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Counselling Psychology ( : )

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 miajeks mßÉfþoh
p¾hdjdoh

ye`oskaùu
p¾hdjdoS m%fõYfha m%Odk lÓlhd wfußldkq ufkda
úoHd{ fca'î' fjdÜika h (John Broades Watson, 1879 - 1958) .
ufkdaúoHdj iajdëK úIhla f,i ueosß.; lsÍug mj;sk
m%Odk;u ndOlh wka;rdjf,dalkjdoh (Introspectionism) nj
fjdÜikaf.a ;¾lh úh' wm ñka fmr mßÉfPaofha oS ú.%y lrk
,o wka;rdjf,dalk l%ufha m%n, úfõplfhla f,i fjdÜika
lghq;= lr ;sfnk nj fï wkqj fmkS hhs' wka;rdjf,dalk
l%ufha oS mqoa.,hdf.a uki mss<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oS'
tkï mqoa.,fhla úiska ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=f.a udkisl l%shdj,sh
l%uj;aj mÍlaId lsÍu bka isÿ jkq olakg ,enqKs' fjdÜika
olajk wkaoug uki hkq woDYHudk (invisible) fyda iam¾Y l<
fkdyels (intangible) iy wdkqNúlj m¾fhaIKh l< fkdyels
(cannot be subjected to empirical research) fohls' ufkda úoHdj
u`.ska wOHhkh l< hq;= jkafka meyeos,sj oelsh yels (visible) "
iam¾Y l< yels wdkqNúlj m¾fhaIKhg nÿka l< yels udkj
p¾hdj nj 1913 oS j¾Ifha m%ldY jq Psychology as a behaviourist
^1&
views it kñka fndfyda fokdf.a wjOdkh oskd.;a ,smsh u`.ska
fjdÜika wjOdrKh lr ;sfí'

51
mQ¾j fjdÜikSh p¾hdjdoh
fjdÜika by; woyia bos ß m;a ls Í ug m% : ufhka
—p¾hdjdoh˜ hkakla ufkdaúoHdj ;=< ;snqfka u ke;a o hk
m%Yakh hful=g mek ke.sh yels h' p¾hdjdoh kï kHdh
f.dvke.Sug wjYH jk u;jdoS wkqn,h fjdÜikag ,efnkqfha
bka fmr isá Ñka;lhska bosßm;a lr ;sfnk kHdhsl woyia
^2&
mokï lr f.kh' ksoiqkla f,i pd,aia vdúka ^1809 - 1882&
bos ß m;a lr ;s n q ffcj mßKduh ms < s n | kHdh fyj;a
—vdúkshdkqjdoh˜ fjdÜika f.a p¾hdjdoS kHdhsl u;jdohg
wjYH m%n, wkqn,hla ,ndÿka kHdhla fõ' tfukau ld,a ,eIa,s
(Karl Lashley, 1980 - 1958), tâjâ ,S f;dkavhsla (Edward Lee
Thorn dike , 1974 - 1949) " bjdka meõf,dõ (Ivan Pavlov, 1849-
1936) hk ufkda Ñka;lhskaf.a woyia fjdÜika flfrys n,mdk
,oS'

ufkda WmfoaYkfha oS fhdod .efkk kHdhla f,i

p¾hdjdoh wOHhkh lsÍfï oS tys kHdhsl ixj¾Okh m%Odk
fldgia (phase) ;=klg fnosh yels h' ^3&
01' uq,a p¾hdjdoh (begining of behaviorism)
02' miq p¾hdjdoh (Watson's behaviorism , 1915 - 1931)
03' kj kjH p¾hdjdoh fyj;a iudc p¾hdjdoh
^1960-1990& (Neo -Neobehaviorism or Socio
behaviorism)

i;a;aj ufkda úoHdj ms<sn| isÿlrk ,o m%.;su;a

m¾fhaIKj, fidhd .eksï fuu uq,a p¾hdjdofha iqfmdaIKhg
bjy,a ù we;' i;=ka hdka;%sla f,i m%;spdr (R) fkdolajk nj;a "
Wka W;af;ac (S- stimulus) i|yd jq m%;spdr olajk nj;a tu
m¾fhaIK u.ska wkdjrKh lr f.k ;sfí' uq,a p¾hdjdohg

