DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINNEERING.

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY.
HEAD LOST BY FRICTION IN PIPES EXPERIMENT.
Object
To confirm the expression hf= (4flv^(n))/(d2g) and determine the values of f and n.
APPARATUS.
Pipe, U-tube manometer, apparatus for measuring flow.
METHOD.
Two points a distance l apart are connected to a U tube manometer which may contain a red
gauge fluid of specific gravity 2.97. In either case, the tubes connecting the manometer are first
bled of air.
The rate of discharge may be measured by collecting the water in a bucket and weighing it, or
by collecting the water in a measuring cylinder. In each case, a timed interval is noted.
The pipe is connected to a constant head tank, the water allowed to flow at its maximum rate
by turning the valve.
The reading on the gauge when ready is noted and so is the discharge.
The rate of discharge is measured again in at the same head reading. This is repeated 12 times,
the head being reduced by approximately constant intervals to the minimum.
CALCULATIONS.
We were able to get some values to plot our graph of log of head loss vs log of velocity. The
graph is linear traversing the negative y- axis at a value of (-0.23) and having a slope 1.86. The
value of k can be found by getting the antilog the value of the y-intercept.
Where k= (4fl/d2g) d = 0.0625 , l = 2
y-intercept = -0.23
= antilog (-0.23)
k =0.583.
0.583=(4*f*2)/ (0.0625*2*9.81)
f = 0.008.
This is the value of the friction factor. The value of n is the value of the slope calculated from the
graph which is 1.86.
From the graph we can see that the head loss increases with increase in the mean velocity of
the fluid and for turbulent flow the value of n is between 1.75 and 2. Our value is within those
limits. There are losses in energy as the pipe flows as a result of viscous shear.

CONCLUSION.
We were able to find the values of f and n from the experiment, which are 0.008940054 and
1.8632157, respectively. By extension, the head depends on a wide range of variables, into
which we have dug deeply in our experiment. They include the Reynolds number, pipe length,
diameter, and roughness. By extension, these additional factors might interact with the ones we
took into account for our investigation. As a result, we can say that our lab work was completed
satisfactorily.