Bhartiye Rajnitik Vicharak H 318

(Indian Political Thinkers)
(1-115)
I. TTJPftRra? : Têp qRisJil (Political Thoughts; An Introduction) 2-17

1.1 (Introduction)
1.2 (Objectives)
1.3 TTsntfciq) (Traditional Political Theory)
1.4 STT^piqi <l'j|'flRi<+i ftrsra (Modem Political Theory)
1.5 '?n7f?l (Summary)
• <FI«TO (Exercise Questions)
n. afiT re)^«bHt( (Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand) 18^27

2.1 "SR^ncRl (Introduction)
2.2 (Objectives)
.. 2.3 fqwt y<Wdl 3?lT
(Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his Thought)
2.4 wih) fil qn “Ft "qhKR
(Contribution of Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Rising of Nationalism)
2.5 ^ ThR
(Contribution of Swami Vivekanand in Rising of Nationalism)

2.6 (Summary)
• 3TWfra (Exerciese Questions)
in. arrfsR tftq aftr (Aurobindo GhQsh and/Gokhale) • 28-52

3.1 MfdWHI (Introduction)
3.2 (Objectives)
3.3 (Important Works)
3.4 ^ 3fr«Tlfcqq? aiMT (Spiritual Foundation of Aurobindo’s Political Ideas)
(Aurobindo’s Political Ideas) I-
3.5 % 0“!
(Hi)
(iv)
3.6 ^ (Theory of Spiritual Nationalism)

3.7 Hiiq y.=frc!t ^ 3Tr^ (Ideal of Human Unity)
3.8 ^ (An Evaluation of Aurobindo)
3.9 m14ivi (Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
3.10 d<Kc|lR*ll' «Ft d4>ddli| ci«^T iNdlld (Achievements of the Moderates and their
Contribution to Indian Politics)
3.11 TTHTTl (Summary)
• "SrH (Exercise Questions)
IV HgitHi (Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar) 53-«7

4.1 y«iiqn (Introduction)
4.2 ’ "3^7^ (Objectives)
4.3 • ‘lew'jyl ■^•=in>< (Important works)
4.4 'nf^f ■3ft % ■^7f=T ■% 3Ri=h (Moral Basis of Gandhian Philosophy)
4.5 UKiJfi (Summay)
• 3?wTra (Exercise Questions)
V. TT?T, liîqui (M.N. Rov, Nehru, Lohia, Periyar and J.P. Narayan)
68-115
3.1 (Introduction)
3.2 (Objectives) f
5.3 'sft^ nR-qq (Life Sketch)
5.4 H5Tq'^''f (Important Works)
. - ' ^
5.5 TFT % Rq-fli ^ (Evolution of Roy’s Philosophy)
5.6 IFI sftt ‘nq^^qiq (Roy and Marxism)
5.7 HlRriq> Hi-iqctiqiq ^ Rl^ld (Theory of Radical Humanism)
5.8 u'lRjo ■srsmra ^ (Concept of Organised Democracy)
5.9
I ^
TFI ^ (Critical Evaluation of Roy)
5.10 viWa'q % CTir^qi % fqqK (Thought of Nehru and Lohiya about the Democracy)
5.11 3TfWcn % '^Rhk % fqqK (Thought of Periyar about Asmita) ^
5.10 ■3ft^ nR-qq (Life Sketch)

5.11 qqyqî?! qKiqxi ^ fqqKUKi ^ (Development of the Political Ideas of J.P. Narayan)
5.12 '>l^y+l7l ‘'HlFTri % ii-dJirddi (Political Ideas of Jai Prakash Narayan)
5,.13^ ^HI'ddK fddK (Ideas on Socialism)
5:14 ^ ■fFra ftrSTct (Theory of Total Revolution)
^lis ' ^ ‘i'SII'+.'H (An Evaluation of Jai Prakash Narayan)
5.16 (Summai’y)
• SfwTO 'Sf7=I (Exercise Questions)
BA. 1st Year
Paper llnd
XM^lfrich fq-ciKch
(Indian Political Thinkers)
(Political Thought: An Introduction)

n. eft 3?R tqi^l
(Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand)
5^ in. ^ 3frt
(Aurobindo Ghosh and Gokhale)
95Fif IV. WTcin nWl 3T*^
(Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar)
V. "HA TPT, ^R<<k t(^ TRT*rn
(M.N. Roy, Nehru, Lohia, Periyar and J.P. Narayan)
’TtT Unit—I
fciTWK :
(Political Thoughts : An Introduction)
(Structure)
1.1 ywiîHI (Introduction)

1.2 (Objectives)
1.3 WWTcf ■feSTcT (Traditional Political Theory)
1.4 (NHlfd* ftrgjrT (Modem Political Theory)
1.5 ..«KRi (Summary)
-• (Exercise Questions)
1.1. Mwiciii (Introduction)
IHilfcIi*' =f>T ^Rieiy ’ll Hiioi ^ 'M'^1 Hmlmi ^1 <i'»tl1iri=h

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1.2, (Objectives)
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1.3. TTsrfr^raJ T^ssm (Traditional Political Theory)
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mo4TT»rd <NHlfH«li' R4.«lfd ^ (Features of Traditional Political Theory)

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7. 373*7773777*737 SltHtii (Conceptual Sfurfies^—37*377377 7l37=ftf337 Rhîci % 7T3*t37
=373, '^7^, 7737=7777, 77t3) 37^37^, %773r777. 77^7, 377^, 77*3^777, 77^373 33f^ 3T33T7'3T3fl' 377 3f737f%7
377^ 7^1 177 177^[777 % 7735^37t ^ 77T^%3 77373^37737 3 3*f3=?7737 3ff 77X1 373%
3733T7'373ff 37t 3l737f%7 Rtiqi, %f%3 37% % 3% ^qî^qi^l 3=7^ 377 3313 3% 1%37l 1% 37T7'n 31
t35T77 3T3377'37r337 37^333 7737 % ^7*73377 71 33TI
8. 37fi7-373777337f*rar 3fE33T (Trans-discipUnarian Studies)—h ti* 1 a 7737=3133)
Riîa % 7737=7tf337 l33T7%f % 37=73 qlqi % 3% Fq-flHfHq> 31^% 377 37*33=71%37 f I 1% 37I7’3
1=7 Iqqnqi't' % Riîcil 37t R*i% 1333 13%3 % %1=77 3777*33 *%%, 3777^, 37%, 313% 377f^ RlTiKsh)
377 %%3i%7 7737737 l357n % 3% l333f 337 13533 % 717 11 13 f^' % 7NHird4. Rj^ldT % f%7W
% f%75 <mi1Ri 13577=7 37I 37?13 377% %3=1I 77*33 =7% ^1 1% 3)77*3 37*37733 71^=flfciq) 1%3T3
37*333 3)7 317373 ^1 1% 3)77*3 773=7lfc737 Ri^m % % '^33 ^ %3% 377*7^37
3)7 37^ ^377 '^1 ■% 37737 % (q5j*(n '^1
9. 9iir*if^coai ('S«6ject»ut/j»,1-*l7>*777>T3 77 77137 tl 17%

qt^RocSfli 33 37*773 % 3777*3 31 f%% 77%77=3 773f%f^ Rlfiia 33 RiÎ«i 377^ % 3777*337 717 ^1
*77*37733 713=7%137 f%5!73 % RihRi % 1%% % 713%1cl37 13=337
% 373777 =7% 1%Ti tTsT^ *5. ei^n 377 *77=7=77 ^ 1% “37*377=73 773=111337 133773^ % 13373 377 3TIMI7
*537 , fq-fl-i, 3733=71 3T7f3 % f37â
■fl 777733 *53 ■3337777I3 37% % «*q* % 3777*3 TTTfl 1%33 ■57*31% 37l%37 3ll7 1=■7=73375337 ^1
t ■37737777 ■^■.'133)7 37% "311 3737 fl" 1% 3777*3 3=7% (NHIRI*' RJ4,ld % 3713 «7T=TF3)37 =711 7%
3771^31^3
% 37=1 •% 37V37 717 tl
3*77133 f3%33 % 373 3717 "qn 7T3737 t t% '*77*37733 <iq'ilRiq) t%5T3. 3T71?t, <i!rfRiq) 3
111177737% 717 11 177 37 1%7 3 =7li3-'77173 377 37l^ 37373 717 tl ^3f%7R7*3 1% % 3777**7
■'77^771=13 Xi^lfdq) 17737% % [q[q«737, 377*7^37, 37*^f37 337 '*777*77 jciii 377 37373 *7737 '3737 tl ‘jcrq'l
■*77 37737173 1% % W7*n 31 ^7317737% 133773% 3% 377371337 377 %=1 % 337 tl %1%3 ^tR-^13117371
% 377=7*73 % î-qilRiq) 177373 3% 773% 13371 ■% '^337771 '^317 fl31 tl 377^13^ 773=111337 R74ld
% *77*377=73 773=11^37 3% 371 *7737 3731 tl 377^%^ 'qi 377^1^ 7|3irq4ld 377
6 377%3 773%/33r /««»«<«

1. 'îW< ii'Ji-ilfti'î Riogia ^ ^=hK HR'iipHo Rfî't?
2. ■'3^ ^ irrî^ •fe^T’ft f^l
WT^ VW fk^nct, 7
■'nH cT^, >ii?qd ticqi «h*^4 (qqu'l ^ ^^l
?T^ anfif % "SRI yRiHiRn ti'Ji'fllo'R STTS ’Tt +qciqai. «Hi-iai, ^?IFT, ^Ry^dl.
<.i^qi<;, TT5^, qii-ji ^ 7IRR 3Ilf^ •iiqqK'Jin/ snoj tft ^11(0 (qjii-i % SfKRF! i|' R^Wjyi 'fsiH
srte tl
1.4. SIT^Pra? Trsf^frrai Ritaio (Modem Political Theory)

WR fqsfq ^5 ^ ^ ^ ^ sn^fTO WTl f&niq
■35 % ^ ■diwr^l'+dl ^ TRTI ■feih? 33 % ^ <irH-i -qfdd <i'qi"lRtq) ^ WTlf^rai
^RR^fd^T T? 4<UKHId cRTl ^ -qfdci yRR-^Riql ■^' ^tqqlfci >ii«i % ^TTST-'7fT8T'
«'qq1(aq> Rn^m % .■^' *it yRqcld 3Tm aiq;<qi-m«fl sni 3R TTSpftf^ ,f^îd ^ 3TKitr ^
qq)ilq>T, ^ iqii^qT cRn ôiidR-iifd Rifl’d "RPl '3|)t yq>s^ ^Fftl '^THf f.
^R’qq ^ 3TR^ i«iq) 'New Aspects of Politics"^' ^ '5R7T % " tNHifd fd?IH 3?)
■=141 ■rM dciis'Mi ‘fql'Rh tMdlld* fail'd îRwq) % 3TT Tpn t qiiciiTu
^tfsSRJI (Process) '^l" TTSHM i^Tiiq % ^ ^ 3TT3’7fti3r

(Empirical Methods) ^ TRRtfa % arajirsi 3?iiPiq> "'IT sftr affT îq-ilRiq)
3)) ‘ <ifqfl', ‘^Rfl’, ViqilRiqi atf^rsB', \iqilfaqi ^r*Tra',' ti-Jiilfq Iqqij^n’, TTqq
‘<i'Ji'iirnq> ♦iWjRi' 3TTf? ^ 3T3VTT^3^' ^77 STfijî ^flT ^ ^1 HTTlcfpr cim i)ftqH ^ >if5d
tr*TI nlt^tii, Ri'^c^ '3*TT q^*l <,iq-flR»q» 3TR|'j|H Ri*m qi<<i> tiqi)fdq> RtigiTd ^ ^
I 1953 ^[qs % oqqpKqi'O 3>ffrr ^ <iq.ilRi=n RH«&m ^ 3tT% "TTnTTFTrf <i'q-i1Iaqi
'SIFH rT^JT mT^c^ arift °qq5Kqi<(l fqqKqil

% î-q-iimq' r«*iti «f) '9T <i'qi’lRiq> Riîid ^ 3itl
r^Rbl 1969 ^ 3tTT-oqq5l^q|i(l 5iTf^ ^ fq'jcl q«nqn STT^Rt^T Î'q-ilRiqi Riigin *jrHl 3i)
’Tt ftRii % Tn«i ^ WH ^fqr Ri-’aK=t>l' % Rt 3^ 3rf fî 1990 % ^
■^ff^ ^=3, *>ilq-i c^<ii'j|, ^(qq 371^ f^gRf ^ M'n-(l(a'*-ry4Wl 13TRI1
3TT^Riq> Î'q’Rfnqj Ri<sin [q^l^dii^ (Features of Modem Political Theory)
Ri^m ^ rq«)qaii< Ri^flfciRaa ^-
1. TTjNHrrar 3JWH ^ 3f^;yiJW)y W^S/d (Interdisciplinary Approach to the
study ofPolitics)—iiqilRiq) f^TSTcFRTf 3iT 'RFm t "fe îiiq-oqqgn cl^ ^
tl Wt ■4' TN-flFd IÎTH *ft eHM^lieq, 37«l7rrf5r a«ii ^hIRtjIH 37if^ ^ fm f i f^ Mt
TFTR ■3>t <i'q-llRtq). oq<77^71 3^(7 oqq?K 35) qTiTF^ % ^ wsr ^ ariRfe. url^,
«iiÎaqi 33lft sRl^Riql iTf 'f I ^ fqqK ylsnqi 3iT ’l) îTrlT
■fl fqjrqoHiqt W-q-TlRiq^ Riîa qiT Pifll'JI % frn? ^ Siiq^nqi ft? Pq^q qqi»i 3)) a7Tr«l37,
<i'>iq1faq>, qiûRqqi '5 Vir4q> «(qt<7T3Tf 3^ ^F*T cniq>< ^ Riîfi RihRi % '513771 f353 3131 f357f)
’q) O'qilRi^ 3331 351 33 "513171 "fl 77r3F3 Fw^m 133W % 3153
cf3> eqicii ^1 rlRtid 37ft)q>ni <i'iRtlnqi fq?iii % [qsii |^f ^TcT 'TT atf^ 3*^ ^ ^ q-qilRiqi
iqfli-i 33? ♦qn-q 3T3^1W3 ^ Tt^l 'hK*'! UFT qidl^l. STT^f^ qi<r4 4R«W, cTTfl^ «r^ fqanl
351 oiqi^ ^ ^rf^-'OT Mtci tm fra fta% ^
33cT "7^ ^1 3TFjf335 <iqi1Ri fsTflii 3^ RtSIcT^TT 35) 3T=cf:3i3<iiqitrHq) 37331357 ^
qq-ilRiqi fw.&m 3>1 FiqFq 35731 qiFsH cUf^ 7T13F7 3 qefoqjyqi 0'>nlRi45 Ri.sia 35T RftW ^
71#5| •
8 3/<ff7q <M-0[rt4i /qq/<'n
2. 3?75*77^5r afSZT^TT (Empirical Study)-M'^^ TTSFTtf^ 1%SR <i4iirci ^
^ 'V/<’=!«
ftjIR ^ TF5RtfrI^ rR^ % ti'hCTi, ^ *Hii^ 'TT «ik
^ tl
ly^fd 3Trar^ '*TT snyiftcT ^ cfl ^ Pi<*I^ îfqa Ft^l" 5«rcnk, “iq^K.qi'O 'ftgRt ’Tft:
=(uIiirH«t» <«;i'HqirH«h 3?tZRrT 'RT 1^ 'sft iiiq, flif^xî, 3Tl1^ cT^RlWf
snvrftcl ■f I oÎ^P|(*ddl ^ q^^PiKsni 'RT '^fR 1^ ^STRH ^l (ni«^<n, 'îcr4 4t<<)H
ft’JRf Tl^pftfW fqîM sftr ti'Ji'ilffl'^ f«H*m ^ ftrftPTf % 3TmR ''TT
hI'I'^1'1 ^1 ho<R . ■^-iiql 3Tl^pn 3TT{^ ^ ^^yir^'n't ■iiial<) 'SKT
3^WPR, ^ ^ cppRT ^ m WTT^ ^ ft h
3. WW//W 3it^*4i (Study free from Traditional Boundaries) -
3TT^Pl^ <i'>ti1Rf'fi R(îa % SRPfe <i'»nira [qgin STRppr ^ ■'n^HHcT wlniq, ^ 3TRRI ^>Ff
tl Ti^rftfcT 1^ 3TSI Ti«2T atr -si^qTaTf ^ ^ '9 1^ Uf^ ^ RFf
tl WOI cT*^ afR
5f?T ^ «H(n«T tf, '^rt ^ «*it'>iîi«i , tpf ^ 3^5if?ii?5r % W tt 3T«T^ ®Tf^, ■qft^R, TT^ atr
^ tt, 375 ti'fl'iira fqjin ^ fqqq 55 5^ ti 5tT 5^ 1^ 't5f' atr «i*^re'»i 'TT
5555, ycjiejjJin 3Tlf^ ■^' («<i*fyd î-Jiilfaefi ■q^frpff ^ afk TfW "qR IqiH ‘f^RTT tl
375 TI5T5tf55> Riînifti^l 5ft 5Ft 5T55t T??ft t fti olTRrt^Ri ajHjq^
37551751^5? 371VR 57 R<«&irl Finlî 55 5)l4 f^'Hi 5ll^| t**'', ■sipci, '^57 5*71 ■*iThu-s 37li5 f^si'il
155^55157^ M^RI 55 55t5 5?7% tt 7r55ti55> 175515 % l55t’5 % 55177 155^ tl Wt 5555 5f
7F55tl5^ 1773T5 371*75551 tl-fl-llRi (qgidl ^ 555 ti
4. ^^-Piiîfi ^’iiH ^cST-wOeff 3fH755 (Value^Free and Value-Oriented Study)—

375^ ■3ft55 % yKf^5> 55?1 7R5tftl5> 177315 ■^' 5ft 5^^ 5ft 5t *& I ^15fl751^ fqgnl A f71
515 57 5711^ 1^ 5i1*755l1 5ft 37f7R7n '755' % 51751371 f7 71351 qifgy. cllfe 37«755
57 555f1 ^715555 5P551 3ff ^ *717'J113Tf 571 3515 5 53^ 51^1 5*15?1751^ ^135^ t TJ^-lHT^y 715^
15515 5ft 577^ 57 5?T f^l 5^ 5?5T % Tl^ 5tt t 51 315^ ^ ^ 5 577% 5*71*151%
a<l=hsT 5 5*5f % «5>qH, 5*115775 5 fqijc^qui % tt WH 7^51 tl ■?15fl75I% 1%5157t t qlHs'h 1^^151
5ft 371f 7I55t1^ 177315 5 7155tf55> 15515 5ft 5ft7I Riîaqi'd 5511^1 ^7551751^ [qsidl 171315
1551*5 5?7^ 7155 ‘ qiltk,’ 51^ 5ft 5*1871 577% 375t 5ft '*^5 157^^151^ 153 577^ ^ '95177.15151I
«156175R % 5R5? ^ ^ 1969 ■^' 375^ 5ft ^*717^ 1969 % 557-55551751^

57f1cl 571 l^mn 551577 5F 51551 5ft 157 715% RW ftl31*T ^ 7155tRf57155115 % 37*555 571
tt51 5lfF17l ■3TR-'^15F175l1%7t t 5f 55f 1551 1% 7155tRl 1551F 575t % 31571%^ 155115 5ft 57f ''jyl
155115 5% 55 y5>dll ^17l%5, 7155tf557 177315711175*11 5it 51^17'1%' ^ %575137f % 7751*715 55 3*715
57^ 37t7 5T55t5 5*71 371f5l557 '531551 % H5tq 5ft 751557 57^1 %f%3 ^
1%^5 51 537*7 37*5*75 715511557 1*1313 % f55l5 % 51*757 tl ^TIRhH, 7l55tl5 RJSIdl 5 1%3r5?llf75*7t
5f1 tf557 *jc*7l '57t yl«Hi6-i "^H qiley,! 'JTlt *7f 5t 5>3T 157 ■5lt 157551 % 35171 57^', 't
^257171 "5% "Rl 7757tl ■?5lt 5715575.571 3lf«FT 375 tl 5155 ttt % 5lt ¥5 375t 5515151 sfR
3T35t ■'7775, atr '515775 % 351155 f5; ^51 '5% 71^1 ” t^5 5ft 57F 57^5 5t *j<rql % ■35:RihI''i
57 '517 1t*71l 371^1557 7155tl557 l537551175t 375 ?77t 515 "57 -tR tt t 157 7155tl5 155115 f 37*555
577t 7755 5*5l 5 37157% % 7775-7715 '*^51 5ft 5t 5F75fyf 715?11 ''5151 qtfey.1 5*5l 3^7 '•J^ 5ft
PHRIdv* tt 55*7151 *i-»iilfa=ti 177315 571 P-i%u( '^57 53 775757 tl
577c#5 iM-dlh^ 9
5. WftT ^ ^ wftiw »*«i’*T (Link between Theory and Research)-
<i'jnlfaq> ^ Hini t % ^41 3^7 ftrsra ^ ^grftTTi i¥f
^TT'n 37M TT^nftfiiep r«.sm?ii<^l ^ îniIRi fqsM ^5nPi^ haI?) % ?ni 7n*JTwra>7'’ff, ^nrârf
Rnîal % ft^Rf*n ^ T?^ '^1 STT^Pl^ ii'^tilffl'^' '5^1 k,«tiHi5i TT^Rtt^
^*iP•fl'n yr^Hhl ^ ftopRlct cpT^ ^ TffV ^ Ri^ra ^ y.=h<?'HOi “Itiii, VS^ yHi«
!■ I aik Rn^m ^ % 37MT ''77 arr^PiT TT^rftf^ fqsii 3^ B®Tf 7W^
îRd '4h4i '3'1'til î7^ t'l.
6. ant^WT/?^ W 3<«j«'7 (Study of Informal Fac<ors>-3TT^Pt^ TTSTfH^

RTStcT^nftjnfl ^ «*>6H f 37R wwm 37WPR ^ 'm1hîR'4i TfTSTTSrf TRîR, ^ 37lf^
^ SJWTTR ^ ■'RlfRT "=1^' t^l 7R^ -sTeci. &ii‘Tus-''n^ ^ RPPn ■!■ ftrSTcT "PthW ti'3ii1Rt=ti
Si-ily-qiR'î cl^ % 37ttT7R %
Ri«l ^ <h4«<ih^ ^ 7ITRRT Î'JiilRi'h Ri^m ^ PihI“| ^ RHl 3RR*19 I7?f^ 3TT»^f4^ TTSFftf^
fR^nTRR^' 'jHHd, RcT^, aTTWT, l^yUH^Scri, •<il<iHiRi'îi,' <,i'flilfa'?> ■^, 1%c!
775^' 3Trf^ % 37WTJP tR ’T^ ^ 1^ tl
7. WtPJl HWmH W 1777777 (Problem Solving Efforts)% aiPTR'T ^
cTTtTT «71 ft? iNdlPd ^ PdjIHdK ^ ■^miTTl a^R TRRJnaTf % TmniH ^ ^
■^pn^ Tt^l cîV-i ■3TR-oHq5K«iiR<)T ?7r 7TO ^ ^ =BT^ ^ 7^ ^ 3^7
TRTFnaif TTal ■^1 ^ 3r4 ^ RR'ÎRI RidM ^ 37^yT7’TT37f-7F5RTTtI, c^tPw'ifl
waîfli, H^TRTT, ^^TPT, ■WHinai ^ 3Il1^ ^ M ■qRiTTf^ ^ ■% 3RT71 ^ 7^ fi
37r^Pr^ TFPftfiTSfT f7T317RIlR=5n7! ■3TR-«<q6H.=ii'5, ^ afR 7#7f, ^Pl'Si'iiO, TTTRTf^
HP<d4d. araRRin, 3^7 IddîydK, M<jq'J| anf^ % TRTWPT M<^n % 1RIR7 ftiT7
t'l
8. /o«»)««^'/7m fhtSia (Evolutionary Theory)—7FjFft%^ Riîa 37^ ST’T^
!JKpi^4i araTSTT tl ?R' aira "^TTr TRITH't 1^ 1^5? ^TFT^ <i'»)'ilPi=n R^-stfl ^ RihI'î ^ "^SiT t^Rhi .
'^1 arra ^ ai^ TT^RtfiW RISRI Ri'hRin ^ PiP4ci ^ ii'Ji-iHa'ti Riîa
R 5W< •sHi'm ^1 an^Pl^ Î'Jiilfaqi P<i.sm PihRi H.sPiqT PlP^qd ^ 'f I anijpRn
<.i'ii'ilici«t) Pwi&ici tfR-yR 3FTfil TTTRÎFT ^ 'cR'F ^ 7fl "tl 5hRii< •iii^Piqv ti'Ji-flRi
aiPiR'eTd ^ arj4 37^7*11 W ^ ycHipHO TTTRFrf^R'fff «I^ ^flpHfl tl 37?r:
an^pRi ti'JiiHfl'h Ri^m f^^TRRfte 37^7*71 ^1
9. T^nrUrir f^^nw vfh wn^^^tnr (Consciousness towards Autonomy

and Development)—ii-jnlfaqi Iqglil "^TTr ^ "t ^ <Milfd Rtîi-i T33^
7g<^^ tl Ta ^ ■4' ^77=1 ¥1^. ■^ZfcR anl^ '3^ ^ % 7NdlPd 1^ 3TTf.f I
FT Riginl ^ TTSTTHtT^ Ri*m % RtrW, 7*HiRrd, ^ pi ^ ti-nilfa [qsi-i
TTSpfrtTT^ Rn&m ^ P-ihRi % 'iii‘i<?''»ini ^ nR'qq ^ i.i'Ji-fHa'b TT®^ afR P-i«h4I 4'
*Hq.sai cTPn f I ITR 'M^'î F^ 77RTHT ^^raTSTT fTraicT ^ PirW tl
aH^qfl fq«<4q''i % ^ îFT 7TT <Hqiai ^ 1^ ■iii'yPiq> 7r>FtfcT^ Rhîa
^ tl -3TR-o<jct^KcjK % 37FRRT ^ 3T«RrT ^ R7 -^KT ftRTl tl an^Pf^
<l>jHlld PsfgR ^ Rl.4ldVII74l W'RFRT <MdlRiqi Ri-sitt ^ TRf ^ Herq ^ fl 3TT^pR>
Tra^tfcT Riî-fl R' ^ftU ^ Ri^m ^ ■'TRTRfT^ 77^^ ''TPTT «TM 37T^ î^Riqi Rit&ici % R)*iRi
^ RFf qapH ^3 Riaii R*ifl ^ TTFftfw =Ft 37RT;ar^?n7RTRRn
III WfpR V^Rti^ f^^n*

"qr ^ f, ■^3?^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ft:t|T tl <Mil!hf> Ihîi;
CTtj % 3n^r-i«n T35 TRpftfcT last'll ^ w s^rra

^ <i'»iiltd fqîn ^ 3ijwi4l ^ SHtJTftc! "îT^ fH^RRITfer^ % '5iFf
^ arp^ îHi "îiTii arra TTspfff^ ftT^T3?Tifepft ^ tMilfd % ^351^' ^ ^13^ gifi ^ ticâi •%z
^ 1^ Tr>ntl3 l^jTTT ’rt ^ Py^ld Pd^fu! tl
llddifc)* i^^l'd ^ HgT^ (Importance of Political Theory)

<Ri1Ri«p r^.sra d<'=M<, J(itw,tTW,'^ftf3-P'iHlu|, <.i'inirn=*i fq=hm
ti'iipIPn'P '*TrnfÎîR, ^piq, -Jt-iHa, TTipfti^^ yVdjPa, Î'lnlPd^ aifvrvjiiqK. ITCRT ^
H'lai , SJlf^ ^ STKjtj;? 357^ wo'q 3j3?jj«p
■^' TrfdiJF tl TRpfff^ P«*in aiiqifqqini 1^ ^ ^ ft? Î'flilia l^jiH %
'TW 3ilq;'qq> ^ 1 ft? '77 Pqq^ T^ ^jiiPt«riai
m tFKra=fnt ti ■ftrara % ■=! ri) 1^5ih ^ i 3^R

^ygn^f, Sj^buviicH’^ ^^ O'S-ilifltft P^îo c5«^ Tt^ TJhj ^
‘SlT’TI 33;^ 31^ 'ftCdl tl 3F TTSpfffd Pq^lld cItF ^hTdl "tl <.l'flplRi=P
^ StiiPi33 eî'SHi d«n WTPftîF’T % 37T«^R ^7 TJjpftf^ <^qeH ^ ip^ IdjiiP fq'^Ptfd
^ 'h<,ai ^1 se'ii ^jTi
^^ ^ Ri*m) 3^ Pnf^ FT^ ^1IP^ 31^1 TTSRtfrRT
ftrsTW ■sT^yn^H F8?r -mf^ ^ 3p7 ^ wm fi jmH^ Tu^-wnrit tpf
yrre^ ^ 3r^ q><.ai î w twR^ % ■?pt quai ^ fi) ^FT) fqP?!^ ^
■% W? ’ll <i'ii'ilfddi Pti.5>ia. Ft tTTV^ ^ ^ ^MpIRieh TJ3 'ddpiS^, 3TWnn H«srddT cT^TT
Hidfl-^jc^'i ■'33' ^Tf^n?R3i ^5<riP ^ W'hni ?l ti-JinlPn % qiKtfq'h yqVi«pni3ff-<i'j|plfn5i'l,
di'iR^T, yrii«=f>T, <i'JC^dl'3l) Tp^ <Mdkdi'( % fi'JTplRiqi Rt.s;(a ^ 3^ 3Ff3
^^ ■5ft TRpft1% % 'qi«iPq=t> ^ "'TitfeT ¥^3T f I |tft 'M<'J| tRTR XTSFltfrl^,
tfrf^yif^ 3^ "^VTi^ ^T^rfd % TRPftfiRT P«.Siip ^ ^Pn 3Tra?3=F î sn^ % 'wtf^ ^
■^' ififqd ■’TT Pd^ldOl T73^ 3^1 Hi‘k?M ■wijHpqqi TTiRffiT^ Pd^ld IKT ^ tnsqg 'll TIcpftfg % TfPfl,
5rfc3SRr HRq<fpJ(ilei cT^TT -Jlkcd ?7^ *3§-q-^ ^ <N'(lfd'* kfîa ^

rITF. ^TtrlT f 1 31Pf: STT^Pf^T WHi'fl, dWfiq HMq-'JJ^ TJ3 3J^VR ^ tp^ Hd>Rl Hidl
^ tiqini ^1 shif^'hiO ti-qilRiqi Pyîn % 3 cit wf^ ^ sftp "=? ^ snifkil 5«Rni. Î'q-PlRi'n
P«*ia % tnHiPq't) ^Rqcf-i 'ftry-ii q><.ii 'll
■ TTjpfrf^ "RngnT 3»t ^HWlip (Problems of Political Theory)

^ 3 3TFg ^ 20^ F3r {NdlPd-* 3J) 'nft 3733?) Tf) tl
' HTRiPs^fi eis-+i Tptttftnpyrr' ?[3t ‘tityTyr ei^-e ■■*1'P43d ’ 3ft WRT ^ TrSRtfrRF
% Pqchie ■^' ^3tt STTÎ FddT "% qiq-aj^ 3Tftl3ifR 1q«hie)filcn ^ytt ''t fit <i'jfflPa'b ftrSR? 3?! 3711
31IF 3t 3>l4i’l «ilqp1q ^1 PqqiiHifiici 3?!) fit "33 Tp3i pqflq 33^?lTtT3 % ^fR ^ <Mkt ^l
'A' fi'JnlRi'ft Pea&in % 31t3733 % "33^33 S7t333 M.5pct3l '33 37333 'f I ‘jfln % ^ FÎ33
3)3 Pqq>ie '^SIT "t c^Pq)-! l33>Tyft33 ^yit 3^l "33f3^yT3T3 3 tTI3P33I^ 33 137337 7F Ft ^
■yiRr "^yt ■^fyyistf -'3'i Rinifi 37373 "pfi î "fyyiTOyfrH '^yfi A fi-qilPaqi Rhîa '3n "3^^7333 'F3
Ft ^ fdddi Fl 13 ■^yff ‘A RtPoiqi Pq-AA 37)7 37533Tf33> "yity 33 37*773 3773 *7t 'tl qaPy 'HUA
t)' F77 ftyTT. ■!73f3 37333 ^ tl ktiie^Dci ^ ^ Î'Jll’IRi'h ftl^lA 37t ^?llRl=h 331^ 337
fMAlRiq) 37373(371 3>l F^ ^7^ tI 77'3TFtl33r fqgidl ^ 37tF ’'313 q'l'i'riA 3Ft f^ 'll T1 ^yfl fi-JiAlpAqi
PqgiAl ^MAtfAqi '3Z7337 3>t 37337 ^ ‘'7737 37737 Ft 77373)1337 137573 ■% Pyysdd 377 ■37773 ^1
3/<A?q 7733?^«F /qq/<<Ti' 11

