CONVERSION SYSTEMS

CVS216B
Three Phase Transformers
 Learning Objectives
• Describe and analyze the transformer in terms of
principle of operation, construction, types and
connection diagrams.
• Derive and understand the equivalent circuit.
• Analyze the performance of a transformer in terms of
power flow, voltage regulation and efficiency.
• Understand transformer tests and their importance.
• Apply the per unit system to three phase transformer.
• Understand all-day efficiency.
 Transformer Core Construction

• The magnetic (iron) core is made of

thin laminated steel.
• Thin laminated steel is used to
minimize the eddy current loss by
reducing thickness (t):

• Two common cross-section of core is

square or rectangular ) for small
transformers and circular (stepped )
for the large and 3 phase
transformers.
 Transformer Core Types
Types of Transformer Cores:

• Core (U/I) Type: A core-type transformer is

constructed from a stack of U- and I-
shaped laminations. The primary and
secondary windings are wound on two
different legs of the core.

• Shell Type: A shell-type transformer is

constructed from a stack of E- and I-shaped
laminations. The primary and secondary
windings are wound on the same leg of the
core, as concentric windings, one on top of
the other one.
Transformer Core Types
 Advantages of Three phase as compared to
Single phase Transformers

• Occupies less floor space for equal rating

• Less weight
• Costs about 15% less
• Only one unit is to be handled and connected
• But, if any one phase is disabled, the whole transformer
has to be removed from service for repairs.
Three phase Transformers
 Transformer Construction

• Figure (a) shows three-phase transformer bank composed of

independent transformers, whereas figure (b) shows a three-
phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core
Transformer Construction
Transformer Construction
Transformer Construction
Three phase Transformer Connections
Transformer Connections
Transformer Connections
(a)Delta-Delta Connection
 Example
Three single-phase transformers are connected in delta-delta to step
down a line voltage of 138 kV to 4160 V to supply power to a
manufacturing plant. The plant draws 21 MW at a lagging power factor
of 86%.
Calculate:
(a) The apparent power drawn by the plant
(b) The apparent power furnished by the HV line
(c) The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each
transformer
(d) The current in the HV lines
(e) The current in the LV lines
(f) The load carried by each transformer
[Ans: (a) 24.42 MVA, (b) 24.42 MVA, (c) 58.98 A, 1956.6 A (d) 102.2 A, (e)
3388.96 A, (f) 8.14 MVA]
(b)Delta-Wye Connection
Example
Three single-phase transformers rated at 40 MVA, 13.2 kV/80 kV are
connected in delta-wye on a 13.2 kV transmission line. If they feed a 90
MVA load, Calculate:
(a) The secondary line voltage
(b) The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each
transformer
(c) The incoming and outgoing transmission line currents.

[Ans: (a) 138.6 kV, (b) 2272.73 A, 375 A, (c) 3936.48 A, 375 A]
(c)Wye-Delta Connection
(d)Wye-Wye Connection
(e)Open-Delta (or V-V) Connection
(e)Open-Delta Connection
 Transformer Vector Groups
• Transformer HV, LV and tertiary windings can be arranged in either
star or delta configurations, or a combination of these
• A large number of configurations can be achieved this way, each
having its own characteristic phase shifts and impedances
• The type of winding arrangement determines the phase shift which
occurs in the transformer, which gives rise to different vector groups
• Transformer vector group is specified by a series of letters and
numbers; e.g. Ynd1 denotes a star-delta transformer with an earthed
HV neutral
• The following rules apply to the notation:
1. The letter ‘N’ or ‘n’ refers to a neutral point which is brought out
2. The letter ‘Y’ or ‘y’ refers to a star connected winding
3. The letter ‘D’ or ‘d’ refers to a delta connected winding
 Transformer Vector Groups
• The phase shift is denoted according to the face of a clock where 12
o’clock is the reference with 00 phase shift
• The following rules apply to the notation:
Number Phase shift
1 −300
2 −600
4 −1200
5 −1500
6 1800
7 +1500
8 +1200
10 +600
11 +300
 Transformer Vector Groups
• The nameplate of a three-phase transformer has the symbol
YNYnd1. What does it mean?

