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PDF Higiene y Seguridad Industrial Compress
PDF Higiene y Seguridad Industrial Compress
DBEQ@\BL LA FMHAMFAYÎB
IGHG\Â L.E
9?28
Egmtamflg
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
Cfstgrfb
@b anprasb dua erablb bprgxfnblbnamta am 263? pgr a` saògr Yafma` Ngrb`as am asa amtgmeas
``avbib a` mgnira la Fmlustrfbs Yaynbr, qufam laspuæs la um tfanpg sa bhgtõ la tamar`b,
bumqua æ` yb tamîb um nareblg egm astb nbreb asta mg arb tbm hrbmla egng as am `b betub`flbl,
asta saògr bmtas la vamlar`b lfg b egmgear b sus e`famtas qufam fib sar su muavb luaòg qua
as ,Hgmzb`g Gvb``a Qsaeca, qufam laspuæs la blqufrfr`b qua dua b`ralalgr la 26 bògs `a
ebnifõ a` mgnira b Hgmzb`g Gvb``a, parg su nbreb sfhua sfamlg `b nfsnb ,Yaynbr, astb
anprasb am `b betub`flbl euamtb egm 1 `geb`as prgpfgs lgmla vamla sus prgluetgs, tfama
e`famtas qua ``avbm bprgxfnblbnamta 2? bògs egnprbmlg `gs prgluetgs, umg la `gs e`famtas
nâs bmtfhugs as a` saògr Yufz _b`befgs qufam nbmlb cbear su narebmeîb am `b p`bmtb la `b
dâirfeb.
Cbea umgs bprgxfnblbnamta 9 bògs astb anprasb egnamzõ b tamar egmtrbtgs pgr nalfg la
gtrb taxtf`arb egm anprasbs egng Ibmegs Db`bia``b, B`db, Mgtbrfb 24, Gnmftanpus, Lbtbdf`a
Fmtarmbefgmb` U.B, BIE la sarvfefgs, Biigtt, amtra gtrbs.
Lfraeefgmbnfamtg astrbtæhfeg
g Nfsfõm
Ugngs umb an
Ugngs anpra
prasb
sb eg`gn
eg`gnifb
ifbmb
mb,, pg
pgsfe
sfefgm
fgmblb
blb b mfv
mfva`
a` mbefgm
mbefgmb`
b` qu
qua,
a, hrbefb
hrbefbss b sus b`t
b`tgs
gs
astâmlbras la eb`flbl usblgs am a` prgeasg prgluetfvg, gdraea b sus e`famtas dfbif`flbl y
vbrfalbl am ebnfsbs y pbmtb`gmas dgrnb`as
◇ Tfsfõm
_gsfefgmbr `b anprasb egng umb la `bs prfmefpb`as b mfva` mbefgmb`, b`ebmzbmlg b ``ahbr b`
nareblg fmtarmbefgmb`; amtrahbmlg eb`flbl y egmdfbmzb egm muastrb nbreb
g Gijatfvgs Anprasbrfb`as
Qifebefõm
@b anprasb sa ameuamtrb `geb`fzblb am:
◇ @g
@geb
eb`f
`flb
lbl:
l: Bmtg
Bmtgmf mfgg M
Mbrbrfò
fògg
◇ Ib
Ibrr
rrfg
fg:: E
Efu
fulb
lbll JJbr
brlî
lîmm
◇ Lf
Lfra
raee
eefõ
fõm:
m: EErb
rb 229L
9L # 2<-4
2<-466 ssur
ur
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
Uaetgr _rgluetfvg
Hgmzb`g Gvb``a as umb Nferganprasb nbmudbeturarb taxtf` qua euamtb am `b betub`flbl egm 92
gparbrfgs, `gs eub`as sa amebrhbm la dbirfebr ebnfsbs pbrb ebib``arg y i`usbs pbrb lbnb
tamfamlg am euamtb qua su sfstanb la prglueefõm as pgr `gtas (Ibtec).
