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Effective Data Visualization
Effective Data Visualization
The Right Chart for the Right Data

Stephanie D. H. Evergreen
Evergreen Data & Evaluation, LLC
FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

2455 Teller Road

Thousand Oaks, California 91320

E-mail: order@sagepub.com

SAGE Publications Ltd.

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#10-04 Samsung Hub

Singapore 049483
 Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

All trademarks depicted within this book, including trademarks

appearing as part of a screenshot, figure, or other image are included
solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their
respective holders. The use of the trademarks in no way indicates
any relationship with, or endorsement by, the holders of said
trademarks. SPSS is a registered trademark of International Business
Machines Corporation.
Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Evergreen, Stephanie D. H., author.

Title: Effective data visualization : the right chart for the right data / Stephanie D.H.
Evergreen, Evergreen Data & Evaluation, LLC.

Description: Los Angeles : SAGE, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and

index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015045992 | ISBN 9781506303055 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Visual communication. | Charts, diagrams, etc. | Presentation

graphics software. | Graphic design (Typography) | Information visualization.

Classification: LCC P93.5 E937 2017 | DDC 302.2/22—dc23 LC record available at

http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045992

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Acquisitions Editor: Helen Salmon

Editorial Assistants: Anna Villarruel and Nicole Wineman

Production Editor: Veronica Stapleton Hooper

Copy Editor: Janet Ford

Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.

Proofreader: Dennis W. Webb

Indexer: Jean Casalegno

Cover Designer: Rose Storey

Marketing Manager: Susannah Goldes

eLearning Editor: John Scappini

Brief Contents
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1. Our Backbone: Why We Visualize
2. When a Single Number Is Important: Showing Mean,
Frequency, and Measures of Variability
3. How Two or More Numbers Are Alike or Different: Visualizing
Comparisons
4. How We Are Better or Worse Than a Benchmark: Displaying
Relative Performance
5. What the Survey Says: Showing Likert, Ranking, Check-All-
That-Apply, and More
6. When There Are Parts of a Whole: Visualizing Beyond the Pie
Chart
7. How This Thing Changes When That Thing Does:
Communicating Correlation and Regression
8. When the Words Have the Meaning: Visualizing Qualitative
Data
9. How Things Changed Over Time: Depicting Trends
10. It’s About More Than the Buttons
Index
Detailed Contents
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1. Our Backbone: Why We Visualize
Why We Visualize
When Visualization Is Harmful
Which Chart Type Is Best?
How to Use This Book
Exercises
Resources
References
2. When a Single Number Is Important: Showing Mean,
Frequency, and Measures of Variability
What Stories Can Be Told With a Single Number?
How Can I Visualize a Single Number?
A Single Large Number
Icon Array
Donut or Pie Graph
Bar Graph
How Can I Show Measures of Variability?
Exercises
Resources
References
3. How Two or More Numbers Are Alike or Different: Visualizing
Comparisons
What Stories Can Be Told About How Two or More Numbers
Are Alike or Different?
How Can I Visualize How Two or More Numbers Are Alike or
Different?
Side by Side Column
Slopegraph
Back-to-Back Bars
Dot Plot
 Dumbbell Dot Plot
Small Multiples
Exercises
Resources
References
4. How We Are Better or Worse Than a Benchmark: Displaying
Relative Performance
What Stories Can Be Told About How We Are Better or
Worse Than a Benchmark?
How Can I Visualize How We Are Better or Worse Than a
Benchmark?
Benchmark Line
Combo Chart
Bullet Graph
Indicator Dots
Exercises
Resources
References
5. What the Survey Says: Showing Likert, Ranking, Check-All-
That-Apply, and More
What Stories Can Be Told About What the Survey Says?
How Can I Visualize What the Survey Says?
Rating
Stacked Bar
Small Multiples
Diverging Stacked Bar
Aggregated Stacked Bar
Ranking
Column Graph
The Lollipop Variation
Large Number With Icon
Branching
Annotated Graph
Nested Area Graph
Visualizing Not Applicable or Missing Data
Note Small Consistent Missing Data
 Add Sample Size for Large Consistent Missing Data
Add a Graph on the Side for Large Inconsistent Missing
Data
Exercises
Resources
References
6. When There Are Parts of a Whole: Visualizing Beyond the Pie
Chart
What Stories Can Be Told When There Are Parts of a
Whole?
How Can I Visualize the Parts of a Whole?
Don’t Visualize at All
Pie Charts Done Right
100% Stacked Bar
Histogram
Treemap
Map
Exercises
Resources
References
7. How This Thing Changes When That Thing Does:
Communicating Correlation and Regression
What Stories Can Be Told About How This Thing Changes
When That Thing Does?
How Can I Visualize How This Thing Changes When That
Thing Does?
Scatterplot
Diagram
Don’t Visualize It at All
Exercises
Resources
References
8. When the Words Have the Meaning: Visualizing Qualitative
Data
What Stories Can Be Told When the Words Have the
Meaning?
 How Can I Visualize When the Words Have the Meaning?
Word Clouds
Pictures
Heat Map
Prezi
Exercises
Resources
References
9. How Things Changed Over Time: Depicting Trends
What Stories Can Be Told About How Things Changed Over
Time?
How Can I Visualize How Things Changed Over Time?
Your Old Friend, the Line Graph
Area Graph
Stacked Column
Deviation Bar
Slopegraph (as a Macro)
Dot Plot (as a Macro)
Sankey
Exercises
Resources
References
10. It’s About More Than the Buttons
Dot Plots Generate Healthcare Pioneers
Clearly Labeled Line Graphs Streamline Decisions at a
Fortune 500
Diverging Stacked Bars Make for Community Leaders in the
Midwest
Icons Support Informed Policymaking
Exercises
Resources
Reference
Index
Acknowledgments