52
wh;a fuu fidhd .ekSï jvd;a úêu;aj yd ;¾ldkql+,j ñksia
yeisÍu wjfndaO lr .ekSug iqÿiq mßos fhdod .ekSug wjYH
kHdhsl rduqj ieliSu fjdÜika úiska isÿ lrk ,oS' ta wkqj
fjdÜikaf.a tu odhl;ajh miq p¾hdjdoh fyj;a —fjdÜfidakSh
p¾hdjdoh˜ ^fjdÜfidakSh m%fõYh& jYfhka yÿkajkq ,efí'
ñksia p¾hdj hkq ksÍlaIKhg yiqlr .; yels " ueksh yels
l%shdldrlï h' tu l%shdldrlï u`.ska ñksiqka f;areï .ekSu
fuysos isÿ fõ'

W;af;ac - m%;spdr kHdh

(Stimulus - Respons Theory)
W;af;ac (Stimulus) hk jpkh i|yd iudk mohla f,i
m%fndaOl hk moh o Ndú; flf¾' W;af;achla hkq l=ula o @ "
m%;spdrhla hkq l=ulao hkak m<uqj wm úiska wjfndaO lr .;
hq;=j we;' tu ixl,amh foflys jpkd¾:h ms<sn| hï oekqula
iys;j fuu W;af;ac - m%;spdr kHdh yeoeÍug fhduq ùu jeo.;a
h'

² W;af;ac
W;a;f;achla hkq ñksia fyda i;a;aj cSúka ;=< hï
l%shdldÍ;ajhla i|yd fya;=jk WmlrKhla" jia;=jla" hï
fohla fyda hï wjia:djla fõ'
² m%;spdr
cSúka ;=< hï W;af;achla we;s jQ úg ta i|yd .kq ,nk
p¾hduh l%shdud¾. m%;spdr kï fõ'
ksoiqk
2004 j¾Ifha we;s jq iqkdñ jHik wjia:dfõ oS ish cSú;h
mjd mrÿjg ;nñka c,hg mek ;uka fírd .;a mqoa.,hd
oelSu iu. Tyqg ysi my;a fldg wdpdr oelaùu hk
wjia:dj i,ld n,uq' ta wkqj ;ukaf.a cSú;h fírd .;a

53
 ;eke;a;d oelSu W;af;ackh hs' Tyqg ysi my;a lr wdpdr
oelaùu m%;spdrh fõ' fuf,i W;af;ackhkag m%;spdr
ola j ka f ka flfia o hka k mq o a . , iudcdkq f hda c k
l%shdj,sfha oS mqoa.,hd bf.k .kq ,nhs' ta wkqj m%;spdrh
W.;a p¾hdjla "mqyqKq lrk ,o fohla ùug mq¿jk'

W;af;ac m%;spdr kHdfha m%Odk Odrd

fuysos idlÉPdjg .kq ,nk W;af;ac - m%;spdr kHdfha
m%Odk Odr folla yÿkd .; yelsh'
01' iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdh'
(Theory of classical conditioning)
02' m%ldrl wdfrdamK kHdh'
(Theory of Instrumental conditioning)

iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdh

fuh reishka cd;sl fkdfn,a ;Hd.,dNS bjdka meõf,daõ
(Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, 1849-1936) úiska bosßm;a lrk ,oS' ta
ksid fuh —meõf,daùh m%fõYh˜ hkqfjka o yÿkajkq ,efí' Tyq
ldhsl úoHdj .ek isÿ lrñka isá mÍlaIKhla w;r;=r wyUq
f,i fidhd .;a woyila by; mßos yÿkajkq ,efí' n,a,kaf.a
wdydr cS¾K moaO;sh .ek isÿ l< tu m¾fhaIK ;=< n,a,kag
fl< bkSu wdydruh ^uia lgq" uia l=vq& foaj,g wu;rj fiiq
foaj,a o n,mdk nj meõf,daõ úiska fmkajd ÿks' ta ldrKh
wjfndaO lr .ekSug my; igyk mÍlaId lrkak'