_brb `b rab`fzbefõm la astgs prgluetgs `b anprasb euamtb egm umb e`bsa la nâqufmb aspaefb`
egng `g sgm:
◇ Egrtblgrb
◇ Df`atablgrb
◇ Earrblgrb
◇ Nâqufmb __``bmb
◇ Bigtgmblurb
◇ Gjb`blgrb
◇ Egmg
◇ _`bmecb
@b `ay 2149 la` 22 la ju`fg la` bòg 9?29 pgr `b eub` sa nglfdfeb a` sfstanb la rfashgs
`bigrb`as y sa lfetbm gtrbs lfspgsfefgmas am nbtarfb la sb`ul geupbefgmb`, la` eub` `bs
ladfmfefgmas nâs ra`avbmtas sgm `bs sfhufamtas:
◇ Ufstanb hamarb` la rfashgs `bigrb`as: As a` egmjumtg la amtflblas púi`febs y
prfvblbs, mgrnbs y prgealfnfamtg
prgealfnfamtgs, s, lastfmblgs b pravamfr, prgtahar y btamlar b `gs
trbibjblgras la `gs adaetgs la `bs amdarnalblas y `gs beeflamtas qua pualbm geurrfr`as
egm gebsfõm g egng egmsaeuamefb la` trbibjg qua lasbrrg``bm., @b lfspgsfefõm la
beefl
be eflamt
amtas
as la trbtrbibj
ibjg,
g, na
najgr
jgrbnf
bnfamt
amtgg la egmlfe
egmlfefgm
fgmas
as la trb
trbibj
ibjgg y am
amdar
darnal
nalbla
blass
`big
`bigrb
rb`a
`ass cb
cbrâ
râmm pbpbrt
rtaa la
la`` UHY@
UHY@ y mg la Ub Ub`u
`ull ge
geup
upbe
befg
fgmb
mb`` eg
egng
ng sa tatamî
mîbb
bmtarfgrnamta p`bmtablg (Nfmfstarfg la trbibjg,9?29)
◇ Ub`ul geupbefgmb
geupbefgmb`: `: Bqua``b lfsefp`fmb qua trbtb la `b pravamefõm la `bs `asfgmas y
amdarnalblass ebusblbs pgr `bs egmlfefgmas la trbibjg, y la `b prgtaeefõm y prgngefõm
amdarnalbla
la `b sb`ul la `gs trbibjblgras. \fama pgr gijatg najgrbr `bs egmlfefgmas y a` nalfg
bnifamta la trbibjg, bsî egng `b sb`ul am a` trbibjg, qua egm``avb `b prgngefõm y a`
nbmtamfnfamtg la` ifamastbr dîsfeg, namtb` y sgefb` la `gs trbibjblgras am tglbs `bs
geupbefgmas.
geupbefgma s. (Nfmfstarfg la trbibjg,9?29)
◇ _rgh
_rghrbnb
rbnb la sb`ul geupb geupbefgm
efgmb`:
b`: Ua amtamlarâ egng a` Ufstanb la Hastfõm la `b
Uahurflbl y Ub`ul am a` \rbibjg UH-UU\. Asta Ufstanb egmsfsta am a` lasbrrg``g la um
prgeasg `õhfeg y pgr atbpbs, ibsblg am `b najgrb egmtfmub y qua fme`uya `b pg`îtfeb, `b
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
g Lfd
Lfdara
aramta
mtass lfs
lfsefp
efp`fm
`fmbs
bs qua eg
egmdg
mdgrnb
rnbmm `b UB@
UB@QL
QL @BI
@BIGYB
GYB@
@ am `b anp
anpras
rasbb y
betfvflblas lasbrrg``blbs.
Egm a` dfm la nbmtamar `b sb`ul `bigrb` la `gs gparbrfgs sa tfamam am egmjumtg `gs lfdaramtas
bspaetgs egng sgm `b nalfefmb pravamtfvb qua egmsfsta am axânamas g ecaquag nælfeg pbrb
fmhrasbr b `b anprasb, egm a` dfm la gisarvbr `bs ebpbeflblas la` fmlfvflug.
\bnifæm tamfamlg am euamtb a` egmeaptg la arhgmgnîb sa euamtb egm nbqufmbrfbs adfefamtas
qua byulbm b rab`fzbr b `gs gparbrfgs sus tbrabs, am asta ebsg mg sa euamtbm egm `b ú`tfnb
taemg`ghîb la` nareblg, parg astbs rab`fzbm la umb nbmarb blaeublb su `bigr sfm parjulfebr b`
parsgmb`. Am a` egmeaptg la cfhfama fmlustrfb` pglangs laibtfr am a` ebsg la qua sa euamtb
egm fms
fmstb`
tb`bef
befgma
gmass `fn
`fnpfb
pfbss la egm
egmtbn
tbnfmb
fmbmta
mtas,
s, amdarn
amdarnal
albla
blas,
s, p`bhb
p`bhbss amtra
amtra gtrgs,
gtrgs, pa
parg
rg b`
ngnamtg la axbnfmbr `b grhbmfzbefõm la `gs puastgs la trbibjg as um aspbefg b`tbnamta b
najgrbr. Am a` gtrg bspaetg psfegsgefg`õhfeg sa euamtb egm umb hrbm brngmîb la` parsgmb` la
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
asta nglg `bs b`tarbefgmas qua pualbm geurrfr am `gs sueasgs la gtrgs pualam sar avflamefblbs
y trbtblbs pgr `b sg`flbrflbl.
Ufm lajbr la `blg `bs vamtbjbs qua tbnifæm `b anprasb y `b B.Y.@ `as irfmlbm b `gs gparbrfgs
pbrb rab`fzbr betfvflblas raerabtfvbs g dbnf`fbras qua byulam b najgrbr su astblg la sb`ul
dîsfeb, namtb` y sgefb`.
g Uuiprghrbnb la sahurflbl fmlustrfb`
Gijatfvgs
Egmsarvbr um `uhbr la trbibjg sahurg, nalfbmta um egmtrg` la dbetgras parsgmb`as y
la` trbibjg qua hamarbm betgs fmsahurgs.
Fl
Flam
amtf
tfdf
dfeb
ebr,
r, raeg
raegmg
mgea
earr y egmt
egmtrg
rg`b
`brr `g
`gss db
dbet
etgr
gras
as la rf
rfas
ashg
hgss qu
quaa ha
hama
mara
ramm
beeflamtb`flbl am a` puastg la trbibjg.
