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Freshwater algae of Sikkim

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J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 89 (1 & 2) 2010 : 169-184

FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM

S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY*

P. G. Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004, Orissa
* Centre for Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Shantiniketan-731235, West Bengal

A total of 50 algal taxa were reported from the waterfalls, streams and a mountain lake of Sikkim. These include
19 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria), 17 Chlorophyta and 14 Bacillariophyta species. Among these 15 species were reported
for the first time from India.

Key words: Algae, Freshwater, Sikkim, Systematic enumeration.

Himalayas has a number of mountain
streams, waterfalls and few large water bodies
of which Changu lake at 12,405 ft. altitude is
important. The entire region showed temperate
climatic regime during most parts of the year
with the maximum and minimum temperature
varying from sub-zero to 22 ºC and the annual
rainfall reaching up to 3000 mm with a peak of
almost 1500 mm during July-August. The algal
forms occurring in various water bodies of this
typical location in the eastern Himalayan region
has not yet been studied though few almost
similar habitats e.g. Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and Kumaun region of
Western Himalayas have been surveyed (Nautial
et al. 1995, 1996, 1997, Anand and Sharma
1998, Kant and Vohra 1999, Habib and
Chaturvedi 1999, 2000, 2001, Habib 2002,
Mishra et al. 2007). Hence freshwater algae from
several locations of Sikkim was collected in a
convenient season and documented.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Algal samples were collected soon after
monsoon during the month of September 2008
from freshwater bodies e.g. streams and
waterfalls at six different locations including the
high mountain Changu lake. Details of the
collection sites, the pH and temperature of the
water of each site at the time of collection and
the voucher numbers are given in Table-1.
Samples were collected using forcep and needle
and/or a plankton net (45 µm pore size) and
stored in a pre-sterilized specimen bottles.
Epilithic samples were scraped using a tooth
brush. These were fixed with Lugol’s Iodine on
spot and brought to the laboratory for analysis.
Cell measurement was carried out using ocular
and stage micrometers and microphotograph of
each specimen was taken using a Meiji ML-TH-
O5 Trinocular research microscope fitted with
Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera. The samples
were then preserved in formaldehyde (4 % v/v)
and deposited at the Department of Botany, Utkal
University, Bhubaneswar. The organisms were
identified following monographs for various
algal groups (Kützing 1865, Turner 1892, Geitler
1925, Huber-Pestalozzi 1942, Desikachary
1959, 1989, Randhawa 1959, Ramanathan 1964,
Philipose 1967, Gonzalves 1981, Gärtner 1995,
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, 2005) and
research publications (Diel 1975, Asoka Kumar
and Patel 1990, Prasad and Srivastava 1992,
Kant and Gupta 1998, Zheng-Yu and Lie-Ju
1998, Mishra and Srivastava 2003, 2005,
Skácelová 2006, Mishra et al. 2008).
RESULTS
Systematic enumeration of Taxa

