WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

EFFECT OF SEED RATE ON SEEDLING EMERGENCE AND

TILLER NUMBER OF BARLEY (Hordium vulgare L.) AT
Wachemo.

BY ID

1, Mastewal Habtamu 7347/09

2,Melkie Abere 7363/09

3, Hamelmal Abebaw 7303/09

A Research Proposal

Submitted to the Department of Pant Science, Collage of Agriculture, Wachemo University, in

partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the course senior Research project (plsc 3105)

Advisor:Melaku (MSC)

Hossana Ethiopia

June,2019

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Contents
List of abbreviation.......................................................................................................................................i
List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................iii
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background and justification............................................................................................................7
1.2. Importance of barley.........................................................................................................................9
1.3. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................9
1.4. Objectives.........................................................................................................................................9
1.4.1. General Objective......................................................................................................................9
1.4.2. Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................................9
2. Literature review...................................................................................................................................10
2.1. Effect of seed rate on barley...........................................................................................................10
2.2. Effect of seed rates on yield component characters of barley.........................................................10
2.3. Effect of seed rates on number of spike..........................................................................................10
2.4. Effect of seed rates on emergence date...........................................................................................11
2.5. Effect of seed rates on tiller number...............................................................................................11
2.6. Effects of seed rate on kernel plumpness........................................................................................11
3. Materials and methods...........................................................................................................................13
3.1. Description of the study area..........................................................................................................13
3.2 Experimental Material.....................................................................................................................13
3.3 EXPERMENTAL PROCEDURE....................................................................................................14
3.4. Experimental Design and Field layout............................................................................................14
3.4.1. Experimental Design................................................................................................................14
3.4.2. Field layout..............................................................................................................................15
3.4.3. Data to be collected.................................................................................................................16
3.4.4. Data analysis...........................................................................................................................17
4. Results and discussion............................................................................................................................18
5.summary and conclusion.........................................................................................................................21

6. Recommendation...................................................................................................................................22

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7. Refernce ...............................................................................................................................................23

List of abbreviation

ANOVA Analysis of variance

cm Centimeter

WCUCA Wachemo university collage of agriculture

Ha hectare

Km Kilometer

M.a.s.l Meter above sea level

M Meter

RCBD Random complete block design

KG Kilogram

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List of Tables page

Table 1, mean of PE, PH, TN and LN of seed rate...........................................................18

Appendix table 1 ANOVA table for panicle emergence.....................................................24.

Appendix table 2 ANOVA table for plant height...............................................................24.

Appendix table 3 ANOVA table for tiller number.............................................................24
Appendix table 4 ANOVA table for leaf number..............................................................25.

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 ABSTRACT

Barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) is an annual cereal crop that belongs to the grass family poaceae
and it is widely adapted over the world. A field experiment will conduct to determine the effect
of different seed rates (75kg/ha,100kg/ha, 125kg/ha and 150kg/ha) on the seedling emergence
and number of tillers of barley at Wachemo University College of Agriculture department of
plant science during cropping season of 2019. The experiment will arrange in randomized
complete block design (RCBD) in three blocks. during evolution the applied seed rate was show
significance difference on number of tillering and plant height.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thanks our almighty GOD who made strong us and accomplish this
work. Secondly, we are very great full to our advisor Melaku( MSC). for his day to day follow
up assistance, comments, extra information constructive advice and encouragement throughout
Research project preparation. Also we forward our appreciation to wachemo University plant
science head and staffs of the department.

Finally, our great thanks gone forward to our family for their financial support and
encouragement during our studying stay time.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and justification

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L,) is an annual cereal crops that belongs to the grass family poaceae
and it is widely adapted over the world (George, 2002).