Ladfmfefõm
As a` egmjumtg la betfvflblas lastfmblbs b `b pravamefõm, flamtfdfebefõm, avb`ubefõm y
egmtrg` la `gs dbetgras la rfashg qua hamaram beeflamtas la trbibjg, avftbmlg pgsfi`as
`asfgmas, beeflamtas, amdarnalblas
amdarnalblas g `b nuarta b` trbibjblgr.
Betfvflblas
2. A`bigrbr um pbmgrbnb la rfashgs pbrb gitamar fmdgrnbefõm sgira æstgs am `gs sftfgs la
trbibjg la `b anprasb, qua parnftb `b `geb`fzbefõm y avb`ubefõm la `gs nfsngs, bsî egng a`
egmgefnfamtg la `b axpgsfefõm b qua astâm sgnatflgs `gs trbibjblgras bdaetblg
bdaetblgss pgr a``gs.
<. Egmeaptubr sgira `gs prgyaetgs la girb, fmstb`befgmas fmlustrfb`as y aqufpgs am hamarb`,
pbrb latarnfmbr `gs rfashgs
rfashgs qua pualbm
pualbm hamarbrsa pgr su ebusb
ebusb..
4. Astulfbr a fnp`bmtbr `gs sfstanbs la egmtrg` raquarflgs pbrb tglgs `gs rfashgs axfstamtas am
`b anprasb.
2?. Lfsaòbr y pgmar am prâetfeb `gs nalfgs la prgtaeefõm adaetfvb, maeasbrfgs am `gs sfstanbs
la trbmsnfsfõm la duarzb y pumtgs la gparbefõm la nbqufmbrfb, aqufpgs y carrbnfamtbs la
trbibjg.
29. Uuparvfsbr y varfdfebr `b bp`febefõm la `gs sfstanbs la egmtrg` la `gs rfashgs geupbefgmb`as
am `b duamta y am a` nalfg bnifamta y latarnfmbr `b maeasflbl la sunfmfstrbr
sunfmfstrbr a`anamtgs la
prgtaeefõm parsgmb`,
parsgmb`, pravfg astulfg la puastgs la trbibjg.
BNIFAM\A: 2. \g
\gnb
nbss b a` mf
mfva
va`` Am eubmtg b` bnifamta am hamarb` `b
FMU\B@BEFGMAU V parnftflg p`bmtb euamtb egm `bs
QIFEBEFÕM LA 9. Eb
Ebi`
i`ab
ablg
lg geu`
geu`tgtg am as
aspa
paef
efdf
dfeb
ebef
efgm
gmas
as ma maea
easb
sbrf
rfbs
bs paparg
rg
A@ANAM\GU LA ebmb`atbs. be
betu
tub`
b`na
namtmtaa `g
`gss ebebi`
i`as
as vf vfsf
sfi`
i`as
as
UAHQYFLBL. 5. Cb
Cbif
iftb
tbef
efõm
õm f`
f`un
unfm fmblblbb hamarbm um rfashg blfefgmb` puas `gs
<. _u
_uaast
stgg la trb
trbib
ibjgjg gparbrfgs pglrîbm amralbrsa am a``gs
blaeublg b` gparbrfg ha
hama
marb
rbml
mlgg egegrt
rtgs
gs,, g am um eb ebsg
sg
1. Ta
Tamt
mtbm
bmbsbs g rraj
ajf`
f``b
`bss la axtrang a`aetrgeuefõm, y am eubmtg b
vamtf`befõm `bs rajf``bs la vamtf`befõm sa utf`fzbm
aspaefb`namta pbrb a` pbrb avftbr `b egmeamtrbefõm la eb`gr
ârab la p`bmecblg. am a` aspbefg la p`bmecblg.
ARQF_GU: QIFEBEFÕM LA 2. Eg
Egmg
mgefefnf
nfam
amtg
tg la ssb` b`fl
flbs
bs Am `b anprasb sa rab`fzõ um
UB@FLBU LA la anarhamefb raegmgefnfamtg la p`bmtb pgr pbrta
ANAYHAMEFB, 9. Eg
Egmg
mgefefnf
nfam
amtg
tg llaa pum
pumtgtgss la `gs trbibjblgras y sa ravfsbm `bs
_YATAMEFÕM V la ameuamtrg nbqufmbrfb umb vaz b` nas egm a` dfm
NBM\AMFNFAM\G LA 5. Eg
Egmg
mgefefnf
nfam
amtg
tg la `b la avavft
ftbr
br su nb`
nb` du dume
mefg
fgmb
mbnf
nfam
amtg
tg
NBRQFMBYFB. uifebefõm la axtfmtgras ratrbsbmlg `b prglueefõm y `g nâs
y su prgpõsftg fnpgrtbmta qua as avftbr um
<. Nb
Nbmtmtam
amfn
fnfa
famt
mtgg beeflamta la trbibjg.
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
egrraetfvg y pravamtfvg
la nbqufmbrfb
1. Qtf`
Qtf`fz
fzbe
befõ
fõmm la
prgtaeefõm b `gs ngtgras
la `b nbqufmbrfb.