Received on September 12, 2009 Accepted on April 2, 2010

170
Division- Cyanophyta (Cyanoprokaryota/
Cyanobacteria)
Order – Chroococcales
Family – Synechococcaceae
Genus – Aphanothece Nägeli
1. Aphanothece saxicola Nägeli (Pl. 1, Fig. 1)
Synonym - Aphanothece subachroa Hansgirg
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, p. 82, fig. 69
a Genus – Chamaesiphon Braun et Grünow in
Thallus mucilaginous, colorless, cells oval
to cylindrical with rounded ends, 2-3 µm broad
and 5 µm long, single, cell content light blue
green.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat –
Waterfall, biofilm on moist rock; Temperature -
20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number – 1801; Date
of collection - 14.09.2008.
Distribution in Himalayan region – Dal lake,
Jammu & Kashmir (Subba Raju 1963).
Family - Microcystaceae
Genus – Gloeocapsa Kützing
2. Gloeocapsa gelatinosa (Meneghini)
Kützing (Pl. 1, Fig. 2)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, p. 239, fig.
308
Colonies micro, later macroscopic, olive
green, composed from aggregated subcoloneis,
mucilaginous envelop not very wide, colorless,
enveloping solitary cells or groups of cells,
intensely stratified, cells spherical, blue green,
3-5 µm diameter.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat -
Waterfall, epilithic on moist rock; Temperature
- 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number 1801; Date
of collection - 14.09.2008.
3. Gloeocapsa kützingiana Nägeli (Pl. 1, Fig.
3)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, p. 258, fig.
335
Colonies microscopic, irregular, mucilaginous,
cells spherical or ellipsoidal, 3 µm in diameter,
enveloped by wide mucilaginous sheath
FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM
Place of collection - On way to Pastanga;
Habitat - Down stream of waterfall, green,
epilithic biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7;
Voucher number - 1805; Date of collection:
14.09.2008.
Family – Chamaesiphonaceae
Rabenhorst
4. Chamaesiphon confervicola var. elongatus
(Nordstedt) Kann (Pl. 1, Fig. 4)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, p. 381, fig.
498
Thallus greyish green, cells solitary or in a
group; sometimes parallel to each other or more
aggregated in a group, more or less club shaped
or almost cylindrical, slightly curved, rounded
at the apex, clearly narrowed to the bluntly
pointed base, usually withdrawn from the base
of pseudovagina; cell 35-55 µm long, 4.2-6 µm
without pseudovagina and up to 10 µm broad
with pseudovagina.
Place of collection – Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, green epilithic thick mat; Temperature
- 18oC; pH – 6.8; Voucher number - 1784; Date
of collection - 12.09.2008.
Family – Xenococcaceae
Genus – Chroococcidiopsis Geitler
5. Chroococcidiopsis kashayi Friedmann (Pl.
1, Fig. 5)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998, p. 423, fig.
553
Cells in a group, more or less spherical,
colony spherical, enveloped by sheath, cells 3
µm broad, 4 µm long, colony 21 µm in diameter.
Place of collection - Banjhagri; Habitat –
Waterfall, bluish green to grey green, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 22oC; pH - 6; Voucher
number – 1793, Date of collection - 13.09.2008.
Order – Oscillatoriales
Family – Phormidiaceae
Genus – Phormidium Kützing ex Gomont
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY
6. Phormidium articulatum (Gardner)
Anagnostidis et Komárek (Pl. 1, Fig. 6)
Basionym – Osciillatoria articulata Gardner
Synonym - Osciillatoria articulata Gardner,
Oscillatoria grunowiana var. articulata
(Gardner) Drouet
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 439, fig.
639
Thin, blue green trichome, solitary, sheath
thin, 6.8 µm broad, unconstricted at the cross
walls, not att enuated at the end, cells
isodiametric, 1.2-3 µm long.
Habitat – Floating and epilithic in Changu
lake; Temperat ure – 9.5 oC; pH – 6.7;
Transparency- 1 metre; Voucher number – 1828;
Date of collection – 12.09.2008.
7. Phormidium favosum Gomont ex Gomont
(Pl. 1, Fig. 7)
(Basionym – Oscillatoria favosa Bory)
(Synonym - Oscillatoria favosa Bory)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 473, fig.
708: a, d
Thallus blue green, sheath absent, not
constricted, cross walls coarsely granulated,
slightly attenuated to the end, capitate; cells
slightly longer than broad, 5 µm broad and 3.75
µm long, apical cell capitate with obtuse conical,
nearly hemispherical calyptra.
Place of collection - Kyongnosola; Habitat -
Down stream of waterfall, bluish green patch
attached to rock surface; Temperature - 14oC;
pH – 6; Voucher number – 1789; Date of
collection - 12.09.2008.
8. Phormidium granulatum (Gardner)
Anagnostidis (Pl. 1, Fig.8)
Basionym – Oscillatoria granulata Gardner
Synonym - Oscillatoria granulata Gardner,
Tychonema granulatum (Gardner) Anagnostidis
et Komárek
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 439, fig.
640
Trichome solitary, slightly curved towards
apex, cross wall not constricted, cells ±
isodimetric or broader than long, 4.5 µm broad,
171
3.6 µm long, distinctly granulated cross walls,
rounded cell apices, not attenuated, not capitate.
Place of collection – Hanuman tok; Habitat
- Down stream of waterfall, filamentous mat;
Temperature - 18oC; pH-6.8; Voucher number –
1780; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
9. Phormidium retzii (Agardh) Gomont ex
Gomont (Pl. 1, Fig. 9)
Basionym – Oscillatoria retzii Agardh
Synonym - Oscillatoria retzii Agardh,
Conferva retzii (Agardh) Sommerfelt,
Phormidium retzii (Agardh) Küt zing,
Microcoleus retzii (Agardh) Rabenhorst,
Lyngbya retzii (Agardh) Hansgirg
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 454, fig.
666
Thallus bright blue green, filaments straight,
sheath diffluent, trichome bright to dark blue
green, 5.7 µm broad, mostly unconstricted, rarely
slight ly const rict ed at the ungranulat ed
crosswalls, not attenuated at the ends, cells
isodiametric or slightly shorter or longer than
wide, 2.8-3.8 µm long, apical cell attenuated,
obtuse-rounded or truncate with thin outer cell
wall, without calyptra.
Place of collection - Kyongnosola; Habitat -
Down stream of waterfall, bluish green patch
attached to rock surface; Temperature - 14oC;
pH – 6; Voucher number – 1789; Date of
collection - 12.09.2008.
Family – Oscillatoriaceae
Genus – Lyngbya Agardh ex Gomont
10. Lyngbya truncicola Ghose (Pl.1, Fig. 10)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 618, fig. 937
Thallus dirty blue green, filament straight, sheath
not lamillated, trichomes cylindrical, blue green,
10-11 µm wide, not const rict ed at t he
ungranulated cross walls, not attenuated, cells
broader than long, 3-5.8 µm long, 14 µm broad,
apical cell rounded, without calyptra.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat –
Waterfall, epilithic biofilm; Temperature - 20oC;
pH - 6.7; Voucher number – 1804; Date of
172 FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM

Table 1: Collection sites, altitude, latitude and longitude, temperature and pH of the collection sites and the voucher
number of specimens.