 HV winding star connected with neutral earthed

LV winding star connected with neutral earthed
Tertiary winding delta connected with −300 phase shift
Transformer Vector Groups
Circuit Analysis
TUTORIAL
 Practice Questions
1) Three single-phase step-up transformers rated 40 MVA, 13.2/80 kV are
connected delta-wye. If they feed a 90 MVA load, calculate the following:
(a) The primary and secondary line voltages
(b) The currents in the transformer windings
(c) The incoming and outgoing transmission line currents
[Ans: (a) 13.2 kV, 138.6 kV, (b) 2272.73 A, 375 A, (c) 3936.48 A, 375 A]

2) Class Practice
Three single-phase step-up transformers rated 40 MVA, 13.2/80 kV are
connected wye-delta. The three single-phase transformers are supplied by 14.8
kV voltage supply. If they feed a 90 MVA load, calculate the following:
(a) The primary and secondary line voltages
(b) The currents in the transformer windings
(c) The incoming and outgoing transmission line currents
[Ans: (a) 25.63 kV, 89.70 kV, (b) 2027.03 A, 334.46 A, (c) 2027.03 A, 579.30
A]
3) Three single – phase, 10 kVA, 277/220 V, 50 Hz transformers are
connected to form a three – phase 480/220 V transformer bank. The
equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high – voltage
side is 0.68 + j 3.42 Ω. The transformer bank delivers 20 kW at 0.9 power
factor lagging.

a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer bank connection.

Determine:
b) The transformer primary and secondary winding currents.
c) The transformer primary and secondary line currents.
d) The primary voltage.
e) The voltage regulation.

[Ans: b) 26.74 A, 33.67 A c) 26.74 A, 58.32 A d) 591.4 V e) 32.46%]

4) A delta – delta (∆ − ∆) bank consisting of three 50 kVA, 2400/240 V
transformers supplies a load of 120 kVA. If one transformer is removed,
find for the resulting V – V connection:

(a) kVA load carried by each transformer

(b) Percent of rated load carried by each transformer
(c) Total kVA rating of the V – V bank
(d) The ratio of the V – V bank to ∆ − ∆ bank transformer ratings
(e) Percent increase in load on each transformer when the bank is
converted into V – V bank.

[Ans: (a) 69.28 kVA, (b) 138.6%, (c) 86.6 kVA, (d) 0.577 , (e) 173.2%]
5) Determine the ratings (HV and LV voltages and currents, apparent
power and turns ratio) of a 3-phase transformer rated 10 000 kVA, 220
kV/6.6 kV if it connected in the following manner:
(a) Δ - Δ
(b) Δ - Υ
(c) Υ - Δ
(d) Υ - Υ
 Q5: Answer

Connection 3-Phase kVA Primary Side Secondary Side Turns Ratio

Rating
VPΦ IPΦ VSΦ ISΦ

Y-Δ 10000 127.02 kV 26.24 A 6.6 kV 505.05 A 19.24

Δ-Y 10000 220 kV 15.15 A 3.81 kV 874.77 A 57.74

Δ-Δ 10000 220 kV 15.15 A 6.6 kV 505.05 A 33.33

Y- Y 10000 127.02 kV 26.24 A 3.81 kV 874.77 A 33.33

 Transformer Tests
The performance of a transformer can be determined on the basis
of its equivalent circuit, with the main parameters:
• Equivalent resistance, Req
• Equivalent leakage reactance, Xeq
• Iron core loss, Rc
• Magnetizing reactance, Xm
These parameters can be calculated using the two transformer
tests:
• Open – Circuit (or No-Load) Test
• Short – Circuit (or Impedance) Test
 (a) Open-circuit Test

• The secondary terminals of the transformer are usually left

open and the primary terminals are connected to its supply of
normal voltage and frequency,
• A wattmeter W, voltmeter V, and ammeter A are connected in
the LV winding,
• Used to determine Rc and Xm.
 (a) Open-circuit Test
1 1
• The admittance of excitation branch, 𝑌𝑒 = 𝐺𝑐 − 𝑗𝐵𝑚 = −𝑗
𝑅𝑐 𝑋𝑚
𝑃𝑜𝑐
• The open-circuit power factor, cos 𝜃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑐
𝐼𝑜𝑐
• 𝑌𝑒 =  − 𝜃𝑜𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑐
 (b) Short-circuit Test