Barely grows in temperate and subtropical areas of the world. It is one of the earliest cereal crops
to be domesticated and it has been under cultivation since the beginning of civilization and it is
the world’s fourth important cereal crop after wheat rice and maize. It is the cool season crop that
is adapted to high altitudes (Reddy, 2004)

In ancient Greek and Roman cultures, it was used as staple bread making grain as well
millennium BC. Barley spread from its center of diversity in the near and Middle Eastern parts of
Mediterranean basin, high lands of Ethiopia and Indian subcontinent (Hale, 1987).

Barely grows well on the soils which are suitable for wheat cultivation. However, it thrives well
on well drained loamy soils. Permissible soil pH range for barley is 6.5-7.8. Barley is more
tolerant than other cereal crops in alkaline soils and less tolerant to acid soils (Reddy, 2004).

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The average grain yield ranges from 0.9 up to 1 ton per hectare (Rathore, 1986). Barley has role
for feed and for malting purpose while straw provides an important source of roughage. Despite
its long history of cultivation and wide range of uses in different commodities, the yield of barley
is very low (1.0 ton /ha). Its production under a particular set of environment condition is
influenced by seed rate , low yield potential of currently cultivated cultivars, poor soil fertility,
water logging, moisture stress and instability of yield because of disease (such as scald , spot
blotch, rusts and smuts), insect pests (such as Russian wheat aphid and barely shoot fly )(Howat,
2000).In order to boost age cultural production of barley, use of agronomic practice particularly
optimum seed rate and local variety are essential.

The rate depends on available soil moisture and the extent of soil infestation by ants and termites
at sowing based on observation. Most of barely planting is done by row sowing which seed are
sown and incorporated by variable depths. Farmers generally apply in appropriate seed rate when
they use row sowing compared to those used with drill. Higher seed rate accelerates growing
Period (Modnald, 1990).

Barley was first introduced into North America probably by Colombia in 1492 and later by
immigrants and settlers from Ethiopia. There is no consensus in which domesticated barley was
grown historically. The crop is believed to have multi origin and it could have been domesticated
along abroad area from Morocco to Tibet. Although the area under barley can be inter changed
on an overall basis the area under barley cultivation is governed by wide range of other factors
like demand from consumers or market price (Anderson, 2003).

Optimum plant population is essential prerequisite for high yield of barley, but farmers use either
below or above optimum rate, which exposes economic loss. The use of local variety has more
advantage than exotic because local variety showed good adoption and tolerance or resistance to
disease and insect pests. Most farmers in Ethiopia use local varieties. These cultivars are land
races which are location specific and adapted to low input management .They have some useful
traits such as vigorous seedling establishment, high tillering capacity, quick grain filling period
and high seed weight (Howat,2000).

Studies on seed rate requirement of barley indicated that for medium duration varieties row
sowing of 125 kg/ha, 100kg/ha and 150kg/ha were optimum. For early maturing varieties,

8
broadcasting of 75-100 kg/ha seed on red soils and drilling the same rate on black soils were
optimum seed rates. The highest grain yield was obtained from 125 kg/ha seed rate, which was
considered optimum for food barley production (Joop, 1996).

1.2. Importance of barley

Barley is short season, early maturing crop grown commercially in both irrigated and in dry land
(environment). Barley is used commercially for animal feed, to produce malt, for seed and for
human food applicants. In addition to domestic use, the grain and milled product are used for
export. The straw of barley is used for much that increases the soil fertility and increases organic
matter content (Hale, 1987).There is enormous interest in whole grains because their regular
consumption has been associated with better health and vitality. Whole grains are naturally rich
in number of important nutrient such as proteins, starch, fiber, vitamin, minerals and antioxidant
that work together improve health outcomes(Slavin,2004)

Barely reduces the risk of cancer, chronic disease, cardio vascular disease,diabetes, cholesterol,
and the risk of obesity (Anderson,2003).

1.3. Statement of the problem

The use of inappropriate seed rate leads to the competition for nutrients, water, fertilizer and
other growth factors. Moreover, the effect of seed rate on the performance of field barley
varieties had not been studied in the study area .Information about the effect of seed rate in the
yield and components on the fresh biomass and height is absent in the field study.