NB\AYFB@AU: 2. Egrraetg @b p`bmtb euamtb egm lgs b`nbeamas
B@NBEAMBNFAM\G LA b`nbeambnfamtg
b`nbeambnfam tg a umg lastfmblg b `b nbtarfb prfnb a
NB\AYFB _YFNB V fmvamtbrfg la `bs ta`bs fmsungs (_rfnar pfsg) y gtrg
_YGLQE\G \AYNFMBLG, 9. Egrraetg lastfmblg b a` prgluetg tarnfmblg
GYHBMFZBEFÕM LA b`nbeambnfamtg
b`nbeambnfam tg la (sahumlg pfsg), `gs nbygras
@G\AU LA _YGLQEEFÕM prgluetg tarnfmblg
tarnfmblg prgi`anbs sa avflamefbm
avflamefbm am `b
(Ebmmay, 9??5) 5. @u
@uhb
hbrr as
aspa
paeî
eîdf
dfeg
eg grhbmfzbefõm la prgluetg am prgeasg
lalfeblg b `b puas astbs pramlbs
pramlbs mg eua
euamtbm
mtbm egm
grhbmfzbefõm la um `uhbr aspaeîdfeg, sfmg qua
prgeasg. ¨fmvblam¼¼ a` puastg la trbibjg la`
prgluetg am prgeasg.
gparbrfg rastrfmhfamlg su
prgluetfvflbl.
Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
Egrta: Egm `g gisarvblg am `bs vfsftbs qua sa rab`fzbrgm sa pulg gisarvbr qua pbrb
astaa pua
ast puastg
stg la trb
trbibj
ibjgg `gs be
beefl
eflam
amtas
tas pua
pualam
lam sar prg
prgvge
vgeblg
blgss pgr mg usb
usbrr `b
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
prgtaeefõm blaeublb y puala qua `b parsgmb qua astâ am asta puastg sa egrta um
lalg la nbmarb `ava g hrbva sahúm sab `b fmeflamefb.
Amsbni`a: Egm `g qua sa pulg avflamefbr am asta puastg la trbibjg as qua `bs
nujaras qua `bigrbm b``î tfamam gebsfgmb`namta beeflamtas egm `b bhujb `g eub`
gebsfgmb umb carflb `ava parg qua sf mg sa egmtrg`b puala vg`varsa hrbva, egng
amtarrbrsa `b bhujb. Am asta tbnifæm sa laia tamar am euamtb b `bs nujaras qua
p`bmecbm a``bs puala tamar quanblurbs `avas, parg sf mg tfamas euflblg b`
nbmfpu
nbm fpu`br
`br su gi
gijat
jatgg la trb
trbibj
ibjgg pu
puala
ala ge
gebsf
bsfgmb
gmbrr um be
beefl
eflam
amta
ta la qua
quanbl
nblurb
urbss
hrbvas.
\arnfmblg: Am astb atbpb `gs rfashgs lfsnfmuyam, parg tbnifæm sa pulfargm
gisarvbr qua sf `b saògrb qua pu`a mg tfama euflblg puala birfrsa umb carflb nuy
hrbmla, y `b qua lgi`b `b narebmeîb sf mg tfama euflblg b` natar `gs b`df`aras puala
pfmecbrsa, parg sf a``b tfama nâs egmstbmta
egmstbmta astg puala
puala amtarrbrsa a`
a` b`df`ar.
\fpg la
Yfashgs _ravamefõm
Beeflamta
Egnprgibr axfstamefb y
Nâqufmbs egm pbrtas
adfefamefb la `gs lfspgsftfvgs g
nõvf`as sfm prgtaeefõm.
nalfgs la prgtaeefõm.
Amtrambnfamtg y ebpbeftbefõm
la `gs trbibjblgras.
Hamarbr prgealfnfamtg la
trbibjg.
Egrtas y Nâqufmbs sfm _rgtahar `b pbrta egrtbmta la `bs
Bnputbefgma prgtaeefgmas la `bs nâqufmbs egm b`húm tfpg la
s _gr pbrtas nõvf`as. rashubrlg g prgtaeefõm.
a`anamtgs
egrtbmtas la
nbqufmbs
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
Egrtas y
bnputbefgmas Lfspgmar la um `uhbr lgmla
Db`tb la egmeamtrbefõm.
pgr hubrlbr `bs carrbnfamtbs
¸
carrbnfamtb nbmub`as egm df`g. ¸
Nbmub` Db`tb la egmgefnfamtg.
Amtrambnfamtg.
¸
Mg usbr `gs a`anamtgs
a`anamtgs Qsbr `gs a`anamtgs la
la prgtaeefõm parsgmb`. prgtaeefõm parsgmb`.
parsgmb`.
Hamarbr prgealfnfamtg la
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
trbibjg.
Uupardfefas la trâmsftg @fnpfazb la lasaecgs, pg`vgs,
suefbs (aseb`arbs, rasflugs u gtrg a`anamtg qua
pbsf``gs, ate.). ¸ pualb ebar
ebar b` sua`g.
A`fnfmbr suefalblas y
Uua`gs ngjblgs y/g
gistâeu`gs la` sua`g egm `gs qua
rasib`blfzgs.
sa pualb trgpazbr. ¸
Uupardfefas frrahu`bras Nbygr adfebefb am `b `fnpfazb
Ebîlbs b fhub` g egm biarturbs. ¸ (grlam y bsag draeuamta).
g lfstfmtg
Mfva` Avftbr `gs ebi`as y axtamsfgmas
a`æetrfebs lfspuastgs pgr a` pfsg
Lasgrlam. am dgrnb lasgrlamblb
lasgrlamblb
(ebmb`fzbr). ¸ Eg`gebr ibrbmlbs
am biarturbs la pfsg. ¸
Qsbr eb`zblg
Qsbr eb`zblg bprgpfblg.
fmblaeublg.
