Chapter 4

A) program aim:

Candidate upon successfully qualifying in the master (physiology) examination should be

able to:

 to demonstrate the proper knowledge of general and systemic physiology and

recognize last updates in this field
 to identify the practical technique from alternative theory and design applicable
solutions
 Function as an effective member of a teaching or research team.
 Effectively teach undergraduate medical, paramedical and all other basic science
students, the basic physiological mechanisms of the human body, with reference to
their implications in the pathogenesis (pathophysiological processes) of diseases
affecting the various organ systems and the physiological basis of their
management.
 Select and use appropriate teaching techniques and resources
 Be able to demonstrate to the students how the knowledge of physiology can
effectively be used in a variety of clinical settings to solve diagnostic and therapeutic
problem
Effectively use the library facilities including computer, CD ROM and internet
research
 Interact with the allied departments by rendering services in advanced laboratory
investigations and giving relevant opinion.
 Participate and present scientific material in various workshops/seminars in
Physiology
 Identifying in depth the physiology and pathophysiology of common community
health problem.
B) Specific learning outcomes:
Learning should encompass the following domains: Cognitive,
.Psychomotor and affective

:Knowledge

.Num Course Objectives

1 General and cellular -to identify Functional Organization of the Human
physiology
 Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
-to describe The Cell and Its Functions, Genetic
Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell
Reproduction
2 Heamatology Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
-to explain Resistance of the Body to Infection: I.
Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage
System,and Inflammation
-to explain Resistance of the Body to Infection: II.
Immunity and Allergy
-to describe Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and
Organ Transplantation
-to describe Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
3 Renal physiology and -to describe The Body Fluid Compartments:
fluid balance Extracellular and intracellular Fluids; Interstitial Fluid
and Edema
- to state. Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I.
Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their
Control, II. Tubular Processing of the Glomerular
Filtrate
-to explain Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolality
and Sodium Concentration
-to outline Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium,
Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal
-to describe Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume
and Extracellular Fluid Volume
-to recognize Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
-to determine Kidney Diseases and Diuretics
4 Cardio-vascular to describe Properties of cardiac -
physiology muscle ,Cardiac cycle
to identify Heart as a pump ,Cardiac output-
-to distinguish Nutrition and metabolism of heart
Specialized tissues of the heart
-to express Generation and conduction of cardiac
 Impulss Control of excitation and conduction
-to interpret Electrocardiogram
-to classify Arrhythmias ,Principles of hemodynamics
-to illustrate Neurohumoral regulation of
cardiovascular function ,Microcirculation and
lymphatic system ,Regional circulations
-to recognize Cardiac failure Circulatory shock
Exercise physiology
5 Respiratory physiology -to explain Pulmonary Ventilation
to describe Pulmonary Circulation, –
Pulmonary Edema ,Pleural Fluid
to describe Physical Principles of Gas –
Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide Through the Respiratory
Membrane
to recognize Transport of Oxygen and –
Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluid
to distinguish the process of Regulation -
of Respiration
to describe Respiratory Insufficiency -
Pathophysiology Diagnosis, Oxygen
Therapy
6 Environmental -to describe Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space
physiology Physiology
And –to explain Physiology of Deep-Sea
Diving Hyperbaric Conditions
to describe in depth the process of hot -
environment and heat stroke
7 Nerve and muscle -to describe Transport of Substances Through the Cell
physiology Membrane
-to describe Membrane Potentials and Action
Potentials
- to explain Contraction of Skeletal Muscle and
Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular
 Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- to describe Contraction and Excitation of Smooth
Muscle
8 Nueral physiology : -to describe General design of nervous system
general ,sensory and -----------to explain Interneuronal
motor communication ,Classification of somatic senses
-to outline Sensory receptors ,Sensory transduction
,Information processing ,Dorsal column and medial
lemniscal system
-to describe function of the Thalamus Somatosensory
cortex
-to explain the process of Pain
- to describe Organization of spinal cord for motor
function Cerebellum ,Basal ganglia
-to explain Maintenance of posture and equilibrium
9 Physiology of special -to describe The Eye: Optics of Vision, Receptor and
senses Neural Function of the Retina Central
Neurophysiology of Vision
-to explain The Sense of Hearing . –to
describe The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell
10 Physiology of nutrtion -to recognize metabolism of Carbohydrates,
and metabolism Fats ,Proteins, Minerals ,Vitamins ,Dietary fibre
-to estimate Recommended dietary allowances -to
distinguish Balanced diet ,Diet for infants, children,
pregnant and lactating mothers, and the elderly
-to illustrate Energy metabolism Obesity and
starvation
11 Gastro-intestinal -To outline General Principles of Gastrointestinal
physiology Function -Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood
Circulation
- to describe Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the
Alimentary Tract
-to illustrate Secretory Functions of the Alimentary
Tract
 -to express Digestion and Absorption in the
Gastrointestinal Tract
-to discuss Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
12 Endocrine and -to describe the following hormonal
reproductive physiology physiology :Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by
the Hypothalamus, Thyroid Metabolic Hormones -
Adrenocortical Hormones- Insulin, Glucagon, and
Diabetes Mellitus -Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin,
Calcium and -Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D,
Bone, and Teeth
-to describe Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of
the Male
-to describe Female Physiology Before Pregnancy
and the Female Hormones
-to explain Pregnancy and Lactation,Fetal and
Neonatal Physiology