1.4. Objectives

1.4.1. General Objective

 To investigate the effect of seed rate on the seedling emergence and number of tillers of
food barely at the study area.

1.4.2. Specific Objectives

 To know the optimum seed rate of food barley.

 To study the impact of seed rate on seedling emergence of barley.
 To study the impact of seed rate on tillering of barley.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Effect of seed rate on barley

Studies on seed rate requirement for barley indicate that for medium duration varieties row
sowing of 125 kg per hectare on clay loam is optimum than that of 150kg per hectare. For early
maturing variety broad costing 75-100kg per hectare on red soil and drilling the some rate on
black soil were optimum seed rate. The effects of seeding rate on barley yield and malting
quality have also been variable, but most studies have indicated little or no improvement in yield
at rates above 200 seeds m-2 (Jedel and Helm 1995; Lafond 1994; McKenzie et al. 2005;
O’Donovan et al. 2009).

2.2. Effect of seed rates on yield component characters of barley

Concerning the influence of seed rate, the lowest seed rate recorded the highest value of plant
height, number of days to grain filling, rate of grain filling and number of days to 50% of
flowering and number of days to maturity compared to the highest seed rates. Such effect may be
due to the decrease in number of plant per unit area, which consequently decreases the
competition between plants. In addition, under such condition of low number of plants/m, plants
supplies with adequate water and nutrients requirements for proper growth metabolic process
(Ejas Hameed et al. 2003).

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2.3. Effect of seed rates on number of spike

The barley spike is composed of rachis nodes and each node possesses three spikelets (one
central and two lateral spikelet’s (Forster et al 2007). highest seed rate cause significant increase
in number of spikes/m compared to the lowest seed rated, which recorded the lowest number of
spikes/m, the highest number of grains/spike, grain weight /spike, and spike length. Increasing
sowing rates increased number of spikes/m2 as well as number of grains per spike (Refay, 2009).

2.4. Effect of seed rates on emergence date

As the first primary roots appear the coleoptiles bursts through the seed coat and begins pushing
towards the surface. Emergence occurs when the coleoptiles is visible above the soil surface.
Extension of the coleoptiles is directly related to soil temperature. Soils that are too cold or too
hot shorten the coleoptiles length (www.industry.nsw.gov.au, 2010).

Mitiku (2006) reported that the emergence date was significantly affected by applying different
seed rate. According to him optimum seed rate (125kg/ha) was shown fastest emergence date.
Therefore, the response of barley depends on amount of rain fall, soil moisture content and soil
type.

2.5. Effect of seed rates on tiller number

Tillers are lateral branches or shoots that arise from buds in the axil of the leaves at the base of
the main stem. Primary tillers are produced from the leaves of the main stem and can form their
own, secondary tillers. Tiller number depends on initial plant population, the variety, and the
environmental conditions (particularly nutrition). In most barley crops, the plant produces more
tillers than will survive to produce heads. Stress and competition for nutrients cause tiller death
(Fettell, et al 2006). Different rates of seed applied statistically showed a non significant
difference among treatments. When seed rate is varies it shows the significance variation among
treatments (Amare, 1987).

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2.6. Effects of seed rate on kernel plumpness
Increasing barley seeding rates tended to reduce protein concentration, but kernel plumpness and
weight is reduced (Lafond 1994; McKenzie et al. 2005). Anecdotal information suggests that
malting barley growers tend to seed barley at relatively low rates to favour an increase in kernel
plumpness. In a recent study, it was found that seeding malting barley at 400 compared with 200
seeds m_2 reduced kernel plumpness, but also resulted in earlier maturity, lower protein
concentration and more uniform kernels (O’Donovan et al. 2011). This is important because
lower protein results in better endosperm modification (Mather et al. 1997) and more uniform
kernels, thus ultimately yielding a more homogenous malt (Wade and Froment 2003).