Db`tb la f`unfmbefõm.
Egmtbetg lfraetg: pbrta Yavfsbr parfõlfebnamta `b
betfvb. fmstb`befõm a`æetrfeb.
Egmtbetg fmlfraetg:
egm nbsb (db`tb la
Egnprgibr fmtarruptgras
puastb b tfarrb,
lfdaramefb`as.
latarfgrg la
bfs`bnfamtg).
Qtf`fzbr nâqufmbs y aqufpgs qua
tamhbm fmegrpgrblb `b tfarrb la
prgtaeefõm.
Mg fmtarvamfr nâqufmbs
nâqufmbs mf
aqufpgs a`æetrfegs.
Mg usbr `gs bpbrbtgs
bpbrbtgs a`æetrfegs
Egmtbetgs egm `bs nbmgs ngjblbs g
a`æetrfegs cúnalbs.
Mg geupbr nâqufmbs
nâqufmbs mf aqufpgs
qua astæm am nb` astblg.
Anp`abr axtamsfgmas a`æetrfebs
eartfdfeblbs y qua astæm am
iuambs egmlfefgmas.
egmlfefgmas.
@gs ebi`as a`æetrfegs egmaetblgs
b `bs nâqufmbs egrtblgrbs laiam
nbmtamarsa bærabnamta
suspamlflgs,, nalfbmta tamsgras
suspamlflgs
la bearg las`fzbi`as, pbrb avftbr
qua sabm egrtblgs pgr `gs
aqufpgs la egrta.
. Yuflg Hamarblg pgr Uujatbr g bme`br dfrnanamta `bs
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
CFHFAMA FMLQU\YFB@
As umb tæemfeb mg nælfeb la pravamefõm la amdarnalblas `bigrb`as, `b eub` latarnfmb `bs
nalflbs pbrb egmsarvbr sb`ul.
Uuiprghrbnb la cfhfama fmlustrfb`
Gijatfvgs
◇ Fla
Flamtf
mtfdfeb
dfebr,
r, rae
raegmg
gmgea
ear,
r, eub
eubmtf
mtfdfe
dfebr,
br, avb`u
avb`ubr
br y eg
egmtr
mtrg`b
g`brr `gs bhamtas
bhamtas egmtbn
egmtbnfmbfmbmta
mtass y
dbetgras la rfashg hamarblgs g qua sa pualam hamarbr am `gs bnifamtas la trbibjg y
qua gebsfgmam amdarnalblas prgdasfgmb`as
prgdasfgmb`as..
◇ Astb
stbi`a
i`aear `gs
`gs lfda
fdaram
ramtas
tas nætg
nætglglgss la egmt mtrg
rg`` pb
pbrb
rb eblb umg la `g `gss bham
amtatass
egmtbnfmbmtas g dbetgr la rfashg, sfhufamlg am grlam la prfgrflbl `b duamta, a` nalfg y
a` trbibjblgr.
◇ Bsa
Bsasgr
sgrbr
br am tgx
tgxfeg
feg`gh
`ghîb
îb fml
fmlust
ustrfb
rfb`` sgi
sgira
ra a` us
usg,
g, nbma
nbmajg
jg la `bs lfdaram
lfdaramtas
tas sustbm
sustbmefb
efbss
pa`fhrgsbs.
◇ Fnp`a
Fnp`anamtb
namtbrr jumtg eg
egmm a` suip
suiprghrb
rghrbnbnb la na
nalfefm
lfefmbb la` trbibjg
trbibjg y sahurfl
sahurflbl
bl fmlustrfb
fmlustrfb`,`,
`b vfhf`bmefb apflanfg`õhfeb y `b aluebefõm sbmftbrfb.
Ladfmfefõm
Egmjumtg la betfvflblas lastfmblbs b `b flamtfdfebefõm, avb`ubefõm y egmtrg` la `gs bhamtas
egmtbnfmbmtas y dbetgras la rfashg qua sa pualbm prasamtbr lamtrg la `gs bnifamtas la
trbibjg.
Betfvflblas
◇ Ya
Yaeg
egmg
mgea
ear,
r, avb`
avb`ub
ubrr y egmt
egmtrg
rg`b
`brr `gs
`gs bham
bhamta
tass eg
egmt
mtbn
bnfm
fmbm
bmta
tass qu
quaa sa ha
hama
mara
ramm am `g
`gss
puastgs la trbibjg y qua pualbm prgluefr amdarnalblas prgdasfgmb`as am `gs
trbibjblgras.
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
◇ A` ra
raeg
egmg
mgef
efnf
nfam
amtg
tg la `g
`gss lfda
lfdara
ramt
mtas
as bham
bhamta
tass eg
egmt
mtbn
bnfm
fmbm
bmta
tass sa ra
rab`
b`fz
fzbb b tr
trbv
bvæs
æs la
fmspaeefgmass y avb`ubefgmas bnifamtb`as.
fmspaeefgma
◇ Fnp
Fnp`an
`anamt
amtbef
befõm
õm la
la na
nalfl
lflbs
bs la
la eegmt
gmtrg`
rg`..