Sl. Place of collection Altitude Latitude and Longitude Tempe- pH Voucher numbers
no. (ft) rature
(°C)

1 Banjhagri waterfall 5826 27º 21' 06.5"N88º 36' 43.2"E 22 6 1792, 1793
2 On the way to Pastanga 4357 27º 16' 54.6"N88º 35' 54.4"E 20 6.7 1805, 1806, 1808,
1809, 1811
3 Pastanga waterfall 4535 27º 16' 55.2"N88º 38' 30.0"E 20 6.7 1800, 1801, 1804
4 Hanuman tok 6435 27º 20' 43.6"N88º 37' 59.4"E 18 6.8 1780, 1781, 1782,
1783, 1784
5 Kyongnosola waterfall 8394 27º 22' 20.3"N88º 40' 33.2"E 14 6 1755,1787,1789
6 Changu lake 12405 27º 22' 30.3"N88º 45' 30.0"E 9.5 6.7 1828,1832

collection - 14.09.2008. Genus – Microchaete Thuret

Family – Ammatoideaceae 13. Microchaete uberrima Carter (Pl. 1, Fig. 13)

Genus – Homoeothrix (Thuret ex Bornet et
Flahault) Kirchner
11. Homoeothrix varians Geitler (Pl. 1, Fig. 11)
Komárek and Anagnostidis 2005, p. 265, fig. 353
Filaments in cluster, trichome unbranched, erect,
thin sheathed, cells discoid, as long as broad,
2.5 µm broad.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat –
Down stream of waterfall, epilithic biofilm;
Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number
– 1800; Date of collection - 14.09.2008.
Mishra and Srivastava 2005, p. 71, pl. 2, fig. 15
Thallus blue green, filamentous, elongated,
cylindrical, sheathed, matured cells cylindrical,
young cells sub quadrate, cells 10 µm broad and
13.2 µm long.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, green epilithic mat; Temperature -
18oC; pH - 6.8; Voucher number – 1784; Date
of collection – 12.09.08
Family – Rivulariaceae
Genus – Dichothrix Zanardini

Order – Nostocales 14. Dichothrix fusca Fritsch (Pl. 1, Fig. 14)

Family – Scytonemataceae
Genus – Scytonema Agardh
12. Scytonema pseudohofmanni Bharadwaja
(Pl. 1, Fig. 12) Desikachary 1959, p. 478, pl. 94,
fig. 2
Thallus pale green, filament 8.5 µm broad,
irregularly curved, pseudobranched, trichome 3
µm broad, heterocyst single, spherical.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat –
Waterfall, epilithic biofilm; Temperature - 20oC;
pH - 6.7; Voucher number – 1804; Date of
collection - 14.09.2008.
Family – Microchaetaceae
Desikachary 1959, p. 546, pl. 108, figs. 1-3
Thallus blackish blue green, filamentous,
pseudobranched, cushion like or pulvinate,
filaments sub dichotomously false branched,
sheathed, 12 µm broad, cells broader than long,
5 µm long, many trichomes often in a common
sheath at the base of the false branches;
heterocyst basal, trichome with hormogones,
trichome not ended with a hair.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat -
Down stream of waterfall, bluish green patch
attached to rock surface; Temperature - 20oC;
pH – 6.7; Voucher number - 1801; Date of
collection - 14.09.2008.
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY 173

Plate-1:1.Aphanothece saxicola 2.Gloeocapsa gelatinosa 3.Gloeocapsa kützingiana 4. Chamaesiphon confervicola