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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of the study area

The experiment was conducted in, south west part of the wachemo University, College of
Agriculture (WCUCA) at specific place called WCUCA horticultural garden which is
geographically located at about 7o, 33oN Latitude and 36oS, 57o E longitude at altitude of
1710meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). The mean maximum and minimum temperature are 26.8 oc
and 11.4oc respectively and the mean maximum and minimum humidity is 91.4% and 31.2%
respectively. The annual rain fall of the area is estimated to be 1500mm. The soil of the
experimental site is characterized by well drained clay to silty clay with PH of 4.51(BPEDORS,
2000).

3.2 Experimental Material

Pen Paper

Pencil Barley seed

Fertilizer Seed sack

Spade Rope

Water jak Digging hoe

Meter Beam balance

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3.3 EXPERMENTAL PROCEDURE

Suitable site was selected

The land was cleaned (unwanted material will be removed).

The area was measured by using trigonometric theorem.

Land digging and plot preparation according to the length and width recommended to the barley
productio was undertake.
Barley seed was bought.
The seed was sowed according to the recommended space.
Watering was continuing starting from sowing to harvesting with the recommended rate of water
(day by day).
Weeding the plot (bed) was continued with the interval of a week.
Data to be collected accordingly at harvesting.

3.4. Experimental Design and Field layout

3.4.1. Experimental Design

Completely block design (RCBD) with four treatments and three replication will be used. This
design is aimed at removing variability in experimental plots and reduces experimental error to
precisely see the difference between treatments. Depending on the number of factors involved
this experiment can be classified as single factor experiment and therefore the design RCBD will
be selected. The total experimental area will (6*8.1) m2 having a total area of 48.6 m2 which
will be divided in to three small homogenous blocks or replication and each blocks contains
complete set of the treatments which is allotted to the plots within each block at random.
Accordingly the total experimental area will be divided in to three replication perpendicular to
the soil fertility gradient (Gomez, 1984).

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3.4.2. Field layout
The land cleared, ploughed (disked), leveled, large clods will be broken down, remnant, stalks,
non-decomposed crop residues, weeds, and other unwanted materials was be removed. Then soil
was smoothed or fined and the landwas be laid out to evaluate the effect of seed rate on seedling
emergence and tiller number of barley. The treatments was randomized by their chances
according to RCBD design. The size of the plot was be 1mx1.4m. The space between blocks
(replications) is 1m. The space between plots along the replication is 0.5m. We need 0.5m length
as a free space through all sides of the production area. Single plot area =1m*1.4m=1m2.

1.4m
T1R1 T2R1 T3R1 T4R1
R1 1m 0.5m

1m

R2

T3R2 T4R2 T1R2 T2R2

6m

T2R3 T3R3 T4R3 T1R3

R3

8.1m

15
The treatments are :-

(75Kg/ha),

T2 (100kg/ha),

T3 (125kg/ha) and

T4 (150kg/ha).

3.4.3. Data to be collected

Days to panicle emergence

This parameter of plant was determined by counting the number of days from sowing to the time
when 50% of the plant started to emerge the tip of seedlings through visual observation.

Plant height

Plant height was measured at vegetative stage from the ground level to the tip of panicle from
randomly selected plants in each plot.

Number of tiller

This parameter was determined by counting the numbers of total tillers emerged from the mother
plant of each plot.

Leaf number

It was determined by counting the number of leaves emerging from the mother plant of selected
from each plot.

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3.4.4 Data analysis

The data was subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using stastical analysis
system(SAS version 9.0).Significance difference among treatments means was tested using
significance difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance.Effect was conducted significant if
p values was <0.05

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Days to panicle emergence

Analysis of variance showed that days to panicle emergence was highly significantly (p<0.05)
affected by the application of seed rate (Appendix table 1). In general, increasing the rate of seed
application significantly prolonged the days to panicle emergence of the barley plant. Plants
grown at rate of 100kg/ha had significantly hastened days to panicle emergence than those
grown at the higher seed rate (150kg/ha)(Appendix table 1). The maximum number of days to
panicle emergence was observed when 100kg/ha was applied.the less number of days to panicle
emergence was recorded under barley plants treated by 50kg/ha.thus ,plants received 100kg/ha
reached panicle emergence about 1 days later than those grown under application of 100kg/ha.
Generally, the number of days to panicle emergence recorded 100kg/ ha was significantly
higher than others .Also Abraha Areaine (2012) reported increasing the rate of seed application
significantly prolonged the days to panicle emergence of barly plants.