■Sfra"
1. <l'ii'flla<»i r««io ^ f?
itz
2. rq'M<H«il<ri pHoSm ^ W STP^^FT "t?
12 V/<o?« ii‘’til[a‘ti
^ 3T^8in ^ <.i'»fiira«ti ^ ■Rs^fct ST^ ^1 37T^^!^ iMillh^ Rt-^R:
ITSRtfcT^ i^*m 3Tr2T 3T^ ^ "tl 3^^ y^T4^’ % ^l-iiHlfd fqî-i STR c^SF ijm Rfr^
3fiii^=t) ',i'-3iTlRt=h ftFSJrf ^ ^ ''IT^ f I TI^ fill'd ^ cT^ ^
TFJpftf^ r«^m •ai’ilvjil ’TFTf '^?ft ^ ^1 tii‘<jqi'{l ^?f[ '4' ^ rim 3im^ tl ’ %■
31^ yqi^l % ’Tt 3T8lflJ^ ^7iiM=h TiHi ’TSI^ sMpfl 3TTr'Wfc^ mT ^

^ TI^RtfF fqîii TR-fw^rd mi îmi
mFT WTT % % 3TR Tirnffl^m ftnsRi % 1%^; xi-qilla iîgHf, ■^-msiF
(q:?l'^Til P-i'îiqH ^ymiiisff ^ 'JKF'id ti mpi mr^ % f^ mit’^ mi-^fcfVT^ si^yûmi
m qifsî 3TR 3iiq?q=»)di ^'t tt
m W}^ 'Il'fjd'i WRP^ Rh<ii Fm fqqj<^ m ^ «phRi ^ RP?I '^wqn-
ai*f 'STF 1m '^j^-T'k^sj qim •jrrq-m^mrn ^ ^<fi5fi I^Hi mip; mfm si^mp iilmm
4i'ifd '^ mi umi Timftftrm Ri-sia % ^rrsi "sit "t, w ^ mrfm,
WTrra 3^ oMRii?! % rnimi roiii i%mTfr?ftm ’JO, 'lOql, sffân, ^mWcfi,
^ficilRdl 3ItR WHdJI3Tf % ■^?ff 1^ ’rI ri'qniRiqi % Iqmi^ Fft =ncrîi =hrii ^mR 'tl
3irf: ijm oJnw f««sio ^ pj^jRi m %it w wra?<(* f fm in l^m n n’^ Timfifiim l^gnt,
TR=fr1%iil’, uwi^', nmiTirRm mrra mr^ îf6i<
3^ ii-jiilRiqi Ri4ici ■% npf 3iT^ mmsff ml. rnr^ % sw'-^q mira mTi3;i
TFn ^ Iqqq Iq'elK
yiqln nroftn R-dKm, rfh îilRra, î-qilfoî urn trr % rnm-lTRirn mi mn
3Tef?iRn’ •% tMhi ■% mp n ti mllirH (375-300 f. \) ml mn % mn 1%^3ir<i mn
qimqR % FIR nt mm mm ti ff rf^ ■'frjf mi rfir^ rti dr*idH rrf 3t^
Timl '^' fmRmi rnii 3trf1 Timmlfcim m mm m n im Fm r'
mRimr pm Rul'd nrarm mt t*iirfi qVi'rn fî
mftfemr mr lim ‘ 3?«f?imi’ (Arthashastra) 3Tif«}Ri immn ft fmm rri Fm r^ "t, rf
Tim mt yqila FRT mRR ^ mm nmfmri ti % î^nit, r^^ Rnt ^ ‘srzf' ^
FRi ’iJn Film, im fri nm^ mt mm ‘Timmm’ ti sif: Timmim ««qP«jiT ^ Rt rntfem
F iRmi tfr ‘3i«tmm’ nui TirnFfl^ m antym Immit % simrni in^ îrnmni, imw rfr, nmi
F Fm'% mrlm, RmriF mF-mmiFT fri sRRtmtm Rm^jf rt umim Fim frt f i q^F: FitlFm.'^
TimFtlFmm % fnsiFt mt Rmf mr^ ■% rnmiR RmRF % mrnFiftm rsj rt siRm miF mf^F Imm
ti
TFR mt STmtJTTRTT: Tim mt FrRfF % RR’I F^tfFFR % TRm F^ mFl
TRtRFTl mt Ff fF'Rf'RRt TRm FtFT ^ 1m FF Tim % RiiSId % 'n-TlF RT TFRlfîm mt
RajFT mil fT^, Fifm fri mrit mt ftf Tim ^ fcrIf ^ mt Ri^fFm Rm mt ff 3TTiFmFi mt
TtiF ^ tl Tim mt FFlfF FF if mF RrTF miF % mi^ FR 3IimT tM ^ R^ mt'STRFl TIFl 1F1
FFI 3TRm FRF FH 'SFI RIF FFI TF’jf FF RFFT RIF ^ TFtmiT 1mRll '|R% FRI^ TTFI
FFmt FFI mFFM FF TFTRlfF'F TIRTmi mtftmi TRFF FF R%TFT “^l
TFF % Tim : TTFifR ftTÎF- q>lK'rF ^ RlTFTrF TIFFtfFm fFRimt ?1TI yfflHiRn Tim % .FR
3TlFTRm Fcm-’jjn, 'dHWJsMi, nrrniT f tfr’Jfi mi Ifftri f ^mr Tim % tff ftfi rni If^ff Imm
■f I in «‘-5t-eJ R FF Tim mt RftRTRI F^ tm-g RF^ F^ 3TI T^' TUmfF Ir^TF FF TTRÎf FITFT
f I mtfrmi Timi Fft imR riff-Rlftr ^ mt ^ FFl FTim RIFFF mR mt TFtmR 1mRI ^l Tim ,% TTRt
FTF RjFF Rirtr ^ 31^ % ITRIF RTTRT R'*^1^FTI, 3RI:1f^ FFl fRFI-^dmT mFf mT^ f-
ytiofR TTFFHFm tFFTTRT 13

<M'illh‘*> /&W; 1; tctiHl (TTsn) ^ ^ciTH, gHaHM, yie^nl, ^4qH,
2. 3wic?i (T^) ^ 3mi ti ■??? ^ wm ^ if^tTii, ^

, ^'-H<>1ld H'llRth, TSg ^
•qRîqi-l, fqRi-i ■^' Pl^jui ft«Î .<-qiHl*I^ Ûf^l
3. ("^ ^ -anw^sî) Ti^ ■'STRI^ 3?^^ ^ TRI

^1 qTqioi yi^Rtqi ^'Miq-iT 4R'^“f, ■'T^^, iRq!', dWiql' cI^^T q-qy^?! ^ <!4-'i'kl
tl
'^’ qjqqil, qsipHî cT^TI 37Tf*fe arTIvT ■4' 44 isn irsn tiRnRin î irsrr
■qlt^ ^«n ^ aTTw w=T ^ ikr "îfî
4. ^4 (r=ficril) TFT^t,'5it ^t4 f R>ll=hl ^n4 TFHI ^ Tyr qj^n "f | TRT ^ Rtun) ^ Ri^^l
îRy., 4t "^5. ^ "4 rn'I+ilO 411 4 HîTT %
^nf—3HlRqi {^^) ■^, ■'N^ (T^T^) qij4 (^Rcft) (H«^cnl4) ^ ^ ^[44 14i^ "tl
5. (TTSI^) 7MT % '5^3 ■% WT tl 34 TP? ^ 3143^ 3?^ iTRT 43F
t. 34ff3> TPT % TT3T?n 3*4 % TT43 33 3ff 34373344 4tcft ^1 ^331 cl^ xjlfty, 1^
13170 %f33f3 34 74431 34^ 4 4tl 3^4 33-^fe 3>lf333 4 3>^ 3313 33Tti'^l y3i<i3>ld
4 3Tf3r 3^ TRT aT3f43 30% 313310 3ft 4t TIcTlF 031 fl
6. Tprs (371, 31 ■%4) TPl 34 331 331 71^ "3^ 1335P4 340 % 1^ 331
31331 "031 3Tf3f331 3437331 3r3 ft 3?lfic3 0 ^ll % "S: WIT 334^ 'fI '^-3711^33 "^H, %!3 3T
Riy=Ki 31 Rtmy, % ^Rt3i, '%3 Ri'ihI % ^Rtqi, f33 TPT % ^Riq>, 71^ TPT % ^Riqi 3*4 34f33rat
I ^qii'Mcn^'O ■'^73 3*4 7]0t 3ft Ot %4 "0 *13f 1313T 31 33131 '§1 ■^Riqfl 30 ^0313, 3^,
■Jl^-'^TITI 3*4 71^333 7O3I îfsHI TM 3ft % ^103ft %t ^^-■gf3*43lt 34 *313 <<smi 31I731 3ffft33.
0 ûs-ilRi % ^ -^57^ 0—341F3 375 3O UM 3>îl. lire 37^ 3ft 7^ qxn, 7f^ 37^ 34 7f3*f3
31731 3*4 7T3f’^3 37^ 30 Tf^T 31% O’’ 3H3fl
7.,71533 (f33) TP? % 343 ^1 7131 % 'PT3 ^llRfl 3 '533431 OtOl "0 Ot 7151331 3170
tl 53 743^ 'O' ■3ltf033 7153 (3437?) 3*4 3lf^ ■f03 0 O7 3173T tl 7153 '013 ^f%l f03 'O 3lf*?31
Ore 5t31 tl 1371 7131 % 103 TltOt, 34% 3*4 3437 5t0 t, '57134 i%1171 31373*31% % 3131 tl
571 3347 30f573 34 74314 10?3I3 7PI % 74333 7333 (Organic form) 34 Rîu| 3170,'^
3% 34Tt (313t) %t ■457350 5f034 "tR yqiRi 513131 ti 3?lf3 'TF 10^13 7PT 3ft 345f331 îfl^re
■0 ■O3I 35f 13131, l34g 30^73 % 7P1 0 34^1331 7P1 % '310 3c3 137443 f I 5%3
■t, 31443 717347 34 413 3*4 731% (7131) 744531 34 33131 tt 303 34 '4573 7R533, 133471 3
7T3*f3 0 t 3*4 O3I 3Tre1l31 VllRd ^137*4 3370 4T4crff O' 103
■457350 5|R=hl I3413I t, I345 5^ ^ 7*43 345f331 5^ 0 57^“'%07^ % 31*3 '533170? 0 0 15131
tl
Tire? '54' ^lO: yml-i 4173?3 713Fftl331 1033 34 3170 ^ '341553 0 % 71333 3ft
71317331 34 3130 1333 34 Ol*^ 3313T tl 35 cilRtieh 414% 0 7131 30 viRki % 71%3f7 41331 t.'37:5
3l030 % '414% O' 35 733 *t0 0 331 tl 35 3O 34 ÎT®431 '3%, 3l%l 7^131 tl %fe53 0 TP?
30' 31% ,3430 74*3 ^nO 5^ 744lf331 '0133 0 '50 713%3 7«43 1331 tl TPT '34 153 'TlOflR t lOnOl
'1tl5' 30 317 35 0133131 ■% Rl^l'dl' 3O % 30 T13 '031 tl '
14 ■ >J77%3 (i-Ji-ilfaen /qq(<Rb

•% 3T3W, tpq ^ n^n lanfqtT '=t^', ^ <i-vilfa^ /RR77:
% tiqlTrq f^îT?! '^ft’KR ^ ^1 ‘flliH ^ STJÎR TP^ % îPf ^— ftlRR
1. 'î4: sT^ TI^STf ?5SiI •siisftM<'i=t)iR4l ^ TP^ "^<1^ îi, ■«i-flR'n o^qî
T5TT ^*^1 (Tn^RRT STTRIsfi) PuRlîl'—'pR, 3TFI, *i»i*^l4, 'Mifi'+i ’ST^Sff ^ ftS'
iRn ^ T?ji w % ■gjpi t)
2. tnspT cf^^: % aRTftl ^SR ipf (^ ^ 3Tr9R •qsRf) •'R ^
TRT ti ^^raPT (RF w4 ^ RPm TW^ tpf % 3f^ ^TcH, ftPg TTyTT
?Rr RF WR R 1^ Rn^ RT ^ ^ R?T RRRl 11
3. 'RTRlftr^ '4if4«i: TRTT RH ^4o*i ^R^RRItRl % #11^ «i*ilf^.^ ‘RTR Rit RSTTRRI RRRT ^1
ÎHlfRRT RRRRRT RR R^f'SIR RRlc!R RRt ^'RR f, RRIT ■pTRI-^. RfR-Rrit, aRf^ 3TR^
'llf^cRl RR fRRiF Riti fRRTF-lR^F R^ RF '^-■3FR % "RRIR arftJRiRl ''R R^ ^ "tl R^R
RRT RTFPR-FRn R?t R^ SRRTR RHT RRt ^1 . '
4. RTRRjRRIRT % R*r*f: R>tftFR % TPR ^ RTpf-t^ 3TRPR ^TIRRi ^1 RF TPR R^ RIRR %
fRRRR RR RifRcR ^^fRRiT '^R RR RiFRTRRRtt TPR Rnt ^1 RR^ RPR Rl^ 31^
RR4 Rff^ tl RTCTR R -ftTRlt % 3T^ RR IRRH. laRf ^ Iwra, W ^ Rft '^.
R^JRIrR, R^RfRRira 3Ti!RI |R^ 3i<rii«(i «ii43|f^R> R'^TRR TPR % IrR^ t? RTI SPTIRf, P|4h1, ^TTRI
Ri^ "HFIRRI, 'iPRt ^ ÎR?RT SrIr 'ft % RlfftcR ftl
??T RRR? RRfe^R RR ^PR ^SRRT^ 71^ ft RR-RTcRIW RRT 3?# Timn ^ FJIRRT
FI8R t. V^f R ftfRRKR 'SnftR T^' ■?TTRR % -^ ft ftfTRI RTcH ti R>fftc^ RR RTFRI t,‘‘'5r5n
I I
Rft UyHcil ft ^ TTRI Rft 'SRRRR! f I ilRT % ’ft RtlR^ft t, ■FtSft'RRRR 3TRRT ft RFR 11
3T3I wn RT. R^ ft?RIT f- "R^ ^ TTRI I Rifir^ tl FR ■RW’ft ira ^»iR t 'STFRRTI ” F*T
■RiR^ ft' RR RTRR f, ‘‘1^ TPR % Rift WRRI SlftlRRl t, 'SRRR I^^RIR STR’ft '^TRI
Rft IRFRcri ft ^RS ^TRI tl uchK RftfecR ft ^R> RirRpnRRft TPR ftl RRRf Rft ■affta ^ ft riÎ^ta
Jrrr tl” , ' ■ ■ ■
RRT R^ftFR ft R ftiRcT TPR ftl STIRlftRI RRft, Rf^ RIH RRR? Rft *ft
ft ^ Rft tl W ft RF îftR 'fttftl, 3RRfi^R 'RTR^ RRT R RTllfti % ftlR^ft ^
iftftRR RRRT ti RjHfttfft % «Ki-eft RR 1R?ftRR Ri^ft RRft 'fft^RR 5TdRlf^ iRiRT t—
fftSTRj RftfSeR ft 'STRft Ri*ia ft fqf^H TPRt FRF ^JER tPJft ftl 3lfR STRRI^ fttfft
gtifR t^<(ii aiTili RRcI ft' RKR ft auftRT Tpftt gn SftftRR RII RTIrRÎT^ TRI IIR 3IRft.
RTRPR RR fRRnr Rirt ftl TF^ RI^ RR Rft ft ft RIR^tUT ftt .RRft ftl
y Rtft^ ■% 3I^HR, ■55 R IRRR "SRI 3Rlft 1TRPR RR fq«in. RRft Rift RRI Rft STRR' ftl
aiftai^ tftRf ft®n R^ rtIfr, <nf^ Ri^sft ri: ftpm rt nftii aft^, 'fftftR. 'RRRf
VlHwi^lldl RSftff TPRt ft RRR? TFRI Rlf^l "Fft ^RRR ^<R Rift TPRI ftl ^R fftÎRR RlfRRRTlftf Tpft
Rft fRHR-'fttffl ft RRft ^ 'RI ‘ ft¥d ’ RRIRI Rllt^l RftfteR RR Hsci Ift^fTR 31TRR
''R RF <î(ilai t 'fe IRRI TIRTR TR^ Rft |R3I TIRft Rift TPR % Rtftft ftfl (TPR) d«H4> ftR 'RT Rl^
■ft “RRift tl FR r«4M % ar^HR, ft> ■ftR? ft "ftRI RRI Fftl t, 'ft aRR TPft RR 'ftlft RR
t, "fft "iRfttntg” R^FT RIRI tl “iRRtftrg'’ %RTft ft -STlft RRH FIRft 'RF^ "R^R “ ftft” (RT^)
cIRTRT^ ft RFTT13R TPR “rt^ RR RI^” fttR t, 3TR: RF iRftft^ RR tftR ftui tl Rftf^ ft “RIRR”
R “RRRftR” TPft RR 'ft t, "ft '^Tm«4 ■# ft? ft Rttlfttl ft RFl Rft ftfti
Rftfir*! RR ■RF tftgft RRlftRlR 'R^ SITVlftcI t, "ft 'fft ft aiTrRf^lR FRRft R?t ■RRftftiRI
. A
• '/Hil'=^ ftfR R 'HRftlft HR Rlfft-RTf^ RRlft 'FT RRI ftl tl
STRf?R <(»n?/o«r) 15
^ fei^?i fq^îi % y'-ellc^ W ^
i-
1. TTfij-TUl^ ^ ^ Srftrai îpKiJfiKril TTSU % ‘^TT^T ¥f^ ^ ^ d'Tial ^1
SHtTOTT «stia1 ^1 fWi-g ^w't'i 7T1 =f^ =t)i<ni'<’<,
Slllll ^1
2. -qi 711 % 1^ 13 ^ f=Tqf»JT!

3. -siPi'-in 13 ftTTj.'f^ 3?rsFm fRrfr,
4. 3TRR ^ ^ ■^rt^,
5- TTSni 3T8?fl 3TTc*TT?Tr ^ ^ TRT IRI 3RJ Xm ^ 7R^ ‘STHT,
6. ■^fn^ SR? % TTTST 13 -^FT^ ^1
=hlfi(r*i % 311HR, TRl HKI^ TT?*? % îRTFI ^ ^ I^4)i ^srPTT qifti<l
pan'll?! atRRirr % w ■ftngftf: % tr? ^ ^Ki-flRi %
Hnîdl Tinr (TR^THT, 1?!BT). '^^), («ldy4l'l, 13) cl«n ^
^STTHT) ^ ftRTI % a^l^R, ^«R •ft^3fffl '51^ TTsnarf IFTT 3TfiR .
Ri.&i’dl ^ iFi^ 7?^ Tî^3Î ^ ■^TpiT îfsk,, dy+i
a^tr ^ ^ tl (13) ^ Wtn 3#?IiT WT ^ 1^ "sn^, WJffflF 1^'
^ SfffcT ti
li^rar ■sra^sjT: ‘nlfic^ % i'<r^ % Tran^ '^ îFtf ^ ftwin, ^ Htiî î ■U'<1’’' ftUFTf
'jfnRf, îHiO ^ "4 y<+i^ ^1 TTSTij^ 'ft l^raT iP PT^ ^1
H'hl ^ l*^ ^■qi('< TRT rR) ’Ft^ 8^11 •fl-lHct ^ ftsTpI 3)T 3TT3i7FT 3i7^,
■pFT^ tRT 711 7RI "TC ^1 1^1-q^l 3fr TTSFI SRT
^ ^ ^TFT ^^1*^ 7^3^ 3iT ^5iiq 1l3T ^l
‘jcîch’i: 3)lf373 3iT TR?-' I r-7n75r

yiW'hfli 3ft 3TfT 3pV3> ^ 3ft y<5fTi ^ 1^3 1^311 qafn ^ 3 ^fn«hai 33 1^3 3^
3i7dT, 133^ 37?^ TF33tl3 ^ 73317*7 Îct'tifll % 33^ ^ 133 7^ ^1 W ^ 133R '^<1414
3r7fl33i ■^33T3Ht % f33I^ 3n Ipl 7t%W 3#? ^ f I ^ 3TT3R 37 '^ “ 3173 33 ■^3313#" 3t 3T?T
■3T3T "^l ^ 33 ^ «n1ftc3 3ft jjciii 3T771 ^ 3331 3t3r, 33tf^ it^' ^ 7731 57333
317^ ^ 7*33 37 7fJ3 % 3tt Slt^ 3^ ^ 3«3*i3T^ % 31^ '^\fe73 7I73 %
oHqîR'n 3?3 37 3lf33r ^33 1%3T '^1 3^ftRT 33 7RT 37ll3 '33ff33>T7t '^, Pti-g 3^ ii-iPea %
3f3 33I7ft3 3^ ^1 . •
1.5 ■HKiVi (Summary)
• 7R3t%3) Rnîa 131 3333 f 1^ f33I3, 7I7Fftf33> 37f3, TfTRtt^ 133R.

7r33tPl3i 137^3*3, 7I33tfil31 3p^, TTSFftf^ 133173171, TFSRtf^ 3337*3 % 173531 ■OTl3
% 33f3 % F3 ■# 33t3 1^ 31 751 tl •
• 3tfTf3t % 313737—“7R3tfrl31 Ri.sm 3133l3 71M^r3> 3Tf77R3 ^ 71^3 ^137*3 % fWSIdl 33

337ft331733i 31*333 tl"
r"'
16 •377P3 7T3*P/W3r-/3317^
• ^ oqq5Kqi«0 îfRr ^ ■^3TO 4<^<Hld TTjRtf^ iM-ilfh'*’ fame
^ tl I???’
• 158 ^ ^^PTicq^ aT«m ^ ^ ^rt arog arr^ % ■ftrafa

^ "sfctwi 1^1 Te •qsfir ■?1^, ^?R, ^ anf^ r<jTjK4,f smpni
• |. 3T^ ^«iqv 'New Aspects of Politics' 'PTC ^ 'ST^ ftt,
"iiq-llrn fqflM ^ 'TO PTf ^ciiVT'll ■'Tt’TI, qq'lT^ TTiRtfcI^ Rh-si'ci Vlftki^T %
arr Tpn t qiKniTH ■^' ^ 5«'t)l iil«>qi ^ 'P^llf^ ^ ^l”
3T«fRT (Exercise Questions)
1. Tl^RticW ■ftns^fl ariT ^71 ^7

2. ■'Jt^RFRI fl'jTilRi't) Ri«iq ^ [q^KniiJ't'?
3. <l'fll'lRiqi feîcl ^ ^ t|5tq t?
4. 4i1ri<r^ ^ TJ3?7 % -^f argtJTTqi ^ ^|
5. «i>)ft:<r^ % Hu«ci r<H>&m oqi«sqi ^1
Vi<fl7'V /qq/<«n 17
II
Unit-II
aftr ^41 [ci^chi'i'^

(Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand)
£\
*v*
TRtl^ (StriictUr^)' A* T.'-V-
2.1 ywRil (Introduction)

2.2 '3^9^ (Objectives)
2.3 3^!% fq'^K
(Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his Thoughts)
2.4 TÎFTt 4l‘i<i^
(Contribution of Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Rising of Nationalism)
2.5 «qi41 ^
(Contribution of Swami Vivekanand in Rising of Nationalism)
2.6 ■HKKi (Summary)
• 3?ccfra (Exercise Questions)
2.1. y«tje«*ti (Introduction)
33t) w allT W3T ^ w? ainf wsr ^ 3M "wsi ^ wrt
4qr41 •# ! 875 ^ ■4' 3itl 3TP(ftrR % 3^ «n,

qi5-ll "^1 VT^T ^ ^TtfR 3jT VT 3^ % 31^ 37f?tcT^' *111.^
fdidrdT (continuity) 3ftt yniq 33 ¥ 33 3irVl<nH 7W3 ■^' 3^tT 3ff Wji<l
ciWPyq *iT(
<3H'a 33 1824. '4 IpPTST 33f3313I^ % *il<ql Tl^g 31333 'HpqK '4' "gSIT *31
33^ fM «) ak -3330 3T^ 3*3 3TTf3 3f) ^*3 3f *(tl
33 33R^ H 3?3 3*3 ^ft33 •3^|T ^ tJ3 l333f 3T f333 3n^ 33)1 4(^53.
^■^21 3d3ff33^'^''*n-^3FT 133?^ ^ 331^ W 33? 337 t?! % 371^-37)^ 3337^ Ttl 1860
3gn 3337) 3(») Wf) 1333133 ^ ^ fl 3?)T ^ 33^ 33l1^ 3)377: "STT^ 1^ 33 3^1 1868
33133 ^ 3T3^ 33713?) 3=313 33 311*3lfr33r 73)3 33 3)33 33131 377! 1^ 3l)7 3f373 *3? ^^31737
73;3 3313 ■^31737 33 3111
18 *?77f5?3-7733W33r
2,2. (Objectives) 3k
^ srKrni % siGHTT % •j’Rra iW:

• <^<4i'i-<^ ■gRt 1^ ■'T^ fq^-i Wnf^R’ î'îIRi'h ^
• <îh1 ■fc|<^+,M'^ % fq-qiO oq|<sm ^1
2.3. ^qinl sftT "3^% f<<^K

(Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his Thoughts)
3T^ -f^^' ^ TKTTW 133 "SraR % %3; -3^ f^ sftT -HH+lcft-l 133
•qfe^ ^ TIT^stf 1^1 ^ ^ 33% 1^ wr 3% f%R ^ %() ^ «ft ^ 3^ WT %
SPI #5jrf?T% %)l 33% pi^’m ^ 3TTrft 3^ ftRT^ %33 33 o’îqeiRqi 3^ 133
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4 TO?14 Rnoi : ‘Fik r=t>aii f1 Ft4, FTg ^441 TPF TTFlFfT fIfT tl' TO^ TOFT ‘144?ft TITO TOt
froiFT 3T^ f1, 4fTOF FF ^TaFTFFi F^ Ft TTTOFTi’
1. Bisheshwar Prasad, (ed.) Ideas in History (Asia Publishing House, Bombay etc., 1968).
2. lbid,pp. 156-57.
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f^TTI
2.4. t«ii4l ^ "^fiS (Contribution of

Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Rising of Nationalism)
B—■'
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Vivekanand in Rising of Nationalism)
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1. ^ iJr’TfoFH ^ ^ ^ leRi!?
2. 1^T?PT ■SFt îmi sffT ■^P
VITtfh! (I^'illrl’tt fq-qifCp 25

fiiTpr ^ [ct,<j|i iib 'J'kiV ■sflr ^
aft? ww? M'îi'<{ . ^1 rîîi ’TcTRT, cf*?r 3T^lff^ ^ ^ «ii<am. TSTlf^ ^ %^l
t«llHi ■fet^^FT^ [vietil'Il ( ) % fqV«< WThI ■01^ *fr^
ftfe ■4' 5M «^Hl4<Sfl 1^1 ^ 1893 ■^' r?l^Ff! % y^dH ^ W % UldPHi^ %
"^f^l yillHl ^ "97 ^ ÎTMI ^ aftr 'SR WHimi % ■=51^ IT^ «4Wl4
^ 3% ’31?^' ^ly ^ ^ 71^1 ^ "^sFr *?i f^ ■prrpiR,
3^k 31^ ^1 tjjf t’ '^tTîrcH'tiai ’R <Jii«<iRa ^ 3^^T ti»<)ai •
t "TIF THlrd+elK ft ft *TRcT ^ M ^ OTKTlf^ SFJSTT t sflT T^rni fiJI+Ml'^ •
lqîq-4jTf-t<w^Qn (Parliament of Religions) <s*?l'^ 1V sirPt*?! ^
3T12I7R -Ml t, "^5^ ■2rR--qt5 aiKpHyl m toiî m wrl fT^=T^ W? "^Ft ^
Tprsf^ fl? fiT ■ÎTT^ ^ ^wcri! ^ îTrl ^? t^FT)
^ ■3Fft*ici tmfî4 3T?2Rf TJ^nf^ f^l,■ft^^ Wr<(yi, ■3ft T33r 3m<l=*iH ftfftt «ft. f^Mi ^
TFTf sftT w ^ aiT3ft^ irm ■gfti Ricbiy) ^-^-yu)tn ^ 1^51^
5ft ^ ft w an. “??r Tift-vft-yiftdH ^ ^ fan % ^
awft^FT -ftv #ftf gft -^F -TO ftnara ^ -ft arft ftt t -31) fart vft ^ srftsn
•3if%jgr •?gtr5r ^ ^ -ft atftra- viPcfyiîidl arnafta? ^ ^ -ft sTfy^r
■JFR ^ «*HiH'^7 ft^l "ft ■'jjft ^7^ aftt 4)•>^4 ^ ^ ‘<rr^r4a ft) ^1” ^ ^-^Ff-y*^d'n
fti ■ft' 41 -<iHi4i ft l^TM t, îraftF " wiftt fftft^Trn^ ■^raft ■rfr ohIVi t'l 31% ’wn
ftr -q?; arfTjg Fftn ■! ■!% ■3=! tFftrft Iftgpr % ft' twt. ''iKft ft^ ■fftîftt ■sr^ ijr^nr
ftl" ?a% trftirf ft'Tift aft^ 'SIF! aiftf^ft^T Iftnil 4 '^fdTt, 1902 ^
■arf^ ftF ^ rnFT-pFni
’Tppft fftfti^dl ft i. "T^ rcl44)'H-<< *rRn 3FT ■'IR ftl ■# iTIf^ ■% 3FR W
ft sftr Mit4l4 (jq'nl ^ ■^ «»><'ii RioiHil" wihI fq4=*7H<\ ft tTOT '=in 331^ fftRl, ‘‘■’ift
RtcRRft fta Rt t, ’RcRTtft ■ft^ ■gpi f, *iRft ■% •ftsr-ftfftftf ■ftt
t?=i< 'IRtT ^ ■?RT3r ftt q-qn-i w ^^.■ftft -Jiî-il ^ y<ri«*i<l,■ftn nlftsi wf aft?■ft^ ^(ziA ^ shRil
ti *nt ftl^ ^ w ■^ ■f^ ftrr ■aftNg ^ t, w % ft ■ftrr ti ’’
tctinl Trofttft ^ ^ Rift Wf4l TWftlft ft *ft *IRcT % Rf^fifrrar
»it'K''i ■ft <HHii 3?f^ ql'i-îi IftRTi a-ifti RMfcniiai qiTiql ft Rtfttftf ^ '>iq4«i Trftni Ifteit:
“■ft' ■?Tft? TTRn ■!I ■aro wftn ■mft ti ârft anafta ■fta ■ft? 3ft? R!md4 ■ft?! 'Ift? ti.
.. aft? HpfqH ftft ^ftf aff f ■f^n^ %Hrar? ft' anrft «<?! ^âft' irft tnqmi 'fi ft ‘jRIhii aKn
■f.." ■3=!% ^ ?ft ?rE4t ftTTftsn aft aft? -^rsft. tprap fti ■^ r? araft aRn
ft ■4'?!^ ^FT an, “aRF ft mn: arftqi ■^n?. nft, Hgiel ■'!?*?? R ■F^ ^ ^rfFR! Tjj^ q-iiqi< awîl xRiqji
^ "3!!?^ ti Rn arift ^ ?fft -ffI' anar fft? wn 'aigajfft '441 ^ ■snft'... ift '^, ^
^ ^-Fi?raftf aft? ■ft??R ^ 3!ift Fn ^ Ift^faft ■>jsfti ”
2.6 'HKIVI (Summary)
• an4 FRR gft ?s?rcRr 1875 ft ft *fti

• anft WHM ♦iiHirit'ti ân? ^ >iq=Kti ani 3?t4 FRlfftftf ft ftarftf ^ ân?ft T^' '3nft
i^wr ^ iJtn? ^ ^FFfft WT fnnni 'F^Flft ■3nfn'-^5an nan lan^ -anT ■fftfiw fft^r
aft? tntnfFRT «Hiiqi TR ^ arnm an^ft Fmi
16 »(l<rf?q il-Jl'-Ofa^
• «niIoHiqisi % *^^q1. TF^T % sfcPltf ?^RI itH<»i "'R
3^ w/ifl
. 12 -T^, 1824 (W^ 1881) ^ lani
•. 1883'^ 31^ •^‘ ^ -nti
• ♦««i41 <iH'5i»'i ^ wf^W 15 ■»i'i«i. 1886 ^ ^3ni
• H<He« ^ TJc^ % 3^1% <<l'‘<a*i wihI 1896 ^ XrR®P®T
fiRPT ^ WHl ^1
3T«nH UFT (Exercise Questions)

1. ^ ■ST^'l
2. Wft v?rrs 3^WR®IT Î
3. ■Rnft r=i<^'riii-< ^ ’41^4-^!^ ■'TT H'tiKi "STÎ

^■|
4. ■Rnft rq^«nn-<\ % ‘<l'i<l4l ^ ®MI<9HI
<(»»'»l/o«r) /ett*««n 27
III
Untin-III
sfiT
(Aurobindo Ghosh and Gokhale)
'v
Wî. (Structure) , . / ‘
3.1 Mtfliqn (Introduction)