var. elongatus 5. Chroococcidiopsis kashayi 6. Phormidium articulatum 7. Phormidium favosum 8. Phormidium
granulatum 9. Phormidium retzii 10. Lyngbya truncicola 11. Homoeothrix varians 12. Scytonema pseudohofmanni
13. Microchaete uberrima 14. Dichothrix fusca 15. Dichothrix ledereri 16. Dichothrix spiralis 17. Aulosira fertilissima
var. tenuis 18. Nostoc commune 19. Dichothrix orsiniana.
Scale- Figs.1-3, 5-11,13, 15,16,18 &19 =10µm; Figs. 4, 12, 16 = 20µm; Fig. 17 = 50µm.
174
15. Dichothrix ledereri Skácelová (Pl. 1, Fig.
15) Skácelová 2006, p. 7, fig. 32 D
Filaments form clusters, basal cells wider
than the following cells,12 µm broad, apical cells
prolonged, 3.32 µm broad, constriction between
the cells found only at the base of older filament,
cell content homogenous and pale blue green;
heterocyst basal, one at base, ellipsoid to rotund
form, 10 µm broad and 6.7 µm long.
Place of collection - On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Stream, green filamentous mat;
Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number
– 1809; Date of collection - 14.09.2008.
16. Dichothrix orsiniana (Kützing) Bornet et
Flahault (Pl. 1, Fig. 19) Desikachary 1959, p.
548, pl.107, fig. 4
Thallus penicillate, gelatinous, false
branched, erect, sheath close to the trichome,
thick, brownish, trichome 6.7 µm broad, cells
shorter than broad, gradually attenuated,
heterocyst basal, sub cylindrical, cells 3.33 µm
long.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat - Down
stream of waterfall; bluish green patch attached
to rock surface; Temperature - 20oC; pH – 6.7;
Voucher number - 1801; Date of collection -
14.09.2008.
17. Dichothrix spiralis Fritsch (Pl. 1, Fig. 16)
Geitler 1925, p. 216, fig. 258
Thallus bluish green, filamentous, pseudo
branched, cushion like (Pulvinate); filaments sub
dichotomously false branched, sheathed, 9-12
µm broad, cells 6 µm long, heterocyst basal.
Place of collection - On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Stream, green filamentous mat;
Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number
– 1809; Date of collection - 14.09.2008.
Family – Nostocaceae
Genus – Aulosira Kirchner
18. Aulosira fertilissima Ghose var. tenuis Rao
(Pl. 1, Fig. 17) Desikachary 1959, p. 431, pl. 80,
FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM
figs. 2-5
Filament straight or little flexuous, sheathed,
7.5-8.5 µm wide, trichome blue green, cells
cylindrical, longer than broad in young filaments,
4 µm broad and 12.5 µm long; in older filament
the cells barrel shaped and contains granules;
sheathed at first gelatinous and hyaline, later firm
and brown; heterocyst intercalary, oblong, 5-7
µm broad and 12-15 µm long.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat -
Down stream of waterfall; bluish green patch
attached to rock surface; Temperature - 20oC;
pH – 6.7; Voucher number - 1800; Date of
collection - 14.09.2008.
Family – Nostocaceae
Genus – Nostoc Vaucher
19. Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et
Flahault (Pl. 1, Fig. 18) Synonym - Nostoc
kutzingianum Zeller, Nostocella communis
(Vaucher) Gaillon, Tremella nostoc Linnaeus
Desikachary 1959, p. 387, pl. 68, fig. 3
Thallus bluish green, ovate, gelatinous;
filaments flexuous, entangled; sheath mostly
distinct at periphery, thick, yellowish brown,
lamellate, trichome 2 µm broad, cells nearly
spherical, isodiametric, heterocyst spherical.
Place of collection - Pastanga, Sikkim;
Habitat – Waterfall, bluish green patch on rock;
Temperature - 20oC; pH – 6.7; Voucher number
– 1800; Date of collection - 14.09.2008.
Division- Chlorophyta
Order – Ulotrichales
Family – Ulotrichaceae
Genus – Ulothrix Kützing
20. Ulothrix tenuissima Kützing (Pl. 2, Fig. 1)
Synonym - Ulothrix tenuis Kützing Prasad and
Srivastava 1992, p. 45, pl. 6, fig. 8
Filament long, uniseriate, not constricted at
cross walls, cells broader than long, 11 µm wide
and 6µm long, cell wall thin, plane, chloroplast
parietal, encircling two third or more of the cell
width.
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY 175

Table-2: Distribution of algae in different habitats of Sikkim, India.

Sl. Organisms Habitat

No. Waterfall Stream Lake

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)
1 Aphanothece saxicola + - -
2 Gloeocapsa gelatinosa + - -
3 Gloeocapsa kützingiana - + -
4 Chamaesiphon confervicola var. elongatus* - + -
5 Chroococcidiopsis kashayi + - -
6 Phormidium articulatum* - - +
7 Phormidium favosum - + -
8 Phormidium granulatum* - + -
9 Phormidium retzii - + -
10 Lyngbya truncicola + - -
11 Homoeothrix varians* - + -
12 Scytonema pseudohofmanni + - -
13 Microchaete uberrima - + -
14 Dichothrix fusca - + -
15 Dichothrix ledereri* - + -
16 Dichothrix orsiniana - + -
17 Dichothrix spiralis* - + -
18 Aulosira fertilissima var. tenuis - + -
19 Nostoc commune + - -
Chlorophyta
20 Ulothrix tenuissima - + -
21 Microspora indica - + -
22 Oedogonium chaetophorum var. chaetophorum* - + -
23 Oedogonium pisanum - + -
24 Oedogonium wyliei - + -
25 Ecballocystopsis dichotomus* + - -
26 Botryococcus protuberans + - -
27 Leptosira mediciana - + -
28 Phycopeltis epiphyton* - + -
29 Spirogyra affinis - + -
30 Spirogyra esthonica* - + -
31 Spirogyra maravillosa - + -
32 Cosmarium decoratum - - +
33 Cosmarium formosulum - + -
34 Cosmarium praecisum - + -
35 Cosmarium quadrifarium var. oblonga* + - -
36 Cylindrocystis ovalis - + -
37 BacillariophytaMelosira varians var. aequalis* - + -
38 Fragillaria virescens - + -
39 Synedra ulna var. amphirhynchus - - +
40 Acnanthes subsessilis - + -
41 Stauroneis birostris* - + -
42 Pinnularia biceps - - +
43 Navicula borealis - + -
44 Navicula major - - +
45 Navicula microspora - - +
46 Navicula sphaerophora - + -
47 Navicula viridula - - +
48 Gomphonema constrictum var. capitatum - + -
49 Gomphonema exiguum* - + -
50 Sphenella angustata* - + -

