GOOD DAY

EVERYONE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to;

a. Determine the definition of

an Argument and Soundness.

b. Differentiate the 4 types of

fallacies.
EN9RC-IVf-2.22
MELC 9: Judge the relevance
and worth of ideas,
soundness of author's
reasoning and the
effectiveness of the
presentation.
ARGUMENT
VS.
OPINION
INTRODUCTION:
Exchanging ideas is a part of everyday life as
one socially mingles with others. Thus, you
make arguments on a regular basis. This does
not refer to quarreling or causing conflict
with others but the act of communicating
one’s perspective and point of view to others,
opening up opportunities for discussion of
ideas.
 WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
OPINION ARGUMENT
While an opinion is An argument on the other
a personal claim hand is a claim that needs
to be worth making, valid,
that does not
sound, logical, and must
necessarily require
be provided with
support and certain
reasonable, relevant, and
qualities. sufficient support.
 Directions
1. Analyze the conversation that
follows
2. Answer the following questions
after analyzing the
conversation.

“Social media platforms are
highly disadvantageous”
“I believe otherwise. Social
media platforms bring a lot of
benefits because it makes
communication and information
dissemination a lot easier.”
Which statement do you think is
an example of an opinion and
which is an argument?
If you have chosen the girl’s statement as an
opinion, you are right! It is an opinion as the girl has
simply stated her notion on social media platforms.

On the other hand, the boy also expressed his

notion on social media platforms, only that he has
asserted reasons why he believes so, making it an
argument.
ARGUMENT
An argument is a statement or
set of statements the includes
one premise and a conclusion.
An argument tries to convince us that something is true.
Keep in mind that an argument to be considered one has to
consist of:

CONCLUSION
PREMISE
 CONCLUSION
A conclusion is the statement that
the premise supports and is a way of
promoting a certain belief or point of
view.
 PREMISE
A premise includes the reasons
and evidence behind a
conclusion.
“Social media platforms bring a lot of
benefits because it makes
communication and information
dissemination a lot easier.”

CONCLUSION
PREMISE
CONCLUSION
Social media platforms bring a
lot of benefits...

PREMISE
because it makes
communication and
information dissemination a
lot easier.
INDICATOR
WORDS
Indicator words provide
assistance to you when you are
trying to Identify the argument
and its premise.
 CONCLUSION INDICATORS
therefore, hence, implies that, it follows that, so, thus,
consequently

PREMISE INDICATORS
since, for, given that, for the reason that, because, as, is
shown by the fact that
SOUNDNESS
 How can we say
that an argument
is sound?
A sound argument is an
argument that is valid and all of
its premises are true (and as a
consequence its conclusion is
true as well).
 REMEMBER
An argument is valid if, assuming
its premises are true, the
conclusion must be true.
 What threatens
the soundness of
an argument?
FALLACIES
 REMEMBER
Fallacies are considered errors in reasoning. In
speaking and writing, it may be committed
accidentally causing faults in the argument or
intentionally to trick the readers or audience into
believing the speaker’s or writer’s argument. Either
way, you should avoid committing them in order to
form sound arguments.
 4 OTHER
TYPES OF
FALLACIES
HASTY GENERALIZATION
POST HOC
SLIPPERY SLOPE
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
 HASTY
GENERALIZATION
 HASTY GENERALIZATION
The hasty generalization fallacy is
sometimes called the over-
generalization fallacy.

It is basically making a claim based on

evidence that it just too small.
 HASTY GENERALIZATION

✓ Do not make a claim and

say it is true if only based on
just an evidence or two.
 HASTY GENERALIZATION
Examples:
1. Librarians are quiet people and disciplinarians. (This is
an example of stereotyping or over-generalization.)

2. My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and

the one I’m in is hard, too. I warn you, all philosophy
classes are hard! (Two people’s experiences are, in this
case, not enough to base a conclusion.)
POST HOC
 POST HOC
Post hoc (sometimes written
as post-hoc) is a Latin phrase,
meaning "after this" or "after
the event".
 POST HOC
Stressing that two events or
concepts are related in the
sense that one causes
another when they’re actually
not.
 POST HOC
✓ Do not assume the cause-
and-effect relationship
between two concepts or
events without considering
other factors.
Examples:
POST HOC
1. It was cloudy this morning, so Sarah did a “sun dance” and it
did not rain. (The sun dance may not have been the reason
for the rain not coming.)

2. President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent

crime went up. He is responsible for the rise in crime. (The
increase in taxes might or might not be the factor in the
rising crime rates, but it was claimed as if it's the only
reason.)
SLIPPERY SLOPE
 SLIPPERY SLOPE
The slippery slope fallacy is an
argument that claims an initial event
or action will trigger a series of other
events and lead to an extreme or
undesirable outcome.
 SLIPPERY SLOPE
Claiming a sort of chain reaction will
take place, usually ending in some
dire consequence, but there’s really
not enough evidence.
 SLIPPERY SLOPE
example:

Person A: “I think we should lower the

legal drinking age.”

Person B: “No, if we do that, we’ll have

ten-year-olds getting drunk in bars!”
 SLIPPERY SLOPE
✓ Do not slide all the way down or
exaggerate in picturing the
consequences attributed to a particular
event.
APPEAL TO
AUTHORITY
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
Insisting that a claim is true simply
because a valid authority or
expert on the issue said it was
true without any other supporting
evidence offered.
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
Referring to known personalities
to back up a claim, but aren’t
really experts particularly in line
with the issue at hand instead of
citing evidence.
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
✓ Do not impress readers with a
famous name or a supposed
authority who really does not have
an expertise on the matter being
discussed.
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
Example:
1. We should abolish the death penalty
because many respected people, such as
the actor, Bling Bong Marcoux, have
publicly stated their opposition to it.
 TO SUM IT UP
✓Make sure your argument consists of a conclusion and
premises.

✓ Review if your conclusion and premises are logically

related.

✓ Use conclusion and premise indicators if necessary.

 TO SUM IT UP
x Do not use logical fallacies in your argument so as
not to mislead or even worse, to intentionally trick your
readers into believing your argument (e.g., hasty
generalization, post hoc, slippery slope, appealing to
authority).

x Do not forget to verify if the bases of your conclusion

and premises are valid, true, and reliable.
Let's
Try
Directions: Read the sentences
carefully and determine whether the
statement is true or false. On the
blanks, write YES if the statement is
true and NO if it is false.
____1. The premise is the idea we are
convinced to believe while conclusion
is the support or reason showing that
the premise is
true.
____2. There is no difference between
an argument and an opinion.
____3. Hasty generalization is a fallacy committed
when making assumptions about a whole group or
range of cases based on a sample that is
inadequate or not enough.

____4. Examples of premise indicators are

“therefore”, “hence”, and “thus”.

____5. Slippery slope is a fallacy that overgeneralizes

a situation.
Answers:
1. NO
2. NO
3. YES
4. NO
5. NO