[EF\B\FGM ct P` 6994 ^
_bmgrbnb la rfashgs
@b grhbmfzbefõm numlfb` la `b sb`ul (GNU) prgpusg um sfstanb la e`bsfdfebefõm la rfashgs a`
eub` lfvflfõ am eubtrg hrupgs:
◇ HYQ_
HYQ_G G LA YFAUHG
YFAUHG 2: NfeNferggrh
rggrhbmfs
bmfsngs
ngs eg
egmm asebsg
asebsg rfashg
rfashg fmlfvflu
fmlfvflub`
b` y egnumftb
egnumftbrfg rfg
qua tfamam pgebs prgibif`flblas la prgvgebr amdarnalblas am cunbmgs g am bmfnb`as.
◇ HYQ
HYQ_G _G LA YFAUH
YFAUHG G 9: Nfe
Nfergg
rggrhb
rhbmfs
mfsng
ng egm rfashg
rfashg fmlfvfl
fmlfvflub`
ub` nglarb
nglarblg lg y rfashg
rfashg
egnumftbrfg ibjg, qua pualam prgvgebr amdarnalblas am cunbmgs g bmfnb`as, parg
tfama pgebs prgibif`flblas la amtrbòbr um rfashg hrbva am a` parsgmb` la `bigrbtgrfg, `b
egnumflbl, `gs bmfnb`as y a` nalfg bnifamta. @b axpgsfefõm am a` `bigrbtgrfg puala
prgvgebr fmdaeefõm hrbva, parg sa lfspgmam la nalflbs adfebeas y a` rfashg la
prgpbhbefõm `fnftblb.
`fnftblb.
◇ HYQ
HYQ_G _G LA YFAUH
YFAUHG G 5: Nfe
Nfergg
rggrhb
rhbmfs
mfsngs
ngs egm
egm rfash
rfashgg fmlfvflu
fmlfvflub`
b` a`avbl
a`avblgg y rfashg
rfashg
egnumftbrfg ibjg, qua sua`am prgvgebr amdarnalblas am cunbmgs g bmfnb`as parg qua
hamarb`namta mg sa prgpbhb la um fmlfvflug b gtrg. Ua lfspgmam la nalflbs adfebeas y
la pravamefõm.
◇ HY
HYQ_Q_GG LA YFA FAUUHG <: Nf Nfeergg
rggrhb
rhbmfsn
fsngs egm a` a`aavblg rf
rfas
ashg
hg fmfmllfv
fvfl
fluub` y
egnumf
egn umftbr
tbrfg,
fg, qua sua
sua`a
`a prg
prgvge
vgebr
br am
amdar
darnal
nalbla
blass am cunbmg
cunbmgss g bmfnb`
bmfnb`asas y puala
puala
prgpbhbrsa dâef`namta la um fmlfvflug b gtrg, lfraetb g fmlfraetbnamta. Hamarb`namta
mg sa lfspg
lfspgma
ma nalflbs adfebeas
adfebeas la trbtb
trbtbnfamt
nfamtgg y la pravamef
pravamefõm.õm. [ EF\B\FGM Uae28 P`
6994 ^
A`anamtgs egmtbnfmbmtas
Egmtbnfmbmta dîsfeg: As tglg astb astblg
lg amarhætfeg bhrasfvg
bhrasfvg qua tfam
tfamaa `uhbr am a` nalfg
bnifamta `gs nâs mgtbi`as sgm `gs qua sa ra`befgmbm egm a` ruflg, vfirbefgmas, eb`gr,
drîg, f`unfmbefõm, vamtf`befõm, prasfgmas bmgrnb`as, rblfbefgmas, ate.
Egmtbnfmbm
Egmtb nfmbmta
ta quînfeg:
quînfeg: As tglb tglb su
sust
stbm
bmef
efbb mb
mbtu
turb
rb`` g sf
sfmt
mtæt
ætfe
febb qu
quaa lu
lurb
rbmt
mtaa `b
dbirfebefõm nbmajg, trbmspgrta, b`nbeambnfamtg g usg, puala egmtbnfmbr a` bnifamta
(am dgrnb la pg`vg, cung, hbs, vbpgr, mai`fmbs y rgeîg). _rglueam adaetgs frrftbmtas,
egrrgsfvgs, axp`gsfvgs, tõxfegs g fmd`bnbi`as la b`tarbr `b sb`ul la `bs parsgmbs qua
amtrbm am egmtbetg egm a``bs.
Egmtbnfmbmta ifg`õhfeg: Ugm tglgs bqua``gs grhbmfsngs vfvgs sustbmefbs larfvblbs
la `gs nfsngs, prasamtas am a` puastg la trbibjg, qua pualam sar suseaptfi`as la
prgvgebr adaetgs mahbtfvgs am `b sb`ul la `gs trbibjblgras. Astgs adaetgs mahbtfvgs sa
pualam egmeamtrbr am prgeasgs fmdaeefgsgs, tõxfeg g b`ærhfegs. Astgs egmtbnfmbmta
egmtbnfmbmtass
pualam sar:
Ibetarfbs: Grhbmfsngs umfea`u`bras, vfsfi`as b` nfergsegpfg.