When I wrote my first book, I holed myself away at a silent retreat

center with no Internet or phone access. I was incredibly productive
in that space. This time around, due to the success of the first book,
I no longer have a few free days in a row where I can afford to
isolate myself. With this book, I’ve had to write it on airplanes, in
airport lounges, at coffee shops in new cities, and in hotel rooms. In
each of those places, I had massive support from the people in the
service industry who so often go underappreciated, but who did so
much to make sure my needs were taken care of and I could just
write. This book is for the airline stewards, bartenders, baristas, bed
and breakfast managers, servers, and cabbies who made my life
easier. They are probably the last people who would use anything I
have written in these pages. Similarly, this book is for my parents
and friends and family who have cooked meals and taken wonderful
care of my son and generally made it possible for me to squirrel
away in a room with my laptop and some data.

As always, I’m ever grateful to the support of my colleagues at Sage,

Anna Villarruel and Helen Salmon, as well as the input from
generous peer reviewers:

David Boyns, California State University at Northridge

Thomas Cappaert, Rocky Mountain University of Health
Professions
Michael G. Elasmar, Boston University
John O. Elliott, The Ohio State University and Ohio Health
Research Institute
Brian Frederick, Bridgewater State University
David Han, University of Texas at San Antonio
Daniel Hawes, Kent State University
Mindy Hightower King, Indiana University
Kamir Kouzekanani, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
(accurate) graphic representations of political information. One factor
may be that we are primarily visual beings and that most of us, most of
the time, are skimming the narrative for things that pop out at us and
catch our attention (Evergreen, 2013). Data visualization does just that
—it provides the pop.

Graphs and formulas seem to add credibility to data, even if they don’t
contain any new insights beyond what already exists in the narrative.
Tal and Wansink (2014) experimented by including a graph (or a
scientific formula) in materials about medication efficacy. They found
that people who read the study materials believed the medications were
more effective when the materials included a graph—even if the graph
didn’t contain substantial or additional information.

Of course, we use this power for good—to give more support and add
credibility to our carefully researched points. But, the same tools can be
used to deceive.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field artillery
materiel
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Field artillery materiel

Compiler: James P. Kelly

Release date: October 25, 2023 [eBook #71954]

Language: English

Original publication: Columbia, MO: University Coop Store, 1920

Credits: Bob Taylor, Brian Coe and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by the Library of Congress)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD

ARTILLERY MATERIEL ***
 FIELD ARTILLERY
MATERIEL
Notes on the Development,
Use and Care of Modern Field Artillery
Equipment, Including the
3” Field Gun, American, French and
British 75s, the 4.7” Gun, 155-mm
Howitzer, GPF, Fire Control Instruments,
Signal Equipment and small
arms used by the Field Artillery—automatic
pistol, automatic rifle and
the Browning machine gun.

