Standard Method of Test for

Flexural Strength of Concrete

(Using Simple Beam with Third-
Point Loading)

AASHTO Designation: T 97-18

Technically Revised: 2018 Editorially Revised: 2021

Technical Subcommittee: 3c, Hardened Concrete

ASTM Designation: C78/C78M-16

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

555 12th Street NW, Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20004

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 Standard Method of Test for

Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using

Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
AASHTO Designation: T 97-18
Technically Revised: 2018 Editorially Revised: 2021

Technical Subcommittee: 3c, Hardened Concrete

ASTM Designation: C78/C78M-16

1. SCOPE
1.1. This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of concrete by the use of a simple
beam with third-point loading.

1.2. The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in
nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1—For methods of molding concrete specimens, see R 39 and R 100.

1.3. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.4. The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the
personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the
equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of R 18 are generally considered capable of
competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that
compliance with R 18 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend
on many factors; following the suggestions of R 18 or some similar acceptable guideline provides
a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1. AASHTO Standards:
 R 18, Establishing and Implementing a Quality Management System for Construction
Materials Testing Laboratories
 R 39, Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
 R100, Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
 T 24M/T 24, Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
 T 231, Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

2.2. ASTM Standards:

TS-3c T 97-1 AASHTO

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  C670, Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for
Construction Materials
 E4, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

3.1. This test method is used to determine the flexural strength of specimens prepared and cured in
accordance with T 24M/T 24, R 39, or R 100. Results are calculated and reported as the modulus
of rupture. The strength determined will vary where there are differences in specimen size,
preparation, moisture condition, curing, or where the beam has been molded or sawed to size.
Note 2—The measured modulus of rupture generally increases as the specimen size
decreases. 1,2,3
The result of this test method may be used to determine compliance with specifications or as a
basis for proportioning, mixing, and placement operations. It is used in testing concrete for
construction of slabs and pavements.

4. APPARATUS
4.1. Testing Machine––The testing machine shall conform to the requirements of sections on Basis of
Verifications, Corrections, and Time Interval between Verification of ASTM E4. Hand-operated
testing machines having pumps that do not provide a continuous loading in one stroke are not
permitted. Motorized pumps or hand-operated positive displacement pumps having sufficient
volume in one continuous stroke to complete a test without requiring replenishment are permitted
and shall be capable of applying loads at a uniform rate without shock or interruption. The testing
machine shall be equipped with a means of recording or holding the peak value that will indicate
the maximum load, to within 1 percent accuracy, applied to the specimen during a test.

4.2. Loading Apparatus—The third-point loading method shall be used in making flexure tests of
concrete employing bearing blocks, which will ensure that forces applied to the beam will be
perpendicular to the face of the specimen and applied without eccentricity. A diagram of an
apparatus that accomplishes this purpose is shown in Figure 1.

TS-3c T 97-2 AASHTO

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 Head of
Testing Machine Optional Positions for
One Steel Rod and
One Steel Ball
Steel Ball
25 mm min 25 mm min

Load-Applying
d = L/3

Specimen and Support Blocks

Steel Ball

Steel Rod Rigid Loading Structure or,

if it is a loading accessory,
Steel Plate or Channel
Bed of L/3 L/3 L/3
Testing Machine Span Length, L
Notes:
1 in. = 25.4 mm.
This apparatus may be used inverted. If the testing machine applies force through a spherically seated head, the center pivot may be
omitted, provided one load-applying block pivots on a rod and the other on a ball.

Figure 1—Diagrammatic View of a Suitable Apparatus for Flexure Test of Concrete by Third-Point
Loading Method

4.2.1. All apparatus for making flexure tests of concrete should be capable of maintaining the specified
span length and distances between load-applying blocks and support blocks constant within
±1.3 mm (±0.05 in.).

4.2.2. The ratio of the horizontal distance between the point of application of the load and the point of
application of the nearest reaction to the depth of the beam shall be 1.0 ± 0.03.

4.2.3. If an apparatus similar to that illustrated in Figure 1 is used:

4.2.3.1. The load-applying and support blocks should not be more than 64 mm (21/2 in.) high, measured
from the center or the axis of pivot, and should extend entirely across or beyond the full width of
the specimen. Each case-hardened bearing surface in contact with the specimen shall not depart
from a plane by more than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) and should be a portion of a cylinder, the axis of
which is coincidental with either the axis of the rod or center of the ball, whichever the block is
pivoted upon. The angle subtended by the curved surface of each block should be at least 45
degrees (0.79 rad).

4.2.3.2. The load-applying and support blocks should be maintained in a vertical position and in contact
with the rod or ball by means of spring-loaded screws that hold them in contact with the pivot rod
or ball.

4.2.3.3. The uppermost bearing plate and centerpoint ball in Figure 1 may be omitted when a spherically
seated bearing block is used, provided one rod and one ball are used as pivots for the upper load-
applying blocks.