Tfrus: Mg ea`u`bras, ebpbeas la nu`tfp`febrsa úmfebnamta am a` fmtarfgr la `b eælu`b
vfvb. Ugm amdarnalblas vfrb`as.
Cgmhgs: Ugm dgrnbs la vflb vahatb`. Ua nbmfdfastb b trbvæs la `b pfa`.
_brâsftgs: Ugm grhbmfsngs qua mutram b axpamsbs la `gs tajflgs la um sar vfvg.
Tîbs la amtrblb la `gs bhamtas egmtbnfmbmtas
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
Egmtbnfmbmta ifg`õhfeg: Tfrus egng `b hrfpb qua puala hamarbr umb apflanfb b`
sg`g umb tamar`b.
Tîb raspfrbtgrfb
@bs avb`ubefgmas geupbefgmb`as sgm betgs nælfegs qua iusebm a` ifamastbr la` trbibjblgr la
nbmarb fmlfvflub` y qua grfamtbm `bs beefgmas la hastfõm pbrb najgrbr `bs egmlfefgmas la
sb`ul y la trbibjg, fmtarvfmfamlg a` bnifamta `bigrb` y bsahurbmlg um blaeublg ngmftgrag la
`bs egmlfefgmas la sb`ul la `gs trbibjblgras
tr bibjblgras axpuastg
axpuastgss
Lfbhmõstfeg la sb`ul
fmdgrnbefõm vftb` pbrb a` lasbrrg``g la `gs lfdaramtas prghrbnbs la hastfõm pbrb `b pravamefõm
y egmtrg` la `b amdarnalbl ra`befgmbl
ra`befgmblbb egm a` trbibjg
Ufstanbs la vfhf`bmefb apflanfg`õhfeb
@gs prfnargs buxf`fgs, sgm nalflbs tarbpæutfebs urhamtas qua sa bp`febm b `bs vîetfnbs la
beefla
beeflamta
mtass g amd
amdarn
arnal
albla
blass rap
rapamt
amtfmb
fmbss cbs
cbstb
tb lfs
lfspgm
pgmar
ar la trb
trbtbn
tbnfam
famtg
tg asp
aspae
aefb`
fb`fzb
fzblg.
lg. A`
prgpõsftg la `gs prfnargs buxf`fgs as b`fvfbr a` lg`gr y `b bmsfalbl la` carflg g amdarng y
avftbr a` bhrbvbnfamtg la su astblg. Am ebsgs axtrangs sgm maeasbrfgs pbrb avftbr `b nuarta
cbstb qua sa egmsfhua bsfstamefb nælfeb.
@gs prfnargs buxf`fgs vbrîbm sahúm `bs maeasflblas la `b vîetfnb y sahúm `gs egmgefnfamtgs
la` sgegrrfstb. Ubiar `g qua mg sa laia cbear as tbm fnpgrtbmta egng sbiar quæ cbear, pgrqua
umb nalflb tarbpæutfeb nb` bp`feblb puala prgluefr egnp`febefgmas hrbvas. _gr ajanp`g, am
umb bpamlfeftfs bhulb um `bxbmta subva puala pgmar am pa`fhrg `b vflb la` pbefamta. [ EF\B\FGM
_rf P` 6994 ^
Busamtfsng `bigrb`
A` busamtfsng `bigrb` as a` egmjumtg la busamefbs la `gs anp`ablgs b su trbibjg, justfdfeblbs g
mg. As umg la `gs pumtgs qua nâs prageupbm b `bs anprasbs y qua nâs trbtbm la egmtrg`br y
raluefr. As egmsflarblg um dbetgr qua raluea sarfbnamta `b prgluetfvflbl. _brb lfsnfmufr`g `bs
anprasbs cbm beulflg b lfvarsgs tfpgs la sbmefgmas, b astfnu`br b `gs trbibjblgras qua
eunp`am rahu`brnamta egm sus gi`fhbefgmas g b d`axfif`fzbr `gs cgrbrfgs, raluefamlg la asta
nglg `gs ngtfvgs qua `gs anp`ablgs tfamam pbrb db`tbr. A` busamtfsng as umg la `bs euastfgmas
qua nâs prageupbm b `bs anprasbs pgr `gs prgi`anbs grhbmfzbtfvgs qua suseftb y `gs egstas
qua hamarb.
@bs ebusbs la` busamtfsng sgm vbrfbs, mg sfanpra geurra pgr ebusb la` anp`ablg; tbnifæm
pualam ebusbr `b grhbmfzbefõm, `b adfefamta suparvfsfõm, `b súpar aspaefb`fzbefõm la `bs tbrabs,
`b db`tb
db`tb la ngt
ngtfvb
fvbefõ
efõmm y ast
astînu
înu`g,
`g, `bs las
lasbh
bhrbl
rblbi`
bi`as
as egmlfe
egmlfefgm
fgmas
as la trbibj
trbibjg,
g, `b as
asebs
ebsbb
fmtahrbefõm la anp`ablg am `b grhbmfzbefõm y a` fnpbetg psfeg`õhfeg la umb lfraeefõm
ladfefamta. [ EF\B\FGM _ra?6 P` 6994 ^
Ebpbeftbefõm
@b maeasflbl la ebpbeftbefõm surha eubmlg cby lfdaramefb amtra `g qua umb parsgmb laiarîb
sbiar pbrb lasanpaòbr umb tbrab, y `g qua sbia rab`namta. Astbs lfdaramefbs sua`am sar
laseuifartbs b` cbear avb`ubefgmas la lasanpaòg, g laserfpefgmas la pardf` la puastg.