54
 ^j.=j wxl 5'1 &
W;af;ac m%;spdr kHdh

W;af;ach (S) m%;spdrh (R)

wdydr ,nd oSu ^uia& fl< bkSu

wdydr ke;' uia Ndckh muKs' fl< bkSu
uia ¬ iSkqjla kdo lsÍu' fl< bkSu
^wjia:d 12la fuh lrk ,oS'&
uia ke; - iSkqj muKla kdo lsÍu' fl< bkSu
fjk;a úúO ix{d ¬ uia fl< bkSu
uia ke; - fjk;a ix{d fl< bkSu

uqLhg wdydr ,eîfuka muKla fkdj wefika wdydr

oelSfukao n,a,kaf.a lgg fl< Wkk nj ksÍlaIKh lrk ,oS'
uqjg ,efnk wdydrhla fya;=fldg f.k fl< bkSu wkdfrdams;
m%;spdrhla (Unconditioned Response - UR) fõ' tfy;a wdydr
oelSfuka uqjg fl< bkSu wdfrdams; m%;spdrhla (Conditioned
Responese - CR) fõ' fuf,i m%;spdrhka wdlD;s .; lrñka fï
ms<sn|j jeäÿrg;a m¾fhaIK isÿ lr f.k hk ,o w;r úúO
ix{djkag m%;spdr f,i fl, Wkk ;;a;ajhg n,a,d " mqreÿ
mqyqKq l< yels nj fmkS hk ,oS'

55
 ^j.=j wxl 5'2&
W;af;ac yd m%;spdr wdlD;s .; lsÍu'

W;af;ach (Slimulus) m%;spdrh (Response)

uqjg jefgk uia l=vq  fl< bkSu - wkdfrdams;

wkdfrdams; W;af;aclh m%;spdrh
Unconditioned stimulus - US (Unconditioned response- UR)

iSkq y~  fl< bkSu - wdfrdams;

wdfrdams; W;af;aclh m%;spdrh
Conditioned stimulus - CS (Conditioned response - CR)

l=vd we,anÜ (Little Albert) kï orejd wdY%fhka l<

m¾fhaIKh o fvdfrd;s ud¾lshqia (Dorothy Marquis) l<
m¾fhaIKhka ms<sn|j ^wka;¾cd,fhka& Tfí wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfuka fï nj ;jÿrg;a meyeos,s lr .; yels h'

f;dakavhslaf.a iïnkaO;djdoh
E.L. Thorndike's Connectionism
bjdka meõf,daõf.a woyia ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu
f;dakavhsla úiska (E.L. Thorndike, 1874 - 1949) isÿ lrkq ,eîh'
meõf,daõf.a ú.%yh u`.ska oekg mj;sk m%;spdrhla hï
W;af;achla ksid isÿ lrkq ,nkakla f,i ú.%y jqj o mqoa.,hka
;=< kjH m%;spdrhla ks¾udKh jkqfha flfiaoehs bka meyeos,s
lrkafka ke;' f;dakavhsla mqoa.,hka ;=< kj m%;spdr ks¾udKh
jk wkaou fmkajd oSug —iïnkaO;d jdoh˜ (Connectionism /
lfklaIksiï& hk kHdh 1948 j¾Ifha oS bosßm;a lrkq ,eìh' Tyq
fuh —m%;sM, kshuh˜ (Law of Effect) hkqfjka o y÷kajd we;'

56
tkï cSúhd ;Dma;shg m;aùu bf.kqu ;yjqre lrk jeo.;a
lreKla njhs' fuysoS —n<,d yd fmÜáh˜ (Cat and Box ) f,i
yÿkajk m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrkq ,eîh' fmÜáhlg ouk ,o mQid
fmÜáfhka .e,ù msg;g hdug mQid úiska u tys we;s kQ,la weosh
hq;=h' fmÜáfhka .e,ù hEfï wruqKq we;sj mQid fndfyda jdrhla
m%h;ak orkq fmfka' jeros ;eka lsÍï .Kkdjla lsÍfuka miqj
n<,d w;ska fmÜáfha w.=, (Lock) wßk kQ, wyUq f,i wefoa'
bka miqj fmÜáfha w.=, weÍ fodr újD; fõ' bka miqj n<,d
t<shg ths' fuh —;eka jro l%uh˜ (Trial and Error Method) f,i
yÿkajk ,oS' th guess and check method f,i o yÿkajhs' tkï
tys moku jkqfha jrKhka (Selections) i|yd iïnkaOkh hs
(connecting)' fmÜáhg oeuq mQid jeros m%;spdr (Response) lSmhla
olajd ksjeros m%;spdrhl oS fmÜáfhka t<shg mek .kS'