3.2 aijfq (Objectives)
3.4 % TTjRtfrT^ IqqK^ 3Tivqif^ct) ^TVR (Spiritual Foundation of
Aurobindo’s Political Ideas)
3.5 % (l'ii^rd+ r^-ilK (Aurobindo’s Political Ideas)
3.6 3nwi#l^ ^ (Theory of Spiritual Nationalism)
3.7 ^ 3TK?f (Ideal of Human Unity)
3.8 3TTf^ ^ (An Evaluation of Aurobindo)
3.9 'llmd (Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
3.10 «<^KqiRqT ^ ^nalq TT^ntfii •a-I'M qVii^n (Achievements of the
Moderates and their Contribution to Indian Politics)
3.11 «KRi (Summary)
• (Exercise Questions)
\
\
3.1. MWiciu (Introduction) \\ \
^ *ll qlyql ^ ylfl’ii sflT 3TTKnf?R^ jtH

gra *IKrfhT (IfêlK ^ ■HKdlAI W^Pd 'SFt H^Hdl ■JTFTR 1%^ afll sFlfrl^nff
Pti^ll dddil cq-iii^ Wcl 3^1t d'dqqii •siirni
\
w f 3^ ■sriRr ■% feri anwiipr^^. f eîchi Heiqiioq
\
STT^lIwsh qil«H % ^^ w tl
tOCI'flq* ^1 tIcit %
rc<dl<di1' ^ trarc ^ tl Tf^ ^ tffR t ^f^t% ^ 3('iiCd!Wir<dl
^ wa-q 3iiqiMi *ftl tl wqq "t o-qilloqi Pq'fl'i % ftiRiq "t 'tl anviP®^ siRici ,^,
28. yi<al‘<
^ qlwq q-iHi TTSp Ajk '11^^
TTFwpf wrfei ti;’ T^ w=3m7, ci^ 3T{f^ tfrr? srr^ 3tft^[ iTfr^ srrwnf^
^ % 3ni^ ^1 3Tra *?t «'i‘i>i W! 'hko1*i 31Ii2nr*T % «‘*in I^PTI ^1
‘15O »ii<H-ii "3^ zff. 3T=^ STTfiH ^ î} jIR "3^ *T1,
y<Wdl, ■nT»-ft ^ 87ri i^Rny. ^ <!'«ilw=t> f^^=I % 5ffl5i<i ^ Hsrq'j^'jl
■?T(fT f I
/
3.2. ■3^9^ (Objectives)
■pi iaHjrq % 35WRR % 3WTf ■^- #f:

• 3!<fd'< <n^ 'G^|R(=F [qqid ^ °R^
• ‘ilnicn ^ <i'n*)lfa=ft STîlR'^TT ^
317l«P3
TF3^ % "5^ 'OT«f=F ^ % ‘iHh^ 'M4<»ial 3n.[q'<; ^ 'îW 15 SPT?^,
1872 ?• ^ t+id'^dl ^ 'SSni <3T4i ftrlT ■q^ ^ 3lk 33 31! Hi?^!!^
^ W^1cl 3iT 33T3 KITI 5t(f<n«. o-^'lA 3^TRr3 313 3^ 3roft3 3^331 ^
% llTt^ 3lf^fleFT % cdlTd! 3)T-=i'd V^“(rl 1î ^ 3^ 313 1^ ?3% 3PT ^ 31^ «fea I5lt3
3^ 3T 1879 13 1893 cf3T T^l ^^133T^ 33 ^ 3JF3 %3T 3tk •^, Tfl3?,
3pf3 331 i.^fdH 3I3T ^ ffrs eft, «.')i3t'i 3ft 3 Rifqei 3ft 3313 3R3t3 â-ani %
31Ff 3rTft 33 33 33T3ii.3f3 3 3Tfft ^ rft 3TTrit3 WTft^ W "ft 31 TR^ft *), ?ff^'3^ 333313?
3ft ^3? 3ft 3T3ft 'Jilqi 33 ef^ RHRll 13 3713333 eHeil-ITeR 3) Hi^qirn 717^)3 ft 1)31 711, '^f%3
33% 3)37 3173)3 TTT^ftft % 373 337ft "71 31)7 37Tft 331317 377^^ ^ 71^311 % 373^ 3 3173)3
3T«?Ir33T3 % 31T3 J-Iftl tTT^ fljl
1893 ft 5‘<n^s ft 31I33 cft33>7 3^1? ft^Tfra % 73lft)7?3 ft tjciiqjia 3ftl iliti
3 ■333ft qV'^ni ft 331)33 ^377 Silft) ■(73T33 ft '31377) 3ft ft7I37?r 3ftI 3?7f%1 .'^ ft '371^31 '^ftlTR
377 efti l^fft 1ft?I33 ft' '7S?T3t 3^3)373 13313, 751*3 331 71373 ^31*1 ft ^ 137311 ^ 7733 337
ft TM ft? fftft) 3) Tfti 311 ft 'S'^'lft 7131 %) ft377) '3)1 I) 3f)7 q-si'î 3>Tft3 ft' "ftr^ 3131 %
3f)ft7777 33 313; 3^17 3l) 37 37^33 3131 ftl VlftiTR 331 3iTft3 % 3117713fft3el 3) 7ft I 171 <^7I1 d’^Vl
313)3 3173)3 7Tl1lr3, 3ft 3%! iftft 371 3171 37W133 fft7*3 3^7 713^^1 373177 331 fftft^l3*1' % 7711173
■371 33 37 ■*1171 3313 3111 ITlft '33% ft 'IITWI ■%) 7717) ^ 15 Tift 3fi7 33371 313713531
3173)331 % 73 ft ■'jft 371 'll Till, 171 ftfTH ■3*l)ft 'l^^ HITWt’.lfftlTl % ^71 felft 3717 3
ftrg ‘ 37)7 3T)el’ (New Lamps for Old) 73337 ft 337l1^ ft ■srftlft 3173^
71%)3 '371^71 '3I) ■3317313) 3)1331 'll) 371^1)331 '3>) 37)7 '33 3^313 '371 773%! 13731, ftl373 ^33% e)<al
37 3713f3 '3311 'Srift '33), 1% 1*ft' 'ftft ft73 aiH') ft ^731 'yiftH. ■% '3*1313 3ft 3S13I ftft 'îft
ITT) ftlTR 1905 ft 33177 ^ ^31313 I) T131 ^ ■3*l)ft 3l)31 '*ft31 '3ft '331 '371 7313 377 ^31 331 73^)3
37F3)cl3 ft «[»'H 313 ■ftft el3 '37*1
377l33( "ft q'liet % ftftFSR 'ift 3531 '*J3 '^3 ISRl 37)7 '5% 331?! ft ‘ iq'ifoo 71^)3
31ll3^’l' % 313lft '371 31 3311111 ITD 7733 3173)3 71^3 37fft3 ft' en^-'31H-'3M '371 3ft73-3^
3311 37)7 W7M 74*-=!'% 37313 ift 37lft3 'ft 17) 13*l) 'ft ft)l 133 '5317313) ftfll .tftfftH ^ 3^7 '5*173
3ft 37fft3 ft 3117 Pl%lei3 '3ft '313R1 '33111 1907 % '^73 %--37lft3 37l3ftll3 ft '53173)133) 3
3nla-< ‘iligri ■R ^'iSi ■?! atlT T =Mj|<H ijte ^1 TTT^TR TU ^ % %ti
TIWF T5^^l faPH-i'ci'S, ’TTeT 3^tT ciMi dl'flHd TFT ^ ■%
Ri=f)i< 3TR raei'=ti ^îr-i'tinrii "H^l SRf^^ ^ 37%FTT W4j« f^7?TTI
RtF TfT^ cTT? ^ qR-9. 3>HI< ^TFT '557 ^ 'ftTFnyt?! % STRT’I 'PTRFIR ^ Irrai
■JFn 3m ^ wr sr^r rfi r ^ •nfaMmrf % ttr 3mft^ w 1^ mm
RTR 3m; rft mimt ITT? RFI ^ *ff, m#
Fft Rt I 3m 371^ RiFTE m f^Hpn % fm Miî Rra yl-sA m ■pr^ sm 4' ,
1910 'hiTs-4'P m ■^ft 3(i)-j|l TTRm % "SRIR ■gmi STTI
mT% '^"'iq-i mi mn 37mFi '^3711 3"^ H mfn 3^ 3TWTirtmK ^ mm mrmi
mr tmm 3m ■g TTiFfrfii r^ m-mR ft 3m t^h ■mrfffirm '■m-oTm^ ’P mm m? Immi
3m mmn % mfm rnmn Fimm ^ mFii mn, 3-t'i^ hiTs’Ô m 7m> 3iT5m mP wtri mt 37k rft
m 3TTmTfmm7 fiPfct % ^ mroT mri mirimciT % prij mnm mrT^ iti mg’ sTimm % mRTPmrr
37R 37TVHipH=b Ffm TTsk micfi % 3iiq>q'j| ^ "R mTTi ^HqTl rH «P 37iwTfmmicn % mrimr
m ^Kaq'P k Ht-iqcii mn mm ?t FmmT ^ sfp mim mfi ■mrimcn mn fi^•.mkr srt ^ inm f^mr mr
iTmmr ti ^7 k sritmifkR m mkr % stirr m Rim mfr RmmaT
RFF mRF % fFik irmi RfF7 m ■jmff mum frnmr, ^mlmmFT 5 fmrmT, 1950 mk tR yqu'^-s Iqr.i'i,
HSH mi?tPm> F*7T 3nmTTF7mT ttIff m mki % "jmTTt mm Ptrf Ff Rmr, ^tmm mrmft % sr «fi rnmn
Pq-q-i Rimkr pTRm % fsrfmsT m fr mft kfRi ^sI'^hm tft ft
3.3. iTfT^Tjpt T^RT^ (Ipiportant Works)
377PR F HipJsqO R Fmm sfk RFit FTT -Jilq-i sq^la iRmT 3m RBT m Rm’ 3773777 ■y'lcr1+7
37mTm R TRy gfl ■^l fRl FRIF m F^TF 37Fmr HSU TT-RI mf T^FT mtl FFmk yy<3 TmFTR
pTRfFlPmT't^—
(0 ffm FfmF (The life of Divine)
(u) Fkn TmR (The Essays on Goeta)
■ (i.ii) RtF 'mrmm (The Synthesis ofYoga)
(iu) RIFF RsF (The Human Cycle)
(u) RlFR Rmmi % 377^ (The Ideal of Human Unity)
ivi) Rkr % 377RR (The Basis ofYoga)
(vii) Fi'l'nlq FR^tIf % 377’-m (A Foundation of Indian Culture)
i,uiii) RTfRFl (Savitri)
(lx) fkm Rmr RFFtI (The Riddle of the World)
(x) FTRfm RFfifF mfl T«F (A Defence ofindian Culture)
^ FRFTSTT R ‘Savitri’ FTim TR7 fl FFST I7m ‘The Life Divine’ k y=M^(i % F7RR
FIRR % [qsi-il F77 miF' 37FFt 37k 377^m^ fFTRl *771 siqii îfqql 7R«7 7^ yqclq> f I
■fRT Timm s-^Ti Rm7T77 Rfkmn r '^-RTFr7 ‘New Lamps for Old’, ’k FTiRnff^ rf ‘RRfRfRf'
3TR ‘ RR' FRT ‘m^-Rimk^’ Rfk^7 mn mRTFF STtIR k' Rt 37RFT q^^jol RfcTRI % "3^ ff7377T| ■pTfeTk
FFRfl RTkrfcRRT STRfTl Rl) ftamm RTFT ^RTFT I f¥ k RiRT RkR, R^TRRR, RTFRF7 % M F«7I
Tmmtkm RTRfFRt Rt FFRt) IRTFIk RRR nTTfF % fkk RFTF aTIVRTffFRT k Rp %1
.70 yi'r'fv f^w(^
3.4. 3TTf^^ % ii'fliifnch f^wff ^ 3ITSzjTfriT^ 3TrsiTT (Spiritual Founda
tion of Aurobindo’s Political Ideas)
■qh TTgr «fTîrrM=h ^ ^ ^ ^1

’Tra ^ *<(1-^01 % feri ’TFKR 1^ sftr ^ 31WtfcH'<K ^ ^ ’7R(T
^ 'Vqa-^Hcii ^ ■J^TW Tî S^HPcik, ^)FT ■^jfRlT 1% {MHifd "TlTff ^ TFJpftf^
rfl ■=! ^m-iIRiî ■^fti Pm-tH ^ snyR "B^ctii Pi«qm ^1 TTsrfTf^
P'^’îii ^ 3TFt^lfc4«h 3TT'JR PiMl^fiafl ■^Ri) ^ WfT ^ IPkTT f■
1. ^ f^vi<y eFT 3^l«vf/fWah 3fl^J {Metaphysical or Spiritual base
of his views about Nationalism)—^sp 'Hi'l'|p!rj4> ^ H el+t
SRI '5?F1 t 'RUj.c<|<, TTRT %i4 t, ^ HIMICHI gft ^ tl ^ wTkRT
^ TTf^ % 3TTtm'm i\ iflpeid WT tl 1V?ft ^ ^ ti ■RF SfTH f i
f^niT "TF^^ ^ R^RTT ^ "IJTRI =Fi) ^1 W i^w4
«I§,C1 •y-lfenrl % <,l'flilRl'»), 'RRTTf^rST 3Rfsfe Iq-qK^ ^?pf fqpH-l % siiq-jjs, ^Tf mIP^'+i
^ '4' TTRi "t' ^ TI^PRn ^ 31K?i ’RTR Iqvd % 3RftsTcf HMejl^
^-RffR sfn pff •4' ♦HHi-iai '?Wtl'’ !ii<tii< d'l'M îPfqqi st4 ^Paqi 3TK?f^R RT
OTWrfer f I yqiK <l'^qi'^ STTWrrffR^ ilTVR RT Rlftrl tl
2. VTTffhr fk^nft ^ 9iiun (Spiritual basis of his

Ideas of Indian Independence)—^ 'RPHT sr 1% wd-^dl ^ 3Tsi (NHlfd'h «PRfi
î'57KI RHT t) RFT' t, ■3Tf4g 3RWlPrM4idl Rft fflSR t^T tt tl RRVtR RRR 3RR Wd-d RR
Rs^-y^Îcf. ^ +i=hcti, 5<hRiij, «qa-qni TRRI «hîi *1^ tl f^ ift?n. ^ '^’TpRf^
% aRTT^ RTT Xfirf '571 3T^HPT ^RRT "^Tf^l
3. H(ie( ^ jrt^ H<tti<ir*i<*i ?RF (Positive Attitude towards Human Lj/c)-3Rft^

■^TT HMii SR ^ 3RT^ -fllq-i t 3iiJ'iiqi'i ■RRRT "^nlf^l Rf TWR RR tlRt Rff tl ■^'
SRRR Ridi tl ®qlqq Rlt ttclt RR RSR "gTa % 3RRRR TrttSR RRRt ■RltfRI fR RTf
37VqiC-Hqi«i tTSR ^*|fflq)qic, ofn RT^ f^|
4. HciqJ (oa’âi ^ JTfk 3fi6<v//«ef> <j/^«f>)u/ (Spiritual approach towards Human

Freedom)—t '^qq-qqi % 'T^-aTRtft^ ^ wq-qqi qiqqx, 3TRlft^ tqî-qii ^ <qa-q
■^Î3*HH 3TRt ■^pRT ^ ^ RFF tl 'HITlR=h wa-qil % aT’RR 4^ «IT1I ^qa-qqi "t
'Sq'f*! 3Tf49ra WHiPqqi, SRpsf^ RSR TTSrftfR^ tqn-qai sri ^^ «qa-qai3Tf t '^srIrr
■^RRT qi^d y 3RT î-qP^qi ♦ô-qcii '5i) '?RRI V^rq *^1 <S-6l^ t—"'^RFI "^TII «q?i-qfli 'iiKiq^
^jFra ^ yqlq< t 'SFRtt^ <â-qai STVqirnqi'; ^ tl”
6. VPi^hl tieftai ^ 3TR^ W Î7£57^^49^ STTS/JT (Spiritual Basis of the Ideal of
Human C/niivJ—Wfq^ ^TtR t qnq’q i<qicii ^ STK^t SRRt yRl4 ‘The Ideal of Human
Unity’ t yt^ci fWiq'i tl ‘JRti 3t^tRt tPjyf qiiqlq R^RuR y'^Ri Rt ql-qqi RiT qcqi tl •aqqii
HH11 SR i^ ^ •^TR t 3ftt qipql^ RSR 3RR?RqrRT ft % trft
fcRT tvpTR RRcft t ftr fR R7t stiqî: qRqK afit RTR ^ t W'lPofi ^Rt nqojt ft
«ITH tl fftfra % 3RSfR Rt 3l<Pq-A t RTfl t 1% RR ■o§iiq <sti<1ti< ^tt 5«hi|qT ^ P-infui
RRR RR fTRT tl oRftR RftRR ^ Rra, Rlt ^ TIRR att TPtt t tiiyi'î f ^RlfecI ftt Tf tl Hiqqlq
RRRR RR' 3RR^ ^3TRt RPt t 3RR qitril fRR^tf 4R 3RVSRfiRRRR % ITRTSRR qRol tl
*y/<o?q </'j;-fl/n=h /RRTpr ,lj

TH y=M< 3Rf^ ^ nlRi^qis % ■RTS? STtqifMqi'i ^ WH-qq f^RTTl Rffe^ 31Tt'JifrH«h
it ^ ^ VR3 aifR -TOR ^ ’^tfcRT ■qHRrSTf % TTPr ^RTT T^l 7=?^ ^ 1^ "fe
d'l'til anîR^ ?yf^ % rsaV-i [qi^q ^ 'T^lf-SRl ■^' TI^ ^ 1^ '»i4'i
i f^viRI ^ (^4iH RRIi ^yidij. îfT <Hqidl t’ fti STtPt^ an^zfllTR^ RW P fq!;qi« s^TI
1?^ % Rra R ■511^ WT % f?r MTcft RT ■3cR 3TT^ ^ ^1 XfRRT s^l f^
yrnqi ^rrf-'^Trj •^' Piqm q)Wi cITT) Hiiqai ^ 3ir^ ■gTO qi<ii
wi WT ■snm tl
3.5. 31T(^^ % <i'Jt^lrte»j [^•eiK (Aurobindo’s Political Ideas)
3H<fq^ ^frs y-crl i.l'^qi'O I ^sqqil ^-c^SI *ft *JRfl 3Tp?7ft¥ ^qcl-^'c^l IhcI'iI qifey.!
33% f%33 351 tp3 31PT31 oqpKiqT % "3^ qqW ^ 3if%RfRFT ftji «ni ■3^ Phn,
33pr3% P ?1R ¥r3 3R% %ff Ptflpn 3ft 3ft ^ 3IT3 3ft wa-q 3RI^ P 3IFH. ’31333 133I ?13iat
*Ttl ^wPeiy, 333ft ii'^qi'd f33RVRI STtqirHqi^ RT 3TI3lft3 3tl 3^T^ yiTs'^Cl P 33913 3ft ^*3331 3R^
% 3T^ 3R^ 33T3fl33i 3{t33 ^ #3T3 ^3R, 3^ 3T 3R3I3T3T3 3 3ft 3lt^ % ITO *3T3 ^ •3331^
% ¥313 ^3ft T^l ^3t 3333 ^ 33% ■33T3tl33i t33TTt P 31%3Tr33T3 33 "JS PM 331 S^T Miqu'^l oqf^
% 13T3 33% <l4lird4i 3it 33^33 qildi ^ 3311 31*3Tr33K 3ft 3% "^333 ^t^ % 3333 333ft
33fcT33ft 3^313 3ft ’3331 ?33t 3TfU3) 33H 3f f% 3331T ?T '^Ff 3Tt3Tr33r3 3T 333lft3 ^ 33TI
3%f3 3ft % 3)^ 31 fen<31.33^ fP 31’--qir‘<qi'\ % 37f3 3lf331 FtP ^1 3Rf%3 %¥ 33 3ft33 3^p3i
¥Fr% ■p Ft3R ^pTTI ^ f%ET% 3T13R 3^ 33% Tr33tPl31 t33Rt 3ft ^T3flT 311 '33131 ^ I 33% 3ft33 %
3t3 ¥F13 pF3fvlp33 ^—

(t) 3^ 3t?l 3ft P31 P T33T (1893-1905 331)
(ii) 3K3t3 Tl^t3 3ii-ql<n P 3331% % F¥ P ^Tf%3 1F3T (1906—1910 331)

\
. iiii) ¥lP%PP P 3F2TTr3313 33 ¥131 31731 (1911 — 1950 3^)
1893 P P 3Tpl71 311317 317f%3 P 3^ 3^71 3ft p31 3ft 3717 73 p7% 33 a3lRn
3171% 71%t3 <qq'qfll % %!¥ 3¥-l331731 % F¥ P q>l4 tV>ql, ?Pt pfTR F^tP 3173t3 "tilltw 3ft
331731% 3tf33t 3ft 337^331 3ft 3ft( F3% 1171 3T¥31^ ^3lP 31clt fqnq-'33. ¥lP3T, '533 STlfl l3fP% .3ft
Pt 371%t331 %t! "FFtt ‘JSKqiRqT 3ft 3IFI F% 3T3P 371r3f373177 >fl< PlFTetl % 331 ¥7 ’7173 3ft
73331 31713 % ¥3177 357p 3lf^l 'TFFtP qslsi 3^71 %t 'P31 P 7^ qfnn p3pf % 7713 PTFI317
5H(f^=bi<l 7PlF3 33lP % '¥3171 37I7’=’7 317 3fr7 33151 3ft 3731 P 71^t3 37P%5T3 P 77fsfl3 qVisin
f%lli d^tP F¥ f%3r73171 TIFP 31% '53131! 3ft TPlfel ^131 FlPH ’7173 3ft 733^331 I^cni^ '^l 71%, %f%3
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fq3ira 3 F77% F171 ’7173 %t 733^331 f3<HH % f%l( ¥31¥ iPTp FlPI F^StP yiTsPO P 371973 3ft 'Tqiyn
37^ 3fl^T7, f3f%13 ¥pl%3 351 7*713.33% 3707137313 P % 1%31 3%7 3%fP P
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3331 7r33tf331 1331% 3% pFF yq)i< P "FI 773131 t-
1. sTTTrpF inal'y ^Pf %■ 3//h)w«* %■ Wf P G4s a critique of Indian National
Congress)—'377f%3 3lf%77 ■%! 331731% PtfflPt % 35^ 371%t3Fl Pi 3f3 % 5*%''s P 3lf'77I 3715 % 371
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32 »7T73&''77p%j3^ !33773‘
1
•3?^ d1'*l ’Tt =h<cil sffi 5<lfdk,'3i<fq'^ ^ a-iqi! =t>i4n''lie!l ?T’Tf
qxii ^ ^ ‘T% aFR?i fIffr '4' ‘New Lamps for Old’ FIR
^ "=7^^, ’îi'Js^fa aik ■%cTT3Tf ^ 3iicilMii fjrRlTf—‘''îlTRT % ^ ^ =t>5ai
\ y^Tûi f'l «V«<i ^ ^ yra ^<.11 f■hisRI
WH ^ yra=Tr ■=f^' t altr ^ ifr^ ^ t ^ ti 1^ %3n -^f
Î'^cft cH^hi ^cTT WFFi ^V d-?"!-! 'M'1«H FT fi*-iRir<3a -jik'h ei'iiu,—
(i) BifilH ^ ^ (The aims of the Congress are defective)—^
FT-1H. i% Fit^ % FTTT T^RP^ FM TF^ 'FFtni ^1 FF
F WT^ 3mi WT FFfF T^ tl W 3TF^ TFPPn % FTF FPm %
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^ FT ^TJ F^ FT FRcft^ F^t iF^f^ TT^tF TFTPF^ FR fF^RTT F^ ^ FFiFl,
^Rm. FRF FR TFF^ FRT^ % 1^Ri "iFRlt PlfV'^F % ^FTF ^TPFFT F^ yipKi
F^ TTFuftl
(ii) ^fii'ff s77T VJ^ ^ftT fhtsi'a *ieia f (The method and principle of
the Congress are u;rong)—FR^ ^3Tf FR FTFFT FI ^ FRF shpH^h IffRTI ^RI
FflRR ^f 37FFF FR FT^F Fltmi |TT^' SifFFI FR^FRt FR^ FRF F^T
FVidl 'tl FR^TT % 31^TTR TTFFHfFI ■fFFRTT T^FI FTI^FF aftr Tii4ytrHF.' t
■ FFfF Fft-^ ^ t 3fR ^ FR FMF FRF Fi\ FRFI Fnf^l ^fRRT -eflF FR^
F^ FTTFi^FFT FR^ ^ F>FT FRF 37^FFR?T
FIRTF Fit FT^ F^TS sff, ^TTl FT? Fif^ 5RT TFF^FFT Flf^ % ftpi 3TFFTT^ Fi^ ciOî
4tft§Fi frIfi. FIFFI ^ FIFFI F11% FITFFi STR FrItTF
% tfeF ^Ft TTFTF F^ ^ FFi^l TT^FiPiift TRF^ ^ FI^ TFF'^FFI 3JRF F^ Fit FR TIFiFtl
^ThIcIIJ, FiffFFRtt THF^ FRF Fit STM^ FR FFRfl "tl
(Hi) 577T WtJITOT jfffff ^ (Congress Ignored the Common Men)-FfF
FR FIFFI FI ■% TRFRF cW Fit FTFI Fltf «nF F^ tl FF TTFt VFf F
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FRFI % .lFFf Fit Fit^ T^gi F FR TI%I ^ FR FFRT ■^' Ff^ ^ FR FRTF FF% IRI
FFTTIFRF Fit FFtF "^FI ^ FII
(iv) ^ 3^ FRfr (Lack of Sincerity among Congress
Leaders)—'^^^ FR FIFFI FI f^ FR^ % TTFfM FÎf ^.FRTF ^ Fit a?l5R^ %
FI^ Fit FIRI FR^ % FRf ■*¥ FF^ F^ FIFI F^ t i 4 FFPft ‘St^t FIF FFFIF % t^F,
^ fFTFltt Fit FTf tFftyi %3Tt % TFF^ ^F dsTdl
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t sftr F ^ FFFit FIFFI ^ Pi«bHtai F fFRlt FRRtF FR FFg FF WF FRF FT PaPiî
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T?TF' Ppioi f TIF^ FI^ Fit ^ Wn FRFI FIF F^ t FfNi tpt FR
FRf/tF <7^flfhe’ /qa/<S 33

3nf^ w OT7
1. gn Tjpq ^ ai^ ^r?T fsn?
2. % 'jflqi % ^ HSM ^ f’?
34 'JTUfhJ V'^-ilR^ fk-î<'=h

2. tU’TtH STTFlf'^RT (Criticism of British Government)—H ^ whr sfk ‘ii<3d
n<e f^fZ^T 1TT=rR Siicil^Ti "^1 TRT^ y'îî' % Hinn=f> •^ciiqTl «ff
‘New Lamps for Old’ % fqftsii W't>K 1^yi TTf^ ^ WT?r'
^Fh Til ^ ^fFJTTl -WT: <^<3=n <Ms}p ^ qciiqi ^31^7111 ‘itiR <5-^T-l fn doHitî % ■=Tlzr
qT»;?m ftrfzTT TIT^nT ^ 'TO'jr THin'lq-ii ^ ^ c^r=hi THI^ 'îl -^niq-il % ^ -itlH
•VW q'^cnil 3-^1^ tllfZTT ■JR^TR ^ q^niq ^PtrfrFft TTT^TR UTM ^1 ^RT
T*jit^ ?ii«-i TRnr^ ^Rit ^ ■% 31^^^ ^1 a-^'i-i sitriff 5ft ftrisT iRJiRtt 5fr ’ft ancfraî
=h<i^ ^ •sf^^ft fTtan % 5Hk1 3ilfHi 5ft 'FT5I 5ft ^1 a-lil'l 5Hnl ‘jIhI'iI 31sfo55T^ 5ff
TI?TT“'5KTT 5R% URTMl 5ft 3TTf2f^ ^ qi'iici aRI 'll 'Z^t’ ^T5FR 5T
5iZTy 5R^ %I1T 3Tf?T^ afk 5:^ 555 i^«l ’ft TRf 5ft Z^R ’TI55T 5^ tl aiîl 'S^T^FR
IJrlFlt RT ^5R qcil^ 5T^ ‘^Rf^Rt 'ÎrT "f 1" 3-i=m RPRl ’5 % R^5R % TTRif R ’TRTfRfl R 3=5151 ^
R^ ?| RKfllq 3TR^ RT5iR 5^ R5iR Wl RTRcT RftfwfcTR^T ’TRTfTR TIÎTRT % fYIRTR ?| 1R '^trtiHl
5ft 5lT5t 5ft al-511 55^ 5ilRR 5RR R^ 5l 5f eW< ^ tslfer RTTf % oqi’HiRii'l
5ft 5FI Pl't>lci'^ 5n yqiei 5>f eft 3T595 RRm #tl
3. ^>jj?afa ^ SHRtzRT (Criticism ofCapitaUsm)—^<\^’'\ '^51515 % 3TTRfR5> sti
R^t^ Riil'Jll % RTRRRRT^ RTtR’R Rft TêI5R P-Iî 5ft ^1 RR^ qi^Ti % 1% RReftR ThThîI RTF
■flf^ .'i^tlnfa RR^ 'tl ?eiRli}, ’TRcffR ?ltR5n 5ft ftRfti Iq'i-s 'll ’TRR 5ft ^5t 5ft ^'d^s 'RTRI
RT TFT ■f I RifitR 3f^RIT 5ft FR Rtfel f5R5 51 TRTR R^ 'tl FRt^Ht R^tR STT^mso ''JRtRTR
% '%Rft55rRfT 5ft Tits 3TT?ft5RT 5ft ^1 a-^H RRTRT 5ft RRRT 1RRT [q<?.s RT’jfR 5ft 3fR
5ifitl5iTff 5i5R RRI^ % 1%17 RRfRTT ’ft ^TRT, '^1%R 3-?!^ ’JRtRlR 5ft STTRitRRl 5R% RT^5515 55 R^
R^ fRPTTI RR5TT 5iFRT RT RRR5T5 R^f-RRif sftT SRIRIRTTIT 5ff “^FR ^ 'll a-e'l-t 5>FT ^ 515
551 RfR5ft 55 5lt5R ^tRI T^RT TT5 TT5r R^ 5ft RRIr 5 f555R R^ ^ R5iTTII FRIRR^ ^fR55 55
TR%5T ^ ’TTTR 5ft TRTTRTIT 55 5^5 "'JR f%5T 'Sfl RRkTT Î fR 5557 R^FTR '^pftRT? ^
3)ici'l’=i1i 3T5?5 5ft %, i^r=ni RT«T5T5 5ft ’ft R^ R^' R1RT5I tl R555 ^ T^ RRTRTTT. R5cF5cTT aftr
Rl^qil % 3T!55f 5^ RTRT 5R^ 55 RII
4. JJtjfjRR /c>wf< (Views on Socialism}—si<U-<k RTR^ RfTO ^RTRi ‘War

and Self-determination’ R 1857 RT^ 51^ R Rneai ■^—“^15 ^ y^^-a 55RT 5ft 5RT
^ R5> Tit ■'pft sftr 5R R RRm "J^R R^ aftt RfTTRT^ RIRÎ ’’JltR RRTRRIR 357 ’JRtRIR 75t
^ RRT-^Rf RTRT 7^ 't’l 77RT3T5T^ f55T7WTR RTtRifiTR Rt 7^ ^1 RF fRRTTRTR RfTRR 55 TTITR
55Rft 7TRR ^ 7T5ITft t 551 FR^' 5f5 ^ R5T5 f I ?TR STR^cTR F7 7«5R R7 '^51751^
RR TTRIRRI^ 5R TFT f I RetRTR '^jft'ftR R’RRT 13IR55 355R "^RtRI^ aa'i'niF't, 3TR^ R%175 RR
5ft RTR TTtRi R7 R^R f5ft t 3^ 5F »-575 Ft Rfirniti FRIR ’Tf5^ TR 7IRT55T^ TTRTR R -grTsTR FI ’’
3I7f5^ Rft % |R t55I7t 55% TIRFFRT^ ^fe5ftR 55 RTIT -qinai FR^ '^R’^ FT RTTIT ^ R ■'pTTRTF
% '%7t5t 5RI TTRTRRTF % R57T 7IR*f5T s^l RR55 RTFRT RT TTRTRRTF R TTRIR^RtR fR^TRTT Ft
Rt5R Ft5T ^ aftr 5ft Irrrr % ’77^ 375R7 RTRI Ft?l fl
S. *<4<i'n fh^n (Views Regarding Swaraj)—55 5iFRl Rl t^ 55TO ’jyt