Plant height
The analysis of variance showed that plant was affected significantly p(<0.05) by seed rates
(Appendix table 2). Plant height generally increased with the increasing in the rate of seed
application .Thus , plants 150kg/ha with higher rate of seed application found were taller than
the plants supplied 75,100 and 125 kg/ha rates of seed application. The tallest plants were
obtained from the the plots received seed at 150kg ha. The mean height of plants grown at the
rate of 150kg/ha significantly exceeds the mean height of plants treated with the rest of
treatment. This could be attributed to that application of high rates of seed to the crop may leads
to high vegetative growth by stimulating cytokines synthesis of plants .Abraha Aretaine (2012)
reported significant increment in plant height due to application of seed rate.

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Table 1, the mean PE, PH, TN, and LN of barley affected by seed rate Application.
Treatment PE(cm) PH(cm). TN(counting) LN(counting)
T1 (75 kg/ha). 5.6 40.8 9.2 4.4
T2 (100 kg/ha). 4.3 46 8.4 3.5
T3(125kg/ha) 5.3 49.9 7.6 4.6
T4(150kg/ha) 5.6 57.4 7.4 4.7
CV( %) 22.71 21.8 13.9 18.89
LSD(0.05) 1.5 13.8 1.05 1.06

Where PE=panicle emergence, PH= plant height , TN= tiller number , and LN=leaf number.

Tiller number

The number of tillers increased with decreasing seed rate of barley .there is also shows the
number of fertility tiller increases results the reduction of maturity of tiller and the promotion
of more production of tiller from the main stem.

The analysis of variance should be significantly difference in number of tiller of plant on barley
due to different seed rate application p<0.05. Significantly higher number of tillers (9.2) were
recorded in 75kg/ha and significantly lower number of tiller(7.4) was recorded in
150kg/ha .there was no significant difference b/n treatment of T1,T2,T3 and T4.this results
indicates that the positive response to lower seed rate have been associated with increase in
number tiller.the increase in number of tiller with decreases seed rate can be contributed to
the reduction in many maturity of tiller and enabling production of more tiller from the main
system.

19
 Leaf number

The analysis of variance revealed that the leaf number was significantly (p<0.05) by the rates of
barley seed. Leaf number relatively increased with the data showed that seed rates applied
(Table1).

Data showed regarding number of leaves has maximum number of leaves by applying seed rate
at 150kg/ha, but had no significant difference with 75, 100,125kg/ha.this result. was in line with
M.Afzal (2012) found that seed rate has significant effect on leaf number of barley plant. The
increased in the number of leaves per plant could possibly described to the fact that seed rate
increases plant growth and plant height and this resulted in more nodes and internodes and
subsequently more production of leaves .in this respect Mohammed El-Murtada Hassen Amin
(2006) found that seed rate , significantly increase the number of leaves may be result of
increasing the number of nodes.

20
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Afield experiment is was carried out during the year 2019 from march to June inwachemo
university , demonstration site of plant science with the objective of toinvestigate the effects of
seed rate in the seedling emergence and tiller number of food barley in the study area. The
experiment was laid out in RCBD which comprises of 4 treatments with 3 replications.

Plant height was significantly affected by seed rate. That means the higher plant was
recorded at highest rate of seed(150kg/ha).

