STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

Prepared by Masarina Flukeria

Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Setelah selesai mengikuti pembelajaran mata

What is Statistics?
kuliah ini, mahasiswa mampu mengolah data sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan
metode statistika deskriptif dan statistika inferensial dasar, konsep probabilitas dan
distribusi probabilitas yang relevan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang dicerminkan
oleh datanya.
Statistics is a crucial
process behind
how we make
discoveries in science,
make decisions based on
data, and make
predictions.
 ▪ Why do we need study Statistics?
Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Setelah selesai mengikuti pembelajaran mata
kuliah ini, mahasiswa mampu mengolah data sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan
metode statistika deskriptif dan statistika inferensial dasar, konsep probabilitas dan

▪ Where can we use it in real life ?

distribusi probabilitas yang relevan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang dicerminkan
oleh datanya.
 Statistics is used for a variety of purposes, including:

Data analysis: Statistics is used to analyze and interpret large amounts of

data in order to extract meaningful insights and make informed decisions.
Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Setelah selesai mengikuti pembelajaran mata
Predictive modeling: Statistics is used to build models that can predict
kuliah ini, mahasiswa mampu mengolah data sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan
future
outcomes
metode statistikabased ondan
deskriptif past data inferensial
statistika and patterns.
dasar, konsep probabilitas dan
distribusi probabilitas yang relevan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang dicerminkan
oleh datanya.
Quality control: Statistics is used to monitor and improve the quality of
products and processes by analyzing data to identify trends and potential
issues.

Surveys and experiments: Statistics is used to design and analyze surveys

and experiments in order to collect data and make inferences about
populations.
 Statistics is used for a variety of purposes, including:

Risk assessment: Statistics is used to assess risk and make decisions about
investment,
Capaian insurance,
Pembelajaran and
Mata Kuliah otherselesai
Setelah activities thatpembelajaran
mengikuti involve uncertainty.
mata
kuliah ini, mahasiswa mampu mengolah data sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan
metode statistikaresearch:
Medical deskriptif dan statistika inferensial
Statistics is used in dasar, konsepresearch
medical probabilitas
todan
analyze data from
distribusi probabilitas yang relevan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang dicerminkan
clinical trials and studies, olehand to make inferences about the effectiveness of
datanya.
treatments and interventions.

Overall, statistics provides a systematic and objective way to analyze

data and make decisions based on that data, and is widely used in a
variety of fields to inform decision-making and improve outcomes.
Big data primarily refers to data sets that are too large or
complex to be dealt with by traditional data-processing
application software.
In the context of big data, unstructured data refers to datasets that
aren't stored in a structured database format
 Statistik Deskriptif (Descriptive Statistics)

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
 Statistik Deskriptif (Descriptive Statistics)

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
 Statistik Inferensia (Inferential Statistics)

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Setelah selesai mengikuti pembelajaran mata

Type of Data
kuliah ini, mahasiswa mampu mengolah data sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan
metode statistika deskriptif dan statistika inferensial dasar, konsep probabilitas dan
distribusi probabilitas yang relevan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang dicerminkan
oleh datanya.
Type of Data and Level of Measurement

Variables and Scales of Measurement

Why does it matter?

1-20
▪ The reason it’s important to understand the levels of
measurement in your data – nominal, ordinal, interval
and ratio – is because they directly impact which
statistical techniques you can use in your analysis.

▪ Each statistical test only works with certain types of data.

Some techniques work with categorical data (i.e.
nominal or ordinal data), while others work
with numerical data (i.e. interval or ratio data) – and
some work with a mix.

1-21
Example 1:

1-22
Example 2:

1-23
Example 3:

1-24
Example 4:

1-25
Example 5:
1-26
Example 6:
1-27
 PRACTICE:
Data Type of Data
Weight, height, or length
Length of time/duration (e.g. seconds,
minutes, hours)
GMAT scores (200 – 800)
Political candidate preference, shampoo
preference, favourite meal
Gender, ethnicity, eye colour, blood type.
Level of agreement (e.g. strongly disagree,
disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree)
IQ score
The temperature in Fahrenheit

1-28
1-29
1-30
Variables and Scales of Measurement
Variables and various types of measurement scales.

◼ A variable is the general characteristic

being observed on an object of interest.
◼ Types of Variables
❑ Qualitative – gender, race, political affiliation
❑ Quantitative – test scores, age, weight
◼ Discrete

◼ Continuous

1-31
◼ Types of Quantitative Variables
❑ Discrete
◼ A discrete variable assumes a
countable number of distinct values.
◼ Examples: Number of children in a
family, number of points scored in a
basketball game.

1-32
◼ Types of Quantitative Variables
❑ Continuous
◼ A continuous variable can assume an
infinite number of values within some
interval.
◼ Examples: Weight, height, investment
return.

1-33
Examples of Discrete Data Examples of Continuous Data

1-34
 KLASIFIKASI JENIS
DATA A
SIFAT
A Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif

SUMBER
Statistics isBa crucial
Primer process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
vs Sekunder
and make predictions. B
D
CARA MEMPEROLEH
C Sensus vs Survei

WAKTU PENGUMPULAN
D Cross section vs Time Series C
 Time Series Data

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
 Time Series Data

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
 Cross Section Data

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data,
and make predictions.
Statistical Data Processing

STATA statistical software for data

science
E-Views statistical package for
Windows, used mainly for time-
series oriented econometric
analysis
Jdemetra+ Officially Recommended as
Stata is statistical software for data science
software for The Seasonal
Adjustment of Official Statistics
(Time Series Data)
SPSS a software package used for
(Statistical interactive, or batched,
Package for the statistical analysis.
Social Sciences)
R-Studio a language and environment
for statistical computing and
graphics.
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