 4.1

(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to identify:

one producer .....................................................................................................................

one herbivore ....................................................................................................................

one tertiary consumer. .......................................................................................................

[3]

(ii) Define the term trophic level.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Use Fig. 4.1 to describe how energy from the green plant reaches the fox.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the percentage of gases in the atmosphere inside the forest.

carbon dioxide 0.04% other gases

oxygen

nitrogen 21%

78%

Fig. 4.2

Explain how cutting down and burning the forest would affect the concentration of carbon
dioxide in Fig. 4.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a diagram of part of the carbon cycle. The numbers show processes by which
carbon is transferred between compounds in organisms and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

1 5
2
3
plants 4 organisms X

7
6
death
animals

Fig. 4.1

(a) A carbon atom starts off in a molecule of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon is
transferred during process 2 to another molecule in a plant.

(i) Name process 2 and suggest a compound contained in the plant that may contain the
carbon atom.

name of process 2 .............................................................................................................

compound .........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The carbon atom in the plant compound in (i) is transferred to animals by process 6 and
finally returned to the atmosphere during process 3.

Describe in detail how carbon is transferred from the plants to the atmosphere during
these processes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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(b) (i) Organisms X obtain their energy and nutrients from dead organisms and their waste
products.

Identify the organisms X.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe how carbon is transferred from animals to organisms X by process 7.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Carbon and sulfur are contained in fossil fuels. When the fossil fuels are burned these
elements are oxidised to carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These products are released to
the atmosphere.

(i) Describe how the carbon dioxide released contributes to global warming.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe the harmful effects caused by releasing sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 0653/42/F/M/17 [Turn over