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Garcia Et Al
Garcia Et Al
Ella Khea Perez, Seigfred Lemuel D. Garcia, Jeremiah C. Estrope, John Silver P. Cadavis,
Chapter 1
Introduction
With the enactment of Republic Act Number 10533, the Philippine basic education was
lengthened from ten to thirteen years. Thus, the Senior High School (SHS) program was given
birth in the Philippines in 2012. This is part of the K-12 curriculum of the Department of
Education in order to improve the country's educational system. The SHS program aims to
provide students with specialized education and training that will prepare them for their chosen
career path after graduation from junior high school. The program is divided into various tracks
such as Academic, Technical- Vocational-Livelihood (TVL), and Sports, Arts, and Design
Choosing an appropriate SHS track is an essential decision to make for Grade 10 students
because it can have a significant impact on their future academic and professional careers.
However, despite its importance, there is a lack of understanding of the factors that influence
students' preference for SHS school and tracks (Kilag, et al, 2023).
There are various factors that may influence students' track preference and school include
their interests, aptitudes, family background, socio-economic status, peer pressure, and the
Several studies have been conducted on the factors that influence students' track
preference, and they have identified several determinants of SHS track preference. For instance,
Dela Cruz et al. (2020) found that academic performance, peer influence, parental guidance, and
career aspirations were significant predictors of students' track preference. Meanwhile, Lorenz et
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al., (2020) found that students' interest, career goals, and perceived benefits of the track were the
Nevertheless, these studies are limited in scope and do not comprehensively examine all
the determinants of SHS track preference. Therefore, there is still a need for a more
comprehensive study that will explore all the factors that influence students' school and track
preferences.
In our locality, there are lot of Senior High School institutions where students can choose
and consider after finishing Grade 10. There are also lots of SHS strands to choose from. With
this, most Grade 10 students have difficult time in weighing which school and strand they
wanted to get into once they finish their Junior High School education.
Having limited knowledge on this concern, Grade 10 students are often misguided with
Thus, the researchers aim to investigate further on the determinants that may influence
the Grade 10 students of Kabankalan Catholic College of their Senior High School preferences
in terms of choosing the strands appropriate for them and the school that they want to pursue for
This study aimed to identify the determinants of participants’ school and SHS track
preferences.
1. What is the strand preference of the Grade 10 students when grouped according to
1.1 ABM
1.2 HUMMS
1.3 STEM
1.4 GAS
1.5 TVL
2. What is the school preference of the Grade 11 students when grouped according to
2.1 KCC
2.2 FBC
2.3 S.C
2.4 KNHS
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on Risk Theory, a study that deals on the impact of possible
outcomes on the process and consequences of decisions. Students make (CS) or Course Selection
decisions with varied return expectations but also with the perception of the risk that those
expectations will not be realized. This classical risk model was introduced by Filip Lundberg.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the conceptual framework. It shows that upon
the conduct of the study, we shall determine the school and track preference of the grade 10
students enrolled in Kabankalan Catholic College this school year 2023-2024 when grouped
Figure 1
Whatever results taken from this study will be significant to the following:
that may enrich students’ strength in making decisions as far as SH school and track to take.
Researchers. This study can provide researchers with valuable insights about the factors
that affect Grade 10 students’ preferences in choosing a school and track to take in SH.
School Administrators. The result of this study will be beneficial to the school
services so that more students will be encouraged to choose the institution as training ground for
SHS students.
Students. This study may enlighten the students on what are the factors that need to be
Teachers. This will input to the teachers on the various determinants that influence Grade
This study explored students' engagement using a four-dimensional scale, conducted within the
Senior High School Department of Kabankalan Catholic College, located in Kabankalan City,
Negros Occidental. The research focused on Grade 10 students enrolled during the School Year
2023-2024. However, it's important to acknowledge the limitations of the study, as its scope is
confined solely to Grade 10 students within Kabankalan Catholic College during the specified
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academic year. Consequently, the findings may not be widely applicable to students outside this
specific demographic or to different educational contexts. The study involved a total of 20 Grade
Definition of Terms
To better understand the study, the following terms are defined both conceptually and
operationally.