fuu Cat and Box mÍlaIKh ;jÿrg;a lrf.k hdfï oS

mQid úiska olajk ksjeros m%;spdrh i`oyd mdßf;daIKhla
(reward) ,nd foa' tkï hï wdydrhla ^ieuka kï ud¨fjla& W!g
,efí' fï wkqj f;dakavhsla fmkajd fokafka mdßf;daIKhla
fkd,efnk m%;spdr mqoa.,hka ;=< ;yjqre fkdjk njhs' tkï
ks j eros m% ; s p drhg ;Hd. ,nd fkdfoñka lrk wNHdi
m%;sm,odhl fkdjk njhs' tkï hï p¾hdjla kej; kej; isÿ
lsÍu ld¾hlaIu jkqfha bka ,efnk ;Hd.h ^fyj;a Ok m,h&
ksid njhs' ufkdaúoHd WmfoaYk ld¾hfha fhfok Tn fuu Cat
and Box m¾fhaIKfha fojeks mshjr u.ska .; hq;= lreK jkqfha
zwNHdi kS;shZ hkakhs' (Law of Exercise) tkï wNHdi lsrSu
fya;=fjka m%fndaO-m%;spdr iïnkaOh Yla;su;a ùuhs'

iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdh fyj;a iïu; wdfrdamKh

ixj¾Okh lsÍug f;dakavhslaf.a Cat and Box m¾fhaIKh bjy,a

57
jqKs' ñka miqj weußldkq ufkdaúoHd{ tâúka .;%s iy cS'mS'
fyda¾gka (Edwin Guthrie and Horton )1946 oS —m%fya,sld fmÜáfha
n<,d˜ cats in a puzzle Box hkqfjka m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lr we;' ta
j¾IfhaoS u th tkñkau fmd;la f,i t<s olajd ;sfí' Tjqkaf.a
woyia ikaks;sl ;;ajdfrdamK kHdh (Contiguity theory) f,i
iQ;%.; lr we;' W;af;aclh (S) iy m%;spdrh (R) w;r mj;sk
ld,h yd wjldYuh ióm;ajfha jeo.;alu Tjqka olajk ,oS'
fuysoS mshjr wglg miq n<,d fmÜáhg oeuQ úg th újD; lsÍug
l%shd lf<a o th újD; lsÍu ksid ,efnk Okd;aul mdßf;daIKh
^ieuka& ms<sn`o läkñka ie,ls,a,la oelajQfha ke;' fuu
m¾fhaIKh;a iu`. fmÜáfhka t<shg meñKSug wod< l%uh
fidhd .ekSu ^bf.kqu& jeo.;a f,i ie,l=jo ta ksid ,efnk
m%;sM,h ^;Hd.h-ieuka& .ek n<,ka i,ld n,kafka ke;s nj
fmkS hk ,oS'

m%fya,sld fmÜáh ;=<g nydÆ n<,d olajk m%;spdr

m%udKh wkqj fmkS .sfha n<,d fmÜáfhka .e,ù hdfï m%;spdrh
B<`.g wksjd¾hfhka u isÿjk njhs' fuh isÿjkqfha cSúhd
zm%cdkk is;shulaZ (Cognitive Map) bf.k .ekSu ksidh' tkï
fuhska miqj isÿjkafka l=ulaoehs cSúhd bf.k .ekSuhs'
m%;spdrfha yd W;af;aclfha ld,uh yd wjldYuh ióm;djh
cSúhdf.a bf.kqug n,mdkq ,efí' fï ksid Ôúhd tla ;e;a
lsÍulska (One trial) bf.kqu iïmQ¾K lr .kshs' fï woyi miq
ld,hl "One trial Learning" fyj;a ztal W;aidyhsl bf.kquZ
f,i ixl,am .; lrk ,oS'

m%cdkk is;shu .ek l:d lsÍfï oS m%cdkk is;shu;a

(Cognitive map) iy ienE is;shu;a (Real Map) w;r .eg¨jlg
i;=ka uqyqK ÿks' j¾I 1983 oS Premack and Premack úiska l,

58
m¾fha I Kfha o S ;yjq r e jQ f ha jirla ;s i a f ia b.eka j q j o
Ñïmkaisfhl=g is;shula wdOdrfhka ldurfha i`.jd we;s wdydr
fidhd .ekSug fkdyels njhs' kuq;a m%cdkk is;shu tfia
fkdfõ' Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959) úiska wd,ïNk p¾hdj
Purposive Behaviour kñka woyila bosßm;a lr we;' wruqKq
(goal) lrd fhduq jQ p¾hdjla cSùkag we;s nj tys woyihs' B<`.g
isÿjkafka l=ulao hkak ta ksid u bf.k .kakd njhs' fuu
bf.kqu ta ksid zks,Sk bf.kqula fyj;a wdkqYhsl bf.kqulaZ
(Latent Learning) f,i ixl,am.; fõ' tkï th ndysrg
fmfkkakla fkdj cSúhd ;=< u j¾Okh jkakla fõ'