vaa-qoi 5ft 5515 af^Rt 5ft -qiaPyaoi if ^ f575IR 7T35T7 <-aa-qfli 5ft RTR 5ft TIR^RT FI 5F
3TRRT '^5=551 55 RTSR ’Jd ■âD ^1 5F ’R75 % IcIR; 3TfR7I35 (Dominions State) ^ RTR 5v75T %l
rIr FR55 5T7^ *1775 % tcR^ ’jf 75TF55T 5ft RTR 5ft, R^FtR '5FT ftifZFT RlfeTRI ’R75
% 1^ RT’ft RnR557t R^' Ft R55R'| ’7175 55 R5R5I TTt 755' 5ft R7^ ^ 5RT^ R^ Rtl55f R Ft Ft
RTR^R 775^/557 35
tl UTP?! % ^?I ^ 3^N1‘-'J+ il 'TRcT ^ 1%T^ ^ 37TWTf^'
^ ^ fI ’
5«ifay. ^<i'»<t ^ ‘Sns’HlH'bai ^ oznÎT îrt (d^l

t-‘‘ ^ ■?ITRT 15[^ il ^^TcTT tl ■?!; ^ ^ 1■SRtgr T?^
<;<s<?'H rIsiT 3TT^?if % 3T3?TR 3T^rft WT®^ ^KI Sl’T^ -fll'în ^ ^ srfygni tt I aT’Tit t^JcIT % 3TmR
TT Tt smtt -ftTrar t Tl TTit ?iTt «tqt % M# Tit Tt
^ ^«)’I'HK ti” •S'?'!-^ ^FTTF^T Tt TRTI TTl <ni'*iff*I^ SliSfTTTin TTRT ^ 3Ilt Titl 11t) TfT
TTOT T tt TTTT ^ ttTT TRcI % 3Tr«?TftT3K' M4>RI t tfttT TT ■'ll'^'li, 5«fci'< tf 5HKI
TTTftri eTW ttn Tlf^l
foii'^ UTftr ^ «»«•» {Method for the attainment of Swaraj)—''^ Tt ■'JT <<id^ci(
WT T)Tt % ftlT^ “Fftr % •s<î<qisl «tii4siiH t ITTTRT Ttt TTi "STTn <neil TT 1ti TT TTOrNf TTI
snn ^rftTR tt TFf t rif ■ntmlrn Tt Trf tt ti itttjt infri %
friiT friTfHfetf TIT •fmtr %Tr-
(i) TT9ITT Iqfile (Armed Rebellion)
(ii)f^l1^5^ (Passive Resistance)
3ITft^ tW ar’lt '-iil^H 1TJTT ^*<1 stiiPfl=t>K*l ♦I'icsi tr ÎTFI TT TT tl ■3^t^ ^sVl
Tt tr t^TR R TTfffmrfttf ^ TTFITI ■??? ÎTR 'î+I 1t?TT?T T? ftl TTtcT Tt "^TTim
T7RT fq5,le ^T% tr inn Tt TfT ^cft tl c^r^hi TR t qsiqi ftTRITT Tt cTFITIT q'licn t T^ str
TTT TT TlRTTjttf TH t^cT ftlTT rft •s-el^ [qalg tr ■^TR 'TT trfRIT hRi<V-T Tt ^TT^TTTT ¥lfTI % fvR
TtR ^TTTT T'HRII Tqgii'l T>T fq^K 11% Sltt^ TIT g<niq TTT
Tl afk T’t TirfR^ ftm TTwtf tr 'P’-tr tt arorirT t tR tr titr't tttt Tt wd-^di tr
RCT Tit TM Tirt Til ^flTT ftTT Tl 1903 t 3Rtt Tcfl Tt TT t TITT TT-“^ iTt
yaiilfl TIT OoSK TI3t tl 1^ Tta TTiTT tl TF Tlfttl TUtfTTI TT TRTR T q«^=t) Tt TTftT t
3TfT^ R:T Tt Tift?! tl" ’^ftlT -3^. TT Tt TFT t ftl TIT ITdRRT TTfTT tl 3T=T TITT T FT TT
IFTT^TTI .'RT-t t Ti)f H<^Ji TFf TRT RTIftÎ a-s'lA tqn-qcii % RST Tt -STTR TTt % Ttfecf
hRkIt ttt ■^tttrttt Tt TTTR TT nqlnn TTTT TTTT tl ■Si'ni Hiiii Tl Itl ■git=TT TTTT( TTt T WR
tt t TTTTJT Tt TirfR TFt FT ^miTl FTlt TIFT 1tl IFTT TT tilHii Iftt t Fi Tirtr itfi^ tt FTTTT
TT ITTkTI tl
TR t trf^ FfrltT TT FtR 1906 % TK ^ 1^1 3tM tl TR TT TtSR TT^ t TTt
tl FTtt •Sitt) Tt 3TTRtm t TTTt TTcft sfiT FTti TTR 'Tt tlfTIT TIT ^TT
aiHuqil 5'Hti TFT F^lt 1tfF?T ^TTTRtf TIT tTFRIR, yt=hRI TFf TIT TfFTIR FTT TTmftTI qle'^hK
■pTfelT yici<ltT t1 3'q(rt^ tl f^, fr^ fFTTT
Tt TTlftR friTTI F^Fft TF tf TIFT It Tfr sit 'fl H<q>K
•HTTT TT -IltR TT# 11) fTfelT tMt % TTtrn’ Tl TT F?t IRTT TT 7#! TTRT TIÎ FIT 'TmT .
tftt t -wci'i 'jfWshlui TIT TftTT tt ^ frfÎT ufcltT Tt wrqiu? it TTTTTI
6. /tcJTT {Views Regarding State)—TT hiiii t ftl TPT XRI.TTf=TT
FTlt tl 11) rttl tl fFFl TT TR85T ci'ini t, ’^^TftliT Tl RT»T TFI tl TF TTRI % TcTTR
TT T^ TTTTT tl FT TTTT tl FIT aTRTTT^TTt tl Iqîd Tt ‘TT^jIfT 1fT’ % TTF T! TgltSTTf TT
ttr ftn TRT tl titt tttf ■^ntf ctt tt fI ttft t ftran îttt=t Iftt t tI? TtnK tfI ti
F^Flt TFR tl TTTTT Tl 3Tr?ftTTT Tit ^ TFT t It TFR t1 lillqn TltT % TTR TFT TTTT
TT TTTT qqlTqi TPT TT FTTT TTitlÎfT tl FTTT TFTT t—**TITT. TT '^RtT t SltflJTTT FTlt
36 <f'Jf'f?/riq> /^TTT
T=rfci f, ^ ^ Tf ^ ^g#i3;r' sifi 1^ ' ■3f^ ^
^ TF=T % ■3n'R sftT oqqWl qilek,! ^ ^qipej^v ^Tgr^ "Hc^, •wirHi 3?R
FTt 1^ ^ -grtfui -sziftg =F^ Tjs^gr vMfwref,!!^ ■^T=n ■^rflTj; tnf%^ ^ srt ^
^tF3Tf ii STTFt artmirrM^ ■^,^1 W^ ■STi^ 37TcRT 4t pm % TT^ f=IkiHH itz
^Bqi^ 'SFFf -fllq-j ^ cT?^ mT tif>ni p ITS? ^ « 11^ oqP'roq'l STfv^FFr
q)>qi“i (Greatest good with of all) qrll<ll ^1 ^ ■s-o'lA ^^SFT % ^nqiPmiqi'P! i«*i-<i
3inrilqn '51^ %1 .^^q>i qilCT FHrft^ % llfti 3T8{I¥^ci'il^ gl'il ^1 ‘ «e|^Sfe orT
FTFT r*i«&i-fl ^ 1^r^ 'FtF 3FI^ 1^ ^ STTVTF q'ljill §1 ^ H^)K TFF? ^ ^trr 3^k ^rf^
^ "c;^ “mzi •sjFrm ti
7. 3v</aj*q W XTffWtfrJm i-e4nim^> r^î4fiiH (Constructive Political Programme
,o/Aur6mdo)-3?fW7I ^ ■RPHI t IsV :V'^^ sflT ^ .-^
'Siicilq'K f, lifFT-f ■J7F'WI^'^fFF17f!7'*5^l‘Jt^% 3IF^
^ ^ STT^ ■’.qurH'n ^ yPtiMim mi 'sT. ^ ftrS’
^ mm ^ mm't—“ mm mi mmi flrfem sirfVqm ^ ■'j^ yfV^ mi ^)m mfmî
5R^ mmmf ^ fm ^ mm aFPfl
anmftm mfm afR ^ % srom wr mi Rmro^n mifmi;i’' airf^ %r ^ mm fm mramm mi
ms^j cisft ijM ■qm mi 3m^ 1^ mr^ mi mm mi me# #m#H ^ wm"^ mi# m^ afti aiiiNf'
%-6^ ^ 1RRF1 ##i
<5-1#! irnmmm mmft^fm mT#sJm #>■ 51^ ^rmf^rferr t—
(i) ■c»i-iHiNK»i # airsn#! #> mci mrjRf ^ mimi
(.ft) aum^Ri 3^ wqWe■ ^ 'j(tfl( mr rnifmf mmii
(iii) srmn m: «4Tn'fl< mTolq daVif mi fmmm mrnii
(iv) fqfi?/ 3i7f#m m# mmi)
(0) mfern rnimii % nmm mifmmitmf mrimr mmi!
(vi) i%ft9i Miyim Tj^ ■gfmi mmi
am# '?q Tmumm mmf ml mi#mq ## % %3; mfRi •t'lmf, #1. fmR a^ 1#^ ’jqm
# ■# iMdmi q'iRri # mifm mt F5q r=t><4ii «'§lA f#!nm mm rniPumm im3#i ■# #1
Tiuiiji invTi mimi mmn m fm mlm # n^lmn ml Rmm m# îmimi ¥f #¥T miwfmi m
wmdl ^1 <5^1 A cf^s#' •3# smm# aftr ^ r%^r m# m am# imnmm mpfmR
mi R^m mum mtm af##) "s^jVi mi anftrmi mnm ■5^ n#! I «•?!# amm mi mmr fmm aiâ#
% aiir#m m’m lite fmi mr^ afti 'sn#? trhrr MKol^ eqq^^ra cfm dEjVi m# mm Imm mi^ #1 #71
wn-qn/ #> mnj qnA miPumRl Mre) if# amrq nmmcn an# mrimi "nfl
■R mni ?ii nmn anfnm im ar##) rnimn % ■fismim anmat ^31#
n# r5*-Ha mim t[m H^rq'^yf mmi mi
8. aTT/mm ^ Wri-cFrf/ feizii{ (Aurobindo Views Regarding Freedom)-"^^
tqrt'qai■ HRP# IqqiA ■# Hcnni ti iqcFmn ^ 'qfimfmi mi# mm
^—“ ^qa-qcii am# "ÂqH #1 f#m# mi hicii mim e.
yii^fdm tqct-q mq ^ mmmmi % hft '^^mm'itn ml •^ mim #1 leimmti ti" m Timii anf#^
# â-qaf m# wm SRI am# aiftnim ^ wlfd mi^ mi wi mm #1 qn«iTq
WcFqdi % #1 ymR-1. amifim nm 2. immm mni^ ^1 amiftm tqn-qni ■# d-t=bi airs4
•fl<o?'S a'^'iUn'* l^^k* ?7
3fTT ‘i)<3d •3TTft 31lrHI 3TraT3f % STJ^TR 3^7^ 'JJ'TT ^ fôFifeH 'tit'ii ff^TT ^T§I qniiq<'J|
■4 '♦><.-11 'tl 'i'i'hl Hi-soi ^Tt qied Wd-5ldl
Idi’H'ti ^1 ■zrf^ ■5;^ '<^1^ •îi’^Rq> ^Tferar’ q'JiN qigCi <^qiq'i’ ^>Ff ^ rff ^ Wd-'J
■=Tt7 <^«hdil qUi-dfq't. ^-fi^Pad 3iitiR^- wn-^ni %1 37Rrtt5i 2>tirrH'Si T^rRTcH ■dldd
77R ■^l q>i-3i ^cT^cTT 'ôi qic^ ♦qa-^ni 5'tilciij, ouPw '5!^
wci-qoi ^ a-Jiiq 3ii-'sn.«t> 'rqdôi ^ ■9^<<^ oRT^ ^ TPTTO ■qit^'i, TFfe TT^Fftfa 'b tqn-ddi
% ^ TTM '577^ ^!in ffl

9. 57r8znt373r W fB^rrr (Theory of Spiritual Nationalism)-^ttf^ 'sjt^ ■^n
^ R<.Sia ^ MbTq’j^xI fR*ia ^1 TIR’I ^4^ '317 7I^4l^ I^WWTTl % sjRfd 4,
4 ■37*7R ^t74 % ■^R; 4 375 ■OT’JiTI^q^ ^4^ 33 3^ sfR 33'bl TT^dl^ 33 73TP3 4\
3TH3Tf3T37 41 33TI 3^ TIê^K 733=i4 ITIW 33 yPdm^^ 44 Wf 4 3f3 ^tT73 37l4t3fTT 3?^
4f44f 4 ^371 *IIi 3744^ 4 7I^3K 34 aiqli 37*371 % 37^^ ToW^Fi 3^
HSrq'iyi 3rf4 137311 31lf4 377f373 4> tiH«hinl*l 133T734 3 43T34 T'îi 4t 71^313 34 «7T,
cHlqi-i <S'4l'^ 37737-4331 3ff 3797 34^ %3r7 3^ ft3ri 377!f3^ 4 3^ "^4 71^313 34 3T3 774t,
47T3Tf43I 4 73Tf43H 33 '33131 337 <Ji4> 77T34 371(31 33 133 7W f3>3TI
3-14i %T?; 71^ 4*337 TJ^* 337 7737 37 ■5r7^7f437 373 37, TJ^ 13 4* 773R
3II ■37574 7!^ 33 '7J3> -liHqo 33 4 '^7^ 347 'f4 33*33433* ffe34*3 37 73^ '13*731 '53% 'iHT^ 77^
713* 31 34 375 371 4 3*54 4 1% -4! 4^ 4 f 7737 577 '41 34 '3*774 % %3, *77777 tit % 77*^'
34 57 ^*344 '44 % 1473: ^377 7537 37fRl 377f%3 4 '1477371-“777? 337 t, 53771 37g*jf3 3371? ^35
*53**S 35t 4, 37^4•=1^11^ =7^' t 3^7 3 ■^ t73 34 344 4i 35 tT5T37l477 4. **4 7J^ 3*7 Rml»i
3*74 3757I 3414-3414 ■37337 ■34 TTltjf^ 37f337Tl 3*7 7T37f3^ 5*3 4f" 5*544 773^373 34 Utf
■34 '^737 SKI '3577 'f sfR '14777% '1474 53 *37ll%7 '7537 'f I a-^R '3*57 "f 1% 77’^375 '34 33737 '3^ '577
773*777, ■35 74 3% 5^ 3*7 ■3l7'373 f' 347 '574 34 ?[r'M ^ 3774 3^ î *j%r4 ■3*57 “7I^3K 33*
*7tf ^ ■54 ^?37 34 347 ^ 3T137 'f I 77^373 43* 4^7 *l4 ■§ '^7773*7 '5ft33 '4 *7777=7 3*7=77 51" 5=514
3774 3*57 ■§ 1% 3377ft 3 377513 7^ 4^ '37fi7 1%^ 773444^ 7377*337 '37’3 '3*73* 3 77^ '3*7 f43fwi
3*7% ^9343 377351 34 37737 3*7=77 tl 5*m V43 377H 34 '1353 ^ 377^771373* ITT* 3=7T4 33 371 577%
ITTTT 37777 3ld7 34 377%'ldl 4 '^53*777 Rdidf '35*4 t'l 5T7% '^74 54 31143* 31337 37 hicii '3*757 *35*4
t, 3T=3«77 5t7 7737 % %7? 3734 3T7HT7f%3* 37l%7. 37Tri7-'335;517 3 37*7=77 3c7 7^ 44l ■5=514 '3*57
13* tT3*3T 4 t7573 37l33 t, fTTl^TT 54' 737%=T717 % 1^ 7141377 573777 3*7=7 qifsk,!
'5%1=7 3*571% 77^37? RnRl =33* 3737, 7^3* 37% 37 34 % 5441 3*7 773J373 '=751 tl '3=73*7 71^373
15=^71^373 3^ tl 5=734 77^Mr377 trr33 4=7 3 l3?3-3=^ *77 37737147 tl 5=5T4 ^ t-‘'7I^373
*77=73 % 777*77133* 537 773=4153* 133*777 % 1^ '35*4 tl 37=55l3?37 7^3* 13?3 773 % 5777 3H3 34
■q3*57 7371*75 5l=ft 37153 53 37154 34 '37137 % fer* 57TW77f5T3* =43 3*7 f%7m *775^ %jif 357 •
371=5173* 7=3*57 34 37357 % SI77 'tl f%37 37 773*57 tl ” 553*7 3*557 37 1% It^ 34 7=3* ■?77V35 '3*73
tl ■% 77335 57*t4 4 774557 tl 577*7 1%74 33*77 34 77%1*457 'Ftl tl =75 t737 % 7371=53 ■*R =757
tl fTTfHlT 54' 37*74 5>lH»3d 34 35 *77775 ^5% 341 34 3 37fd3l' % 7441 34 14773*7 7^31=757 '577137
% ■93777 3*74 '37151^ 571% 3775 34 37TW77l3T3* 35737 ^37 77%l
10. Hiietlti Ttgjwr ^ d77??4 (The Ideal of Human Unity)- Hinq'ii 7=3*777 ^ 377^'
37714=3 733* 4777 I33R t, 1477% 3*77*5 377*371(33*57 '35 ■%Tt37 3*57 57757 tl 5=575 HH413 T=3r5I
34 7*771*75 ^74 % Riy, 5447 34 37733l3l41 514 *77 *577 1337 tl '5=5)5 =75^ 1%3I 33=7 1373 4
38 *777743 773=4/53' 133773*

■JTR^ ^ % STfeTcg ^ ^ WRT H?7=? %Jn t, ^ tl WI ^
^ ■‘jR.l^cl ■^tTRTT "W cfr ^7R3 ^ snyTlfc^T^ ^ 'flik.'iil l^Riy,

(947 '■4(-t‘=( <<«ha( ^ 377^’ llH^tt 7^ ^1 a-?)^ ?77 ^TPTW i^^cll
'% 37K?t ^ XTep yPSill "^cTFITl a'^l'l f^T^TT 3TT^ '%Z
•3TcT7^ '^nni <^*^'>1 'Hi-i^ ■^71% 1^ '§r^ 3n 'jm'*!!i '^ttt i^rfV^T
^TTTTTT I, yi'^lrt'ti =M<''i'i, 2. Pi<'fl< sRqfti^flt^ 'HRr^faql % 3. hi'^ ITT^ q^tnii sftT
gn 3rt5iiOT ^ 3ngn’^3fi ^ ^ ^ ’î #nsT t-“fiT
% Nd.«}i ■f S^tr 'JlT'qqi 7T*7I sfT^ 3)iq«qq>cil ^ ■aiiqiRlS =t»<al ^
i% ^ s*i4?l: MKqK, cl«ll UW aTi<lq< ■^' â'llad ^ ^l”
a-filA 377^ ^r?T ■! fq^q ii,qini ^ 377^ ?77 ^ ^ "t f^ 3777^ 37lf^ fq^Kq,!'
5171''^^ 'Tf <i'^1q 7F^ ^ 37^^77^ 37f=77i7 37^7*77 *7tl 377^^ ^ T7^ ^ ftHT^ ^'iPdcl
^ ■37I y^pTi fgfliq Pq^q ^ '^cft, 'STT^ '•^■'-’^ el'i'n ^ <i'^1q 77?^ ^ ^177*^7 "57^^
4177^ ^ t^' tl 37T37 ^ 7I557f ^ ^ ^ tl SAARC, WTO, OAS 377f^
^7^ a^TFT'n t l 37rj7 377f*f^ 77*77 ii'^'iHaqi 733^^77777 ^ yPstid7 «rlt ■'77 TFt tl 5<aRiy. 'Hpqt-H "t
% ‘t77^ TT^TTH ■% 377^’ g77 7^ ■*7S77*i f q'^CT^ ^ "I? ti*-'Hiqii tl 377f^^ % F71^^771
^ 741 ^77=77 #77 # -JTft "^7 77*7 ^ "t ‘i77^ ^ 377^' 7*77^777 ^77^ ^7?c7 t 77t
■# 77#*^ <i'*;qi'^ # Rlniy, nfs-i1 tWi fq?q ■# "PtrW 77#*T 377^-ft#7 % Pti.si'fl %
37577R #77, "^TTf ^7gS7 # 7*7H, ■#%, TTTf# 77*77 377f*f?7 ■gfty7 % 3737777 37#-3T# 77^^
*7^ ^ 37f*7^ •#ni ■*77g "t 773^ 77#jf 7^*7f ^3^77 '33^ TTDfTif TTT^T^? % 37*77=7 47 'f^
3# #^l
W 37^ 377#^ t ‘‘37=7^ Ti;^ ■% 377^’ # 7*771# 3# 4^ *77*1 '4 377t ^77# 37*773Tf, 7##
737*1, 773#f 77^373 377ft # TTTTP *4 *373 #771 a-^)^ 37F7 # *7^ HNqfll % 773?? 77733777 33
377*27Tfc337 *l4 7t4 eft "TTT*#^ 7^4 '37 TT#*^ 77^3K "'77 377^3737 '377 77^777 tl P7 'TTF *7?7^ '377 #
^ 7741 ■4 TT^T 377737 '37 ^«qplq 7T777 1 3^7 “3733777 ?77 #7 37 '377 ^^qPlq ‘77777 377 tl 773^3 ynl=h
t TTI ‘■3733 337(77 377 377^4' 37777731 4 77737 1#77 7737(77 tl #1 H-l'iq^lPiqi 7^37(77 4? 3777*3
3737(fl3(37 Iq?q ■# 34 7*77*737 tt 774731 3^(7 37734 7*77337 4 377(7 34 *#33 3[3? 377*371(337 'JP #
#31
11. /gVfi 77*3584' /437TT (Views on Violence)—"?^ # 4 374371337734 34 773 37773-37^

Hll 4 t # ^ rt^WKlj 77(3 (7l 3? 1137 4 37%7n 3^7 #77 ■#4 47 773*137
4l 3-«1A 37# ii'JiilRiqi #33 47 773773 5ftlP-d 37 #7 #773731 "# 377 tl 3f733 ft#, #373
7733747 4 743777 ^ 47 373 '37## TTqTT? 4? #H 377«37f(337 777777 '71?# '3774 ^37 4f #3 34
77 (31773 ■#' '37371 '33377 qip-ii *77 "# 77*3 34 7?77 47 1#* #77 34 37733337(77 34 (ft 3774 37#
■3^1 ■#77 ■37l#l 377f# ■37#? ■37733337(t7577R 777773 371# a# #n 377 tl 773*13 f#77 tl #4
37#77(337 777331 '4 71*3373 33 ‘#73 #77 "tl '(4 #77 33 3#7 3f% tl atli #77 47 Hpvq 37 3737777
■57# ^ ‘'t# 7^73’ 3T337 ■57337 4 Pen<31 t—“ 34^* 4 77^ 47 34 37737 41 *l4 377 tl 3=77
373 tf ?# 73*e t f37 4 5^: 7737 37#7I373l 4, ##7 377373373737777 #77 34 41 iTT# 4l
4 37#7T ■% 144*71 ^#1 3, '##7 ■# ■537313 ■3733'^ '373377 4773737 '37’T 4 TTF'H ^74 '34 #73 "#1
4, dPqii ■# ■537373 '3135®^ '313377 PôSi-d 4 iJ6<J| '3774 34 '#3 '3t1 4,

3T#71 34 374?71 WTTI 34 tf 37f*737 T7?t3 44 4l ##i 'S^# #77 4? 777*7-73*7 a7#7T 37T 37 773*13
f#TT tl"
•777(43 KMilla^ /qq/<qi 39

• 12. «hr^t ^ fcivii {Views on Concept ofLaw)-^t^-<. ^ RHHI siT
f% 'M'i;! ^ 3lf*?sif^ in? ^1 3T^ 31^t ii'niirti'* % 4j'ld=*>
TPn ^ q «*ioi qit iti i, <^r'»)i 'Min HW1
i)T ■^n ^ TTf^ SnVR TR #TT ■^rf^l ^JPJH ^jRcU fRf '5^^ 'îf^l 'Sti -^JT^ ^sn^
t. -qt^ ^1^ ^ ^ ^ t sfk -sRcn gm ^ aiRi^ crf ttrt -q^'
it# ■qgqpr q?ra '^r t?t ■sW ti ^ qicF ^mfnt ^ ^ ti -qft
^>pjq r-i'^t. aftr 3i=qFPj<i ^ if at'îl 'STs^prn it ■suit î ^ ^ ^Rdi ^tr
1% '*1-1 cti qi ^^TFRTTcf ^ ^qitif «M-j;il it qiî «n<n •flifey.l 'Jiidi ^ 3fftr=BK i 1^ ^
■qn ■qtptq i ^ it ^q^rt 3Tif*?r ^ qf^ ^ iti qfi srsiit qq fq^ it it
f ^ qtPR q?t' qRqt ^rfiqi
13. ■eto. 3Rfi^ it
qnqifiqr înfr % qit i ■srfiqr qif ii a-i«*ii liq it TTjfitfciqr qrt qTRr qRi qqr if
ilpHa *Tfi ^qqn r^-qK qt ■fe' ^ qrritqt qi Traitfiiqr qtn qft qifit it it qrqtfiqr ^qR it
qft-ift iti wtr an=»ii HMni qt 1i Ti5rftfitq> qqifqq? i •Jtqtiq ftRft it qqpR % qpqitiqi ^qti
qit qtct qtrqt qiipqfiq? q -pRtvR ti ^ t-‘ ■^q^qqt Tt^ q^t qn ii Ttqqtfiqr
^d=iidi ii mqT 1%i 1iqt qiqtfi^ ■gvif % tirq qqtq q^qt •iijiHdi q sriqt t.i" ^ qqnr 3Rfq^
i MIHIhJI't) ■gtni' qft qrqr arftiqi wtr qif 1qqii
qqnr 'nqiqq Ttqqffiiqv fqqit artqqq qRq % qt? ^ 'qq>qi i i

qqitfiqi fq-fld % ftqif-Tn^qiq, ^rftqqq vâ-qai q*Tf qiqq it i^q>qr qtt 37TvtiiRMqi •sqvrc
qqrq tiqii Wfi TP^qiq qi tiq 3tiitr q^ yrdiiRd liqr afk wfq attitm i qqr qf iiq
■fq^ti qifi qtqq T^qrcit i stk^ sm it it q^qqt q^t t. q? sn^fiq? wt i 'siM
3Tî^q iqqf i qn qfqq qqtq ii w ffe i an=tn ■^qtq "qisqTqt qqt qriitftqi ii
qf^qq sfi ■'ji i fqqRt qn it qq^qq liqt i, q? aiil qqqtfiqr qiq qi qqi q?H iq ii
3.6. 3ntAn(w<»i
(Theory of Spiritual Nationalism)
sRiiq itq i Ttqitfiqf fqqn qtt qq# q^ iq qqqn sTRqrfrqqi q^qiq qn ttrstm ii
■qqq qq; i T^qR qq i qm qiqq sipj it -îfi qirq qRn it qqqtqqr it iiqt i qqrt
3iiqf qrqtfttqi^ q Tiqitfiqi qq^nit i inq qtqt, qtqniti qRitq qiiq itt ardit q^ ^
.qqqqraff i qqiqri i it^ qqtq qqii i srqqm fq^ it ii qqqft qniq^qtit ,iqq ii qt
qriqf qRi qi it itfqq it, ?q siqisn i ii q^ iTfqqq qn q ^q T^nr srqtqq
qi iqfinj qiti qtqt qint qst qqitqdf it i ^sqnq % ipnq ftnri îti yK**i
i it qq-q^fqrq qn qqin tint, qiti fiqq>, nrat qnqqq qq, ■îfqq ■qqr qm ii qnftnqnftit qft
iq i tifi qrqqt qi qq^t qqi a-il^ qqRqtit ictTsit qft qtitqqt qft, ifin sfiit q^qm: qft qqqqr^
itfi % Iqqn^ ni qn i ftqtit qft 5<{?ii îqqq qitft srqqi ?qqf qqn tint aftr -qffHff i qiqR
1^ 3n?R qft wnt qfti qif i "nqi sn^nf^ q^jqrq it ifq qî qifft q^qiq it T^q> qi^ qn
i qq fiqt, qifi qfiqq qqi qnitq q^fir i q^q iteqq amqircqq. qiîq.qn tqtsnr qftm^
fiqti
40 »y;<c7?«( qqi^qr /qqrry

tl«cqi<5
. (Sources of Inspiration of Aurobindo’s Nationalism)

3TTf^^ % Piîf^naa 'f—
%■
(t) l^nn W ■% <i'>f=lR 'tR a-ii yniq «i<* 3TTRR W

«r^ 5^, aTTRTRI^ g'l'nT fVfi?l RTIRR
^ 3Rf^ 5‘(rl"-5 ■'T^ ^ ^ ■Prai ^ ^1 ^
3flT RITMT ^ "'ftR ^1 3Rf^ ^ RIR! RIcTT ^ ^ ^3R 3^k
^ RTRRT -JR^ R^l
(ii) /c(/5(W snifntinl wWoi) 9^ IT^TT^"—^ 3Rf^^ ^ rft ^ ^RRR R^M
‘if^SRR RRTdR’ t WTpra l^RI ?R RRqT RTR sfR Rhi ^ RftR *ft
RR Rl3;i RKR ÎSR RT 1892 ■^' ‘#SR ^RT’ RTRR? RilPd+K') R^ Rft Rt R<^dl RPR
RiR ^1 fR RR3R % RRRft Rj) Rf) RRR HSdl R). cÎVii ^Rt^RR RF RR3R ^
^ RRM Ft RRI. RR5 % miWHdn RT FRRit RF^ ^TT RF R^l
(Hi) ihffr(<hlO ^f573(t' W jrRToT—RR 3Rf^ ^ RRR STRi ^ d-itt)! ^ fa<n'»> ^ ^ '311
R^RK Rit RTÎTcT |R ^FR^/ 3TRTt Rt "^JTI&R Rff RIRrTT RT^ "4 HgT^'iyf 'm4
fRTRTI RTF Rtrar RTRRR TTR, fRiRRRR\ RlcT RRT R5-^. %eTR>T RRpRRRftRf Rt RRRit
RRifqa fR>R[| FR 'R’^ R4 % %I3Tf Rft RR R^RT^ fRRTTRTR ^ 3TTf^ % Tn<JRTR RR 3RyTT TtRR
ftTRTI
(iu) Iclf^J^ f<»rt'5»rH dn^tcHf ST ITOTR^FR RRR STRR^’JF RRT R TRTTRRT Î'^rldi
RFR ^ aVi^ aRTRrfTF % l^-fRiR SR^lcnd ^ WRT R^ 'tl RR^ H-ilîct STTRtRR RR ^fidi
^1 ■4'?V4 Pile'll RRT '1(lqiT«l ^RRR) Rft ■RtRpTRT R^ 3TR^-3IR^ ^?ft Rfl TRcTR R?R^
R RFrR’jyf ’jtRRR pTRlf Rt I FR^ ^ 3TfRfVR> RRl^R ^ STIt RITR Rit TRWtRRI Rp fFRTT ^ an=M TFtH
RFTT ^ RRII
(u) HR«(>M")d ^RfPsfrlii) W iroTR"—RtR SITIr^ Rt RRR cM fit "RR RRR RRR TrRRtffIR> R
RTRlftr^ 3T^ RRTRT3tf ^ TRR Rll RRRtR RR^ ^ % SfM % 1^ RR ^ ^1 ^SRtRT
■ 5felPd<*»Hl % ^ TR7%ftRRT % f^ TOR RR T# 4) R#R % FRlTRI^ fR^ Rp RTF 'RPft
RPt H-iqi4 % 1^ % RIR^ PisHi^l Tt ^l SRfsRR ^ RRRit F^ RR^^RRIRff ^ R^ *tl
s^Rny. RRR Rit TRIUtRRI % ftni; TRTFjR RT R^ 1^l
TIvieflR ^ oRi^qT (Explanation of Nationalism)
STTIr^ RR R^fRIR tigifqa R ^Wl RIRT fq*â tiRRlT ^1 RR^ RRRR TI^ 4iqd RRf
V
RlillfaR' TTRT RT RT^Pl^ R^ tl RF RRT '^t’lTd* FRR^ RTR R FtRR FR’^ ^ 3TfRRT tl TgT.
Rr<it =Fr RiFRT 'f 3Rt^^ Tl^ RTt JfiPw RIRR *t sftT RRRit TT^tRRT y.'h 3TRRTfcRR)
•SRRFRRiRT Rtl dH*l TT^RIR Rft RTTRI fRFRftR sftT RFft f 1 TT^JRIR R^f RRT RRIRR V*t RTRT f I
RTFl t Rft TTRTRR Rrf -R ^tRT Ft ft^TT^ *ft R^ "^l TR? TT^ "gRTR tl RF RRRTR
RTT 37RR7T fl TT^RR Rit OVKSWi RTT^ J’T fdisll %—“ 4>qd TTRRtfrTRT q>i4»>4 R^
Tlt^g^K eft R;RT Rif t Rt f?RT % RTR ^ 3RRT f ftl^ STTR^ TFRT tl FR R*ft RTtR ^FRttR 3f!fT
% TRRR Î 3TR: F^ RlW=h ^ TI^RTR R>T ^JRRTRTR RTTRT "tl RF r4 ^ 3ftT TnftRR* TT^RRI
Rft FR RRT R^' RRi^! RF eft F^RTtR RTfRR Rft ■RFTRRT ^ sttT RRRt 'tl TT^tRctT srRT'STRT RF =Rt^
RTRRtR RT^ R^. RftRT RTR^ 'f^RT ^1 t?RT ^ R eft RTTT RT TTRiRT f aftT R ^ ^RT <^'HI 'RT TTRiRT
Î RF RFIR TT^ tRTT ^ tfHft =tit‘H RRT RRRT RFTR ^ 'fliy.'ii ftTcIRT ft) RF 3TRRt 3mRTf?RR> RFIRRT
% RRR-W RTl"
R7TR?R ftRTTRf -41