Tiller number also significantly affected by seed rates due to positive effect on cytokinin
synthesis. On the other hand leaf number was also significantly influenced by seed rate by
increasing the growth of plants results increase the nodes and internodes of crop but decrease
the yield of crop.

generally ,highest plant height , tiller number and leaf number was recorded in plots with 150
kg/ha.

6.Recommendation

21
there fore this treatment can be suggested to investigate seedling emergence and tillering of
barley in the area. However, definite recommendation may not be drawn from this research result
since it was not recorded yield and yield related attributes due to time scarcity. There fore ,the
higher panicle emergence recorded (100kg/ha) (4.3) and also plant height (100kg/ha) (46cm)
recommend so, it is possible to recommend 100kg/ha seed rate for optimum yield of barley in
the study area,although it needs repeated research for complete recommendation.

6. REFERENCES
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Berhan Bekele, Fekadu Alemayehu and Berhane Lake, .2005.Food barley in Ethiopia.PP53-82
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Cramer GR, 1990. Barley, Agronomy series 26, American society of agronomy, crop science
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FAO (Food and agricultural organization, 1998). The state of the worlds plant genetics
resources for food and agriculture.

Grattan.1999. Barley Botany and production practice, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Gudova,G.N.(1976). Seed dormancy periods of wild species of hordeum and effect of floral
scale on their germination.

Hails and Joop.1996. Fundamentals of soil science 8 th edition, In John Wiley and sons,
Michigan state university.

Haile Gebre. 1998.Barely improvement, production and use.

Hale.M.G. , Orcutt,D.M. , (1987).Germination of Barley. Amsiley inter science publication,

John Wily and sons Inc. New York.

Howat,D.2000, Marschener,1986 Acceptable germination temperature for boreal forest soil

reclamation.

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IAR.1986.progresive report on wheat and barley, field crop department, Institution of
agricultural Research, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

Kippis,M.S.,1970.Production of field crops. McGraw Hill, New York.

Modonal.A 1990.Physiology of Barely America.

Negata,T.,1960.studies on the differentiation of Barely in Japan and the World.

Rathore, P.S.,1986.Techniques and management of field crop, India.

Silva,P., and Geros,H.(2009).Whole grain and human health. Nutrition research reviews: 17:
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Tamado Tana,2008.Principle and practice of crop production, Ethiopia.

Ejas, H., A.S. Wajid, A.A. Shed, B. Jehan and M. Tilah, 2003. Effect of different planting dates,
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Teulat, A.S., J.W. Sammis and D.G. Lugg, 1997. Utilization of thermal in feared thermometry
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Janieson, P.D., R.J. Martin and G.S. Francies, 2005. Drought influences on grain yield of
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Alderfasi, A.A., 2000. Response of four genotypes of wheat to irrigation schedules. Saudi. J.
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Y.A. Refay 2009 Impact of Soil Moisture Stress and Seeding Rate on Yield Variability of Barely
Grown in Arid Environment of Saudi Arabia . American-Eurasian Journal of
Agronomy 2 (3): 185-191.
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Research Update 2006 Compendium. GRDC, Canberra.

Appendix

25
Table 1 ANOVA Table for panicle emergence

Source of variation Tabular Value

DF SS MS Obtained value 5% 1%

Treatment 3 0.9 2.08 5.16 4.76 9.78

Error 6 4.84 0.8

Total 9

Table 2 ANOVA Table for plant height

Source of variation Tabular value

DF SS MS Obtained Value 5% 1%

Treatment 3 66.73 22.24 4.8 4.76 9.78

Error 6 379.29 63.215

Total 9

Table 3 ANOVA for Tiller number

Source variation Tabular value

DF SS MS Obtained value 5% 1%

Treatment 3 0.6 0.2 4.9 4.76 9.78

Error 6 4.5 0.75

Total 9

Table 4 ANOVA for Leaf number

Source of variation Tabular value

DF SS MS Obtained value 5% 1%

26
Treatment 3 0.17 0.5 4.78 4.76 9.78

Error 6 2.32 4.5

Total 9

27