Senior High School Program. the final phase of the K-12 education system, covering
Grades 11 and 12. Students can choose from four general tracks, each with specialized strands.
SHS aims to equip learners with essential skills, knowledge, and values for future success in
In this study researchers can collect data from Grade 10 students across different
schools. They can administer surveys or conduct interviews to understand students’ preferences
regarding both schools and specific strands within the SHS program. By analyzing this data,
researchers can gain insights into factors influencing students’ choices and inform educational
SHS Track. The Senior High School (SHS) track refers to the broad academic pathway
that students choose based on their career goals and interests (Lyon et al.,2014).
students upon transitioning to Senior High School as part of the Philippine K-12 education
program. This includes but is not limited to Academic Tracks such as STEM, ABM, HUMSS, and
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SHS Strand. The term can be defined as an area of study under an academic track that
senior high school students must take to prepare for their chosen degree in college. In this study,
strand refers to ABM or Accountancy, Business and Management, STEM or Science, Technology
and Engineering and Mathematics, HUMMS or Humanities and Social Sciences and GAS or
In this study the specialized academic track or program offered during the senior high
school level. These strands provide students with focused learning experiences in specific areas,
allowing them to explore their interests and prepare for further education or career pathways.
SHS strands typically include subjects related to a particular field, such as Science, Technology,
School Preference. The term can be defined as education options that allow students and
families to select alternatives to public or private schools (Badilla, A. E., & Dioso, E. D.,2019).
In this study the specific choices made by Grade 10 students regarding their preferred
educational track or specialization in senior high school. It encompasses their decisions related
(STEM), Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS), or General Academic (GAS) strands1. These preferences are influenced by factors
such as personal interest, family influence, peer influence, financial condition, and
employability.
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The Senior High School (SHS) program in the Philippines has different tracks that
students can choose from to prepare them for their future careers. The process of choosing the
appropriate SHS track is a critical decision for grade 10 students. This section provides a review
of the literature on the determinants of SHS track preference among grade 10 students in the
Philippines.
Several studies have identified various factors that influence students' SHS track
preference. Lorenz et al. (2020) found that academic performance, peer influence, parental
guidance, and career aspirations were significant predictors of students' track preference. The
study found that students with high academic performance tended to choose academic tracks,
while those with lower academic performance preferred TVL tracks. The study also found that
peer influence and parental guidance played a crucial role in shaping students' track preference.
Students who had peers and parents who supported their preferred track were more likely to
choose it. Moreover, career aspirations also influenced students' track preference, with students
who had clear career goals more likely to choose tracks that aligned with their career aspirations.
A study about ‘Factors Influencing the Senior High School Track and Strand Preference
of Students by According to Morales, B., et al. (2023) that the K-12 curriculum, legalized under
Republic Act 10533, introduced Senior High School (SHS) in the Philippines. This study
investigates the factors influencing students’ track and strand preference at Lal-lo National High
School. The research design employed was descriptive comparative. Data were collected through
a survey questionnaire from 149 students. Key findings include the influence of interests and job
opportunities on students’ choices. Parental and peer influence did not significantly differ by age
or sex. However, the Special Program in the Arts (SPA) showed a greater difference in parental
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influence compared to the Special Science Class (SSC). Peer influence varied significantly
A study about "Parental and Peer Influence on Senior High School Track and Strand
Preference: A Qualitative Analysis," Hernandez and Perez (2018) investigated the influence of
parents and peers on SHS track and strand preference. Through interviews with 50 students, they
found that while interests and job opportunities were influential, familial expectations and peer
making.