*</«•< 3^ '/)<3c) ^ ^ 1% 3TTf=F^ ■^rr <,ic*qii^ <j-|=+il STTKZnfFT^ <,|Ujq|q,
%n fq^KyRT ^ *fR?T ^ Tf^ '^pFTH «R<i ^ ■<myH -jUrlT

T5T ■qlvi ^ d^FT *TT^ ^<<a-qai Ulf*^ 'f^T'^ 3lft?T f^qil <5-i=b 3nîifH=b TF^^K
r-i^^rcirtan ■?—
1. jêh/< I" {Nationalism is a Divine CalD-’^^H^C^ %I fMaV! '5TRR
^ Mi-id ^ ^ 3TI^ <HH?irt ?ll ^ ^
3fF %rt ^ 3TF HT^ 'S'i'i> Î'^qiG, 317^ «7T 3Tk 3«q>l T?7T % ^
Ictiqic-H 8^1 ^ ’Tft^Trfel %7§I t+qd {Ndlfddi '■+l4?tiiJ fI ^
■^ ■^' H^cn 'sqqfl "31777! "5^ H^rqiq'i^ "It "^cficn ^ "Tf^
■?? oH^Kiql {i-qqlRiqv, wmifêh sfk snf?!^ Pq^Kiqcil, ^ ^ ’TT tHlRiqi ^ ^ V^
■pi ■^ft TF^ ^ 3TK?f ’TOI 1%^ % "JFIS! q<Vli <RT^' HHc| "17 "TTFFTTTT iWf, ■^Jnft-'Ff^,
T^' wtrncii î” "t ■% "i^^srTFjRi F^f^r ^ ti
'JFFTyTTF ^ <l^qi'7 ^ sntqilwqi "F*? <lH§i=h! <,-qa-^dl % 1^ WF ^77^ Tjft "f^^TT ^ ^ftcl "f^FTT
"S-t'iA % "51^ ^ "JrFTf ^TF! "f, ^ ysem-iiq 'll 3-?'m "I TFT^qTs
■% =nK'J| 3RT f, "W tnmq ’Fi "g^ % ^TFT PqvqiTH "t 37h: Iq^qKpl ^
"TmcR ^ TS!T ^77% 3^t7 SFRT fq^qiti ^Îk), "^73^ ■% 'fFTT % fc=F3i "^fTT ^ql-ft
■A' "SF^ r?qq^ gW qirek,!
2- srrf^^ W?r TT^^T? nn^ni W aTTSflftrt if" (Aurobindo’s Nationalism is based on

Hujn-anismj—FTf^r^ -dVlkil "TT^^ "=1^ ^ qPr^ fq«jti "tJg 2^
gl ^-"^TTF ^ «1*Hi'< "^ sfTM^ "FFf F3 "gRTcft'l FF "IF^ FI1% ^ "R TFFRyF "=! FFFT
"FFiJjf Hiqqai "^ ^Tr^TFr ’TT anyiftci Î aqqii FRdl '’7T "1% y"'^ i^llêld yR t 3TR "FT^FIRR! Ft
fl FTFI ^ srftTF^ ^ IF % f^ f| iTD^ iq?q ^ Hinqai i^ qir'Ji'î fg^ y^ ^ y^ "tl
|f1^ "!|^ fq?q-'Hy "TTT fy?y-"7F^ ^ "^ t<|qql "yif^l 3-^'i'^ 3TF^ ^Tgl "t |F% SFrFftT F’'ft
^ ^qa-ôl -WcHpiPiq "% SrfyîR FM gtR 3^ -57^ % -f^^" ^ Fhh "F'! "^ "76!! 'F!^ 1
■gT. qixl ■Rtf "F <*ei ^—'“STTRf^ ir^yiF SFFFRtF ■7^ ^ ^nllqi qti'fti "3X?y HMq c+i'cri|l'i| 37R
"iTHy ^37W ti ” 3ttRr 3Frft TyFSTf -R "ff ym "ffs "fr R ^ f yRcr ftt "FfyR T?HycTT %
fRiTI FFf^ ^qqil TFSyTF STlWnlTF^ TT^yK t '3!^ Hiqqai % ^TcFM % RCT 'Wyiltcf t’l
3. SJTf^T^ W '77^^73" i’lPffi 377 notch f" (Awobindo’s Nationalism is a symbol of
Power)—3<<,[q-3; oi^qic, ^ft 3FT 'FrftFi yi qfqiM % "TF^yiF "R "^TF! "ÎFR
■377% |R FFI 1w "^1 3-gl'^ FiFT «iitq ■% ■'ti'qiql' "F "FF "fRi 2*gA "FPt "F d+iyd FTeT^
yrgft sjiPqtl tVrpft FFT F FT, "JF Pq-ni "FF FTTtl ^ "T^cFF gt, "FF 'FF 3TT^ ^ afR ^7^
^n-qai FTFT qiTFl "Flf^l Fft ^F^ 3TI!F-«q<5'H F?t "Fg^TF "fFTFT "Ft "FTF «Ft F#
tl ITFR F FF7, "% "IWt Ft STFIWT F^' tl FRI# FTFT -FF Ft#, "^4ddl # "FTF "FF
3FF '^, 'FFF q®qi< '!rF> yq^s "TlfFF 'gR ^Rf WK "7^ "f 'RF 7TR ''RFF FfF 3^ TJF! 3TTF5f "FF 'Frr#l"
•STtRff "R "Rrt !?lf4d Fft "FTF fR "t FF FlPciqi FifFF R STRtF! Rf "tl F#tF SFKFTRfF! "3?ypT ^TTT
TqF^FFT aFF "FT# fR "FTF Frgt "f I a-g'i-i TTFT "FR "FFIF aTT’-FlRFFi' TTFT "FTFI
tl
4. 377^3^ W 77>S373 cc4inch f", «g>/wrt {Aurobindo’s Nationalism is Comprehensive,
not Narrow)~^^M-ci R TI^FIF # FtfFFT R F RT3F7T anyTTRFF! R "FTTST Rl a-glR
"RfRRfT F "TFTFt "fR Fftfy R "fFFTFIFF 3TfR "U^FTF fR yR, "FTTf, TT^FTF "FT fR "FF7 IR3RRF
<ia
42 Wtdtn TTWftfctWt /qq^'T
'«,«
tl Wft ^ t, tW ’Tt ■gftcR f^tf[ ’WTT '^Tlff ' ■W/^ ^
fI »Jl^ ^ 3Tq^ ■4' fij; ti 3tj1^ ^ 3i»:znrq ^ sr^ ^
»-rt ^ ^3^' -it '-^ 713)31 «T1| -33^ 7l%t331 33 ‘133377 ‘317^ ^ *31 3% ^Rf, ‘3lf33t 3
'^TI*^ cî< ftR1^ yipKi ^ ^chal *ftl •Si=t)l '^fe yr^'î ’RtTR % 3)3333
^ cIRi Mtl fH y=M< PT 1R73 f 1% srrf^ ^ '^’Hi'H'h
S. ■377f%3‘ ^JT 77^373 573#’TfTT W SfT^fnchal W ^ {Aurobindo’s Nationalism

is a synthesis of Modernism and Antiquity)-sttf^ cT^ ^ ■^' TF^ % '+.kui
W^TRT 7T«TR HURd ^ ^ 1893 t RR "SITTO 3R^ ^ ^3^ R: W'^fd 33
’■-isi ^33 yri ’UR 3 TF3R 3T 33R^ *i1^c<h41 «i*<j>fa 33 33*M ^331 3^' 3t3T, ^ 3 33f33^
333ft 133 3ra ^331 cR? 3333 f33J3 3^ ’3Rt3 tH<:^(d ^ ■R’^3c3 33 f33n-^5?IT RT
33 3311 3^?^ wmliai 3 33tjf33i3T 3 ‘53333 ■53Tf33 33^ 33 ‘33151 ‘t3131l •S'tl-i hRiihI 71^313
■gRT 3 ‘33% ‘33 ‘5R313 f%ni “3%!^ ‘I3R3T ‘f—"F’^ ‘3t333t ‘71^313 ‘3 ‘^’31 3^ 3i<dl '3lf^
‘333ft ‘3Rf3 3173 37 "3^ ffl ‘3l3 F’t 37^ 3R^ ‘313 3f733 ‘^ ‘f33l 3t F^ 373% 37R71 3ft7
3f7f73f33( % 37^737 7%3>17 317^ 37t^ ‘Flf3 3^ ^l”
6. %■ 77^373 317 37^ ^3f- 757757 ^ (Aim of Aurobindo’s Nationalism is

complete Swarq/')—377f%3 33 31331 ^ f% ‘3133 ‘31% ‘% 37R3lfl331 3i‘K''i ‘3 3173 3it ‘3F73’J%
’ÎW 1331% tl 1^ 33t 7R33 t ‘33 3^ 73iyt331 5131 ‘% ^ni^ntl 5«17133 % 773^ 3173t3 713J31F
37 cT53 ‘Ft 773131 f, '371^ 3)3 ^175 ‘3% I 33% 1%li 71^(313 7^3) 77%71 31 ■i%7T3>l 553 ‘3%% f373
7717 37 '31% 3)t ‘3T3 '3ft '3lf% '3^'J3 .‘3133 ‘3Tli3 311 ■33331 %l F7lf315 ‘3%% 771^ ‘3133 ‘31% %
3133311 '3)1 '^FT ‘33% % 'f%5 71371 3F% 13%3cll ^ 5F7I 317# 37 3% tl 37%t# .37%% %
373t3 7F3r7 73cF3 7F3 ‘%l f3713R ‘331311
177 33IR ‘33#33 133% 311 37*333 ‘317# % '313 ‘3F 73^ Ft '3131 t 1% 377%^ '33 71^313
371*3113731 73313 311 *31 ‘33% fpTti 73?313 1731 t%3 ^337 *ft, '1371311 W<\ 317# % %ni *7173 3# F7
■J'mSi! 3# % 1313; t3R 7F3T îPFiil 3%t# 1333 '# ‘313331 33 3713?! 7*71133 =37# 33 1335 #317 ‘313331
3# 3# '#31 ‘3# t, '3# 1J3IT31 3Ft "^tl 7T313TI F^Ft# 771#*7tf#31 3 7T#^1T331 'FR # 71^313 3# ‘3f73ll33
317% ‘377# ‘3# 33133 311 1#31 t, '3F 71^31% 133173# % 133% '# IftFI^ 3Ff #31, ‘3%% 3731 *11
1% 3173 '3# 1333 % 3Tl*3lf%31 '3# 3731 31731 tl '3773 3Tl®llfr33) '^1% ‘t 377f%3 ^ 31*73
7773 77lf%l tt 7F1 tl 3713 3lf7l3) TTIf^^FI 3ft7 ‘33R 71^313 311 lilt ‘RT *7173 '# t. 3F 37R #7# # ‘313
Ft ‘3733 3# #73131 t, '%f313 3733 i<=Mii % 3713# 37% 371*3lf%31 ‘#^73 ‘311 73R #t3 71T31K FtTll ‘3Ft
731711, ‘3% 37131 377f%3 #1 %RT3 % 37313731 3F^3# 37 133R 13131 'Flu 7# ‘33% 71^313 7773%t
133R ‘7H333 HSW % tl ‘33% 37^715 37137'3 317# '# 3773 TT’^'JJ# HHc(d| % 313333 311 7713 l3fF3
tl 3lf%3 ‘5’%3311 13% IqxiKl 3# 3733# ÎFI ‘3F3I31 35f3t31 *7f%i3 # 377R33 3 3ll33 tl
3.7. Hidci V.‘#’iii ^ 3TT^?f (Ideal of Human Unity)
3133 73%31 3# 3713# ‘311 Rhî-a 377i%3 % 71^^313 % 7T73#*nT 1731 3F73’J# %3R tl IMHlId
# 77=3177 '%# % 37311^ 377l%3 # 37#31 733% Rri<a1, 13# # 7%1 !j1#4 ^77131 t—“77133 H+dl 311
3713%".(The Ideal of Human Unity) I 377i%3 # 3733t F77 ^77131 # Mldq 1731711 ^ 3713% UTTl ‘317#
% ‘31% # 371# 31# 313% 3 ‘3% #7 317% 171 3713% 3# ‘5131 317# % 131% ‘37 3% ‘3#
FI IFl# 13 '57331 # 77T33 '3# 531711 3^7 3713%f % "Slcl 311 7^73313 ‘%3T7 1315. F7T# # 1H3711
’7777%7 (I’Jtillh’ti 43
/«!•<; 3^ ‘/)<gcJ % ^ ^ I'l Hi-iq Tt^kTI ^ ^FTT
VFfq % -SIK^T ^ ^ <i*^‘jf ‘iiiq ^TTRt % qi^THiî % feq TT^ "feS ^
'tl Hinq. i<q>ai ^ ^ 'IHMW 't’l Hi-if«q>,
■'iRn'Mcii q cl Cl I ^1 ^ «'hC1l t'f^3^Tf%^'^ Hiiqcii ^ STI’i^lfcHqicfT 1^ ^
‘HhI?! t’l
3ITf^ % Una’ 1?oFcIT % 3?T^ ^ 3TraiT

(Bases of Aurobindo’s Ideal of Human Unity)
hiTs’^R ^ 3Ttf»I^ ^ W’iRf'fi ^ ?cl^ ■’Tft'T^ ^ 5^ 1^
MHcF ■5!lfh % ■3c81H shtTHU ^ ^ ^ «ftt "sfr^ ^T ^ oTi Wf^r?^ Cfl^qdl
^ t^WI 3P1% ^ Tim T(^ % 3TI^ ^ r«,SW (irfe

yril«t) ^ Hc^qi oqRw ’IRcI % •witqifcnqi "^cS^FT % new ^ tTÎ <sH'^ ■*?FR l^^ci] % ’BIK?!
% STMT rHHPdRircf t-
1. mrj ^fyg- ^ {First World War)-^«TtT ^ ■5cq=1 wz)' 3^|T ■>T{tfT«llM 1^

% •<lVfPl'i+;’l' ^ KTH Wfa T4MIHHI % IMTff ^ cR^ ^QMI ITT "g? ^ 'MW ^-W ‘SR) ‘^TRt ^
STTf^F^ ^ ^fPTT 3TftT?T ■JTîiqd f^F ‘*iiiq <i.qiai 3TI^' ^«iqi ^ T^^ ^ ‘SFÎ
tq’I'hK f^FTT % "fe fqfq-i TTgrTcn TPT^ TT^ % 4K*^Rqi ^ 3^tT WMf 'g^ ^ ^F^ .'^
tl 1¥*T=T TF^ % ffci)‘ ■^' d+iW % ^TFT^ T7^ ^ sn^ -grra -fliM ■3n TF^F -qfK Rr=F’?
T<^ ^ SFt^ TnRT ^FFTT "t cf) ^ TT^T cFTTF TlTSTFf ^TFTl '^Tffgi
2. $friei» W (Philosophy ofHistory)-Sdf^ '^ft "RRcF ijgicn % 3TF^ gft TigrPd
q'lqn 3RT ■*TrT^ ftVqici o*T^ t^FTF f% ^ Siqijq TTT^TR ^THTI '3^^ fTT WF^ ^
yfRi qlqn ^ 3FI itft^ gg an’) '^TfT ftr ^ % n3^ ■§, sIfT inP-qqi cI«TT iFT^
sTT^vnî'cn 3^' Tj^T-grr): % nfn vcrni arfijgr an^rf^ -fFTcff 1'?pt T5n gm??: srh: nm
■4CICITK TT’^ t)' TTnfScF ^T^ I'l cF^ ftTTSTF f—“fRlBTTT «<ctlci'i 1^ ^ w^Ri TT^
■3ttt)tr §qii5ql ^ fmt’n ^rm ^ T^ ^1 nra anr^ ann^ tf^ afk Ti^n anr^ stn^ TFTRfFT ^
«'iRjci ^T^ T^ t'J ” ?1T 'SF^TT aiclq-^^ ’jfF ^ anT^ ^liq gîcTT % an^ nc) gfe iRt^m ^ anuR rt
Rf ^1 <51^)1 Fq^qiy *n f^ ^RTÎRT'Fi Iq4>m Wn ^ yR^qi % WcF ^nq nft ngicTT ^
3TK9i ?TT vTcfr nr aTR^ wn î,
3. 77^ cf/HfAjqj tf'/o'T W TraTw* WT f (State is not the highest form of social
organisation)~^\T^-<K ^ eFTf=n f 'fe an^ TI3^. ’TR TI^ cF^ TfliHd eiFI 3TTTg RF
n’TT Tl^n ^ ymiRiqi ^ CM-ilIci't’ TFTSn wq'I’sq ^ iIR IrmT -JiqRfi aTTTg % 17F^ Rh^j-a^
■q^ t^-TTrarsn gf) tsttw •^tt^ ^ wm 1^ «n ark 3^ ^ ttwcit Rt wfti w) tr^
¥tnH n RF ^sF^Rt TF^^ ^FTF TF^FR TF^R 3ft q)irHH 3iT ^ H^qui Rhqil ^ TT^^ iqiKcF
aRf^ ’sfF ^ 1^ t-“'M gfe '^’ TF^n nfF wn aigM tF ti^ tf^ ^ 3n arRcrn ttr n€F
If l^^nTT wq ^ stRcr <i) g5?cFF an^ ti" itt^ tw ff ■^FFcn t arrl^ tfsf
% PqqK qn TF’g]’) ‘Hiiq 'FlfiT Fit TTq> RTHF '^F a-sl-) fdTsFI ‘‘?TT ^513 3nq?f
3>) ^ Iqj{q-TFRT % fHnf'n ?FTF TTTRT FR TT^ 3T«T)g TFRJ TF^ 'qi) TTSfi "SFqnT % Tl^ ITnfecF q)C4)
^ ^ anq^f qr^/RTR! ^ tt^f^ ^f” am; arrlFm ^ ttrt qrF îqiR^qi W-wi qn TmfHq fpf rnn^
^ Tnm iq>R fqRTF ^1
4. TTFSy c^M’ ^ MjWq/q 9R ulrtPlfif t (State is the agent of the grouping
egoism of the people)~^*S^’^ RFR qn qi-in ^ ■% TRq mFnF % TFFgf^ 'MsfqTq ^ ^RiRifij Fl
qRt#q <.M-ilfa‘*> /qw/<=h

'4 cff TFJ^ 3TT^ 'SlcTT 'f, 'A TF^ cqpKtq'i %
ficfi’ ^ g?Tcn ti oqcfgTT ■^’ ■pT^-'^ wraPr ^ ^fjra ■qr sjf^ ti w
^ t ^ '311% 1^ P' TT^ ^ 'OTT ■3TTT3;, TT^m ^ ^ 3?^ t %
^ ?IRFT •qtniA sSk 3T^Ri<»i o^f'Ki I oqqw P 'OT: ^ WT t % W, •=i^
■'F^ oqpR ^ TTtIT P 3TT^ t' afR IT^ ^ fl TF?zr wi4qi'^ %
STPaR'Ki 3T=5 ti=hni I ii^ 311p fd^l ‘‘oqfetfl SiFwc^ ST’T^ STTfRT
t # ^sWFcT tf=T^ ^ ^ tl TF!T ^ •hFtI sn?*!! ^ ^ sfR TR? ^
^ HNai ^l” 5^tfli< ^ 3r^Pr i>qd ■RRef y,=hfti % 3TK9t ^ ■îT% '^
»‘i]'o r^qj fjshcij ^1
Hiiq nefifli % 3fT4Vf ^ f^TPIrin^
(Features of Ideal of Human Unity )

auFq-^ % ‘iiiq % 5[T^ 3^5*3 l^?1‘Httl‘< PRTfcTferT 'f
1. HI10 i^cfjR/ ^ 3TI^?f uif)[h<it f^chin îW ^ q^'fli/ 597 VM ^ (The Ideal of
Human Unity is a part of Nature’s Evolutionary Scheme)~-^fSk'^ "Sn f5^5ra STl
y.'nni ^ 37T^ fi<fifd 5p qlq-ii ^ ^ ’IFI ^1 niiq y.+dl 591 391^ Hi'iqlq
3TV4I+K "F yi^Ri=b fqq>i<H sfR 59! ■fi vsi^ fR-dKrj?fR
5977^ 33T^fiT59 Pt’^TI % )

59RTTI ft oRpR! -qftgR f w tl ^.-sRinr % 59Rq f ‘■qftgR ^ Pra, ijm P 5tr, wf ^ tr? 59!
I
f^59ra ^39! ti ’TlRTl ■p ■RFra 5^ 59! 3!r5?f Pt 3ira fe5T '3IT 395: ^9H5 tJIRKn 59! 3915^
3nîl55r 1^59199 59R ^ ql-q-ii 59! 1T59 HeTq'j^>'I Pe^^nl tl
2. Wf^<*' e^f<M if ■3977*77 597 3777 f (There is an Existence of secret spirit in every
human feem,^}—39Tft^ 5iT Pq^qfR *9! 1% 377559 f55 t ^ 39I7I!! FhÎR 59Tcit tl 39Tf5^ t ^
^97571! (Divine Reality) 59! 1t5T tl aiqH t 5? Hi-iqni ewai 59! tt ycilq’ tl ^
^ 39175! 59! 395*95 5995! 'q<?'<l tl ?9!% 395!5 t 39!U7!f7*959 1J597!! 5t ■75F95I 5tl tl '99597!tl 5tl
39TWTTf5959 RT55 5t k,qini 59! 3T75R tPffi 399f5^ t 395! 59f! t—“55^' 5t 39!7*9! t 37=5 'RJ'STI
% 9915 esqVi 597^ ’97551 5!^ ‘SHTf! tl 39!5?5597n ^ 5!7I 5t t 159 ’9T55I 5^ ^Fâ'ilq*. 1595!
5!!^ 39R ?9!59! f559R9 599t % yqiH f59^ 5fn^|'’
3. *7/55 (Jefcrt/ ^ 377?7f ^ ITTftf 3f</q"q % 77^375 ^ ?9?3-1 (Realisation of the
Ideal of the Human Unity is the end of Aurobindo’s Nationalism)-^<r^’^ 5l5 t 5!55
53971! % 39!5¥f 59l 395t 5^575 599 <i^V5 55151 tl 55% ST^HR 99^595 t!^ t ttt ii,qini 3IRI 59Tt
%1 9759 Tltg cT55 tl 5F,!759 t;99i ^597!! t f399t oqpKl 175511559, ♦ii*iiiqqi 5! 39lfM59 397URI % 597T5
pTR-ft-l 5lt fI3; RI Hii^qi 9^ «Hn tit I tl'^qK 59! Ijfl 39157? *9195 15T5 t 37955 5%!! a«A
^ •53^, 5!!f5 39I9 5t t 3975971 '^5155! tWl |99t 9'5?: 11% 3991%^ 5t 9I5J575 55 *9155! 1%97l 5nf7! >
5 5t t % 3!f5 ■g'R! 37RH 5 5995! t%9 '%57T Hiiqni % 55971! cT!?! 59! MI'<1 R95! 5!l
5%1t *9795 59l WIRlddl 59 %R 155! 75159 *9795 15?5 59! 39!U7lft959 55 99% 5559! ^ fq?qiR
5! I59 39!U7!f5959 1%8JT % 'gR! tl 5155 k,qifli % 3975^ 59l 3175! 1%5! 51 559717 tl ^559! 97^575 5II559
97R!!'37f 59 t 55f7I_977^*tPT59 tl 5F 995% 595555 5f11%=77! 59 397571971 tl ^5591 qieit *7! 1% fqsjq
% 59r5M % ftTR *9797!,59I .eaiql-ini 37737! 59951 ■37759559 t 7!7^ 575577! 5)1 5551 '^5! % 9775-575
I555 59! 3T!y-iiFwq9 ^gcq 5I 37515 1%5! 5!! 5%l
TTWdffttW fW^^RW 45
?«/«-? 5?^ 3^7 ‘l'l<sr^ 4. Hiiei ncf,ni ^ .377^ ^ J77i(T ^7# ^ 77777? (Wo^'s for Realisation of the Ideal of
human uniiy)—3T7f?^ ^ 133^ ^ 3TR7i Pq^q 77? % ■^' TF’jrf hi'1«< '^nfa % ?>e?Fn
?rT 771871? fWlI 77? 3iirHpi''h % 17TT3P? ''77 377?7ft? ■f?f???73Tl' VX 37T?Tf7cI ?t?71 TTT^f^
? 77T??7?# ? ?ft ?? yf^^d ly^pKidT ?7f 7*77?, Wf?,
TlT^lf? ? 3T7f«f?r 3T7f^ % 377?? ?7 TT^JF ??T% 7??^??T7 ^Wt, c^P'ti'i ^ 77^ 7?7?f
??7? TT’^ ‘iinq ^tI? % ?7F?T? ?ft ?7? «l?‘l sfk ■777?f??7?I ^ >Tt^ "'TT STlWlft? ?71
f?^ 77? ?rt| 7?1? 7^ ?1?7I 7?T?7^?7 tlfjgl % P^î-fl ?7t w1=nK ?77 ^ ''77 377^ ?7T
?7T? ■'J? -nm'll 37t7 3dclR=t) 77?^ % 1%’^ ?77? 7?!? ^t?7l 77^^ 77T?7f??7 3f[7 7777^71^
77>?=? Hliqlq 37T?R ?7 3^[7 ?cf?H ^TJcfl ?7T ?7?1?7W 77?T?f 'Jim.'ii I |7T 'ST?!? 377f^
tTR? ?Tf? % 371?^ Ti?ft?77? ?7t Tl’^’T? qnqi tl ?f? ??'(Hil^jilPiqi Ti?7cll 7?Tftd ^ ?t ?R?
k.'dcii ?? 377^ w? i%?7 ?7 yqicii ^1 i
5. W-m l^chai ^ 377?7f ^ 'ûf ^ <w/«/(P (Impediments in the way of the establish
ing human)—%?7T ?!?? i^qicii , ?R?7 ?77^ "TTl?! ??*
% ?7^ 377^ ?I7ft ?7?73ff ^ f?)?7 î <3n4i HaijtiK 77®J^ Hiiq 'STlf? 7^ ??77^ sItT ^
Hl-iq 7747?I % 37I??i ?i^ W? ??? ■^' TT^t? 775?f % 7?72f?7? ?ft 'TT??! 77?^ ?7?7 f I 3n(q*q ??
Hi'1'11 STl.fe 7?7?f 1t?7 ^ ^ <5qi< ^ Mi-iq i<q)fli ?77 377??j ?1?T f^?T ?7 TT^TcTl 'tl 3'^!^ 7FS? ?7^
TTITjf^ 7?T8^?7^ ^ ?T? 3fl7 ?iT7 “fe ?? 71T>jf^ <qi4qi<7 qiiqcti % 77?8J Hiiqcti ?i7
?7g? 7T?7?7 ?^' ?1 77?7cni ’STCftT^ % 3T377R-‘‘?f^ 7???7 77? ?7t 7*77^
q)<ll ^ ^ 777>jf^ 37F??I? ?7 +qi4qi<r ^ 377????7 77?f[?? qn-ii Ft?7 3^17 *iiiqni ?7T 377Wf<??7
?? 3T?=71?7 ?i? ??7 ?R ?7?? ?7j? ?7t ^71?ft ^ fit ■S1?77 H-i'l^îiPiq' i<qiai
?77 ??? #71 # ?T?? ■#? % 377?^ 7#t??7T # 377777* * TTT^f ?77
fqqiPi ?77 37*??? ?77 7^ % ?7? ?F ?7¥7 77^777 ^ 1% 3itfq-q ?t ?77 77?? Pq'fl-i
?7 STiyift? qiTii Hiiq i<q>ni ?77 377# * ??% 37W77r>7?7? ?7 * 377?7f7? tl
f*?7^ # ?7 ?? ?7cl 7?t?rR # ^ f* Hnq i^qiai % ?Pf * 77# ^T?7 777’?1t?7 T?!#!? tl 7!^
777^jf#7cn ?)7 ypiPii? ^1 # 77?7?7 1#^ f# Hiiq y.qicn ?? 377# ?T?T Wf t#77 ?7T 77?7?7I 77# *7
77?fH 7?T?f 1??? # 37#7 “J* *' W 77§7 f I 371? 37?77f’#7 777?^ '^Pnî 377? 77777
f?V? ?7?I^ *7 377??7 * ^ 7?7 ^1 qiiq i<qiai % 377# ?7t ?T?T 1#^ 1??I i?7? 77’77?73^ ?7T
77?T?7? #7 # 77?7?7I ?f^ # H|-iq ?lf? # Pqn?! * qqni ^ * 377f?^ ?t % Hnq ??7?7 % 377#
# T7T?1 ?77* % W77 ^7^ 777# 77F37f#? ?7 37T?7ft? Hi-iq 77?7? 37?% % ?? ''77 3777717 Ff 77*>l
3.8. 3TTfsi^ Tj^TTrar^ (An Evaluation of Aurobindo’s)
^<rq-q # Pq-di ?77 371??^ t ?F ?1? TTlf# t# t f* * ??7 377Vqi[wqi 77^?7? *7

.Pqqldi 5?? 8^1 t ?;?> ?F7? ?#, 7T?T, 4M=7dl # ^•jikI 3# ?7???7?7^ ?7 5'i‘q< *^1 77^*#
7?l?t?cn ?77 371# ^KciqiPyqT % 777?t 7737, 77#? 377#77? # ??-377*#T qqiqi, 377??f??7?7 ?77
?73 ?(dT?7 ??7 0,577^1 ?? 377# F?7^ 777?t ytâ f#771 qqqn #7 Hiqq ?7fw % ?rc?l? t Piled ?7I
??% Pi-di ?? oqiHq< S?*??? ?# # # ?7F7 ?7 77?7777 t # 377f?^ ?;?7 f#T7?7 Ft ?Bt * ?[7?7
??7 ?it? ? ?t # enqi'i 3777?# T7?l? ^ 77# *1 gRqm #8# # ST^TTR—"377f?^ # ?77?? ?
??7 ■^?#t77 ## t •Iqi't'i qciHM, 'nlq''^ ?7 "fn 37f???7 t 3^7 aqqil *77t tl”
tt?? Oc^s ? 3* ?77*? fqql<=tiT ?? (.iqgiHK ?7f7 tl FT. ??f t ?7F71 # 3|<fq-^ ?t 377^f??7 FlTcI
% -iq'Jll‘K')| sti: TT'??!? ?7 '# t ■#''?F7? f?#7 ^ t 3^7 3WT f#R 37c??7 5t)Hq.s 3777 ^[q«^ci
^ 46 WTTfft?-??*/#!. /qqf<q>
t'l" <5-I'M rq-fl-i ^ Ri-fli *nT?f % fq^q
3^ TT’TTS ■^Jpra "Wfi? fFIJ ■!■) ^ “Wl % ^ TTSjqj-O sltr HiiqaiqitO f'l Piw^ tfR
’TT ^TfT ^ yqioi "t <ST=t>i 3Tri2j|1ci|^ ^ 3^ 'Rlqc^ i^=tiai Ri^k <i'ii'ilRiq> Pq-fli
% ?1cr?ra ^ cl ■
3.9. ■^?WT ‘i^<a<ri (Gopal Krishna.Gokliale)
1885 ^ 1906 "t. rT^ "'JpIfFTT % '?T*T ^ oCiHqif^qT ^ ‘IHra

s^l ‘iImici 'll<51 % q^fflRqfl Sirq-q yfflS 4'iKqi'O %fT iVt-if!, ■=TI«T q-i-Jif
■3^ ?iT 4pai f^*qRr<i<3ci RiiSI^
1. ÎWI qtqil ^—‘357^5(1^ ^ fqle«l ?ll«n ^ ^<ln ^1 3Tr% ^ stiK"!