5. TEST SPECIMENS
5.1. The test specimen shall conform to all requirements of T 24M/T 24, R 39, and R 100. The
specimen shall have a test span within 2 percent of being three times its depth as tested. The sides

TS-3c T 97-3 AASHTO

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 of the specimen shall be at right angles with the top and bottom. All surfaces shall be smooth and
free of scars, indentations, holes, or inscribed identification marks.

5.2. Provided the smaller cross-sectional dimension of the beam is at least three times the nominal
maximum size of the coarse aggregate, the modulus of rupture can be determined using different
specimen sizes. However, measured modulus of rupture generally increases as the specimen size
decreases1,2,3 (Note 3).
Note 3—The strength ratio for beams of different sizes depends primarily on the maximum size
of aggregate.3 Experimental data obtained in two different studies have shown that for maximum
aggregate size between 19.0 and 25.0 mm (3/4 and 1 in.), the ratio between the modulus of rupture
determined with a 152 by 152 mm (6 by 6 in.) and a 100 by 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) may vary from
0.90 to 1.071 for maximum aggregate size between 9.5 and 37.5 mm (3/8 and 11/2 in.), the ratio
between the modulus of rupture determined with a 152 by 152 mm (6 by 6 in.) and a 115 by
115 mm (4.5 by 4.5 in.) may vary from 0.86 to 1.00.2

5.3. The specifier of tests shall specify the specimen size and number of specimens to be tested to
obtain an average test result.

5.4. Since the modulus of rupture of a 100- by 100- by 355-mm (4- by 4- by 14-in.) specimen is not
equivalent to the modulus of rupture of a 152- by 152- by 533-mm (6- by 6- by 21-in.) specimen,
the same specimen size shall be used for qualification and acceptance testing.

6. PROCEDURE
6.1. Moist-cured specimens shall be kept moist during the period between removal from moist storage
and testing (Notes 4 and 5).
Note 4—Surface drying of the specimen results in a reduction in the measured flexural strength.
Note 5—Methods for keeping the specimen moist include wrapping in moist fabric or matting, or
keeping specimens under lime water in containers near the flexural testing machine until time of
testing.

6.2. When using molded specimens, turn the test specimen on its side with respect to its position as
molded and center it on the support blocks. When using sawed specimens, position the specimen
so that the tension face corresponds to the top or bottom of the specimen as cut from the parent
material.

6.2.1. Center the loading system in relation to the applied force. Bring the load-applying blocks in
contact with the surface of the specimen at the third points and apply a load of between 3 and
6 percent of the estimated ultimate load.

6.2.2. Using 0.10-mm (0.004-in.) and 0.38-mm (0.015-in.) leaf-type feeler gauges, determine whether
any gap between the specimen and the load-applying or support blocks is greater or lesser than
each of the gauges over a length of 25 mm (1 in.) or more. Grind, cap, or use leather shims on the
specimen contact surface to eliminate any gap in excess of 0.10 mm (0.004 in.) in width. Leather
shims shall be of uniform 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) thickness, 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 in.) width, and shall
extend across the full width of the specimen. Gaps in excess of 0.38 mm (0.015 in.) shall be
eliminated only by capping or grinding. Grinding of lateral surfaces should be minimized in as
much as grinding may change the physical characteristics of the specimens. Capping shall be in
accordance with T 231.

6.3. Load the specimen continuously and without shock. The load shall be applied at a constant rate to
the breaking point. Apply a load at a rate that constantly increases the maximum stress on the
tension face between 0.9 and 1.2 MPa/min (125 and 175 psi), until rupture occurs. The loading
rate is calculated using the following equation:

TS-3c T 97-4 AASHTO

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 r = Sbd 2/L (1)
where:
r = loading rate, N/min (lb/min);
S = rate of increase in extreme fiber stress, MPa/min (psi/min);
b = average width of specimen mm (in.);
d = average depth of specimen mm (in.); and
L = span length, mm (in.).

7. MEASUREMENT OF SPECIMENS AFTER TEST

7.1. To determine the dimensions of the specimen cross section for use in calculating modulus of
rupture, take measurements across one of the fractured faces after testing. The width and depth
are measured with the specimen as oriented for testing. For each dimension, take one measurement
at each edge and one at the center of the cross section. Use the three measurements for each
direction to determine the average width and the average depth. Take all measurements to the
nearest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.). If the fracture occurs at a capped section, include the cap thickness in
the measurement.

8. CALCULATIONS
8.1. If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle third of the span length, calculate
the modulus of rupture as follows:
R  Pl bd 2 (2)
where:
R = modulus of rupture, kPa (psi);
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, N (lbf);
l = span length, mm (in.);
b = average width of specimen mm (in.); and
d = average depth of specimen mm (in.).

Note 6—The weight of the beam is not included in the above calculation.

8.2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span length by not
more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R  3Pa bd 2 (3)
where:
a = average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support measured on the tension
surface of the beam, mm (in.).
See Note 6.

8.3. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span length by more
than 5 percent of the span length, discard the results of the test.