A study about "Peer Influence and Senior High School Track and Strand Preference: A
Comparative Analysis," Martinez and Gonzales (2019) examined the role of peer influence in
SHS track and strand preference. Analyzing data from 250 students, they identified variations in
peer influence across different tracks and strands, shedding light on the social dynamics shaping
A study about "Family Income and Senior High School Strand Preference: An
Examination of Filipino Students," Reyes and Diaz (2022) investigated the influence of family
income on SHS strand preference among Filipino students. Analyzing data from 300 students,
they found that family financial resources and expectations played a significant role alongside
A study about "Socioeconomic Status and Senior High School Strand Preference: An
Examination of Filipino Students," Lopez and Reyes (2021) explored the impact of
socioeconomic status (SES) on SHS strand preference among Filipino students. Analyzing data
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from 300 students, they revealed disparities in track and strand choices influenced by SES-
Longitudinal Analysis," Santos and Cruz (2020) explored developmental trends in SHS strand
preference. Their study of 400 students revealed changing patterns influenced by interests, job
A study about "Personality Traits and Senior High School Strand Preference: An
Empirical Investigation," Torres and Perez (2019) examined the influence of personality traits on
SHS strand preference. Analyzing data from 200 students, they identified associations between
A study about "Academic Performance and Senior High School Strand Preference: A
Longitudinal Analysis," Cruz and Santos (2021) explored the relationship between academic
performance and SHS strand preference. Their study of 400 students revealed varying academic
trajectories influenced by interests, job opportunities, and the bidirectional relationship between
Gonzales and Rivera (2020) conducted a qualitative study titled "Academic Aspirations
and Senior High School Strand Preference" to explore the relationship between academic
aspirations and SHS strand preference. Through in-depth interviews with 30 students, they found
that academic aspirations significantly influenced students' choices, alongside interests and
Influences on Senior High School Strand Preference" to investigate the role of cultural factors in
SHS track and strand preference. Comparing data from Filipino and Vietnamese students, they
preferences in their study titled "Parental Education and Senior High School Strand Preference."
Analyzing data from 200 students and their parents, they found that parental education levels
significantly influenced students' track and strand choices, underscoring the role of family
Disparities in Senior High School Strand Preference" to explore regional variations in SHS track
and strand preference. Utilizing data from multiple regions in the Philippines, they identified
Wong and Tan (2020) investigated the impact of technology utilization on SHS strand
preference in their study titled "Technology Utilization and Senior High School Strand
Preference." Analyzing survey data from 300 students, they found that access to digital resources
Lim and Park (2021) explored the relationship between psychological well-being and
SHS strand preference in their study titled "Psychological Well-being and Senior High School
Strand Preference." Surveying 250 students, they found that mental health factors such as stress,
anxiety, and self-esteem influenced students' educational aspirations and track/strand choices.
A study about "Factors Influencing Senior High School Track Preference," Jüttler et al.
(2021) explored the determinants guiding students' choices in senior high school tracks. Their
research revealed that students' interest, career goals, and perceived benefits of the track were
pivotal factors shaping their preferences. Specifically, the study found that students who
harbored a genuine interest in a particular track were more inclined to select it. Moreover, those
who recognized the potential benefits associated with a track, such as enhanced employment
opportunities and earning potential, were more likely to opt for it. These findings underscore the
Preference," Lu et al. (2021) investigated the role of resources and opportunities in shaping
students' preferences for senior high school tracks. Their research highlighted the crucial
influence of resource availability on students' track preference decisions. Specifically, the study
found that students who had access to resources and opportunities associated with a particular
track, such as specialized equipment and facilities, were more inclined to choose it. These
findings emphasize the importance of resource equity in educational institutions and its impact
on guiding students' educational trajectories. Several studies have also explored the role of
Preference," Bansal et al. (2020) investigated the impact of gender and socio-economic status on
students' preferences for senior high school tracks. Their research revealed that while gender did
crucial role. Specifically, the study found that students from higher socio-economic backgrounds
were more inclined to choose academic tracks, whereas those from lower socio-economic
findings underscore the socio-economic disparities in educational opportunities and highlight the
need for targeted interventions to ensure equitable access to diverse educational pathways.