:Skills

A) Hematology experiments:
- to correctly Estimate hemoglobin , total erythrocyte (RBC) count,RBC Indices
(Blood standards) ,total leucocytes (WBC) count : TLC
-to Prepare peripheral blood smear and determination of differential
leukocyte count: DLC.
-to determine the bleeding time (BT) and clotting time (CT). blood groups (A,B,O
and Rh system)
- to calculate specific gravity of blood. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and
packed cell volume (PCV).
To determine osmotic fragility of red blood cells. platelet count reticulocyte -
.count. absolute eosinophil count
to estimate haemopoietic cells present in the bone marrow -

B) Human Physiology
a. Clinical Physiology
- to apply Elementary principles of clinical examination
- to perform General physical examination properly .
- to use General principles of inspection / palpation / percussion / auscultation
b. Nerve Muscle Physiology
- to practice Ergography and hand grip spring dynamography – study of phenomenon
of human fatigue.
to Record electromyography (EMG)-

c. Cardiovascular system (CVS)

- to apply Clinical examination of CVS
- to perform Examination of arterial and venous pulses.
- to Measure arterial blood pressure.
- to Record12 lead electrocardiography (ECG) and its interpretation.
d. Respiratory system
- to perform Clinical examination of respiratory system
- to interpret Stethography – study of respiratory movements and effect of various
factors.
- to Assess ventilatory functions – vitalography
- to conduct Spirometry – study of lung volumes and capacities.
- to Measure BMR.
- to perform Cardio pulmonary cerebral resuscitation and artificial respiration.
e. Abdominal system:
- to apply Clinical examination of abdomen.
f. Reproductive system
- to Determine ovulation time by basal body temperature chart, cervical smear
and vaginal smear examination
- to interpret Semen analysis: sperm count and motility
g. Nervous system including special senses.
- to perform Clinical examination of the nervous system and its physiological basis
- to perform Examination of higher mental functions, cranial nerves,sensory system
motor system including reflexes , special senses:
(i) Smell and taste
(ii) Tests of hearing
(iii) Ophthalmology:
(a) Clinical examination of the eye and pupillary reflex
(b) Visual acuity
(c) Perimetery –mapping out of visual field and blind spot
(d) Accommodation
(e) Fundoscopy
(f) Color vision and colour blindness
- to interpret Reaction time (visual and auditory) and reflex time
Electroencephalography (EEG), Autonomic function tests (AFT)
- to interpret Neuroelectro diagnostic techniques:
(i) Nerve conduction study
(ii) Visual evoked potential (VEP)
(iii) Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP)
(iv) Somato- sensory evoked potential (SEP)
s Motor evoked potential (MEP))v(