• The secondary terminals of the transformer are short-circuited,

and the primary terminals are connected to a fairly low voltage
source,
• A wattmeter W, voltmeter V, and ammeter A are connected in
the primary winding,
• Used to determine Req and Xeq.
 (b) Short-circuit Test
• The series impedance, 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 𝑅2 +jሺ𝑋1 +
Voltage Regulation
 Efficiency – All day efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Transformer efficiency, 𝜂 𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑐 +𝑃𝑐𝑢
𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
=𝑉𝐼 2
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅+𝑃𝑐 +𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑞2

𝑛𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
• Or , 𝜂𝑇 = 𝑛𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠∅+𝑃 +𝑛2 𝑃 , where S = Apparent power, Pcuf = total Cu loss at
𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑓
full- load and n= loading.

• Maximum efficiency occurs when Iron core loss equals total Cu loss; i.e.
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐼22 𝑅𝑒𝑞2 and occurs at a loading of 𝑛 = .
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑓
 Efficiency – All day efficiency

• The all-day efficiency (also called operating efficiency) is determined on

the basis of energy consumed during a certain time period
• To determine the all-day efficiency, the daily load cycle of the transformer
is required
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
• All day efficiency, 𝜂𝐴𝐷 =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
TUTORIAL
 Practice Questions
1) The equivalent circuit impedances of a 45 kVA, 6600/380 V, 50 Hz,
Dy—connected transformer are to be determined. The open-circuit test was
performed on the secondary side while the short-circuit test was performed on
the primary side of the transformer.
Open-circuit test (on LV side):
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 380 𝑉 𝐼𝑜𝑐 = 7 𝐴 𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 450 𝑊
Short-circuit test (on HV side):
𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 360 𝑉 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 4 𝐴 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 550 𝑊

Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the

primary side, and sketch that circuit.
What is the rated efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer at 0.8
p.f. lagging.
[Ans: 𝑅𝑐 = 290.14 𝑘Ω, 𝑋𝑚 = 28.5 𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑒𝑞1 = 34.39 Ω, 𝑋𝑒𝑞1 = 152.07 Ω,
97.3 %, 4.15 % ]
2) A 150 kVA, 2400/240 V, Yd-connected, 50 Hz transformer has the
following parameters:
𝑅1 = 0.2 Ω 𝑅2 = 0.002 Ω 𝑅𝑐 = 10000 Ω
𝑋1 = 0.45Ω 𝑋2 = 0.0045 Ω 𝑋𝑚 = 1550 Ω

Refer the circuit to the primary. From the exact equivalent circuit,
calculate the primary voltage of the transformer at rated load with 0.8
p.f. lagging.
Determine the voltage regulation of the transformer at these conditions.
[Ans: 2436.64 V, 1.53 %]
3) A three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 000/440 V, 500 kVA distribution
transformer whose copper and iron core losses at full load are 4.5 kW
and 3.5 kW respectively, has the following load cycle over a 24 hour
period. Determine its all-day efficiency.

No. of Hours Loading Power factor

6 100% 0.80
10 80% 0.75
4 25% 0.80
4 0% -

[Ans: 97.6 %]
Assignment
4) A 20 MVA distribution transformer has half-load efficiency at 0.85
p.f. of 92%. The copper loss is twice the iron core loss. Calculate the
operational efficiency of the transformer for the following 24 hour load
cycle for unity p.f.
No. of Hours Loading
5 75%
2 0%
7 130%
10 50%

[Ans: 90 %]
 The Per-unit System
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
• Per − unit quantity ሺp. u. ) = . The base or reference
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
quantities are the base voltage (Vbase) and base power (Sbase).