A study about "Gender and Socio-Economic Factors in Senior High School Track
Preference," Malaga and Oducado (2021) examined the influence of gender and socio-economic
status on students' preferences for senior high school tracks. Their research revealed distinct
patterns based on both gender and socio-economic background. Specifically, the study found that
female students were more inclined to choose academic tracks, whereas male students showed a
socio-economic backgrounds were more likely to opt for academic tracks, while those from
lower socio-economic backgrounds tended to prefer TVL tracks. These findings highlight the
trajectories and emphasize the need for targeted interventions to address disparities in access to
A study about "Gender and Socio-Economic Factors in Senior High School Track
Preference," Ryoo et al. (2020) investigated the relationship between gender, socio-economic
status, and students' preferences for senior high school tracks. Their research revealed distinct
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preferences based on both gender and socio-economic background. Specifically, the study found
that male students were more inclined to choose Science, Arts, and Design (SAD) tracks, while
female students showed a preference for academic tracks. Additionally, students from higher
socio-economic backgrounds were more likely to opt for SAD tracks, whereas those from lower
These findings underscore the complex interplay of gender and socio-economic factors in
shaping students' educational pathways and emphasize the importance of addressing disparities
Several studies have also highlighted the crucial role of parental involvement in students'
SHS track preference. A study by Kilag and Sasan (2023) found that parents played a crucial role
in shaping their children's career aspirations and track preference. The study found that parents
who were involved in their children's education, provided guidance, and supported their
children's preferred track were more likely to influence their children's track preference.
Similarly, a study by Kilag et al., (2021) found that parents who were involved in their
children's education, provided guidance, and supported their children's preferred track were more
likely to influence their children's track preference. The study also found that parents who had
higher educational attainment were more likely to influence their children's track preference.
The choice of SHS track is a critical decision for grade 10 students in the Philippines as it
can significantly impact their future career opportunities and academic pursuits. The literature
review indicates that students' academic performance, peer influence, parental guidance, career
aspirations, interest, perceived benefits of the track, availability of resources and opportunities,
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gender, socioeconomic status, and parental involvement are significant determinants of SHS
track preference.
preference. Students who perform well academically tend to choose academic tracks, while those
with lower academic performance prefer TVL tracks. Peer influence and parental guidance also
play a crucial role in shaping students' track preference. Students who have supportive peers and
Chapter 2
Method
This section includes the research design, participants of the study, sampling techniques,
the research locale and instrument, validity and reliability of the test, data-gathering procedure
Research Design
This study will adopt the descriptive design. This study shall employ a descriptive
quantitative approach to explore the determinants of senior high school (SHS) track preference
variables are measured using numerical terms although the variables under interrogation are not
research” as stated which classifies the type of research on the purpose of identifying the
“purpose of research”. The word “quantitative” is added to emphasize that the variables are
measured using numerical terms. Quantitative descriptive research uses two methodologies:
The participants of this study will be the Grade 10 students of Kabankalan Catholic
Sampling Techniques
This study made use of convenience a we only involved students who were willing to
answer the online survey sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique where the
researcher chooses to examine the entire population that have a particular set of characteristics
(https://www.coursehero.com/)
Research Locale
The study conducted in Junior High School Department of Kabankalan Catholic College,
Research Instrument
The primary tool used for data collection was a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire
is consisted of three parts. Part 1 consists of items that will be used in determining the profile of
the participants. Part 2 will be the items related in determining their strand preferences. Part 3
measure. Moreover, it is considered reliable when it measures the same thing every time it is
utilized by the researcher with similar respondents (Sabidalas, 2023). As this study simply
gathered baseline data and used the survey questionnaire utilized by the KCC research office in
the past, there was no need to have the survey instrument to be subjected to validity and
reliability test.