* First reports form India

176
Place of collection – Kyongnosola; Habitat
– Stream, epilithic, greenish biofilm;
Temperature - 14oC; pH - 6; Voucher number -
1755; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
Distribution in Himalayan region- pond,
resevoir, Dal lake, Jammu & Kashmir (Kant &
Vohra 1999)
Order – Microsporales
Family – Microsporaceae
Genus – Microspora Thuret
21. Microspora indica Randhawa (Pl. 2, Fig. 2)
Ramanathan 1964, p. 132, pl. 37, figs. L-O
Thallus green, filamentous, unbranched,
basal part of filament modified into rhizoidal
structure, cell wall 3 µm broad, not constricted,
cross wall plane, cell 24.5 µm broad, 54-60 µm
long, chloroplast parietal.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, submerged filamentous mat attached
to rock; Voucher number - 1782; Temperature -
18oC; pH- 6.8; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
Order – Oedogoniales
Family – Oedogoniaceae
Genus – Oedogonium Link
22. Oedogonium chaetophorum var.
chaetophorum Hoffman (Pl. 2, Fig. 3)
Gonzalves 1981, p. 568, fig. 515 A
Thallus green, filamentous, vegetative cell
cylindrical, 16 µm broad, plane cross wall,
slightly constricted, akinites 15 µm long.
Place of collection - On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Stream, epilithic biofilm; Temperature
- 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number – 1811; Date
of collection - 10.09.2008.
23. Oedogonium pisanum (Wittrock) Hirn (Pl.
2, Fig. 4) Gonzalves 1981, p. 342, fig. 9.228
Thallus green, filamentous, vegetative cells
cylindric, 34-44 µm long, 12-14 µm broad, basal
cell elongated, terminal cell piliferous,
operculate.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok, Habitat
FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM
– Stream, green epilithic mat; Temperature -
18oC; pH- 6.8; Voucher number – 1784; Date of
collection – 12.09.08
24. Oedogonium wyliei Tiffany (Pl. 2, Fig. 5)
Gonzalves 1981, p. 332, fig. 213
Thallus green, filamentous, unbranched,
vegetative cell long and cylindrical, 52-54 µm
long, 12-16 µm diameters, macrandrous
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
- Stream of the waterfall, green floating
filaments; Temperature - 18oC; pH- 6.8; Voucher
number – 1784; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
Order – Chlorococcales
Family – Chlorophyceae
Genus – Ecballocystopsis Iyengar
25. Ecballocystopsis dichotomus Zheng-Yu et
Lie-Jue (Pl. 2, Fig. 6-8). Hu Zheng-Yu and Bi
Lie-Jue 1998, p. 403-408
Thallus multicellualar, filamentous,
dichotomously branched, branches most of the
time forming loops within the filament,
sometimes the multiseriate cells look like
pseudoparenchymatous, the cell division both
longitudinal as well as transverse, the branched
loop often joined at a base of a cell with
mucilaginous bindings.
N.B. – The species E. dichotomus observed
by Hu Zheng-Yu and Bi Lie-Jue (1998) differ
from this species as the cell number is 100
instead of 100, absence of polar nodules, cell
division strictly longitudinal and transverse
instead of longitudinal, transverse and oblique.
Cell 13-18 µm broad and 28-51µm long instead
of 7-14 µm broad and 12-32 µm long.
Place of collection - Banjhagri; Habitat –
Waterfall, bluish green to grey green, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 22oC; pH - 6; Voucher
number – 1793; Date of collection - 13.09.2008.
Family – Botryococcaceae
Genus – Botryococcus Kützing
26. Botryococcus protuberans W. et G. S. West
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY 177