Advantages of p.u. system

(1) By properly specifying base quantities, the transformer equivalent
circuit can be simplified. The ideal transformer winding can be
eliminated, such that voltages, currents, and external impedances
and admittances expressed in p.u. do not change when they are
referred from one side of the transformer to the other.
(2) P.u. impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie
within a narrow numerical range when the equipment ratings are
used as base values. As a result, p.u. impedance data can be
checked rapidly for gross errors by someone familiar with p.u.
quantities.
 The Per-unit System
BASE QUANTITIES
• For balanced 3-phase systems, base values can be selected either on a per-phase
basis or on a three-phase basis
• Select a common Sbase for the power system,
• Select the rated phase voltages on each side of the transformer as the base
voltages, i.e. VbaseH and VbaseL ,
• The other base values are determined as follows:
2
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = , 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = , 𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

• To convert a p.u. impedance from “old” to “new” base values, use the relation:
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒ሺ𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒ሺ𝑛𝑒𝑤)
𝑍𝑝𝑢ሺ𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍𝑝𝑢ሺ𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒ሺ𝑛𝑒𝑤) 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒ሺ𝑜𝑙𝑑)
 Parallel operation of Transformers

Why Parallel Operation?

(1) Several transformers can supply a bigger load than one machine by
itself
(2) Having many transformers increases the reliability of the power
system, since the failure of any one of them does not cause a total
power loss to the load, i.e. continuity of supply
(3) Having many transformers operating in parallel allows one or more
of them to be removed for shutdown and preventive maintenance
 Parallel operation of Transformers

Assignment:

(1) Under what conditions are two or more single-phase transformers

be able to operate in parallel?
(2) Evaluate the load sharing and calculate the circulating current when
two single-phase transformers operate in parallel when the
transformers have:
(a) Equal voltage ratios
(b) Different voltage ratios
 Three phase Transformers

Conditions necessary for Parallel Operation:

(1) Voltage ratios must be the same, i.e. same primary and secondary
voltages
(2) The phase shift must be identical, i.e. the transformers must belong
to the same vector group
(3) The phase sequence must be the same
(4) Impedances must be nearly the same
 Three phase Transformers

Procedure for Paralleling Three-phase Transformers:

(1) Connect both primaries to same supply

(2) Connect only one of the secondary phases of each transformer
(3) Both voltmeters must read close to zero volts
(4) Only then is it safe to connect the other two phases together.
Load Sharing for Transformers in parallel
Practice Questions

1) A load of 500 kVA at 0.8 p.f. lagging is to be shared by two 3-phase

transformers A and B of equal ratings. If the equivalent impedances
as referred to secondary are (2 + j6)Ω for A and (2 + j5)Ω for B,
calculate the load supplied by each transformer.

[Ans: 230 − 38.7° kVA, 270.2 − 35.3° kVA ]

2) Two 3-phase transformers A and B having the same no-load line
voltage ratio 6600/400 V supply a load of 750 kVA at 0.707 lagging
when operating in parallel. The rating of A is 500 kVA; its resistance
is 2 % and reactance 3 %. The corresponding values for B are 250
kVA, 1.5 % and 4 % respectively. Assuming that both transformers
have star-connected secondary windings, calculate:

(a) The load supplied by each transformer

(b) The power factor at which each transformer is working
(c) The secondary line voltage of the parallel circuit.

[Ans: (a) 530.3 − 41.1° kVA, 223.8 − 54.3° kVA (b) 0.753 lag, 0.584
lag (c) 385.2 V ]
Tutorial
Class Practice
1) A 2000 kVA, 6600/400 V, Yd-connected, three-phase transformer
produced the following test results.

Short-circuit test (on HV side):

𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 400 𝑉 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 175 𝐴 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 17 𝑘𝑊
Open-circuit test (on LV side):
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 400 𝑉 𝐼𝑜𝑐 = 150 𝐴 𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 15 𝑘𝑊

Determine its %resistance, %reactance, %impedance, %regulation and

%efficiency on full load and 0.8 p.f. leading.

[Ans: 0.85 %, 6.0 %, 6.06 %, -2.92 %, 98.04 %]

2) A single-phase power system is shown in figure below. The power source feeds a
100 kVA, 14/2.4 kV transformer through a feeder impedance of 38.2 + j140 Ω. The
transformer’s equivalent series impedance referred to its LV side is 0.12 + j0.5 Ω.
The load on the transformer is 90 kW at 0.85 pf lagging and 2300 V.

Evaluate the performance of this power system by determining:

a) The voltage at the power source
b) The voltage regulation of the transformer
c) The efficiency of the system

[Ans: (a) 14.413.8° kV (b) 0.73 % (c) 97.4 %]

Thank You

End of Module