^ srr arM % sn^ ^ ^ it Mti 'nte^
^ TT^T râii *ft tTf fnfyqi^, ^ WT ^ 1%
-3T^^ ^ ■?TFT SfraiT Tirf^ WiPra ^,.^1 siiiiRi ■% 'fi^ q-iRi 3Ff tl ^ 3TF^ f^ "131^
if WI ^ 3ToEra^ ■3?T=7 ^ g^feg 3^ t, Ht ttfi VRiJargf ggr
TFT ^ «hin if % TlfT ^ ^'llPfl sfR «<qwi Tw■fgg t' , atiqil
ol-q «<« ^>1^ "Tiff F^^l"
‘iW(^ fqfdî TR Tj;^ vft oqq<:qi “=0^ ^ qqlTq) ^ TnifT^ y<*^Jiq< FTT% FTTl
'MKdl^jl % 1^ ^ TFT "tl q FiF^ ^ ^ 'TTTF "i i%feT TR ^ FtTF ’TTTcfW
%3T arfr qirqiui FfFI qifeiil
2. FFTTPr 'Svf ■RTTTRjtIHT if 3ils*l fq^'qlW—‘ilm^ 'fR'T 'iloiA cT*ir 3T^ ■S'AKqiRqi %
IKI fVfen TR ^ q^îi ^ 3RT ^ *ff *!TT f«!t«i TTTTH ^ 'qiqPyqai F ‘3H^
3Tf%F fg^gra *TTi Pstri?! dWfl'qlq TTTâif F'-TI fTT^-M*Ri ^TRF % 1^ 3]RWt ■*TPT^ *i,
^■HPcrlli ai4vi FHF STT^T^ F^T ^TTl IfF '+l')y % 3TfV^TR sfli+H-i % TTR^ if oFFT
gj, '‘aTâTO^^^fc'nTF^TTTT ■hRJSIJ 3lVr 6Hk1 3<l«hli^l((' ^*<^5 «l«4 "IF ^ ^

T^cRT TFW ■JiF T^tor ■^TTfft t'^rrf^ "^HF^ f, "gi llrftVT ?TITn ^ Tftgrarf if ^
^ TraTcff’ ti" ■’TUft ^ giTci ^ arPygr srPy^ 3=11^ ^ ft=i 33^/^ if fg?^ «n
%gFT Tig % 3T3Ff3 ^ Tf»7g'll

I ■
3. 33TTgrfegf gjl FgÎTTR ■^- yiRd 8IT"3 "fe "TJIlf '(•q<l'«l—'ll^ld 3tT3^ ^TTR %
fW, TgTTTTT3 gT aTftTTFR fr^TfcT (Dominion Status) qiect ftfi giT3 g^ ggi gra
FT3I ■grftg ^ gRTST 3R anr^f^Tgr
3Ri atfgrFjgt (Dominions) grf "fi % giro % P«Rtfi
dllHM TTR^ alsii 3^ qie-^ 3330 gF IqqK gi ■% arfiiTpg trgftr' %g3T fqRsii TTTFTTg %
3r^ ^ W3 go RT ychal Î F^T TTR^ 3 1907 4 F^TTFigiF 3 (331 gOT 3330 FT!
fn gignj 3^^ 3iFT—
1 "fer ^ "^vrqiRiql gtt ftgiri
glgrTT ^ It ^ ■îrit arR mViI gff 3Tg%
^ ti Rif^ aragr Trogig % ^^grg % g?^ affr i^g ^ fUgnrr go
Tw^3> II if giFdf 1^ 33 gr 'ferft gg>iT go uifiRiqv gi^g^ 3 Frorgr rttî ^ gum
grrg TTRiT 3F '^vff if Trggtfggr. afngffggr, grf^fgr, FiileRq'qi, 4?(ift«ti ggr gicor ^ if
, ar^ ■ag^gwggFgr gjti if g^ gieoi il^ «h«i agg^f fgfj^r iggpg aiggfH grgi
, ^1:"
yual^ Af/ii'?’ 47
■=Tfe • 1. ^'*j5îVii
V.
2. Hinq y.5f>ai
/..Ur4...
r-*y*'
■T'
\
48 >7773^^ /eiw*
/
4. % 3îr«r*l 3Tf^ I«?i:(i«—‘^Hici tt? ^ 1% arîCTli
■R ^yrf^. aHN cRt^ ^ f| dMuT ^ dl'hi W
stT^tofi yr 1% 3?^ 1^ 3^ '^Rri ^ 'Ji-idi %
^ 4H'+1 'Hdl'‘^Trd 'fr<Rl ^jfRI .3-i=ni «t=(iK ^ 3iicil-qii 3?r^ ■pffer?? yfnOu ^ ‘’^TT
«iTi ^ viiP-d ^ 'Jitn^ sftr -Jicjyl % ■giTT -Ji-iHA ^ ira^ «nT^ ^ ’rt
% 3<)k ^ «hHlT^ fsirtî îitii ''K ssti=( Hsdl yri •Jiil'Jil % rq<?* f?^ 3^7 ^”11 "îT y^K
^^77 cr*n TTRttt^r îHw 'jnftn (encni îi^) % <h<sci «î ^ ^ ^rra ’it
y^Hd ^ TTITTf ^ TT^TM % ftlTi '37?% W'hH ^ .'Ks-flls 'dTl’l
^ ^ ^ ■^Tcff TFcft ^ 3^7 TTTrt 3ft TIPTI f^TsiT 3n TTîW °IF ’ft 3JM \
3^,fttcn "fl ^TRT 3^ 37^7^ <H<d>f< 3^7 3fttra7 f-i4Hai'i=l<»> oH«<5K Wl "'TScft ftl '+‘<nfl: 3R7TT
fti ^3 3nft Î ft -Jiiai fti 37^3 3ft7 3ftft^ 3131ft ft^ "TS? ft 3^ ft 3I33T MC.'ft fftTft
^ ftti
5. 7Mdifrl «FT 3tlty|t*ft«*i<U|—‘ilofft TTSrfttftT ft 3*71 fftfOT 771773 ft? TT^sft ft
i|d'Jll4 377ft ft? ft’ 3^ ft I ft filcJfi 7737 ft? fft?3! sftr 3^3^ 377ft 377 773ft3 377ft ft? Rlk.
^377 3^ ft I 377377 37773 33 *77 'fe ft 773? 37^ ■3^?3 3ft yiPfi ft? ^73 Si^Paci 777337 3?7 3733ft ft?
tftri ft3R 3^' ftl ?77 tg ft ft?37T 3jft3 77733 ff 3T337ft ft? ■fftn; ft3R ftl 7n33f 3ft 3fft3777 3 3333
37fe3 ■|ft?317T *771 (Ndlld 3ft IftTTft TTlTTfe 37 33 37*737 33 3ft 37f^ ft? 3^ 3733737 37f33
ft?7 ftft ft37 ft? fftr? 37337371 '3:^ 31777 "^3^ 773 ft? 7737m f 7773,
sftr 7373 317 37ft 37337ft ft? "f^ ftftTT '^371 313 'ft' 3773ft 3ft fftSTTsft 33 37^7773 3?7ft ^ 3FT737
ftlftt ft ftr 1’^' 317ff 3ft 3733T37 3^7 ft?l37f33f |7ft 3lft 37 '’TTlft 3ft 77^ fttl 3¥]ffil 3f*ft ft 3t73ft
^ 37337 777rfttfft3? 'J? 7ftt3?77 3r7ft ^ =h6i *77:
I
“fttraft ft-gft 177 3777 3737
1^, 7737 7737fttfft3? fts ft 333 3?7ft 33 *373 77337 MifsM.! 'ift ft?3c7 '3313t 3737 73ft 'if 3Ft ^731 ■«(ifei!.
srft^ ift ftn ft? <Md1id+ ■ftt33 3*77 7F33tf33? 7f7*7737f 3ft 37T*3l1ft73? 33T37 Mifty.! ftt ■ftt33 I
ft Tft3737 IT’T^ 3ft 3*77 ft 373 33? 3^337 arsH 3?7 7^ ^1 377 aft'fl'ii ft ft 3333ft 3tft3 '^737 ’31137
\ 3*77 373ft 37733ft 3TT*37fi33? 33737 '31137 'f^l" '
6. 37Rlf3ra sftr ■3?T ■ftn-fttTlft 3*3*f^ ftl •33ft? ftt33 ft' 3*77*7313 3*77
3713^373 3?7 'ftTT *771 ft 177 3T3 "TT f33R 377ft ft fft? dr+ldid 3f7fft7l33f ft 337 77’=33 *77 3^7
337 3 *77? ft 3?1T 3?7ft ft % dft'dHl 3ft 37mt ft' 77*? 3?7 rdHi«l 77«ig ^3^ 'll 373: dr+ldI3 77331133?
ftftfftTfftftf 3ft 773ft 1337 Tjftaft 3ft 73117773 '3ft 313 '3ft 7731737 sfiian ft 33ff3? 3717 ft 133? 373? 3173
3ft flrizil 7773133 3?7 373 '77331 ■31lft ft 317 ^Tlft 373? ÎTcflftf ft? 'fftft 373ft ftl7 37 T(7773 3?7ft
3?7 37fft3?R ftt '37lft ftl 33ft? 3?| 37737t33? 133ft 177 13377V177 3ft 3773; 3^ 3?7ft ftl 133ft 137 ftft
^ 'ftftaft ft '3?17, “337 37733?7 31 133R ^ fft? 13ft "3?1 1337 31313 t f3? 13 13ft 3f33
113? 373ft ■ftiT '3ft Mllftlddl 'ft ift’ -5773337 ^ %l -313 77»73 ^ 'll -ft 3nft ftl7 3ft 3713 'll 733^.-^1337
37^ 37^ 337 31 TT’^ t? ”
7. mV^ldl -f^T^ ^MqlPini ft -^1 fMi":iiti—‘il<arrt ft =hiil3 -ft? >^^5, 77^ft7T3 ft -31373
3?17. “1883 i ft' 3ft 373f ft'ft -5:3? 3ft ^f33T’*77l 33? ftl 31 *7713? 3773 3ft -3337 3ft 37373
3*77 37^yf373777 ft? ift ft' it 3ft Tift 1331 317^ 3^7 31 *77. ITlft? -fftn? 37131r3 1773 ft? 5R 13737
-^37 37t7 ftm 3?7% ftft-ftft 733 373311377 H<**Ki37t’ ft? 737 33? 1H3?7 ^ 371371 3733t 137733 -57^1337
ft -ftlftl ll3?7 ITrft 177 317 ft? rfiftt 3ft 3173173 1773 3373 '3?7ft 3?1 fftfti l3?37l’'
Vual-^ iM'iUh’Ti f3377^ 49

-fTIfin '5ft 5T^ 8^1 37F775575r "^R 55r ^ ftr
■5 57fT-
“515 '^'ICIt 5ft 711535! 5ft Tl'ift "ft Wfi-5ici;'i4'ti ■95lf%rl 5iT 3Tc|H^ ^ f^cicil (ft tttitfl
5^ ^ 1%?jT ’ft ■JFifft 5ft ^ 3?i7n 5R5I 'SJjM fl -ftn 'RrT t W 5ft '^fl 5ftlTR
^?n %, ■3TR7 ■'■iR^c^ iTrar 5n ■5>pf I5111 5ft ^ffn^ '^551 ’tit "t l5frFn ■%
^Kdl'H 5155 55 ■J^ft 1¥5Rf 5ft 51531 "ft "g^ 5551 afiT ■3?i55, aftr 5[ft5 ■% cFc^t
5ft 35(551^ 5551 f'l 15 ^ ^ 1537 =t''5c^ o t--q(iH ^T5 TFjft ■'TT?5Tr5 aW'Il el
8. (*chai fti ■5555 "fftT^ni—^ '5(9131 =[5'5 ftfta^ ft’^-yR-nn '75511 ftl 5^17,
558f^ 5I 5 ■85^ ^ 5f5 5151 5ft T5 5IT5 otlPd^T 'ft' 31^57 751R ftl 53ft7 5ft 7ft, fft 5173 55 5f55!r
5R155T55 ^1 15f^ ft 'fl’âff aftr '55515151 '551 5557f ftft ft f51 'T’ft ^lewôi 551 ft55 ft 555
#5 5rrf^ sfft 3T55 '53ftft' 5T 551 ftft ■5ft aft^ TT^fttR. 75 afR 'ftftt 5T arTMT^ 551 ft5T ■5l1%7l ft
f^-g,RdM 7?5 5ft »Jlfft5r ^ ft ftisft ft aftr 515ft ft ■% 5ft^ ftt 5ft ■757-'^ ft 57 57T51 5^
ftR315T t. 15fftr7 ftfti 5ftf ftl 3T35rf551 5ft 7^-^ ft ^T51 •gif^l
9, ■ftw ^ ■ft5T—■7r^5 i<<t-cii ftft 5Rft fti 1ft7 ftfeft RRftftft 5ft 715fftM 51 fftTft
531 ftft fti ft 57?ft ft I57 “55 551 5Rftt5l 5ft ■^fe51 aftr sritORce 'ftRRîaft f551T5 '5^ fttrll,
35 5^ ft 3T5ft TR5 5ft 5=Tf5 ft 33551 gft -ftlRTn 5^' ft 55lft fl •35^-5F '157515 51 ^ ftf%57
iJr5F, 5ft5, 513ft 5lT55 351 (515 'ft 5R3t5 3T5ft ftTl 55 5f5^ '35531 551 7T5rft ftl 15 f55Tft
55 '>’-<iqeiR=h '315 ftft % ftftaft ft 12 ■^, 1905 ^ 5R(1 ft55i 715 (Servant of Indian
Society) 5ft 'fttft Tlfttl I’ftt 31157ft 55 aigsRvi "îft ^ 'ftftjft ft ‘'n^dg-i'’ (Knighthood) 5ft '35115
% 77315 5ft ■55171 ■^l ^ftfft 5R5 7Tf55 5ft 'ft' 751 TSTH 7F5 517ft ft ftt 15557 517 'fftTl
55tf51 "ft ■355ft ■ft7lft51 "ft 35553 55ftI ITlftl 3lf3i753 ’ftlTft tHHM-'^5Tft ft f57517T 7173 ft aiR 71513
5ft 7lf537113fr 55Tft ftl 1317 ft ^3117|3 351 355 îftfftftl 51751 ftl
10. '5155 75f(l ftl ^1317 7531331 ■ft '1575171 (Faith in the human freedom)-5ft3ft
75rF53T ftl "5^15 715ft51 ftl '3555 57 ^ ^7515 51 '5155 unfft '511 3iiHc?l<. 57 aftt 77Tftt5 51113
5ft 75T7T(ft7 ■57 Tnift '753^331 ftl 1551 5^ l1 7T51(ft Î.IHf^ ft 315ft '^71 ftl %7 'd(5ildH 5f7f7*lf35l
ft RkhI ftt aifll^ "ft 3l1ft51 753^531 75^15 ftf, 5i5ci ftl a-elft 33^ 5lft5 'ftl '3711715 'Tft 513 31137551
5ft 55II51 '37Tft ^713131 ■ftl 1^7 753531 511 515715 517 1^ 51I 553ft ft 17ft 31IVR “TT 37^ 5lft5
ftl 5T73t5 l575f57I1315 I5ft551 53 15151 5ft1ft ITlft aiftftf 53 3357551155’53 f575f5?lT3f5t
57 ■5351 511 51 757'5t5 ^ 151 'fttuft ft ftt55’17 aiftftt ftl 755537t 53^ 53 Iftftft 151511
3.10. ■'SftKciifc;'!!!’ 31017 '(TSir ^koIm THTftfft"ft •3'i«»ii (Achieve

ments of the Moderates and their Contribution to Indian
Politics)
■57F.15I75I "511 73331317 3it7 7135tl3 "ft 'ftftK15 RnftftRiid 51;

1. 55f5515t fttift '511 3155151—5117171 5lt -ilfoîT 3c533ft5 'iRRdHla'Hl ft 313551 55lft5T5t ftfl
t885_ft ft517 1905 t 351 315ft ftlTT 5ft ftl 5331 '5 53^71 135t 71751 ■5ft' 55t ftt 'fe 7ll537113lt
I5I37I ■7T17n355lft 717537 ■ft 35517 ft Tift, IftTlft 1857 t ft 7533131 715ft 5it Tlft^T '^531 tftlf 511
1905 i 351 53^71 51 5531 -ft '5ft' 5ft ft 3^7 '51 ift-lftft fttft' 351 ft TfHftl ftl 315; -^Tl 7155
r«R^l 7R537 ftl RldoS fftlTit '55-31351315 511 513 Tftftt ft '511' '51 715lft ftl "511(51 ftft ft 157T 7T55
■55-313^315 1920 5 53751, '371 7155 ■5Rl7ft35T 1ft5 ftl (tiWhi-'I 133151 IRf IftfftTl 717537 ft fqc*
50 ■
3^ ^ ■«tÂ % ^KU| ^-■Jll'K'JI <Til'+il ^ 3rH-1 'n^
*ni M^lriTT ■îft % ?KI '■^m. 'T'3; sffT Ti^ TTrRTlIf ^ ^ WR- Hl'K'JI 3TW 3<(sfll<(
2. [wfiyi TITO^ ^ ’tHtT ^ chi'^T—*IT^ nVl-fli, 'I'lOi^ TI^TT ®RT

H f-R-tR -Ji-iai % 3TR% 'hi^''i1 ^ siil^=ti '^ft1% ^ H'Î'+’KI (^'hi I
-^M ^ W 'S^ ■=nR «?1. WTfT if ■f%«^mT TTSIT 3T--f5ft7I TF?r (Poverty and
Un-British Rule in India) I -s-^lA ?ITT *rRrI 'R (Drain
Theory! RUiddl'^d'î yfcTnl’A^ f^TRli gifT ^'c^s RRcl 30,000,000 "'fe ^ 40,000,000 ''ffe
*4=! yfiit^d TFT *TTTcT 'j^'jf^H gi-qî ■JliARIl"
'llo<A "T 3TR% sTF^ ‘ll'H'Jl) i tird?! TTTRiR ^ TTfW Rife SidlRHI Rfll 1907 i %
^ <s-(^ NKal'y TWra ^ 77^ i ?¥ RTF 1RR77 ^—
"it , RF T^RT TTrÎ "t f^ yr^'r «(iCT=t) 3flT ariTTR •^’ Tt t
•R?n yr4=fi ■'R^ 'i ^ ^ RTR % 3I*M nllsn ^1 Mualy ii'iRaiT ^ Hlft?! yiRfRl i' %Tft^
RPrft^ % TOTTR Î^FK f^RTT RTTRT Î fflfiVI ii'iR'î TT^ 'Syf-i'^Vl "i TF% ST^ cTfR n-tRcrai
^ tl. .TT«T TTTTTT i' mR -RTR t TSf^ % 401^+ "Rfr -gT^ % cTlTFlf^
Rl'il<k R^ RRI4 RTT^—^JT^'FT, ’^’T 3^ <a=ri(n stSRiT RR rItT RRf ^ RFTRTR % T^
■t—TTTTTT R RTH ^ ^ Rl^ R^, 1?lftTR 3ltT TIIR^riicÎ ii‘ii<=f)l BRRRT '^(fyrql 'i iJ«TRr
Tm RHRT FTI . '
3. -+l'i)y RF^ RFRT 3T^ Rt-fcTi Rthl affT %T '^l
r-fI-I RTFRTfR yifew, sRieiii, TTT^rfe ark rtIrkF^ TfrsnaTf rrt^r f^rtt ritrIr)' 1^ r1
Tq?lTRR . ’JPiRTT 3^ #R -4' R*R 97^ RRRT ^ 37fyRRTf RTI RTR RTIi % 3TfR%Rf, 31^
RhkI?! 3lftT RRTR % ^RR ^TI RR RRTTRT^ '^RI3i % RTRR 7HRIR1 T-R^ i' UR^ dl #Rf RT)
Î'fliiRi'n 1^5T1 RTRf ltl RTRTR: Si«t*< MHI4 % tnol "fe aqif^Tf^qli' Rif ^TTflTSsffR RTI
FRFTT7 TiSn^ RIT% % «l|eiM}<4 fTT ^TH ^ §i<t)H Pî RTF ««ndl ^ 'fe <i-€l^ H'cly %
RRTTRR Imij, 377*3RHRtR VlRw 3ffT 3RR TTTÎRt Ril "sraTSIT '^1
4. <i«»il«4 RTFITRT asldTt if TTFTRR*—RFTTRTf^ R 'HKfllRl % 1905 RRT T^TTTTn affr
37RR> srfyRiT^ R^ "RTR Rfll 1906 "f- "i TRTR Rft RTR Rftl RR TTRR TTTRRT
RR RRR RTF RcT TFT SRI R#TT RTf WIRRT ^ lg57 i RRR % RSIR TRiFRRT TTR^
^ RTF g?-q<ni SRI RFRTR, R1 flffer TTTRnT RR RRR ''^ RTF RTRt TFTI RTl^ Rii-i 3flT TTT^
3TRR7 RRRRnrt RTTJR RRIRl RTT "RRR RTTR % tvP^ yirlPlvîrH=t> '^TSRsff sftT 3T^Rr srfilRR^
RSR sflRfR^fTTRi TRTR Ri) RTTRT R^ TTTFTT RR RR^ RTl RR% FR RR4 ^ finjâ ^ ^ RfR-'^jtTRRR •
^3TT ^ftr TT^RTR Rft RRfR ^1 tngM 'ftTF ^ “RTTf^RRT RR^ TF^PTf^ R^ yfaîiaii, ■
RTR RtfR, 3T1^RR ^ STfR^ f’T^T^fR % RTR^ RR TT^TR RI'K'*!, ti’flllffl'T f^^, RTTRfRf RT)
R=hdl % TJR "i 3TTR3 R=Ti RSR FR^ TRRT^ TT^fRRT R>^ RIRRI RR fRRW RT^ RifRR Rft^ 1rRT
■sRl"
(5) -RTR % «nTRlR T^R^RRT TTR^ % ivnj; STTSITT ^RTT RTRT-RFTftr RRlTRTf^' ^ 1885
■^RiT 1905 RR R5^ 3TIîRTR R^ fRiRT RRffR "FTT ^RR RftftstfRRT "^rff sff RSTlfR RF RTRRT hs'ii
■fe S-fIA r«r<i<i TTTRRT Rlt Rit RTIrRR^ RETrRI STftlRRTf % -feR; afk Tm-TIRR RT Rit RTRFT
RR^ R^ Rift TT^tR RTRjfR RRFR
TTT^ RF^R Wt^ RR Rk RRR SFI FTI R fRTFRT. 1905 k RRTTTT k %T
RiT^Ri 3TfR^?P ‘fmci R>t 3T^^RT R '^3TTI îWc^ % 3TR^ RSR^jtR *iiRiR k RIFT:
" RTsfR i ’7TTR k Sf^Rlt TFR Rif RRli Rft "RR^TR RltiRI^ Rft sftT k RTTrftRf RI TTTR
3ftT RTIRtR R^Sff RR-TR RRIR RIT^ Til" RtlR^ R RTFT1^ RIR cM Rlt F^ft RTF 3mif^ i%RI
•Hi{(il^ </'nt?/()=fi /iTRITRi' 51

3IPTT t ^ ^^ «RI^ Tf3I fit 31^ =h^'ii criWlsa ^ TimnfF^ % ^87 ■feFft «ft
3^>R we^lVl ^ 3fR|Tr ^ -wPflH IH'WK î
«hM^ W silgwhit—qnK« 3Tf^^?i-i ■^' ehlilW % ’>iW^ ^ ^
^ ^ y^tl'i qi<n) ^âff afl^ tcf^ ^ (qcnfqal ^
^ ftfsP l^qi qqll^ q'liw % hRiPiR^ |3 ^Ni yr fq?lq ^ '•‘iloc^ Pq^îl ^^3Tf % qfVWK
% ?IW "Sil MtiVl sftr cfit^ iITTT qi«»il ^ T?% yr few 'flin
“??T VIlfWHT
^ "îqiivnl’ 3TIt s'im«hi ^ <slTw^ WT ■*!?■ 13|W «*^qVH tHitn 't'l" ^ ■aPqa 7T^
^1 §«iq)i yql'i Rhk, ^ WWW +i=t>!i ^ WTsrr 'feft wîî
q-iKti % 3Try^?nT WFT, “i^ airqW oR^
^?nTfef -fMf ft ti -^TF yw^ ^ afk Tfn? t fe fewr i\ fet ^ i\

t' afiT TW^T ^ crt fiRqa W'T ^ aw^ aTFW^ ww '331 " <j'eiA
oHiqeiR=t) % Rnk. T^TWTW asil'i WT a^ "3^ aiT^Piqi W'T yT Iq^l'^ WT
feui
(6) 1892 aftr 1909 f. % ■^WT''Wftrfera (Reform Acts of 1892 and 1909)-wt^
% feWT yqi^l % W cI^TpM 1892 i. 1%feT.tra^ ^ T3W arfeWT wfe few Wt fe 186I
/ fe arflrfewT sit^ ârr *ni wife aifirfem ^ 'W^fe 3^ ■gl afe ^3^
^ WT ^ feWt WRf T^l ^ WT cRvT WW aik WW «irqq
qicT Ihc^ I cii^ hi!?T ^ anqil apqti "Hfe ywfef ?fet 1909 '^' 'l^fel.'^^ % "SRI "CW arfyfer*?
Wftrl =h<.qi fen fe fe 1892 fe aiftjfew awt *TTI s'^Kqilsq'i ^ Wit d't<n!«I
*jf fe '^wRlW y'lRt aik WW Wl qr^n q<eiqtl
3.11 ^KiVi (Summary)
fl'^qi^ % Wl*fe '5 3Tlwfe3 ^ «5n1q =hi4qiflf 3TTfe^ WT WW ] 5 aWW

1872 ■?. w) wwwrn â^ri
W3W^ Mexqiqiifair ^1 ^ T^wtiT few^' feRWft
q^fl Wfefe % O'qilRiqi, eiHiPnqi, anf^fe fqqn,, wpf feww ’it 'fftfew
^ "QW tl
‘^f^’idP^dW’ Tffe WT feSH f fe^ ■sfe aw% feWT WT 3Trtm WTTWI
Hiiq k.q’Oi W1 3TT^ (The Ideal of Human Unity) ^ TWIT anfe^ ^ "^l
^fera ■^Wt % STJ^"*'^ qi<:<iq ■’t ■'33’ oqfqti ^ "ferwi ’Jl, q^Hi-i,
’ifew "qr ■'ijn aTpsiWR i afe -33^ ^'IhO' ■'lilt tl ”
1885 1906 ■^. 3W Wife ■'jfew 33RWfeTt' % W*T '4' ^ffl '33RWfefl' ■^' "51^ '^Tl 'llmd '
-iltfe sî
ST^^THT "Slfe (Exercise Questions)

1. arrfe^ ^ TpsRtffe pqqK'l % amwfew aiNR wu ^?
2. anfe3 % yi^tg TT'jRtffer PqqiO WT dtrc^ta wtl
3. 3TTfe^ % <,i«qis, % fen WT #3 WJI *71?
4. ‘il<3C^ Wt TfefeW PqqKqKl % yô 3TTUR WIl ^7
5. ‘il<a<^ (a^Kqif^ql) % Wife TT«Rtf3 Ufel3 WT wfn wtl
52 RTTife /^WTW
rv
UnitÎV
TifTOT ’nr#
(Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar)
-* .' * *r* >
4.1 Mwiiecii (Introduction)

4.2 (Objectives)
4.3 ^.-q-iii^ (Important works)
4.4 3TIVK (Moral Basis of Gandhian Philosophy)
4.5 ■?!Rf?T (Summay)
• '3?^ (Exercise Questions)
4.1. (Introduction)
ycHiusl tRI ^ Hîrel ^ ^FT 2 31^^, 1869 ^

(IpITRl) 8^^l d'l'M ^ nlei'kiy si'i’ fRTT ^ ’Tfyt R-wiwa ^
^NiH ^ sfk ■'TTflT ;jaQil'!(i§ fq’îd ^ hFscti I '’TT^ %
■TO TTi "F 'n?TT 'TOTTi ■7=T% fTO % *ft wrq=;i<0, ^ •aftt ■roi ^ % ^>TT®r
aift HiittHan ^ 57^1 STT^TTTOR ^ ^ ^ ^ 3T9^ TOT-'fTO qqwf ^ ^
1ftq7 «7ii ■jqft -qTTn-^fftn ■ftft ft ft) 13:41 ftftr ■srfHR q-11-) ^ "SniRT fqiQ.,
■^ ■'Ttt^r^ ■% ■JTTUft^ 'Sf^TT RdWiI "TO 3TT^ "HRl '5^ Ml ‘tlf 3R^
n7^-lTO7 ^ 777*7 O'jjqilc giêq^pi '4 ^ 'HTT stIt ^ ] 887 'C ^ Aljqi ^ Hi<i
■3i)i 13 ^ 371^
"STOT [qqie T33> "hihiO ‘ilviq>ti«7 qrTOft ■ft) ^sft) qrftt) qr^ ft ft)
■FTTI 7^ 'TO^ ^ ■K^'Hiq ■ft) cMsftI ftl ■qqft TrqHiq ■Hlft ft ■ft aTrftTOT qîfqd fftqil 3Tq^
•tgi^ T^tro % ■97TOI, 7ft ■7Tf»ft ^ ft ■snft t#i TOft 777377 ■% -^rr fihft "ft) ■=7 ft)
ft ftr •RHTT -qfr^ ft 1)3;, ■ftfftR 377]^ ■ftft ^*7 ft
33^ WmPdft' % t7T27 ■q^ TOl ft^ "ftt '^1^7 ft 'Sftlft 'IWH'K ■ftfftsT ft'
■qftr fftqi ft) tot "qr ftftft) "q^ ar^ 'to)' rtot *771 ?t7i^ 'sftfft "q^ ft sftt ft)
■qT^T ■qrft ft 'ftrft 'ftftro 'tttt aftr toT 1888 'ft I89i ftqr "fti 'TOT "qr ft) ftrw qrqr
•grft ft ftroft -^tot) ■qrro tjgr -ftr -gfft ft -roft) qro ftti fH -gift ft qqi^ ft qfft) 'ft ft ■ftro
ft qift) ■?TTra, ■qift sfft sftiTT ■ft) q ■^ ft) ■qftw ft)i ft' q^ ft ftiro ■ftft ■ft ft) qr^ q^?7tPrft
gn TOTqr ■^tot qî ■tot ■qr ■3ft ■qr ft) q|q ■to ■ttto) fti qft qr ■^ ■q^ toh
*771 TOifq qrqq ft fro; ftft ft tft^ft) ■ft ft ftr ■qt' ftiftq ■sro) ft) ■ftft) sttto ft) stttot ■^ aiftl
vrftq ftfftr |qq/<«f! 53