Compiled by

JAMES P. KELLY
1ST LIEUT. FIELD ARTILLERY
U. S. ARMY

COPYRIGHT
BY
THE UNIVERSITY CO-OPERATIVE STORE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
COLUMBIA, MO.
1920
 DEDICATION
To those efficient officers and inspiring gentlemen who
interested the “youngsters” of the Yale batteries in the
service of their country, and, in a time of peace, prepared
them for the duties which they later performed in a time of
war, this book is gratefully and respectfully dedicated.
 ARTILLERY OF THE FUTURE.

SELF-PROPELLING CATERPILLAR MARK VII 75-MM. GUN. MODEL 1916.

SELF-PROPELLING CATERPILLAR MARK II 155-MM. FILLOUX GUN.
 INTRODUCTION.
The compiler of this volume believes that the Field Artillery student
should possess a broad, general knowledge of the history and
development of ordnance, with some idea of the elements of gun
construction; that he should be acquainted with the organization,
ideals and practicalities of modern field artillery armament; that he
should know the ammunition and the guns in our Field Artillery
service with their care and maintenance.
It is also believed that in the R. O. T. C. units of Field Artillery the
student should make the complete 3” equipment the basis of his
knowledge of materiel. He should become thoroughly and familiarly
acquainted with this weapon, and, to a lesser extent, with the other
light pieces which are in present use. The reason for this being that
our experience in the World War has shown that a thorough
knowledge of one class of materiel permits a ready adaptation to any
other type. He should also know the manner of functioning of the
4.7” and 155-mm rifles, with a somewhat more intensive knowledge
of the 155-mm howitzer—and with a sound knowledge of the
capabilities and limitations of all.
To complete his instruction in materiel he should know the use and
care of Fire Control equipment, Signal equipment, and the small
arms used in the field artillery, pistol, automatic rifle and machine
gun.
The lack of a single volume covering the above has been the
cause of the compilation of this book. The compiler hopes the R. O.
T. C. student will find in it a text which will be interesting, instructive
and comprehensive. To the lieutenants in charge of Department “A”
and to those who aspire to that responsibility it is hoped that this
work will prove a valued addition to their professional libraries.
The subjects covered herein have been taken wholly or in part
from the various official handbooks, from “Ordnance and Gunnery, U.
S. M. A.,” “Naval Gunnery, U. S. N. A.,” “America’s Munitions,” “Gun
Making in the U. S. A.,” “Ordnance and Gunnery for Field Artillery
Officers,” “Artillery Firing,” “The Field Artillery Journal,” Ordnance
Doc. 2033, from lecture notes taken at the School of Fire, Brigade
Training Pamphlets, and various other sources.
The compiler is indebted to Lt. Col. Lloyd E. Jones, F. A. and
Major H. C. Jackson, F. A. for the valuable advice and the helpful
assistance they rendered in this compilation.
 CONTENTS.
Chapters Page
I. Definitions. 11
II. History and Development of Materiel. 16
Biblical references—Use by Romans in Punic wars
—Greeks; Chinese use of pyrotechmy; French
field artillery in the time of Charles VIII;
Gustavus Adolphus and artillery in the 17th
century; Louis XIV; Gribeauval’s work in 1765;
Shrapnel, 1808; Smooth bores to rifles, middle
of 19th century; French “75;” Period 1897 to
date.
III. Elements of Gun Design and Construction. 27
Guns—wire wrapped and built-up; twist;
breechblocks; carriages; traversing
mechanisms; elevating mechanisms; recoil
systems. Air and spring recuperators; shields;
sights; wheels; trails.
IV. Modern Armament. 46
Discussions of types of artillery and their
organization; missions and guns suitable to
accomplish different missions; ideal and
practical types for divisional corps and army
artillery.
V. Three-inch Field Gun. 62
Weights and dimensions.
Description of gun, carriage, caisson and limbers;
functioning of principal parts.
Mounting and dismounting.
75-mm Model 1897 (“French 75”).
 VI. 84
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
Care, preservation, dismounting.
VII. 75-mm Model 1916 (“American 75”). 105
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
Care, preservation, dismounting, mounting.
VIII. 75-mm Model 1917 (“British 75”). 147
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
IX. 4.7” Rifle Model 1906. 154
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
X. 155-mm Rifle (Filloux Gun) (GPF). 160
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
XI. 155-mm Howitzer Model 1918. 167
Weights and dimensions.
Description and functioning of principal parts.
Notes on dismounting and mounting—cleaning.
XII. Explosives, Ammunition and Fuzes. 199