9. REPORT
9.1. The report shall include the following:

TS-3c T 97-5 AASHTO

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 9.1.1. Identification number;

9.1.2. Average width to the nearest 1 mm (0.05 in.);

9.1.3. Average depth to the nearest 1 mm (0.05 in.);

9.1.4. Span length in millimeters (inches);

9.1.5. Maximum applied load in newtons (pounds-force);

9.1.6. Modulus of rupture calculated to the nearest 0.05 MPa (5 psi);

9.1.7. Curing history and apparent moisture condition of the specimens at the time of test;

9.1.8. If specimens were capped, ground, or if leather shims were used;

9.1.9. If specimens were sawed or molded and any defects in the specimens; and

9.1.10. Age of specimens.

10. PRECISION AND BIAS

10.1. Precision:

10.1.1. Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator standard deviation has been found to be

0.26 MPa (38 psi) and to be independent of beam size used in the ILS. Therefore, the modulus of
rupture from two properly conducted individual determinations by the same operator on the same
material (batch of concrete), using the same size specimen, is not expected to differ by more than
0.73 MPa (106 psi).
Note 7—This number represents the difference limit (d2s) as described in ASTM C670.

10.1.2. Multi-Laboratory Precision—The multilaboratory coefficient of variation has been found to be as

shown in the third column of Table 1. The coefficient of variation was found to be similar for both
specimen sizes used in the ILS for modulus of rupture between 4.1 and 5.5 MPa (600 and 800 psi).
A higher multilaboratory coefficient of variation was observed for beams of width of 100 mm
(4 in.) with modulus of rupture greater than 6.9 MPa (1000 psi). Therefore, the modulus of rupture
from two properly conducted tests (Note 8) by two different laboratories on specimens of the same
material (batch of concrete) and beam size used in the ILS are not expected to differ from each
other by more than the value in the fourth column of Table 1. The acceptable difference between
two test results is expressed as a percentage of their average.

Table 1—Multilaboratory Precision

Acceptable Difference
Modulus of Rupture, Coefficient of between Two Test Results
Beam Depth, in. (mm) psi (MPa) Variation (percentage of their average)a
100 mm (4 in.) 4.1 to 5.5 MPa (600 to 800 psi) 6.1% 17.1%
100 mm (4 in.) 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) 11.4% 31.8%
152 mm (6 in.) 4.1 to 6.9 MPa (600 to 1000 psi) 6.7% 19.3%
a
These numbers represents the difference limit (d2s%) as described in ASTM C670.

Note 8—The precision of this test method was determined from an interlaboratory study
conducted in 2016. The study involved three concrete mixtures with modulus of rupture values of

TS-3c T 97-6 AASHTO

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 approximately 4.1 MPa (600 psi), 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 6.9 MPa (1000 psi). Two different beam
sizes were used: 100 by 100 by 355 mm (4 by 4 by 14 in.) and 152 by 152 by 533 mm (6 by 6 by
21 in.). A “test result” represents three individual determinations that were conducted for each test
condition. The number of laboratories used for the precision determination varied from 10 to 17
depending on the concrete mixture and beam size. The data used to develop the precision
statement were obtained using the inch-pound version of this test method. The precision indexes
shown in SI units are exact conversions of the values in inch-pound units. Supporting data have
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research
Report RR: C09-10504.
Note 9—The results for each test condition (specimen size and concrete strength) include data
from three to five laboratories that used hand-operated testing machines with paper charts for
reading the ultimate force. For the 100-mm (4-in.) deep beams, these machines showed
significantly higher single-operator variability in mixtures with strengths between 4.1 to 5.5 MPa
(600 and 800 psi), as well as higher multilaboratory variability in all mixtures. For the 150-mm
(6-in.) deep beams, these machines showed a higher variability only in mixture with flexural
strength of approximately 6.9 MPa (1000 psi). Refer to RR: C09-1050 4 (Appendix J) for a
discussion of possible reasons why these machines may have resulted in higher variability.

10.2. BiasBecause there is no accepted standard for determining bias in this test method, no statement
on bias is made.

11. KEYWORDS
11.1. Concrete; flexure strength; third-point loading.

1
Tanesi, J., A. Ardani, and J. Leavitt. Reducing the Specimen Size of Concrete Flexural Strength Test (AASHTO
T 97) for Safety and Ease of Handling. In Transportation Research Record No. 2342. TRB, National Research
Council, Washington, DC, 2013, pp. 99–105.
2
Carrasquillo, P. M. and R. L. Carrasquillo. Improved Concrete Quality Control Procedures Using Third Point
Loading. Research Report 119-1F, Project 3-9-87-1119. Center for Transportation Research, The University of
Texas at Austin, November 1987.
3
Bazant, Z. and D. Novak. Proposal for Standard Test of Modulus of Rupture of Concrete with its Size Dependence.
In ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 98, No. 1, January–February 2001. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, pp. 79–87.
4
For a copy of the draft Research Report, RR: C09-1050, please contact ResearchReports@astm.org.

TS-3c T 97-7 AASHTO

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