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First, we will send a letter to ask permission to conduct this study to the principal of the
Secondly, get the number of Grade 10 students from the registrar’s office of Kabankalan
Then, before the participants answer the questionnaires, a quick orientation will be given
Lastly, after all participants accomplished the questionnaires, we will collect and gather
all the testing materials. The data obtained will be sent to the statistician in order to address the
Ethical Consideration
We will consider some ethical issues in conducting the research. These are followed:
study and what their participation would entail is the process of obtaining their informed consent. One of
the key elements of the moral conduct of research with human subjects is the procedure of obtaining
informed permission.
Voluntary participation. This shows that the respondents have voluntarily decided to take part
in the data collection. No coercion of any kind should be used to get them to take part. They must always
have the choice to stop being questioned or refuse to answer any questions at any time.
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participant identities. Thus, precautions must be taken by researchers to preserve the privacy of the study
data. After the survey is finished, paper records will be destroyed to prevent data from being
reconstructed. Additionally, all digital files will be permanently deleted from file servers, laptops, PCs,
Data Privacy Act. Protects the privacy of individuals while ensuring free flow of information to
promote innovation and growth; controls how personal data is gathered, recorded, organized, stored,
updated or modified, retrieved, consulted, used, consolidated, blocked, erased, or otherwise destroyed;
and makes sure the Philippines complies with international standards for data protection through the
References
Jüttler, A., Schumann, S., Neuenschwander, M.P. et al. (2021). General or Vocational Education?
The Role of Vocational Interests in Educational Decisions at the End of Compulsory School
09256-y
Kilag, O. K. T., & Sasan, J. M. (2023). Unpacking the Role of Instructional Leadership in
Lu, G., Song, Y., & Pan, B. (2021). How University Entrepreneurship Support Affects College
Viloria, E. M. (2016, November 10). Senior High School: Everything You Need to Know.
Edukasyon.ph
Hernandez, E. C., & Perez, D. S. (2018). Parental and Peer Influence on Senior High School Track
and Strand Preference: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 30(3),
201-215.
Lopez, J. M., & Reyes, R. T. (2021). Socioeconomic Status and Senior High School Strand
35(3), 201-214.
Martinez, E. S., & Gonzales, F. A. (2019). Peer Influence and Senior High School Track and Strand
Reyes, A. B., & Diaz, C. D. (2022). Family Income and Senior High School Strand Preference: An
Examination of Filipino Students. Journal of Educational Equity and Leadership, 35(3), 215-228.
Santos, F. R., & Cruz, M. S. (2020). Age-related Patterns in Senior High School Strand Preference:
A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 45(4), 345-358 Torres, G. L., & Perez, J.
R. (2019). Personality Traits and Senior High School Strand Preference: An Empirical Investigation.
Cruz, M. A., & Santos, J. R. (2021). Academic Performance and Senior High School Strand
Gonzales, A. M., & Rivera, J. L. (2020). Academic aspirations and senior high school strand
Chowdhury, S., & Nguyen, L. T. (2021). Cultural influences on senior high school strand
Lee, H. W., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). Parental education and senior high school strand preference: An
Garcia, R. P., & Hernandez, M. A. (2022). Regional disparities in senior high school strand
Wong, K. Y., & Tan, L. H. (2020). Technology utilization and senior high school strand
Lim, S. Y., & Park, H. J. (2021). Psychological well-being and senior high school strand
Appendix A
Research Instrument
Respondent Agreement
All data gathered will be kept confidential in compliance with Republic Act 10173
otherwise known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 and shall only be used for school recorded
purposes and shall be accessed only by authorized school personnel. Do you agree?
o Yes, I have read and agree to the Terms and Policy of the Paper
o No, I have read and disagree to the Terms and Policy of the Paper
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
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which contains your demographic profile. Then, in Part II ,check the item of your strand
preference. For Part III, check the item of your preferred school.
PART I. PROFILE
[ ] Southland College