Explosives—classes, fillers, H. E., nitrogen
compounds.
Ammunition—classes, discussion of fixed, semi-
fixed and separate ammunition, primers,
charges, construction of different types of shell,
care.
Fuzes—principle of operation, arming, classification,
precautions, tables of fuzes giving description,
use, etc.
Ammunition marking.
Care and Preservation of Materiel.
XIII. 236
Oils and cleaning materials; tools and accessories;
care and cleaning of different parts of carriages,
emptying, cleaning and filling cylinders,
cleaning bore, breech, springs, etc.; general
instructions for care of cloth, leather and metal
equipment. Cleaning schedules.
XIV. Fire Control Equipment. 258
Sights—line, front and rear, panoramic; model 1915
and 1917 with their use, care and verification.
Range Quadrant, care, use and adjustment. B.
C. Telescope, model 1915 and Aiming Circle
model 1916, with their use, care and
adjustment. Range Finder, 1 meter base, use,
care and adjustment. Field Glasses. Fuse
Setters.
XV. Signal Equipment. 285
Telephones and Monocord Switchboards—
description, use, adjustments, trouble shooting
and care.
Projectors—description, use, adjustment, service
code for lamps and buzzer, conventional
signals.
Pyrotechnical signaling, classification of rockets,
use, code.
Panels—liaison with airplanes, signals, description
of panels, panel code.
Flags—classification, use of semaphore and wig-
wag.
Radio—Description of equipment, SCR-54 and
SCR-54-A Sets, methods of operation, use of
vacuum detectors, precautions, sources of
trouble, maintenance, reception of airplane
signals.
XVI. Small Arms. 315
 Pistol, machine gun and automatic rifle—
description, use and care.
XVII. Motors 328
Reconnaissance car, Dodge, Harley-Davidson
motorcycles. 5-ton tractors, ammunition trucks,
cargo trucks. How to drive, sources of trouble,
maintenance.
Appendices. 349
A.Gunner’s Examinations—preparations,
Cannoneers’ “Don’ts,” training gun crews.
B. Tabular comparison of light guns used in World
370
War.
C. Table of Equivalents. 371
Index.
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Title Page
Artillery of the Future Frontispiece
Diagram Hydro-Springs and Hydro-Pneumatic Recoil
41
Systems
3-inch Field Gun Breech Mechanism Facing 63
Carriage Model 1902, Plan View Facing 65
Elevating Gear 67
Traversing Gear Facing 66
Recoil Controlling Mechanism Facing 69
Caisson Limber, Model 1916 73
Caisson, Model 1902 Facing 74
75-mm Field Gun, Model 1897 (French) 85
Breech Mechanism 86
Firing Mechanism 88
Gun Carriage, Longitudinal Section 90
Gun Carriage, Rear View 91
Gun Carriage, Left Side 92
Gun Carriage, Right Side 93
Gun Carriage, Plan View 94
Wheel Brake Mechanism (Abatage) 96
Range Elevating Mechanism 98
75-mm Field Gun, Model 1916 (American) 107
Breech Mechanism 108
 Breech Mechanism 109
Gun Carriage, Left Side 112
Gun Carriage, Right Side 113
Gun Carriage, Rear View 116
Gun Carriage, Plan View 117
Gun Carriage, Longitudinal and Transversal
119
Sections
Recoil Mechanism 122
Valve Turning Gear 125
Angle of Site Mechanism 128
Elevating Mechanism 130
Traversing Mechanism 132
75-mm Field Gun, Model 1917 (British) 148
Breech Mechanism 149
Recoil Mechanism 151
Gun Carriage, Plan View 152
4.7-inch Gun, Model 1906, Longitudinal Section 155
Gun Carriage, Left, Plan and Rear Views 158
155-mm Gun, Model 1918, (GPF) (Filloux) 161
Longitudinal Section in Battery 163
Carriage and Limber, Traveling Position Facing 165
155-mm Howitzer, Model 1918 169
Carriage and Limber Facing 166
Carriage Unlimbered Facing 167
Breech Mechanism 171
Breech Mechanism 172
Firing Mechanism 174
 Longitudinal Section 180
Carriage, Left Side 183
Elevating Mechanism 184
Traversing Rollers 186
Traversing Mechanism 188
Air and Liquid Pumps 190
Howitzer Carriage, Plan View 191
Quadrant Sights, Model 1918 193
DeBange Obturator 205
Mark II-A Primer 207
155 Steel Shell Mark IV 210
155 Shrapnel Mark I 212
4.7-inch Gun Ammunition 213
3-inch Gun Ammunition Facing 214
Detonating Fuze, Mark III 225
Detonating Fuze, Mark V 226
45 Second Combination Fuze, Mark 1 230
21 Second Combination Fuze, Model 1907 M 231
75-mm Gun Ammunition 234
Rear Sight, 3-inch Field Gun 259
Panoramic Sight, Model of 1917 261
Panoramic Sight, Model of 1915 264
Range Quadrant, 3-inch Field Gun 266
Battery Commander’s Telescope, Model 1915 271
Aiming Circle 275
Diagram of Range Finder Principle 279
Range Finder, Rear View Facing 280
Range Finder Tripod Facing 281
Three-Steps in Range Finding Facing 282
Fuze Setters Facing 284
Camp Telephone Facing 286
Diagram Telephone Circuit 287
Diagram Radio Circuit 307
The Automatic Pistol, Cal. 45, Model 1911 Facing 316
Receiver, Barrel and Slide Facing 317
Component Parts Facing 318
Component Parts Assembled Facing 319
Ammunition Truck Facing 334
 CHAPTER I
DEFINITIONS.