WodyrK jYfhka nhsisl,a f¾ia" ld¾ f¾ia mosk whg

,efnk ;Hd.hg jvd th ch.%yKh lsÍu ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
i,ld n,kak' ufkdaúoHd WmfoaYk jD;a;shg we;=<;a jkafkl=
f,i Tn fuu udkj p¾hdjkays we;s iqúfYaI;d ms<sn`o oekqfuka
ikakoaO ù isáh hq;=h' Tfí fiajd,dNshd úIfhys W;af;ac yd
m%;spdr kHdh fhdod .ekSfï oS by; olajk o ixlS¾K;d ms<sn`o
m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla Tng ;sìh hq;=u h'

ùÿre fmÜáhla we;=,g ófhla oukq ,efí' tys ,Sjrhla yd

wdydr ms`.dkla ;nd we;' óhd ksoyfia fmÜáh ;=< ießirhs' W!
f.k .; hq;= m%;spdrh jkqfha tkï m%ldrl m%;spdrh jkqfha
fmÜáfhys ,Sjrh ;o lsßuhs' m%fndaOl m%;súmdlh fyj;a
Wmia:ïNkh W!g wdydr ,eîuh' óhdg wdydrfhka ;E.s
(reward) ,eîu;a iu`. w.=, ^,Sjrh& ;o lsÍfï jdr .Kk jeä
úh' óhd l< hq;= m%;spdrh bf.k .;s' m%fndaOlhg (stimulus)
jvd m%;spdrh (response) jvdu jeo.;a nj ialsk¾ lshhs' th wd¾'
j¾.fha wdfrdamKh (R-type conditioning) f,i ialsk¾ y`ÿkajhs'
ta wkqj "S-R kHdh" ialsk¾ úiska "R-S kHdh" njg m;a lrk ,oS'

59
 tfiau i;a;= j;af;a uqyqÿ isxyhdf.a l%Svdjo óg ksoiqkls'
uqyqÿ isxyhd lrk iEu l%Svdjla wjidkfha u W! jvd;a leu;s
ud¨ lSmhla W!g ;E.s f,i ,efí' bkamiq wdydrhg we;s .scqlu
ksid os.ska os.g u th lrhs'

ñksiqka úiska r`. olajk we;eï p¾hd i`oyd n,mE ksYaÑ;

m%fndaOlhla y`ÿkd .ekSug ke;' tn`ÿ p¾hd —lrKSh p¾hdj˜
kñ' kuq;a m%fndaOlhla uq,a lrf.k p¾hdjla oelaùu zm%;spdruh
p¾hdZ kñ' iïNdjH wdfrdamkfha oS m%;spdruh p¾hdj (S-R
behaviour) .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< o m%ldrl wdfrdamkfhaoS
zlrKSh p¾hdjZ .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' ialsk¾f.a
fmÜáfhys (Skiner box) tla me;a;l l=vd rjqï újrhls' mrúhd
ta rjqï újrhg flàu ksid m%;spdrh má.; lr.kakd úoHq;a
mßm:h jeiS hk w;r u mrúhdg OdkHuh wdydr ,nd fok
fuj,u o md,kh úh' fuu m¾fhaIKh wka;¾cd,h yryd Tng
ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

m%ldrl wdfrdamK kHdh $ WmlrK wdfrdamKh

(Instrumental Conditioning) fyj;a l%ñl ;;ajdfrdamkh
(Operant Conditioning)

zialsk¾f.a fmÜáhZ Skinner Box kñka m%p,s;j we;s

Wml%uhla fhdod .ksñka m%ldrl wdfrdamK kHdh f.dvkexùu
î'tka' ialsk¾ (D.F.Skinner-1904-1990) úiska isÿ lrkq ,eîh'
zf;dakavhsla bosßm;a l< kHdh ixj¾Okh lsÍu ialsk¾ úiska isÿ
lr ;sfí' ialsk¾jdoh f;areï .ekSug m<uqj my; mo ms<sn`o
wjfndaOh Tng ;sìh hq;=h' tkï"

60
1& m%ldrl m%;spdrh (operant)
bf.k .; hq;= m%;spdrh fõ' Wod ( ,Sjrh ;o lsÍuhs'
fuh bf.k .;a úg m%fndaOl m%;súmdlh ,efí'