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
_arsgmb`:
Blanâs la bsfstfr b `gs tb``aras, laiam fnp`anamtbr `g bpramlflg am eblb tb``ar
Fmdgrnbr sgira `g qua `as fmegnglb am `gs puastgs la trbibjg pbrb su raspaetfvg bjusta
Eunp`fr egm a` cgrbrfg la `bs pbusbs `bigrb`as betfvbs
Nalfefmb pravamtfvb y la` trbibjg
Egm ast
astgg sa pra
pratam
tamla
la fmt
fmtarv
arvamf
amfrr am `gs bsp
bspae
aetgs
tgs la prgnge
prgngefõm
fõm,, prava
pravamef
mefõm,
õm, btame
btamefõm
fõm,, y
ranfsfõm la `gs ebsgs la b`tg rfashg, prfmefpb`as ebusbmtas la beeflamtas, fmeflamtas y/g
pa`fhrgs qua sa prasamtam am `b anprasb, hbrbmtfzbml
hbrbmtfzbmlgg bsî egmlfefgmas dbvgrbi`as pbrb a`
ifamastbr dîsfeg, namtb`
namtb` y sgefb` la `gs trbibjblgras.
As fnpgrtbmta fnp`anamtbr `gs lfbhmõstfegs, qua sgm lbtgs eubmtftbtfvgs g eub`ftbtfvgs la `gs
gparbrfgs qua parnftam ladfmfr sf umb betfvflbl tfama ra`befõm egm umb amdarnalbl `bigrb`,
astg pbrb fmfefbr um sfstanb la vfhf`bmefb apflanfg`õhfeg, a` euâ` flamtfdfebrîb `bs ebusbs,
blanâs la asg, as fnpgrtbmta `b rab`fzbefõm axânamas nælfegs parfõlfegs pbrb gisarvbr `b
sb`ul la` parsgmb`
Cfhfama Fmlustrfb` y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`
@b Cfhfama y sahurflbl Fmlustrfb` tfama egng dfmb`flbl a` raegmgefnfamtg, avb`ubefõm y
egmtrg` la bqua``gs dbetgras y bhamtas bnifamtb`as la rfashg, grfhfmblgs am g pgr a` `uhbr la
trbibjg, qua pualbm ebusbr amdarnalbl a fmadfefamefb amtra `gs trbibjblgras.
Betfvflblas
Ebpbe
Ebp beftb
ftbrr b `gs nfa
nfanir
nirgs
gs la
la`` Egn
Egnftæ
ftæ _br
_brftb
ftbrfg
rfg la Ub`ul
Ub`ul Geu
Geupbe
pbefgm
fgmb`
b` EG_BUG
EG_BUG,, sgi
sgira
ra
`ahfs`befõm am sb`ul geupbefgmb
geupbefgmb`.`.
Ebpbeftbr b `b Irfhblb la anarhamefbs am tanbs la egmtrb fmeamlfg, avbeubefõm y prfnargs
buxf`fgs.
Bjustbr fnp`anamtbr y lfvu`hbr `gs _`bmas la Anarhamefbs.
Betub`fzbr a` _bmgrbnb la Yfashgs a fnp`anamtbr beefgmas la najgrb.
Flamtfdfebr, vb`grbr y egmtrg`br `bs ebusbs iâsfebs la beeflamtas a fnp`anamtbr naebmfsngs
parfõlfegs la ngmftgrag
ngmftgrag y egmtrg`.
A`bigrbr y ebpbeftbr am prgealfnfamtgs blaeublgs la trbibjg egm erftarfgs la sahurflbl y
eb`flbl.
Ajaeuefõm
FN_@ANAM\BEFÕM LA@ UFU\ANB LA HAU\FGM LA UAHQYFLBL V UB@QL AM A@
\YBIBJG.
Am `b betub`flbl sa cbea maeasbrfg astrueturbr a` Ufstanb la Hastfõm la sahurflbl y sb`ul am a`
trbibjg egm tglgs `gs raqufsftgs la beuarlg b `b mgrnbtfvflbl y tamfamlg am euamtb `gs
`fmabnfamtgs la` Laeratg 2<<5 la` 52 la ju`fg la 9?2<, y `b 2?89 la` 9?21.
Betfvflblas
Avb`ubefõm fmfefb` la` sfstanb la hastfõm la `b sahurflbl y sb`ul am a` trbibjg
_`bmfdfebefõm la` Ufstanb la Hastfõm la `b Uahurflbl y Ub`ul am a` \rbibjg UH-UU\.
A`bigrbefõm la `gs prgealfnfamtgs y dgrnbtgs raquarflgs
Fnp`anamtbefõm y sgefb`fzbefõm la` Ufstanb la Hastfõm la `b Uahurflbl y Ub`ul am a`
\rbibjg UH-UU\.
YAU_GMUBI@AU LA @B AJAEQEFÕM LA@ _@BM LA UB@QL GEQ_BEFGMB@ V
UAHQYFLBL AM A@ \YBIBJG
Qmfvarsflbl Eamtrb` Cfhfama y Uahurflbl Fmlustrfb`