Plate-2: 1. Ulothrix tenuissima 2. Microspora indica 3. Oedogonium chaetophorum var. chaetophorum 4. Oedogonium
pisanum 5. Oedogonium wyliei 6-8. Ecballocystopsis dichotomus 9. Leptosira mediciana 10. Botryococcus protuberans
11. Phycopeltis epiphyton 12. Cosmarium decoratum 13. Spirogyra affinis 14. Spirogyra esthonica 15. Spirogyra
maravillosa 16. Cosmarium formosulum 17. Cosmarium praecisum 18. Cosmarium quadrifarium var. oblonga 19.
Cylindrocystis ovalis.
Scale- Figs. 3-5, 8, 9, 11, 15-19 = 10µm; Figs. 2, 6, 7, 10, 12-14 = 20µm; Fig. 1 = 30µm.
178
(Pl. 2, Fig. 10) Philipose 1967, p. 197, fig. 109
Colony irregular with 16 or more cells held
together; 44 µm in diameter; cells ovoid, the
outer ends of the cells projecting out of the
colony, cell wall thick, cells 8 µm broad and 14
µm long.
Place of collection - Banjhagri; Habitat –
Waterfall, bluish green to grey green, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 22oC; pH - 6; Voucher
number – 1792; Date of collection - 13.09.2008.
Order – Chaetophorales
Family – Chaetophoraceae
Genus - Leptosira Borzi
27. Leptosira mediciana Kant and Gupta (Pl.
2, Fig. 9) Kant and Gupta 1998, p. 113, pl. 43,
fig. 4; pl. 107.fig. 46
Plant body branched, without hair, usually
differentiated into prostrate and projecting
systems, sporangia intercalary, terminal cells
elliptical, doliform or irregular, apical cells of
branches acutely attenuated, cells 10-27 µm long
and 7.5-15 µm broad.
Place of collection – Kyongnosola; Habitat
– Down stream of waterfall, epilithic, green
filamentous mat; Temperature - 14oC; pH - 6;
Voucher number - 1787; Date of collection -
12.09.2008.
Order – Trentepohliales
Family – Trentepohliaceae
Genus - Phycopeltis Millardet
28. Phycopeltis epiphyton Millard (Pl. 2, Fig.
11) Diel 1975, p. 288, Pl. 69, fig. 14
Thallus discoid, greyish green, multicellular
colonial; thallus 40 µm across, chordate in shape
or irregular out line, most of the thallus are
epiphytes.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
- Down stream of the waterfall, green floating
filamentous mat; Temperature - 18oC; pH-6.8;
Voucher number –1784; Date of collection -
12.09.2008.
FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM
Order – Zygnematales
Family – Zygnemataceae
Genus – Spirogyra Link
29. Spirogyra affinis (Hassall) Petit (Pl. 2, Fig.
13)
Basionym – Zygnema affine Hassal
Synonym – Spirogyra suecica Transeau,
Zygnema affine Hassal
Randhawa 1959, p. 300, fig. 261 a
Thallus green, filamentous, cells cylindrical,
filament bent, plane cross wall, not constricted,
rhizoid like structure present at the middle of
the filament, chloroplast, single, spiral, cells
longer than broad, 37.5 µm long and 11 µm
broad.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, green filamentous mat; Temperature -
18oC; pH-6.8; Voucher number – 1781; Date of
collection - 12.09.2008.
30. Spirogyra esthonica (Skuja) Czurda (Pl. 2,
Fig. 14)
Randhawa 1959, p. 396, fig. 460 a
Thallus green, filamentous; cells cylindrical,
longer than broad, 26 µm broad and 83-90 µm
long, cross wall plane, chloroplast single, spiral,
making 3-4 turns per cell.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
- Stream, submerged filamentous mat attached
to rock; Temperature-18oC; pH-6.8; Voucher
number – 1783; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
31. Spirogyra maravillosa Transeau (Pl. 2, Fig.
15) Randhawa 1959, p. 388, fig. 443
Cells cylindrical, 2-4 times longer than
broad, 28.5 µm broad and 63-114 µm long, plane
cross walls, not constricted, apical cell rounded,
2-3 spiral chloroplasts, reproduction stage not
observed.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, green epilithic mat; Temperature -
18%C; pH - 6.8; Voucher number – 1783; Date
of collection – 12.09.08
Family – Desmidiaceae
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY
Genus - Cosmarium Ralfs
32. Cosmarium decoratum W. et G. S. West (Pl.
2, Fig. 12) Misra and Srivastava 2003, p. 87, pl.
1, fig. 27
Cells solitary, longer than broad, deeply
constricted, sinus narrowly linear, semicells
bilipped, semi elliptic, apex flatly truncate,
crenations emarginated, having two distinct
pyrenoids, H-shaped ridge at the isthmus region,
cells 39.9 µm long, 26.6 µm broad, isthmus is 8
µm broad.
Habitat –Planktonic in Changu lake;
Temperature – 9.5oC; pH – 6.7; Transparency-
1metre; Voucher number – 1828; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
33. Cosmarium formosulum Hoffmannii (Pl. 2,
Fig. 16) Mishra and Srivastava 2003, p. 87, pl.
1, fig. 19; Vidyavati 1982, p. 632-634, figs. 1:
A-F
Cell longer than broad, deeply constricted,
sinus linear, semi cells broadly ovate, slightly
unequal, margin slightly crenate, apices of semi
cells slightly compressed, cell 40 µm long, 29.3
µm broad at middle, isthmus 12.8 µm wide.
Place of collection - Hanuman tok; Habitat
– Stream, green epilithic mat; Temperature -
18oC; pH - 6.8; Voucher number – 1780; Date
of collection – 12.09.08
Distribution in Himalayan region- pond,
reservoir, Dal lake, Jammu and Kashmir (Kant
& Vohra, 1999)
34. Cosmarium praecisum Borge (Pl. 2, Fig.
17) Asoka Kumar and Patel 1990, p. 98, pl. 1,
figs. 23, 24
Cell small, quadrate, little longer than broad,
11.4 µm long, 10 µm broad, isthmus 6.5 µm
broad, sinus narrow, semi cells rectangular, cell
wall smooth.
Place of collection - On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Stream, epilithic biofilm; Temperature
- 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number – 1806; Date
of collection - 10.09.2008.
179
35. Cosmarium quadrifarium var. oblonga
Kant and Gupta (Pl. 2, Fig.18) Kant and Gupta
1998, p. 135, pl. 117, fig. 8
Cells oblong, subcylindrical, semi cells
almost spherical, cell wall smooth, isthmus
medium, deeply constricted chloroplast small
plate like, one in each semi cell; cell 18.9 µm
long and 10 µm broad, isthmus 5.5 µm broad.
Place of collection - Pastanga; Habitat –
Waterfall, green patch attached to rock surface;
Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher number
– 1800; Date of collection - 14.09.2008.
Family – Mesotaeniaceae
Genus - Cylindrocystis Meneghini ex De Bary
36. Cylindrocystis ovalis Turner (Pl. 2, Fig. 19)
Turner 1892, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 5
Cells solitary, oval or broadly lanceolate,
broader and slightly constricted at middle, apices
rounded, 35 µm long, 22.5 µm broad, each semi
cell with a stellate chloroplast containing one
large pyrenoid in the centre.
Place of collection – Hanuman tok; Habitat -
Down stream of waterfall, green epilithic mat;
Temperature - 18oC; pH - 6.8; Voucher number
– 1780; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
Division- Bacillariophyta
Order – Melosirales
Family – Melosiraceae
Genus - Melosira Agardh
37. Melosira varians var. aequalis Kützing (Pl.
3, Fig. 1) Kützing 1865, p. 54, pl. 2, fig. XI: 1
Cells cylindrical, united end to end forming a
long chain, margin smooth, plastids parietal,
each cell is 23.5 µm long and 22 µm broad or
somewhat appears square in shape.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.8; Voucher
number – 1806; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
Order – Fragillariales
Family – Fragillariaceae
180 FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM

Plate-3: 1. Melosira varians var. aequalis 2. Fragillaria virescens 3. Synedra ulna var. amphirhynchus 4. Acnanthes
subsessilis 5. Stauroneis birostris 6. Pinnularia biceps 7. Navicula borealis 8. Navicula major 9. Navicula microspora
10. Gomphonema exiguum 11. Navicula viridula 12. Gomphonema constrictum var. capitatum 13. Navicula
sphaerophora 14. Sphenella angustata.
Scale- 1-14 = 10µm.
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY
Genus - Fragillaria Lyngbye
38. Fragillaria virescens Ralfs (Pl. 3, Fig. 2)
Gärtner1995, p. 42, fig. 8 m Valves united
laterally, girdle view rectangular, linear, striation
transverse, marginal, 11 in 10 µm, valve 11 µm
broad, 82.5 µm long.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1808; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
Distribution in Himalayan region- River,
Gharwal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir (Nautiyal
et al., 1996)
39. Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg var.
amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) Grunow (Pl. 3, Fig.
3)
Synonym – Synedra amphirhynchus
Ehrenberg, Huber-Pestalozzi 1942, p. 462, fig.
545
Valve slender, linear, straight, at the end
narrow and suddenly constricted to form capitate
end, striation distinct, parallel, absent at the
middle, 9-12 in 10 µm, many times longer than
broad, 114 µm long and 13.3 µm broad.
Habitat –Epilit hic in Changu lake;
Temperature – 9.5oC; pH – 6.7; Transparency-
1metre; Voucher number – 1834; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
Distribution in Himalayan region- River,
Gharwal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir (Nautiyal
et al. 1996).
Order – Achnanthales
Family – Achnanthaceae
Genus - Achnanthes Bory de Saint-Vincent
40. Achnanthes subsessilis Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig.
4) Synonym: Achnanthes turgens Ehrenberg
Kützing 1865, p. 76, pl. 20, fig. IV
Valve rectangular, slightly hump at middle,
2 valves articulated, turgid form, 36 µm long
and 10.8 µm broad; striation distinct, marginal,
transverse, 10-11 in 10 µm.
Place of collection – Hanuman tok; Habitat
181
- Down stream of waterfall, green epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 18oC; pH - 6.8; Voucher
number – 1780; Date of collection - 12.09.2008.
Order – Naviculales
Family – Stauroneidaceae
Genus – Stauroneis Ehrenberg
41. Stauroneis birostris Ehrenberg (Pl. 3, Fig.
5) Kützing 1865, p. 105, pl. 29, fig. 9
Valve solitary, linear, lanceolate, broader at
middle, suddenly tapering towards ends or
rostrate at both ends, valve 36 µm long and 9
µm broad, sub acutely rounded ends, raphe thin,
striation not distinct.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1808; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
Family – Pinnulariaceae
Genus – Pinnularia Ehrenberg
42. Pinnularia biceps Gregory (Pl. 3, Fig. 6)
Desikachary 1989, p. 4, pl. 669, fig. 7-10
Frustules linear lanceolate with tapering
towards the ends; striae 5-8 in 10 µm, 58.7 µm
long and 8.7 µm broad
Habitat –Planktonic in Changu lake;
Temperature- 9.5°C; pH- 6.7; Transparency-1
metre; Voucher number – 1828; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
Distribution in Himalayan region- pond,
resevoir, Dal lake, Jammu & Kashmir (Kant and
Vohra 1999)
Family – Naviculaceae
Genus - Navicula Bory de Saint-Vincent
43. Navicula borealis Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig. 7)
Basionym – Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg
Kützing 1865, p. 96, pl. 28, fig. 72
Valve linear, lanceolate, solitary, parallel at
middle and gradually tapering towards end,
apices acutely rounded, striation transverse,
single median raphe, chromatophore single,
182
valve 25 µm long and 6 µm broad.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1808; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
44. Navicula major Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig. 8)
Kützing 1865, p. 97, pl. 4, fig. XX
Frustules rect angular in valve view,
elongated, striation transverse, less visible striae,
10-12 in10 µm, middle or axial portion granular,
53 µm long, 7 µm broad.
Habitat –Planktonic in Changu lake;
Temperature – 9.5oC; pH - 6.7; Transparency- 1
metre; Voucher number – 1828; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
45. Navicula microspora Kant and Gupta (Pl.
3, Fig. 9) Kant and Gupta 1998, p. 27, pl. 127,
fig. 12
Frustules elliptical – lanceolate, rostrate
apices, capitate, pseudoraphae at the centre, axial