In the study of any subject which is rather technical in nature, it is

absolutely essential that the reader be familiar with the meaning of
the words and phrases which must be used in the matter to be
discussed. If the subject matter is to be understood there must be a
common phraseology. The reader is therefore strongly urged to
perfect his knowledge of the following short vocabulary before
passing on to the matter which follows.
Ammunition. A general term applied to all forms of
powders, shells, cartridges, primers, etc.
(a) Fixed Ammunition. When the powder charge
is enclosed in a metallic container which is
fixed to the projectile, it is called “Fixed
Ammunition.”
(b) Semi-Fixed Ammunition. When the charge
and metallic container are a fixed unit but are
not fastened to the projectile, it is called
“Semi-Fixed Ammunition.”
(c) Separate Ammunition. When the powder
charge is contained in bags separate from
the projectile and containing not a fixed but a
varying charge, it is called “Separate
Ammunition.”
Artillery. All firearms not carried by hand, excepting
machine guns. It is divided into two general
classifications: (1) artillery of position, and (2) mobile
artillery.
 (1) Artillery of Position is that which is
permanently mounted in fortifications.
(2) Mobile Artillery consists of two classes: first,
artillery designed to accompany an army in
the field; second, railway artillery which
requires tracks for its transportation.
Ballistics. The science of hurling projectiles or of the
motion of projectiles in their flight.
Bore. The hole which extends from the muzzle to the
breech. The passageway for the projectile. That part
of the tube which is bored out.
Breech. The rear end of the gun, tube, or barrel.
Caisson. A two-wheeled vehicle which supports an
ammunition chest. The wheeled equipment of a gun
section consists of one gun with its limber and one
caisson with its limber. For a caisson section it
consists of two caissons with their limbers.
Caliber (Calibre). The diameter between the highest
points in the bore.
Carriage, gun. Usually understood to mean all the piece
except the tube with its appurtenances and the limber.
Cartridge case. A hollow cylinder shaped to fit the bore. A
container for the propelling charge.
Charge.
(a) Propelling. A quantity of powder used in the
bore to generate the gases which propel the
projectile from the gun.
(b) Bursting. A quantity of powder used in
shrapnel to strip off the head of the projectile
and to force out the balls.
(c) Explosive. The matter used in a shell to
detonate it at the end of its flight.