nfif) T^' ^rMcil ^ f^di R*)! 3^ 'fiiHi'^ -fllq-i 'siH TTi^ ] §9] .■^_ ■^‘ ■'iâji wre
37^ Sî «iror ^ ■3iii3;i
■3ft ft RRtT arrar sfnil ^1 crlfî -HKnl*! ‘'ti'i-jn sfk 3KIHcft ■JTR
ftfe *TII 5«Rn'< aiqft qqiicTd ^ ■^^l §«4> ^ ^ STT^ % ^îq ■'7T =hT^ ^ •STHTTI^ qiq^
■^1 ^ *ft ^ '?R -ftft ft ■sRiqi^ T# afk ^rfro TR^pfe 3tt ’iî ^ sn^ ■'r ’Tftft ^
ft 3T^?IT TJira ^^ ^ ^ ■Sira 137TI ■nmt ■^ft
ST^RT ^ BTR "rara 1893 ft' ■iHlh|=t)l tHÎ ]893 ft 'SRR '31^ ij4.<RI BSTI
TTf»ft 3r^ T337 efft ftr nri ft BftRi ^ -qr ■# brr ^ ■=ft% ^ Rnra qRlft ft?
20 ^ rai Tfti qpft 3ft ft ^FT ■’R Rift? qft fttift (Policy of Apartheid) ■ft' ftSBra RfqraF srrftlBq
qciNil ft ^ ^ ftB ftt Rl^l ■'R raft' ftlRn=t) TTralfrar ^ fftRM ^3TI f^ft RRTITIF
ra rar 'fî qfftt 3ft ft si^ftBr ft TraR RRcftq ■^ ■raifftqsR ft WFqo ^Rft îft ftBB ■fftwH rri 1ftB
^ ftt ^^qiqil arqftqiT ft TFFR ■qiVl 3ft ft qRcftft) "'R "ft Tft <nrqiqn fti ‘raif
■ftft "3^ ■RWq qST F3lf fs'niqil 3iq qftft ■3ft STiraRT ft ■pF 3Tq ■aiinlqii ft" qRftft 3ftra '^ftw
^ ft ft qiRtti RRcI ftr BB qft 3ftT 9 3ngft, 1915 qft '*1^1
1915 ft' W 3ITBT qfftl 3ft ft TI^ Wd5ldl ‘ftUTR qft 'RraiBll RIBI ft' fTPft 3ft qft
"'HKd'jq'Wd'iHdl ftUTO BT ftft" BFT qÎI 'ftft 3ft ft RITTSI ^VR qT %IsfB ^ ftBB 3TRq qR 'ftqTI
■^ftlft, 'HKa ■qft 'Trraftftq) RqBuftt ■q^ •^'41 'Rift tbIi ft '^rb ft—ft ■ftiqft ft 'raft rf qq-i
■ft fftqr BiftFBFq^^'RiBtraqrraqft R3iftfftqr qfrfftft! qr arqft qq 3iTf^_R^ qftft qsn ^
ft ^'0 ft qiFft ft qFft ftB qft rafttfra) ■qftftsftftft qq ■'jit quqqn ftqi ■qiFft fti
1914 -ft 3fq 3I8RI ■fft?q^ ^ ■ft fqq sq. ft ftft 3it ft a#ft -qq RRftq -ftft qr 3ft7 iftqT.
qftfft qiftr ft qfft 3ft stftft ftt ■^qqfirqqr ft" ftraiR qRft fti ftfftR 3r?ft ft qfft ■ft ft siqft 'jb
qq 3TFRIR ft ■qqi ftr ■ft ■R^tq sqftBR ft'q3i^ ■qqft "ft ■^PT TjT^l 1917 ft ■qfft ft ft fqeK ft qiqRB
RBUTIF qwiqi ftft q?7 % ftft ft ftft qirft qft r35^ ft qfttq ft «<«♦)!< ft •wq'm qxi'Hi
■311 Rfti ■qF "qfft ft ■qq qqq 'RBiniF snftBq rd FRft Rq^BFi ft qfft ft ft iR ft ■Jiftq snftBR
ft qqi ■3ftB *R Iftii 1918 ft 3ftft sTFR^Riq ft ■'^qi^ qqift ft ■(rb ft qqq qft Rft qqfftftf
ft ■?Bi ^tqrft ft ■qqiR fftiri fr 1919 ft 3ra sftft FRqqr rrf ft qpr ■^r
■fftlT eft ■qfft ft ■qq qq qâ '5:ft 3ft qfft ft ■RRITIIF snqfBq ■BBft 'fftfq Rrtqil ■ftu I^qj
ft q)idl ■'nTjî qiFT 'W sft 3iqF-crqF ^t'^lcid ■^JB ft B^l 3if RRftq 'jejy ft 'BR ft "iRriqTqicii
qiq (3RJcRR)ft nqjfqd ^ ft 3IBRT ^RR ■ft ‘ftfBqf "qftiqR
FRft ■qfft ft ft 3Tcftiq> ■gaqi fr FraqqF ft fift ■fftra FR ftra ftft ft ft qqrgq><
•gift ftB -ft ft3i TRni
■ftB ft ^ft qr qfft ft ft ftftft sTBiiBRi^ ft iBBra ft 1920 ft' qcfT SifftftBq ft
STRFftq ^ ■SRFiq qiR iftq ■aft 3fR ft RRFftq aqftRq FR -Iftni ftft ft ft RRftft qft
ftftft qq ■fftftt ft rRF ■RFftq B qRft qft SpftB qfti ftft ft FR snftfBq qft SrfFRTeRqi BR ■^ 'BIFft
ft, ftfqrq 1922 ft ■qrar ft fFRRqqr qqftqift -ft -Bq ft ■qfft ft ■ft fr fftr sik ftft
ft ft RF 3qftBq ftqR ft ■fftqTi FRft ftft ft ft qq "flft ft Tiftq ftnin ft 1131^3 raift ■% qqiR
■gBqR^ffti FRft^ qiq "ftift ft ft 1930 ft ■Rfftq 37qqi rafttBq bbtri sfk'e aft^, 1930 ft ftft
■qrar qR% ■qqqr qqip ftq fqrai 7 (rfirt i93i ft qfft ft B^Fq qqsftR ft' rfi ftft qraq Bft •qq
ftr "siq qfft ft ftqR aqq ft raftft Tiftq raftrai sqftBq ft ■qqigq qqift % iftq 3 3piftt, I932
ft 'Rftqq aiRRi aqftBq ftqiR aqRsr qR ^1 fr îra qfft ft ft pRqdn fr iftn qqr qfk ■qfft
ft ft 7 aftB, 1934 ft RF aqftBq RRra qR fftii FRft RK qfft ft ft 1942 ■ft "fftR ■fftra %
54. qyftq cuf-fl/rtw tqqira
^ ^ "f^ sffr 8 3PT^, 1942 ^ 3IF^t^ ^ ^<?aiia ’ftl 7J?7{*77 nTV)
RT^ ^ "■^ "^n TRl” (Do or Die) ^ ^ ^5ira 1î 9 snroi, 1942 rt) RfMt ^
^ fu^WK ^ #RT 3RHt ?T^ ^ qrtft ^ glTT^rTTH: STRt^TT ^ R rf^
^ RT^, ^ qrwM % ^ % 317^ 3TftTR> "fe^ '?T% sIR 3RR1: S^' RTRT ’Tte
<»><u RST)
Tn'tft -sfr ^ arrsTR w ^ '^fr ^ «n, rf 1947 ■^' 'rito ^ ^ ^rrt an nmi ^ w
■% îH'^ ft'Hl'JH ^ ttTflii "ScR-T ■gan ci( ^ wnt g:'^ g^l Îqn ai'^ F '<1I6^ RRF % f^RFSR
^ 'titH'ni nmi ^ "HIRlFlfn^ ^‘i-si ^ 7TRT % ■RrP^ nNt <^610 nfti
^ ■'^ ■RTOT^rfiTRi ■RRTRl *ft T^l 30 'SR^, 1948 ^ nT*f) f^SRT
^ 7n«f=TT-Wr Rlt 3^ '311 T# rf( Rc«J_TFr Rtg^ i 3lffe^. ^ -îifRi ^ iM HKqiT
Frm qR ift aik ^rnnrt) ^ 'tfi •^Kt % ^ lir ■>ik ■=[ wm^, aiqii '•^=n F?fF "FRlt
felj 7F 377^ 'Titft ^ ^ îraFlft^ 377^ gnm ^ ^ 'cRF -fl'lH'ii
Tt tl
4.2. (Objectives)
SlKqFT ■#! 31«7R=I % -aw feirMf ^

• HSKHI ^»4) TRpfffiRl ■fl^ ^ ^1
• mvi ^ <.i’Ji'ilfq<Ti (q'qK'l qil =B7^ ^1

• 3Tx444.i % RRcftn ■RR131 irg TTSpftfn ^ ^
4.3. m^tÎûI T«Rnf (Important Works)
qtif'H nfiff 3ft ■'^^, 377^,'57^, FfN> F*7I Hi'ftl fqqK'hT ^ "cRF 5h*7q^
1^7777 afR IH’flft'* f^RR "qt Mq>Ki Sld^ ^7^ '’RST fR^. rllî '3^^ 3RtrT ■%
ym'*| 3ft •sn^^rfr^ '^TR "^Rgcl fenr, FTT^ ^ fq-nthl ^ ^ RFR t'l a-^l-^ % t(i*iif^«t>, aTlfef^,
’mPfcb ^ ■'C73H'l(d=f) ^ ^ 3jt [i^xiK 7R7F 13)^, 7^ [q-c(i<4Ki ^ 4^ 137^ 4lVtoiR % RPT
^3737 ■^37777 f) 'aft % 1^ Tfiqt^ ^^TTt ■% aifwrq F577T 1^*77 'nfMt 3ft ij^ •fltq-l WT ^
■#3r -R' Rtf Til 3^ arfi^Ti ■% -Rt^rt ^ 3ft fernR %47. ^ tm trrfiF •#> ttrr iTii 3ni wti
■Rvt ■3ft % a^R (y^ml qRîd F^ RiRfîRaF T^maft ^ tttri iRi i-
1. Indian Case for Swarajya (1932)
2. The Story of My Experiments with Truth (1940)
3. Satyagraha (1935)
4. Economics and Khadi (1949)
5- The Science of Satyagraha (1957)
6. Hind Swaraj and Indian Home Rule (1958)
7. Trusteeship (1960)
F=7% STfRfw nf^ .3ft i 'Truth is God’, ’Basic Education’, ’Ethical Religion', 377fF
T^lRTTi Rt IRr^'i 3ft •% gisq ft75,ldt, R-dcql' sftl inM ^ 'Fc^ "gT^ 'FR 'FFFft '57^75
TF37-'My Experiments with Truth' fq^cii il fF T^F73i ^ ■«RiRqo Fl^ft 3|t ^ 377i fqqi<)
■577 TTRriFF 'Fft3R, ■Rq ^fsql, "fR^R "^qcti, 'fR^R 'F^, FR qldF STlft Hfqqii-Mli "if 'ft (^411
HWirHi Trfijt ^ (Inspirations of Gandhi Ji) .
3TW^
^ % (q-qR HRa)q 'H’^raT % yiql^ ST^’T Iqgi-il’ % PqqK'i ^ ■’J'TF’T ^
^ I'l «iq)7 FqqKqKi ^ tiinlfaqi 'qiiJainl ''ft 3^^ iTrff ciqi oqfqqqT ^ TI’tR
■^' ^ ■3Tr <Hq>qi ^1 ■’Tltit 'HKolq TT®7cI7 ^ wfqila ^ 'q>6ii 'f i "S'-ich
fqqiO 13;^ fq-fli % "5^ Pi*qfnRaa "f-
1. q»/<q»/?eh «*f/ef (Influence oftheFamily)~'’^\^ ^ P^’^KNUI 'RT tTTflT-ft^

^ ViWqi y^Pqql ^ ‘S’lra 'T^l ''Tfyt ^ yRqR ^<Rqi'Ci P^R^ tqv^lW *?TI
ft?n ^ W? ^ ^ ^ ^ ■3^ in'
^ W-f??TT % m'kJÎn ^ ^TT^-''Tr^ '^ Rfift 'sft ^ s^Tfelc^ 3^^ ^ ^ ^ R^l

■3^%
3T^ îjqt-'rf^, ^hi-i^kI, ^ Pi?q^, Sift'tii, Hplyqin, tKraR STTft IpT yRqn % qifliq<î
^ ■n^l Tl-qra ■^f! wl4iR^ 'p, 'Rflft ^ i t % “'^f 11^ 3Tq^ tTTm-lRrn .
^ p TR^ "Rt ■gcT^ ^ THim ^Rtrr w |î"
2. Hif4eh J/w<? (Influence ofReUgion)~W^ sIt^RT ^ i(iWq> 'y^P^4f
surfer 3^ Tâi^' ^ ^ ■'Tt^ ^3it ti 3^ ■{NHiPd ^ ^ •
, 3«qil q)K'J| 3^? lit ^ ^ 'Sr’ira 3Ht f I 33% fq-fli Rt
ftnt ^nf. ■%5: tpf ^ ^T trf 3iT 3Tr%tT3r W3 3311
(of?) spf ^ ir>77^ (Influence of Hindu Religion)—^ % [qqiPl 3t

TraffMgr 3313 34 3iT 3^1 33%t 1%3R3m %( 4^31 3 3FT3R3 4 S^r^ftTRi 33lf%T i%3TI
33f33^ % 33T3 % 3333 3Wt ^ 4 fVioi "t 1%,134 4?ft 3iqii [qqifea qil^.y, ^ 13 ^TO
3n l-JS 3351 3% afk 13 ^:TI -4 ■gf%I I3?n4 4 l^ 33ft3 34:i 4tn % 3313 ^ 343?TT 334
p 3f% ■% 4 fc33r ^-“33 '54 3^ 34 ■pi 4t "Iwr 3iif 3^' %4 % i4 333\ffrai -4'
T3t33I 13% 1%3t 3343i ^;'ia 34 'p 334 3il 13i3 3i3n ai3I3i sfrt
% 33ff'll'-4^ ft«3 3 3Tft3f^ Ti4 33 313 %? 333\-nkT 34 -it'll ” -RT^4 ■^, 444. V4 3
3% 33 3T3 -ntlT -^3 l3i3r 'll 4t3T 33 ‘3i4 33 -(3^’ 3ivt % ■5ft31 ^ 333?f 33T TIT afk
"nfvt ■% 4 "pi qi4qV?i ^Thîi ^dl^lTd P-iqiqil
() 9tniH «rrf ^ 7*773' (Influence oflalam)-'^^ 3ft "qr |«1IH 34 '3ft jtflqi
‘^33’ 33 313 3373 '3^1 3f3t 3ft 57^ %t ^TflT 3 aif^ 33 'Sltli 3734 4l -3333 ■f4?373 371%
5^3773 34 picTT ^ 337337 3ft 3T337 34 3PT 437 11 '4 1^3773 v4 33 3T4 -^TTPI, 33T
■4 3t4 4l 4 §«1IH 34 % '57343' 4tl^3 34 337373, 337 'f33t3 3734 4l 33% ‘ ' 33
IT p7=ft3 371
(3) ^^«74W7*773'(In/IwereceofCftrisfimfy;-3Nt ■37t4^ 3433!7f35P!T
t ’ ■q^ a^T 4'^33ll% 377^3 '37^' %f3^'4 333f43i 337f33 pi 33 IT‘37^’
4i qf373: 3733-373 4 354, 37qt 3lt'’ 33 '313 3373 3^1 3%14 ‘37f337' 34 ^37^ 34 ^34 itcH
37171 33 3T tTTTf' 34 % 37=3 TPSi ‘TTT373 37f3 "4 ^nini’ 35T 4t 31T? 3373 3^1 4t 4t37
% T73R -31x3 'f^l -qflft 3ft 4 '37171 % “'iftt 5^ 4t37 4 3i4c7 '^TT 'f^ ITI^ ^4 4 343-4
md'Jd 4 4t4T3 4t 37733 37^ 37#77” 1=1(4 •4t3q3TiT7'p335 471^ i4?rra'%t354t lit *^-“34
56 •</«7?q il'^-ilfh’Ti /qq«ch

^^KHI
t, -3^ 1%^ -jq wsEfqT JE -m ■m»Jt -sff qr »=T^f qq ^ q?Tr Twra wi

3. fz4-a<*>l W ITSTT^ (Influence of Various Thinkers)—^ qr 3?^
rci^K4>T qq q?n qqiq qî -3^ 1^ q^ R-îk+T ^ qqrRcr i^, t-cild^N, Tftqn,
iqfl 82^1 Tftqrq, qt^ crm t?raqr qq qqra srfqqr qî
(eR ) qffq </?<»)•» q5T JT*T7^ (Influence ofJohn Ruskin)-"^ qfqt qff qfT
7R^ q^ yR* ^wi'h ’Unto The Last' q^f W ^?qqr ^ «»HiRn ?^qiT
^qqq ^proqt qiqr ai^qis fq^qr sSt qqqq qiq ‘nq?^’ tîti qi^ft qft ^ fViyiR
Tm qffi
I. qf 3TTf«fqr «5qt*q nqqq qqq 'F^cn't arqfq^ % q^ ■^' "qqqq qqn
^1q>oi ^1
II. qqrtqr qq qqq qf qi^ % qqq qft qtF wt q?^ qq t a^qfci, qrf ^ aqqft
■nl^ftRcM qqrr^ qq yHH •srfqqqt ^1 31^: qHt qq •*ilqH ^qi •qireij.!
III. qq qftqq ^ qRqfqqi qffqq ■^tn î R«h 3^ qq ^ftqq ^ q^
ti
3t1%!^ qtift # tftqqr ■# qqrf^ '^tq^T ^ qft srâq îftq qt 3tfiTqT q^ iî
qrqqtq qRn q sqfrqqr q^ qi^ qqi trsHtfq ^ q?^ 1î '5^ qt? qfqf qft q^ tftqqr qq q^
q*nq qî
(W) dTHwry W WT^ (Influence of Tolstoy.)—‘imT-jfl q^ iTcit^R qft

7qq73^'-'Gospel in-Brief, 'What to Do' q*?! 'The Kingdom of God is within you' qq T*77qt
qqiq qî ft qWt qft % qiq^^ft qft ^ feqn Ff^ qmt qft ^ qftqq qq
fq^, 3ifF?TT qq qq q ^fqqrqr qq 3TTq?f qqr sqq^f qiqq ^ qrft' qtT^'i ?q% ^qqq qt ^
qftft ft fs'e?! qrqftf qq hRmmi fqiqi sftr qftqqqt sTirR^jf^, qiqqt, qr^ aftqq, qifR qq qqr
«154'q ft qq qr^ 1%qTi % qqiq qft 44l*k qq[ft ^ qiftt "ftt ft qTF t-“ft9qt qq TFsq
?qq ft î qft qiF "^tqft qn3ftft ftr q^ qftt fqftqn qrf qq ■gft uRo^m ftt fqqq ftt 3qft f'l
FT 3?ftqT qft q^ qt ftft ftftT % q% 9^13fR 3ftFn % qfft sftftqqiq (srqsr) qft qrqqr q# M
3fR fqq ftft qrf qwT qfti qqqq ftt fttqq f qft qqiq q^, q^ qrf q^' qqqiTi” ft ftrqqr
ftlcTTftfq ft qfftt qft % qftqq qftq f sTrqfqqr qqi^ tiî
(■q) «/)<) W WfW (Influence of David Thoreau)—'^^ q^ 3?ftftq>q
aqrqqKTTqTftt ftqft «ftrft qq ftt qqra tfi !908 ft' sraftqq qft qiq? ftcT ft' qi'ftt qft ft aftrft
qft qlfts 'Essay on Civil Disobedience'qftt aftt Fft "S^Tiqr ft ftfftr ft^qTT *iKa ft 1930 ft
‘■qfqqq Siqur 37F<t<rH' qcril'ml Fft ^«t=t> % sqqR F qfftt qft ft Tiqq qft y'tiRi q ^rftf qft '>m<gq|
qfti FT tiwqr % snqrr qr qfftt ftt ft TTTqqt ftr Iqrftt ftt srftlftq? qq^ qft ftr^ qr q?T fqqn
(q^) /rirtefc w (Influence ofrilak)—'^^vK^ qfftt qft tftcTqr qft 3iqqT Tiqpft^rqr ■35
qnft fti fftvTqr qft qqfftqqft ftm fti ftfqrq qtftf % iqqrft ft qFT srr «ni Frftr qrq^ ftt ■qf’ft
qft fci^ % Iqqrft ft qqif^ qfftt qft % qqftftt, tftf^.ftfftftq (Passive
Resistance) 37ifft 'Rqrft q^ fftcTqr qft qq ^ q^nq fti qfftt ftt 'SRT qi^ sroFftn sq^t^
^TsT
%r 1. wcîye «n? ^ ^ ^ ^rîug -qiniHi?
/V.
2. 'TRcl 3ir^f?PT ^'W?
58 *?Rrf?^ (MiHnTi /q^««r3

(Non-cooperation) 3?^ î-{l<rii (Civil Disobedience Movement) 'TT 1cfeT^ Tjfyf 1^'
^ ft ti 3iT<lc=Ffi' ^ ■^rnft wi 'firar ^^rra'^ft«Ttif?Tm^ tci^

^ ^ ft ^ft ■ft ■'Tt ■ft ■^ If-qn. ‘fft ft ■% tf’J; ^ ^1
( T) ‘i)<3^ 9>r inJT^ (Influence ofGokhale)—'^'^ ft
^ ■g«rra ■qî •ntet^ ft ■qjTqr mif
f I ^3^ TRftfcRi tftn f ■^’in ftl 'il<a(^ ft fi ^ ff^ft f fft ■ft ft ■ff’ffl ff^l ‘il<3<n ft
% ft ■fft ft f Tft^nr ^ fffsiWF ft ^5^ I^hicih ■ff Mic^h ■'rt, nWHi-n
tTPR ft fRF. fwf frr ■ft rit?, ■ffpjf ■f' 3FT ti=t)ai ^Tfl ■'It ftt WIT f ■^^
^^raTftnt^'Tffnft'f^'f ?ici Ti^^t ftf^' fHt ■'tt ^51^ ttTi^ ti” frr^sranfnfgf
^ ft fft ft ■qr ■ff^ ■qî ■^TTf ■g^nffr ft^ ft ■fft ft f iNHlfd w
■| sftr TTwff ft ■ff^rar -qr -fk -ffn ti
|T? flT^ ■î^ ■'jfT Tt^cIT ■f if ■fft ■ft f tftR ■ft ■'nRcdRcfi qmimui, ^nff^ ^[Wf, 'HKal<<
^ fffft îfffff ff^rrft f ■q^ffci tfqi f 1 ^33 ■qr viffqr ■jpff ^ Tifff?? ■q’qi^ ■qî ?rn
Tnvf ft ■qtfwT fqr. TT^HtfcT ■qn
ht wi yiWsfi ipft % Tjqig % 4.|<u| ft ti fqf
■q*ng f 'îK'Ji ft fft ■ft f ■îFT f ■ff TFjfttfiT ft ■q?^ tnlfqr îff? ffi yfff
WrftfcT ■JJ^ f ■qif f TRH ^tl ?Tit "qT Tlfft ft f SiffTTT f ff^RT ^ STTf flm ^
3ITVR qiNi! f3f 3tIar<'Ki flf TfTWT ft sff .5 '3TcI^ 'Unto The Last' ■q ft ■fft "ft ft ■«1^
3lffR) ■qîffci ff'411 ?TT y=nK fft 'ffcR d'l ■f ^311 f sftt OT'q ft 3cm ft
■qTTTPm f, fad'll ■^fff Rf ■qff «ni
4.4, frat ^ % ■^rte arrarr

(Moral Basis of Gandhian Philosophy)
fft ■ft ^Rcfcil ■% T?^ 3^nt f I f TRTR f Tift Rf ■^ Ri^WT f I f iilqi '% ■'?q>
Ti^ ^cni'wt f I aif flqi ■^fq ■qT yifl-i RTTcftq vffft 3«n 3TfqT fft ^ ftfft tfsTiqt ■qq ■qHR
q^! •irafq 3ft^ ■if^ ‘mq’ (Ism)ft ■qr=ii qff ■tfqri fffq fft ft qqqq ^ ftm ftr^Tcff f ■q^n
fqifqm *ITi ^rrfmj, fln=hai ft 3qf fqîo qq ■•^ 3WR ■f I ^ft 31MT qt a-i'M ff-ni ta^^l ^^311
■fi 3qf qfq f ■5513 ftm sttvit fffffeci f—
1. ^ fciêtl'fl (Faith in God)—fft ■ft f^qitq ■ffr ■f ■'jTI ff?qm TTSf f. 3qqq
q^^Hi ?ii 1f fqqr ■% 3ifcT ■fn ffqqTTT ft ^ ^\hi'I ■qt % tmi; ftq qnm ■f 1 f ■fq sur^q
ft ■q^HJ f ft TT^jjft f ■qqqj <4=hcll ^ll 3ftf q>fT f-'TRq f I ft fmj ^?qT TT^ 3ltT
■fR f 1 f?qT ■fcmqr afr TiqiqR f 1 ^!f=n ■qqnTi 13;^ ftqq ■qq ftq f 1 q? Tiqf <j’h< afr fft
■ft f ft^ ^ q«iT ■qrq qff «iri qqf ar^rnr fqrmn f i ■qnft fwr 313^ ft ■m
Tmft ti ^ ■^T ■qrg ■q ■qrft f ■fwiH ti qf f^n qff m Tiqmi ■qf q? ai^^q -dfr t. ■ft aiqf
aqqft ai^qq qiTRft ti inff ffft ■qqm ^ qff ■ffm m Tiqm
qf qqq: ■ftra fft ti ^ Tfrur ■ft ■sr^ ■qftqfqftcT qr^ f ■?ft tfrft aurra q urt 31^ ^
ft ■fqqra ti w ■?ifff f qiim ft ^ trir qq ■ffiqq ft 'wti q^ qrtfr 1q?q ■f ai^viim qqR inf
ti ■RF^^ff ■^fqf'q qRcff ■!, fq q^ft t aik aqq^ qrcit t ^ ■Rftq qtt f?qT qq qm ffir ■m Tiqm
f 1 ?iT TTRR f ^jc3 ^ ftq ftqq, ■^ f "fq TRR qqi afRiqqr f qfq qqiRi qmn f 1 aiq; ■frt Tiq?i
f STJTTR f?qT ft ■ftqq f. TTcR f, y'hi?! ■f. ■'W f aik Tlf^q f I f^RT ■qk TTRI f aifqftqq ^
■f qft^ TTrnqfttaflrqft^t TiqRft’tl
5;
2. 77fS7 /gy^TFr (Faith in Truth)-'^ ’sff ^ m tl ^
^ SPHTIM ^3ft^ 'SI#T fî -3^ 3Ttpft 3TTc*T^s^l ^ HR »fr 'My Experiments with
Truth' i\ T?§T, '?TTt H5^ RR HH wf -SFl f^l Sl^ RcH ^ HHRT
Hfit 31=q tjTf tl •grH % I? Hfsft 'sft t-“fJtH^ Hff tl" HHHTT
*TT % -qft ^ ^ 3fR SRfTfl ■^' RHRl Hf HRHit HfhTH
'll 3^1-^ 'Jilq-i artf^ RTh! RtH ^ ■ftHTI ^trH aftt Hfl
(Truth is God and God is Truth) tl HHRT RrH fe?Hra 3T^ R«ft ^
tl
3. 3rt?i7r if /gygw (Faith in Non-Violence)-wS[ # t RWSFT stThr 3TH
HTHT tl ai'^ SrftHT % i^HT Ht 'Snf'H' tt wH’dl I d'-i'^
STMftfT 5^1 d-l<^ STJHR 3Tf?^ -fllqi HH SHÎR fl 'fSjRHT % f^ tf
■3ft^ % ^ RRcT tl^ tl H 3Tj^ % HR Tf fyniT t-“t'm HH
ReTTOT t,. ^ tl t' RrH att Htl yilPdd tHT tl ^ HTH UH hPkiT
t.1 aife'tii RHi traht ti tjnJHHt utlH t Pi'>ri<nni Ht tl t a^HTH
tl tR tl ttl m 3t^ 't tttli arltm Rit wth % iilt RRcfl ti 'gift' ^ yrfei
t, ^ aifg'yi Hit ^ yifel tl aile'wi % f^ ttl taRtt Htl RHTtftl'' <ll'tl'tl ^ aifeVii HftRTfHH
Hitt 11^ arffHI HTT art f^Rfl nt ?II^R=H H ng^qin tl 'Hf t, RH. «f
Hit t Rtitl Hi^ H HiRT tt attHT tl aiftHT -fllqi Ht qqit> ^ t HR=nt HH
anHVHHi HHR tl IhHT RtH Hil infR Ht' tl ^Ritt att RcH % IhHI Hitl w w Rtl aff
3t^ % t??n ■jHTt.ti
4. «/«/ sAt (Ends and Means)—'A'$\ tl HR HRHT HT1% atr tTlfJH tltf tl
HfHH Hlft^l 3Rt Ht ■mft % feR Hyra RTUH HR ITHIh HRTPI HttcT Ht' tl RHirlTI RrH HR
tTFI tl ngsH ^ Te% HTIfH HHi RHiHr tl aitRiHi tnuH cran nt 'Îhh hrh ti ttR hIh ■^thi
t. tw tl HRWI tl "aHHR HiFHT HT-"RNtf hH HPH aflt Ht Ht W tl Hfl RHtT t IttT
HtF WH^%I HN afR t? t wt.tRT tlRM afR-RHHt tlHT'HTltRl”'3HHRHi^ mi% HH,
■Îh aflR si^HRt HHH % RHt nt yr^ ti ^hth % Ihht t^HT Hfl tnfRr ntl tl tihrU arnf^ air^
RTHH % IhHT 3T^ yr^ hH tTTHT Ht iHiHT HfT RHiHIl
5. mid »t^!h if fei^difi (Faith in Human Nature)-"^^ tl HR =h^HI sR Inr
HHjft HR yrt^ trrtl ti yc^qi ntHH 1fRHnr t afR h? Ht 'h^ tr tftR
HitHi tl HH t H^nt tl^ 3Rf a^yn-yRH ^ h hfI tl hH tn t tlni hh ^^thrr ti ttlHi
®|Rki H^Hi antHTfcHH) IHit t att arijqi îfHH HR SRWRRHHT yRHH tl ¥H tfHHi R-i+IW
HR 3TTHR tl
6. tiTdiuB if fei^di^ (Faith in Satyagraha)—'^fd\ tl TJHr yfcHTUtl tl d'^'iH
WHR yitRHH HHlR HTOT aqtiHR t Ht HKdIti % tH?;? 3#5ff tl TR-tH HHH % ftHT HII
Hyrt HTH HRR t tl ?tl aryn t arTHtl tl citli ttl tl it ‘in yrfti’ nr 'anrH-yifti' tl
Hift tl WrHIilg anrH-tl^ HTSIH ^RT yRH tl tl Wt fttPH tcRiH HT Ityn HR tt ^«RH Htf
tl yRHnrt ynt tl tkr nt R?pr hrrr ti hi arngit t ^ ht itHH hph ti
wHnn tit HR 3RFH t, HRHt HR Hil! it aRTltlR (Non-Cooperation), yrftHH aiHfR (Cml
disobedience), ftHTH (Fasting), I^HIcT (Strike) atH HTHt IRI HHiyT HHRT HT «i=hai tl
60 R/<rf7«y RHtftyr A’?/<<»>

7. fcfi>cf W WJife (Advocate ofWorldPeace)-'^^ ^^ ^
'3yMjs=h<
SCfl <H4il *ft 1% Î5'=ii^ (^=hl^ ^l 3FÎF? 3^ ^ll'H'^l
^ STt? sflr yriiî Hd'^l -d-^'l^ f^^q-q^fq ^ «<'ol^ ■’TT =l§ci ^ t^l
■3^ «n 1^-“THR ’flcl ^l 3FK %TT ■^T^cn t ?i) WTl?
t 3 •^1”
H^lrdl ■'Tftft { 1869-1948) ’TOT % '^Tfn ^-n4^', 3ii-slciH % ‘Ti'kÎ'*- 3UI thhi-»i
■fl fcT-dlil', StT^ ^*n yuûl IIH^ wy<l4 ^ TT’TlIâ %^1
^ '*1TOT hI'I^cii'^kI sÎ ^Tpf ^81 '3^ "'^n^ 3«n dln^ciiqi';! "RH^" ^Tl tl
WJSalriT TT^PjcTI % RTTR^ 31^ ^ (1893-1914)

'4 3t1% % fro^’ StItoRT fRTRTI 3fR^^nc( (1914-1947 3^) iTOr % TT^TR '3ii'<{lcii ^
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^ Rtyt RTT Î'Jl'flfcidi ^?fd 37^ ^ TTRTcTT tl TTO 31% TO 3TTO *3, ',‘3fiftgR ^TOI TO| 3Ft
t... '^' TO ^ 3ft' RTOTT 1% tt f^41 TftiTOT r^^'jia TO RftRTTO f%31 tl WTO fWTRfl
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totr
% TO^fRT Fft 5^1 %t4 % 1^ 33% tÊlR l^gcl ^ 3^ ^1 'RF ITO %t 3T=% ^1
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(Hind Swaraj) ■R%fV3T “RFropf tl 73'%, 3ft % fqqul FT ‘‘ntdr’, '31ff%T', TO 3 ’•-T'f TO
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•^' ^ «<*inai % oqqen. ^ ^ *IIT?r ^ ■si'^

c|Wd 87TI STW’^T rd4id cTSTT .qlf^l'ISd % Iqqitl ^ '‘ft "3^ ''^T ÎFTT Tl’^ra ’T^l ^ q'q'tT ^ *tfel,
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ifftl ^nr Rual Rt 37ft^ qiPaql ‘’3flftl-Tr«?T ^ (Annihilation of Caste),
^’ (Who were the Shudras?) ^ ‘ •3TPJ?’T qiiaqt' (The Untouchable) WUf^ ^ fen
■ft- a-i=oi Heiq'^'jl qViqii ^Tpft ^sricft f I
^tnnftraj ^flira ^ % "fe^nr
"^^TFr ^ nicH4 WHi-iai ^1 «iHilq=h ^ Rîd ■??? 'RFI qi<ai ■§ 1%
<aiHiRji=ti ■Jilq-i tnft H5«4 ^ 'iRqi <ql«fiK fq>qi 'Rf’T, '^’ft, '^rT%, ^ TSTR % 3TT*iK.
’TT 'Aqqiq ^ rîqi ’slTTi ^8?r yr4q> omRki ^ Siir^tqîiy % "^T^ft aiqy< ^711( ^5rn(l "^ÎFr
tqi41 *ft OTVR ■’TT TTR’JI ^ WlqiK quail qâ:'wiHif^qi fd^d 3T^’:TR'‘IT
3?lf«fe ?r«n îq-ilfnqi ^^PT *ft ?(f*-MRia ^1 qualq 'Hl^tlR % 38 ^ "W
-qiq) “t^ «HiRiiqi onq^STI 'f, fqy4 <HiqiRj|q>, 3TTRf^ rT*TI <,tq-flfa=a tT^hr
^1 M
■f?^ tUHlPiiq* oqq<«ll : ^nf-oqe|^l ^ <3usi
•ai*4s'h<, ftl ^ Hâft", fq?lqa: STWRrI ^ qf(ia