area broad, striation not visible in fresh material,
longer than broad, 44.2 µm long and 11.3 µm
broad.
Habitat –Planktonic in Changu lake;
Temperature – 9.5oC; pH - 6.7; Transparency-1
metre; Voucher number – 1828; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
46. Navicula sphaerophora Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig.
13) Kützing 1865, p. 95, pl. 4, fig. XVII
Valve broadly lanceolate or elliptical with
produced end, apices acutely rounded, striation
not clearly visible; valve 17.7 µm long and 7.7
µm broad.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1805; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
47. Navicula viridula Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig. 11)
Basionym – Frustulia viridula Kützing
Synonym - Frustulia viridula Kützing
Kützing 1865, p. 91, pl. 3, fig. XLIV
Frustules linear, lanceolate, elongated,
FRESHWATER ALGAE OF SIKKIM
attenuated towards apices, obtuse end, raphae
not clear, striation barely visible in fresh
material, 62.5 µm long and 8.7 µm broad
Habitat –Planktonic in Changu lake;
Temperature – 9.5oC; pH - 6.7; Transparency-1
meter; Voucher number – 1828; Date of
collection – 12.09.2008.
Distribution in Himalayan region- pond,
resevoir, Dal lake, Jammu & Kashmir (Kant &
Vohra. 1999)
Order – Cymbellales
Family – Gomphonemataceae
Genus - Gomphonema Ehrenberg
48. Gomphonema constrictum Ehrenberg var.
capitatum (Ehrenberg) Grunow (Pl. 3, Fig. 12)
Mishra et al. 2008, p. 129, pl. 2, fig. 12
Valve linear, lanceolate to clavate, broadly
rounded apex, attenuated rounded base, thin
median raphe, without transverse constriction,
axial area linear, narrow, gradually widening
towards centre, striation transverse, thick, lineate
or slightly curved, frustule 12 µm broad and 40
µm long, striae 10 in 10 µm.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1808; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
49. Gomphonema exiguum Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig.
10) Kützing 1865, p. 84, pl. 30, fig. 58
Valve linear, colonial, small, longitudinally
symmetrical, base of the valve attached with
mucilaginous stalk, striation transverse, true
raphe present on both the valve, one plane
broader than other, valve 25 µm long and 7 µm
broad, striae 11 in 10 µm.
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1805; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
Order – Surirellales
Family – Surirellaceae
S. BHAKTA, S.K. DAS AND S.P. ADHIKARY
Genus – Sphenella Kützing
50. Sphenella angustata Kützing (Pl. 3, Fig. 14)
Kützing1865, p. 83, pl. 8, fig. IV
Valve linear, slightly attenuated towards end
or almost rectangular, colonial, laterally
attached, frustule 21.5 µm long and 33.5 µm
broad, indistinct striations
Place of collection – On the way to Pastanga;
Habitat – Down stream of waterfall, epilithic
biofilm; Temperature - 20oC; pH - 6.7; Voucher
number – 1806; Date of collection - 14.09.2008
DISCUSSION
Analysis of these data revealed that of a total
of 50 freshwater algae, 34 species belonging to
Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria), Chlorophyta and
Bacillariophyta were recorded from the
mountain streams of Sikkim. In the waterfalls
only 6 species of Cyanophyta under the generic
name Aphanothece, Gloeocapsa,
Chroococcidiopsis, Lyngbya, Scytonema and
Nostoc, 3 species of Chlorophyta under
Ecballocystopsis, Botryococcus and Cosmarium
were observed (Table-2). On the contrary, in
Changu lake only 7 species of algae of which 5
species of Bacillariophyta, one Desmid and a
Phormidium species were recorded. Survey of
freshwater algae from similar habitats of Western
Himalayan region showed occurrence of >300
species (Nautial et al. 1995, 1996, 1997, Anand
and Sharma 1998, Kant and Vohra 1999, Habib
and Chaturvedi 1999, 2000, 2001, Habib 2002,
Mishra et al. 2007). However, comparative
occurrence of algal forms in the water bodies of
Sikkim in the Eastern Himalayas with that of
the Western Himalayan region showed that only
5 species, of which 4 were diatoms and one
Ulothrix tenuissima under Chlorophyta were
common. Of the total 50 species recorded, 15
species were first records from Indian freshwater
bodies
We thank the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF), Government of India for
183
financial assistance through the All India
Coordinated Project on Taxonomy
(AICOPTAX) of Algae and the Head of the P.G.
Department of Botany Ukal University for
providing laboratory facilities.
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