2& m%fndaOl (stimulus) m%;súmdlh - wdydr ,eîu

ñksiqkaf.a ffoksl yeisÍï hï m%fndaOhlg ke;fyd;a
W;af;acklhlg (stimulus) ys;du;d olajk m%;spdr (resopons)
f,i ie,fla' ialsk¾ úiska zW;af;ackhZ ke;fyd;a m%fndaOlh
(stimulus) hk ix,amh neyer lf<a h' th mÍlaIdjg ,la l<
fkdyels nj;a ta fjkqjg mßÑ; ^mqreÿ& m%n,;dj (Habit strenght)
iy m%;sh;akh (re-inforcement) kï ixl,amShlrKh Tyq
bosßm;a lr we;' by; olajk ,o m%fndaOlhla ke;s ;ek
m%;spdrhla ke; hk woyi ialsk¾ ms<s.;af;a ke;' ñksiqka úiska
r`. olajk fndfyda m%;sdpr m%fndaOlhkag oelajQ m%;spdr hehs lsj
fkdyels nj ialsk¾f.a woyi úh'
fuh wdfrdamK $ Wmia:ïNk iy m%;sh;ak ^n,.ekaùï&
kHdh jYfhka o y`ÿkajkq ,efí' Wmia:ïNkh (conditioning)
fyj;a wdfrdams;h hkq wdfrdams; p¾hdj bf.k .kakd
l%shdj,shhs' hï p¾hdjla isÿ lr wjika jQ úg tu p¾hdj kej;
kej; r`. oelaùug ;=vqfok m%jK;djla we;sjk fohla kï th
Wmia:ïnlh kñ' ñka ú.%y lrkafka ;uka leu;s m%shckl fyda
jdisodhl l%shd mqoa.,hka úiska kej; kej; isÿ lrk nj;a
;uka wlue;s wm%shckl yd wjdisodhl l%shd isÿ fkdlsÍug
j.n,d .kakd njhs' ta ksid Wmia:ïNkh iajrEm follska hqla;
fõ' tkï"
1& Okd;aul Wmia:ïNkh $ m%;scdkd;aul
(Positive Conditioning)
2& RKd;aul Wmia:ïNkh $ ksfYaOkd;aul
(Negetive Conditioning)

61
 hï mqoa.,fhla lrkq ,nk fohla fjkqfjka ;E.s m%Yxid"
;k;=re" Wiiaùï" kïnqkdu wdos ;Hd. ,eîu wdosh Okd;aul
Wmia:ïNkhhs' thska miq tjeks foa wfmalaIdfjka mqoa.,hka tu
p¾hdj kej; kej; isÿ lsÍu oelaúh yels h' kuq;a hï l%shdjla
isÿ lsßu ksid Bg wjjdo o`vqjï wm%Yxid isÿjkafka kï tn`ÿ
p¾hd kej; kej; isÿ fkdùug mqoa.,hd j.n,d.kS' mrúhka
fhdodf.k ialsk¾ l< m¾fhaIKh óg ksoiqkla fõ' mrúhkag
lsishï mqyqKqjla we;s lsÍug wjYH ù Wkag rjqula jfÜ hEug
i,iajk ,oS' bka miq Wkag ;Hd. f,i OdkH ,efí' OdkH ,nd
.ekSu fyj;a Okd;aul Wmia:ïNh ksid mrúhka th kej;
kej; isÿ lrk ,oS'

Wmia:ïNkh fyj;a wdfrdamkh by; úia;r lrk ,o

wdldrhg wu;rj ;j;a f,ilg fldgia lsÍu isÿfõ'
1& ldhsl Wmia:ïNkh $ foayuh
(Physical conditioning)
2& udkisl Wmia:ïNkh

ñksiqkaf.a YÍrfha meje;aug wjYH jk wdydr mdk wdosh

ldhsl Wmia:ïNkhg wh;a h' ukig i;=gla ,nd fok foa
udkisl Wmia:ïNkhg wh;a h' tkï wdorh oelaùu" lreKdj"
m%Yxid lsßu" we.hSu" fyd`o lSu" ;k;=re ,nd oSuhs'

62
 wka; igyka

01' Watson , J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it,

Psychological Review, 20, 158-178.

02' Watson, J. B. (1930) - Behaviorism (revised edition), University of

chicago press.

03' https://plato.stanford.edu.
https://link.springer.com

04' Neo-neobehaviorism or socio behaviorism (1960-1990) n,kak ¦

https://studyres.com/doc/14998058/view-do
https://dictionary.apa.org>neobehaviorism
https://science.jrank.org
https://www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov>pubmed

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