% a^Kqi ftl a-^l'-l ^ fdi^K 33tftT?n % ^ qciqei 'ft' aqui fq«ft ’PifttT cT«?I
tjrf % iJqiqK qi5J'Jil ft "3^ ■'TOI "f^ *?II faciq* ^ P!^' awi ^ *TT fftr yr4q> ^ sRft aftvqin %
TTJTft "q^ ti 3TfVw ^ ft- 3^-1^ •’snfti ?ftr ■qrftq? ■^ft T^ftî^d trmifiw -gr^qT,
ftfft-R^^'l, fqiôliy) ^ oqq^K ^ fq<?^ ch'SH fthlTI
3rrft yRn^s qrfft gftq ft?” ft- a'^l-l 113 ^nr faR^t "^ft ^^lq>K ^ 1î
a-?!^ ftft) ft qPÎa qgftftôqqt^ ^ o^sa Fftiqi, siî'ji) ^ jcin ft? ft. ^
Ipnftt- ft, ftpft- qft waft ft w?ift- ■qft •qftl ft- ^ ti "qF 1ft^ aiWHHdi ^ "fttcRT ti
a-ifti 3T^?TR ^ft-oqq^s^T 'P an^TiftcI yqiq î^hhi-ioi ^ qsiqi ftfTI tl 3TPJPi
^ gxjf-ozrg^ ^ 3fqftT ti oq^'psTT ft î^-.'qft "êiR t fT«n stpjpfi ■qft fttq'q ^ ^
^ WIHdl ^HTIT ■q^ tl 3R; aTPJPraT-tft^lFT ^ qRcfftT '5^31 ft '^TT "1(^7 tt '^qFI t%
^-oijciwT qq arqr "shtî ai*fta=f.t f’q iftwft ■qt 'qfft % yniq ft' ^ni-iai qftt
tl iftt <til<''l SRR: "^-^ft vft '3)1 yRrqi'i ^ ■qfe «pf tqlqiK qit fftqi qil
’3nfft-q*q qn ■‘^rwr '^rt ti q*n ft> qftr’q "ft^^RR ara^ fqiTfftt ft ftz ■qqn
% 335^ % eBKui q tl ‘aqft îhiRioi ftan qq ft^R ârri
3RftT3iT q^Î ■qtftt ftftt tl qRial % a4i< ft’ RWt ft, ■% ft ftlft ft Rdftq
SRI "nfftl ^qftR q*q d’ft'+id ft fq^fqm ■Rsft fti ar^ft^^R "ft ir qftq ■qft arRl^qt qR ■ftRii 3^trft
arqql ^Wt'h qq a-^^dd' ft ^rr fti ‘fttr q^ yq>Ri '^trt q'-n ■3q%-oqqwr qit "^ft
ft a-’idd qq ^5iiq Itqii FRT tl qtl, a-el^ ?jRftl qil ■q^ qqft qr ftl qqr Rqii
oqq<^ ■qprt ^ 'SqRh
qRfftq ^T^ftlfsqr /qqi^ 65

4g/r*V/ TO?
3^ r^'hd ■?STlPlcT
fT«^r 3T^; ,'3nf?igK wn ^ ■î tpf % ■S5:r %
■%z ^ ^ 3T3^»^ %qTI -3^ ^ ^ ^ -sfr-^ 3T^^ ^ ^'fl
y^K. TSR^ yqoil t|ljR 'Jllli‘11 ^ *-(n^<; % '^7«f^
■Tfwt ^ w<r î
^ yVifi) qfe^tjfl ^ 3i&i< vîqsjiRi ^| Trftnfp^^^r^ "^ff
Wfcf'iifT'f) ^3Tf '^ ’STcTlTRff ^ «r?T ^ ti=h^ I^TT^ %T^ ^Tf^-'SI^ qWn *^l.
■f^^-TTlPfr ^ 8^r, ^ «mi(qq> ^ <iq-i1(flq> ^ cii*iiPqa % Slfil^R q'fqa
■3^ 3t45^ ■# rI -Î 3^ 1924 ■^' 3TTgT*!t‘ %
‘ slft oijfl i%7I33f7'3? 7131'
^1 1927 3^ 3F^'■% %i -qfi^ -JM (^F^) %-Sf^Tm % ■3r5T
%fel^ 500 3T^^'% STKfm'5>T %^l 1930 '^ 3^^l^'5rf
n(f^q> 3ii'<{l<m 3n -^qfq fe’TTI
^ ^ d-el^ ef^ % ?*TO. 'tlcnA-q (iqq^, 1930) 'ff^RTf % ^ SItgn
^ ^13FT -wfqqiK, Tir^nff ^ snww trai ^ '^ÎRT ■'R 3f'STT^R Wf^ni ^ WT ^1
^ 33 *n ',Rnfl ^ 3^ % 3RT) 3^W, '^F3 3 Vilq«i 33 17I3»R 'fl
i 3FRT'3RT3^' 3H1 ■333: 33 3i^ *ft ■g^s'mRTTIlftcT 3^‘WRI ^ RlFlf^
3 *n3T3T3> 31T3R 37 ?=f 3R3T 33? WU 313 fl 331 33? ^ 33f% 3itf TFSp^
3^ "t 373; T133?l33i, 3l?lmPi«ti 331 *inipH=M<. % 33317 37 3^ '^341 TUI 3371 33f 31? TWhSl
Rdi-I 33 TT^l ^ 3313 ^ ■% 3^ ■'J33> 3f3T3 ^ 31^1 ?71 3337 3R^T317 3fÎ3l % ‘TIFRT
■^S!^3i’ % 33 33 3^ fe31l ^ TFâj31^ 33^ 7T?33 3^' ^1 3333 33 31
3ir4qi 37337175131? 35?, 3^3 35R3fl7 33? 35? 3? 71FT1?^135 3 3131^13> 3TM7 37 '^151 3171 3373733,
^ ^311 3»? ‘■'^ ÎTTf "3 713 357?' 3?? 3?1rT% 3Tg^ % 337^3 33^3357 3^ '33lftl337
3?? 313 37 yoqn: facilq 'il(n4'>l TF^RF (1717137, 193! ) 7183 ''^ 7135^ (1717137 1932) ■4f37<n7'4
13317 1^ '3371 7I7373I7( 1935 ^ 31771 717^ 3lftll333 5171 RPlcll ^ 3^1 3517TRR 1946 "4
7113313 7131 % 3H3 ^ 337R1, 33353 TlftfcT 31%3^ ^ 3i*^s=ti<, 337^33 '3i? R???! 37 3R1
^31 7131 3f 3177i?3 71(3313 yNl^d 3171^ •4‘ 713571 7#l
^R-aifesKT^ Tqfl'aflt 311 3F^5357 «\hi1^'Ti '=313 3I? 731331 ^ "3133 Slf^^' 3)?
^13731 35? 3113?335 313^ ^| "33% Tfl^TlR 7F53 5F1 (1) yf^qi c«<fqq % 3?33, 73713711, 371Hdl 3(?
7^. I3317lf33!l1^ 331 3lPf35'7371373 % 3lf3^ 31? ^13731 3>? '313? ■3T(?^; (2) 3%71 33? '35?
4ea< 313717 3313 '357% 3131^1^-31ll8f^ 317131331 3573? qilek.; (3 ) 37^35 ii'iRq) '35? 31313 331
33 ^ ^[3fl y'lii 3573? qils^l 733373 % 4? 3f '3Flf735 3ll3351^ 7131 73713711 '% 3337 T^l
«1% 315737 3173133) 73715131 %3R1 '3^, qfrql 7113lf33>, 3?lf*f35. %fe31 331 31|83lfrH3) 3?
^?% •qil3'<l
3Flft35 3t13351^ '% 3^137 '% ^ ^ 31771(3 4iq3H % 313 3 331 4 '^' sf)^?!: 41(cri=t) 3ll33517?
331 3?l3-'Pl^?r3) («.sial 35? W^HfF fl q)<qi % ^ 3F 713531 7^1 3335T '33 311% 3?l3135 3ll331R 331713
351 311317 tl
2'ir?S357 13^ 33 1%?3 357^ '3f3cll-3lfV337f 33 3? 7FT*f3 1%3II '33% STJTIR
y!Hir^<+) , 31lf8?^ 331 7133(1335 ^ 'A ■rIfFT^T?' % 733 ^ 31^ ^3313 33 31=3 1%3r '3TTT, cPK
7TF1lf33> '=313 3i? 7313=11 F?3(l
311^5357 31? '13317313 y>iV141 317fl33) 357l( % 7|?3 hRhiS 31^-73713711, 7131373 33T 31^73
33l1%r 3?l 3=^ '35^ 1735 353=7 313? 31^57 =313 35T 3^ 17131, 3? 7131373 37 3331173 3Tl '7113ll33>
=313' '=313 % 1715171 3F 3^ 7371373, 7131=173 331 31^73 % Iflqn? '37 31131^3 F?73 ^1
66 3K^?3 •(.I'Jiilln'T) l33n^

11?!^ yttR % "331^ ’TOt^ tiTq^ %
•g^ frqffnaTf •^' -^ 13;^ î -r^vh w % W^JT ^ 3^ ‘a^T^Pr^ '^’.^ ■^.'5^ ^ . •'3<*J-S«f)< I
3rfl»»i(f 3*11 ’ftfir-Pi^'d't' rVi*inf ^4rnQ?t TPg % H'(<n ^1 33% y'Hn'f %
^ % ■SfeiR 3T^ •gi^tlRf 3?r ^ffWT WT ^ 'Wl ■=ffM, TRlt
3*3 *ilyc^ 3ft ^3T3 ^M'flfn'ft «qflsirii ^flRlf^RT 3rt
^1 3^^ nfidwT 3^t 3^ 3*3 '^Ritil 33 33R :33I3r ♦<*^“1 •sfl33 ^3pf3 f^^TI 333>t
■^3Tf 3 3W3R 3^ 3P33T ^ ^ 3^' 3R3 1R33T ?Rr (3WlW3) «IR3-Tc3 %
li'lRch ^R3>R'^ «**iif*io I3RIT 33TI «Hl[^=h "^^FT % 31^ 33^ [q'qu. 3*3 “tqglR'h 313313
3?r33r 3Ft3’J’f t’l
4.5. Wf!?T (Summary)

• ^ 3ft HnqoT % TFs^ ■S^riff ^1
• 3T*ft 3ft % 3153R 3R3 ^?3T tl 3^ 3c3 3ft T3t3f 1^ 3733^^33 •silqi o4a"ld t3F3l Vs-^’l^
3T33t 33^131*3 ^ 313 *ft ‘My Experiments with Truth’ T^l
• ‘73TR’ 33 srsi ‘•?3?1133' tl Tl*^ ail-<ldH % WT y-’^fdd 3? 71^ 3331-frjf3 3*3
WlUlddl 3ft Wl 3T 3^ ^ *31
• 3f333 tiH'jfl 33^53R (3131 +iif5q 33^S3>T) (1891-1956) 33^(337 3Rcft3 tl^ddlldd)
gns-jflql. 31333131^, 3l3Rft % Htftei 3*3 313lf3Ri ^33 % î3^?ftel 3r3T >ftl
• 3^^T3R 3ft 133KVR1 'SPRlWt 3Rlftl31 "FRlt % 3t3 »fVi« 71^-133331, '33133! 3*3 31^53
«»Hifqn *ftl
iru%ft
q-s^/P/ 3*3 37^, 3T07«Pr 3?^ 3^ 'nlqi 3/l3 (1992)
75 (3JJZ'^.). Wpjf 2F7 3773, 37*M (1993)

775 (3711^.) 3*77'773 (^37K). 3^7377 37V) ^ /337T (1994)
J77777 Cîf^), 3737 77733 tf.. ^.3771 ^«teW7 3373 337377 37*fr
777773 (q-Siiq^, 3373 <l'Jlllfh=h /qq«=ft; (1988)

333733777. 3/^ iMillh 3^ 77333 (2002)
s
333P77 ('3777:173;,). ^ 37*^^3373; ^373 3^ (1922)
^ ('37737), 773(77 ^ 773^ 371^5377 (2005)
3T«Tm (Exercise Questions)

1. 3i*ft % <,iq-lllctqi 37f3 % 3TTVlft 3itl
2. T^TTSI % 7^34 ft HeicHi 3i*ft % [qqiO oqi<sm ^1
3. 3fTc31 ■Fftfl % ftlWHM 33 3^ 3ft'l
4. wiHlRiqi ^113 37 37^5317 % 331 ft3R If?
5. ^R-aifWîlft '33 «qci5i(ii 37 33T f33R ft?
VTTWh? 77377/337 /33T7^ 7i7

27,7. TFl,
Unti^V
■*T.H. TR,
(M.N. Roy, Nehru, Lohia, Periyar

and J.P. Narayan)
^TT^RT (Structure)
5.1 y«iiqn (Introduction)
5.2 (Objectives)
5.3 hR^'H (Life Sketch)
5.5 tra % pq-o-1 (Evolution of Roy’s Philosophy)
0.6 7P7 3flT (Roy and Marxism)
5.7 4lRn=h Hi'iqfliqi'A ^ ftrsfcl (Theory of Radical Humanism)
5.8 ■fri'lfbd yjirn'^ '5ft a75iTRvn (Concept of Organised Democracy)
5.9 715 '55 3TTcf[57Tr557 (Critical Evaluation of Roy)
5.10 ciWa5( % 1555 '4' 5*5 vilfeHl % f55R (Thought of Nehru and Lohiya
about the Democracy)
5.11 3TftJT5T % 755^ '4' 47 fq-«(K (Thought of Periyar about i^mila)
5[tni5>r9T •iKi<4Vi
5.12 7ft55 '5R55 (Life Sketch)
5.13 '55555?! iki'hui 5ft 7r3T^f55! f55TT5RI ^ 15555 (Development of the Political
Ideas of J.P. Narayan)
5.14 ■55555?! 5RI5vr ■% 5551155! f55R (Political Ideas of Jai Prakash Narayan)
5.15 55r55!5 '57 155R (Ideas on Socialism)
5.16 75254 5! 7755 sBtfil 55 145!!! (Theory of Total Revolution)
5.17 '55555?! '5T7I5V! 55 ■*Jy5!^ (An Evaluation of Jai Prakash Narayan)
5.18 «nRi (Summary)
• 37^^5177 (Exercise Questions)
68 VJTrft^
*7,7.
. 5.1. UWMil (Introduction) ‘^R.'VR TTTWW
■75-*H)iqniqi<i % yfciiîai '5 ‘^nT^T^Tlff 7^.T3;7, TR ’TOTt^ TT^Fftl^T^? P^-fl-i

% §fci5i^ 73;^ TTFWJJTf ■!, <5isM 'Jll'H 37^ "STIR-îsiql ^ hRi^Î TFT 'tl 1^57
shlfRl'+Td TT^J^T^ fqr(i{^ % “q' ^7T% •s'iK'il'd Q^<a=h "% '4 STTTT Ri-m ftT-ml 3Tq^
<MHl[d=+> Ri-fli % arRfFT ^ % îjr I^^TTt ttstt Hii'al^ t^tt^ % tt*t^ "qq
thkciIh TTTRtffRi pq-fli ai<=fi| 7^-4i-i=tflRi'\ ^ fS*ia ai'^nl TT^ ^'t sftT mhi'îî'O
f^TTT % FfFFITT ^ 7^^ TlTff^'iqi'd % ^ ¥RT3 f I a-?lA ‘nlnqlq tâqai Hi'nfqic, ^

=h^<dl Rcril') ■qn ■5ft TTFWJ*! '5iT7{ fqrqj f ai=f>i 'Hual'J i.i'flilRish f^-An % §Ri5iy 7^
't afk fTft qiKî ’TTTTTRj TrsFflf^ [q-q-i % FIWTTT ftqnqi % '?7'T yRH.s ^1
5.2. (Objectives)
F7T 3TKn7T % 3T%ZP77 % -OTTITT fêff fW :
• 7717^*5 71*7 TI7T % TFjpfllcT^ aT^MirTTISTf =[^ TT^T^T^

• ^.7^. 7F^ % <HHi'Jiqi'{l r«.sial ^ ^T^ ^|
• ilR'qK % TTTTTTjTrqr TTMi-iiract) Iq^Kl ^ oqiteqi îT^ ^1
• TJT? 4qle< Mllpt)] Tjg 'nqyqiivj 'ij^jq'^l % <j'J5ilioq> 7^ «iH)Rii=h ftÎTt ^ '9iT^ ^1
5.3. Îcd mRt^^ (Life Sketch)
735,7377- Trq qq 6 ’^Tcfft, 1886 ^ sR^hI q‘ii<n (Trim) % nt'iii % 3TT^frFn ■qra
q |37jj •sqqq wrq qrr tittt qiaj ^1 ai^ ftm ■’ffew 7^ 7^77
aTKTNgr di RiqiO % ^ %}7 '333773f}3
5hi'R=tiiRql ■^ftq ^1 arqqt TiTTf«7^ 1^3n % ^knr ^ ^ ', 3^3 37? 53% '%)
‘371^553’, 3T7R-<, hR<7<’ qq 37W7R qiT ^1 a-el^ ^ TTI^T^TT % '3)37373
3^ Rm4hh "Îq-i 5 tjRh 5l=*iT qal'S qn ^TTTT 5T*7 qrr «qiy fqpri qal-n ôqT ttît^
s^lRd SRT WcT <-qo'=) qTTT^ % fi=nj ô«W>rw )907 '4 5*777 ^TT sfcci'f’TO ^ TT'ST^ffTqT sôl
% 377TTTq T^' qq, 37R q7# ■% qft F^ TST^t 5^1 qq^Tl TTq^TTq 137T a?|T ^#5
qn 777*7 ^ % 377^ q ^ 1910-1915 qqr 77' 1 <si^ «ftgq ttT "fqiHl (qq'fiiR, <(Wl*i,
47MF^ afiT T^ml qTTTqq 7777*7^ TFT *ft 5*77^ *7^1 F^ qft FtTTTTT ^ ^ shiRflqiiO 77^57^ ^1
7777 qft q77 oyRtTIc^ 5^ ^siTTjiq qn ohRwi:^ *771 a-^lA 1915 ^ ^ ^

.shlfRlîRl ^fTTferq qft qlq-ii q-ii^ 3^ 7*^ Sifd«7iR) 77*733 qft 7*77337 3))l 357?^ ^73 ^ 7^
77*733 33 37*7 ‘'537377 '37^’ '77371 373^ shiRi'FlTl r7?f*ft ^ '77737 '377^ % 'l^ ^ 77^*73 1915 ^ '3737}
q. 'trrf^ '% '373 5 3TI3T 3f3l '3F7 37 373^ 3t?3 377737^ 7F^ '#’ 373 ^ 37737 '3TfS3 % '313
73737 '531 Wf sf<R 3773 '377% '373 '37ff337T7t '5|f(13 yo'iil ■%} 'jfcTH nla F^ '3^ 37}7
3773 ;FlRTl<îr73l' %f 7^ ■^' 7FT37 f%T7 '3371 F77^ 377^ 3773 377^ ^ '1^^ 7373 1%77 ark ■# Tft^ 1916
V kq 3Fff37%r 3^1 3FT '37 k 3733 ailqi %f 337 tfe qiec} *}l F^fciR 3FT 37 373% 77^37(377
P174377} 'k 37r^ ■% 'f^ 373^ 'P73 % ^1773 37 37337 7*773) 37*7 3T3%5 37*7 713 773 'f^T3TI
373)733 k 7F3i7 k 7733331% '?7l3773} 3)1 773)33 377^ '?7*}| FTfk ^1371371 % 77313737% 37T%3R k '337
33eTf3 377371 '3FT 37 7737537% '3^ '3i) ^^nci ^7%77 ■% '%77%3 377 33377 3*hic31I ai%f733 %
•</< rft^ <i'îlfa'*’ /33773r 69

TT^, ■J=!^ ^ ^ me 3^tT 1^1 1926 ^
^.if. RTTTRw RFTT frrft «'i'#il "RXR^ ei*i'H*i
20 ^ ^ T?TI
ftre TR Uk'-H ^ ^ îqôii<l *^, <!^fcf'i 3TIRT RRT aftr ft arrft
'Si<^ -Jilq-i "4' RRcTTR
HI4+f=rff ^ ^1 1919^' ^ sflT ^ tTT ‘^Ftfir5=f' % ■^' 3TFT|
■3^' «rR?i 'wiwjc^kI ^ -^sttot ^ armi 1922 ^ ^ ^ % wt-tor
■^' % xf TjpHt ^ "nii 2^R iffl RT 'Vanguard of Indian Indepen
dence’ Hl^q> hIî ^ yq>i?ii 'ftiRTI 1927 ^ WMs|l<0 ^ ^ HO*1? f ftft ftl fttR RRI ■RFT
"TT ^ TTanw ^ 1w ^ 3T'Pft TIMf^rî^ ^ ^
^ Rl^FT ^ ^l ^ % ^TTCRRlf^' RtI ^ UTRT ft 3^R TRjhl -STT^!^ T^' %
îi^^qi^l ^ ^ RTSri % ^?jcq 'îH<=ni
cir^hi TPT RfF ti'^qi'Ci fqqKqv '^îlciQ. dH'+l Hi'nlqi'? % iri^ 3TR«1T ■^' 31H
■^rffi Hict^qm q>al<,(ti ^ ?'lqi< TFT RFTJR Pfqi Hiwqi'v oqT^fl'ia <^fiqni =^qcicii
ti 3Tr^ ■3?i% ^Pb ^ ^ 3^R ^ aiRT-^ 14 iTRra % rk 1930
^^ T^ni ^ -îTpr -jTBft fRTi Reft xft -^TT^ ^
W 3TT Rtl ■'jflcH'nikl TFT ^ Tn«T ftRFTTI TTW ■INHlPd* RfftfirfRRT "ft TTR RR TTT«T
cFftl 1931 ^ Mfysci ■^TRIfTBTB % PFi-q''! RT % RTTT^ StTu^RTR ^ ^ ^ RTTIrB fR
fft IKT RgRB TTR3ftTR^'6'R^Rft^^Rtl%r^tt^^^RTRR RTfftTT ^ RirPTB
^ RRI Rf#3ft % fg^ -SR^ RR -ft' Rft RIRRT RfRT aftr TitanR RlRpftt
Rft Pl-^l RiTRt ^J?' RiT '^, RTrft R^TrRT RFTt Rft TTRRftRRT RfftfsrfRRf Rft R^R RilRT RTT 1rRTI 3^1^
Rftfrjft % qi} % IqqK Rft *ft OTcftRRT Rft 3Tk ^FT RfqNt Rft RtfR Rixft RFR Rft TRRR R^ RRI
TTRFfti lift 'fiTR Rxg^ "ft Independent India' RTRRi TTRTRR-RR RR RRRRtr R^ f^ ■afk
RTtRR RTTR Rft TRcfRRI % TTR^ ^ RR -ftFIT! 1939 '^' Rf#3ft ^ Rtftpff U f :T^
RTTcftR Rnftrr % «ftcR Rrt 'League of Radical Congressmen’ Rft T«irRRt Rftl 1940 'ft'
TFT "ft STRft TTR«fRft tifeo RftftTT sftt tlRT RR RH 'Radical Democratic Party' Rft TRIRRT
Rftl ?Tft îTTR ■feflR iRRRfS fSfft RT TFT ft RftftTT Rft ft' R RTtfRcT ^ TTXR^ ftfROTT ft?
qilsM. RlfR) lR«q ft eft^RR fftoftt
RTRTcff Rft Snft R^ ft ftRR RTl Tlftil fftl RTTT^ TFT Rft RRR Iftftftt RTfT 'RUft BRT sftt TFT ftt ;3WT
ft' ■'TO RRI
1944 ft TTR ft ‘RKdlq RRI^ TTR' Rft TRTRRT RlfRi 'ft^T 'ft? RRIfft Rft TTRfftcT fRTRT 'RR TTft?l
1946 ft RRRft IqqnqKi ft RFTR R OTRTT’^ 3TRTT STFTI ^ftr 3^13TRft RFT 'Radical Democratic
Party' (RDP) Rft ftR R?T 'fRRTI 37R ft 3TRft iftl'-i R^fR ^ RTRcff ql*it "RFRlft ft f2 RR Rft STlft qcTR?T
RR-'RTRRcTTRTR (Radical Humanism) ft? RFT ft fqomd farri 3TR 'R^Flft 'jsffRrft aftr TTRlRlRTRf RIRf
1TR?TT Rft ^TRTSTTaft' Rft SRFftRRt R?TRt R?T ftll TFT Rft ft ftft TFRRTRTR ^ TRFTRT ft? ^FTTTT ^
■Rft «iRki Rft ITRTRRI R TRRRRT ^ T^ R?T TTft?l a-slft RFfiRFlR'RRfTRR Rft T*TTRRT ft? Rlt ft ftfRRT
7[^ R?T ^RI sftr "ftR RftRR ‘ RRrftR RR-RflRTRI ftTRl' Rft 'ftRT ft •JTftftt R?T f^l ajHil FFRft RftRR-RTRT
TTRTRT R?Tft? ft 25 'RTRRTt, 1954 Rft FH 'ftTTTT ft 'fRRT F^ R^l 'RUfft ft 'fR?ftt fFT^ 'fRRRWTr R?T ITfftRTRR
■RFft R?T TTft?, fR?T ft! RRR?! RTTRIr TTRFftlRR? fRRTR ft? iftTFTTT ft' "RTR 3FTT 'RRTI STRft RR-XTFTRcHRlR
TFR^ fftRrft ft? RTITB TFT 3TIRT ftt RRTTRtft '^’3^' 'ft? t^' ft' 1ft?Rt f I
70 R77t??R TTR
*17. ?77, %?!■,
5.4. H5T«t'^wI T^RT^ (Important Works) 7777707
TFT 1922 RTKa-ii 377^ T^TIsff % 'HFR 7f Tfpjfcl ^ qT-^

361711 a^qil <q6ii< Pi^ÎdPan "t—
1. J1 <iiPî’in (India in Transition)—'^ ^ 31^ T’TTT ^1 ??74 TPI ^
«HH«hicil6 ’TTTT! «5f>60|j(il^ TFTFnsrf TH 37®T77 yâ f^FTT "tl 3^^ R F
3?I7 -371777 ^ Tfr ^ FTTIfft^ ^T^RTTSTf 73 -TTFITR 77^ % 3T7f^ "qTTT "tl 3773 "fTTTT^
'■■TI -fT? ^ -573^ y'lfnîld TTfTTTTf % UTT ^ ^ «=t>ai ^1 'HK6l<7 97f377t 37k 1377777? ■%
33 33M '^'jriqi<0 3T4oHq7^ % ^ sf7J3ll a-e'i^ 3>F71^ 373 337 9[f337 3^ 3 fVi«n -34 -^731
7^ -gkTT, 3TTcT 1333^ 3^ 3iT ^=66ll ^73k -5733 3iFf 9lf33k 3 1373137 3f7 3377 "537^ 33 ?137
qifgsil 5H jjtflsf! k rfl3 133^—^7773)3 ’’^Ti '''~* 33 -333, '<^3'b 33771 33 3lT3l3rr3 337 -337)3
3>1 ^r^sai -37 133R -377^ ^ -37F71% 6^t‘I MTItf 33 3f3S7 l^tTffTTT 37^1 377737
37777 -k -737757777 77373 3^-7M 733-733 37T7'3 37777 33 7T737l^73> 133377 ^ -3^ ^33
tl -3-^ H5irHi -37^ ?17T qdik. 33; 371^377731 3?) ’ll ?77 "5^7737 3iicilqn -33k 3?T73T -373I -37I
-73;^ kkft oqr=tfl -3II 7753 3t kl 177 -JTTT^ Pi^4 317 -*77 3717 -f 1^ 37777 3>1 733373 -33 -377^
3<p|qi<1a: 1377773? alk -*737^ ^ ^ 773f3c7 ll377 -37737 h-^'iII
2. uJviHt Tnrg- k^TT (India's Problems and their Solution) —177
■37337 -33 yîRH 3I 1922 % aF3 ^3771 177 -J73^ k 6-6l^ Hiq+fqi'O 13377^ % -373
3fylc71<0 773737313 3i1 aiid'lqn -311 kl a-?!^ 37^137^ fq^Kqiil % PqyOa shiTaquO 3^ 33
TT^Tf 3>t 333333737 37 3fl7 1^ k 37) tqsjHM TF573t1f737 sIlT 3771*137 ^737*77 % iq<'^ 773^ 377
77371 177 -5^337 -k -3337 37I 77i‘^[l«h esaiCT 3*71 33^ "^Tk 33 *11 îi^qn 13737 kl a-?lA 771333
373577 % 7*773 ■'77 ‘-■'JITTF 77T’J%37 377*f37Fl' 377k 3ft 3773733737 37 377 1337 kl
3. 33 ?37 37r^ 373--3?l377S?T3 (One year ofNon-cooperation) —773 ^k 177 "57337 -33
3r37T?73 1923 -k' 137371 177 57337 ^k d-^Tk -nftfrjfl -37) 537 -3if3 77317^ ■333k 7737 *11377 -537313777 3
77I3f73le7r ^ 5^737 3f1l 177 5«iqi 3 a-«lk 37*1131 % -377 73313737 qn4sh<^'( 3f1 7777131 331 k 3773373
k—1. 71373l1c737 578*11 ki TTTTjf^ qiikqiel "3313, 2. 377313 371^77 377 ntuT-aôi, 3. 371F7T7
33 3313, 4. 3731313 33 377f 3f1 3 ^5377k -#7 15T5 -93131 17737 ■733-^--7713 773 k "3731 % 3513 371
4ifk3l "371 ’ll 177 "5^7737 k a^MK 137371 a-elk ^17 313l3f1 33 ^lk373 37lf*f37 33*1373 "k ^
717, i-lTk 7I373lk7 "k 3k 33 "9313 13737, "377^ 33 "9313 3573 ^ 337 "31*11313 "5^57 3^7 137^^3 ^*7771
33 7T3»f37 fi
4. ^ 7^W7 STFp- $Pjsnf wi7<4ft<W (The Future ofIndian Politics)—\92(> k 773
"k 37331 177 57337 3fr 7337 "371 l377k' 3^ 415577 313f ("71137 "357) ^ 31x3 "513371^ 137371 713 k
177 ^Wl'h 7331 kk -^33 "k '3ft -33 -737753 377 3T3k1 377=31737 ''JS -371 1313717-*3 3ll7 -3731 73I TTSlkllk
k 17333 77=3177 xkk tk 37^ kl 7T3 k 177 5«iq> k 1333177 ^733 ft737 137 377313 7737=1113 -37 'Hpq'^
■k 13717*11. Ik^ ^feklkl, ■3^r37R, Ijtel oqmPl, I37733 STTII -33! ■% 737*11 "95^ 7^371 ITtIcTC; a-^lk
33775^ ^ 773J373 ■33 333R 33rk 37 ^kk 13371 -^klk 7335 377313 -3357 357 3f1 7*71337 3ft
57337 -k 1kl7§TI 177 57337 -k "skfk -537 -kk 357 3f1 ■?*TTq37 37 357 k3T I^TTlk 1^*3
■qvTf IkrTTR 3*77 TlkUTT <Hp“Hl<ia ill
13% 37f3l733 713 k 37k37 33-yfqq’l3Tl -k k1 313k fqqn 337lfl73 377373 3^7 ■37337 73375
kukll 1937 "k' y-ilk if^lk^îk lfu^3l (Independent India) -37337 -373771137 33 33 -3377973 1%3l
*in rfhf </oi-l)/d‘h /qq;t«f> 71

>7.^ 77^, n)/p«77, 1949 'Radical Humanist' Wl •si=hl 3T^ PlMfciRaa f-
>)/<«//< -llil<^
1. (Materialism)
2. (Reason, Romanticism and Revolution)
3. (New Orientation)
4. 3TT^ yiwriMH (Our Problems)
5. r=(<)i'^ H (Beyond Communism to Humanism)
6. (Radical Humanist)
7. 5 (The way to Durable Peace)
8. (New Humanism and Politics)
9. 3#qr 3F1 (The Constitution of Free India)
10. mT«vi*-« orf'F WIsh (The Problems of Freedom)
11. '^^TfvRT .^Mlsliyl (Nationalism and Democracy)
12.' MllVl (Planning in New India)
13. %=!FI Tips iWc^ (National Government and People's Government)
14. ReiiRqivi 3TfT (The Historical role of Islam)
15. ^ nquHlRq-^-Ji FI (My Experiences in China)
16. T3P5 nlqil (Plenty and Poverty)
17. wilvilt'Ki T^ Hiif'jl (Politics, Power and Parties)
18. qiiFTct R4k^H FI (Revolution and Counter Revolution in China!
fH y=M^ TR ^ ^ ^Willciqi tiFnsrf 37^ ^ <s*i=Mcil'i
^ l^r^jr mTl *117^ TTFrllrf^ fqqK'h % tfT87-tTT*7
Hi^qicq (I'Jiilfn^ Tq-oi % ^ TSTR lirTT 'f I
5.5. TTO % f^Rn '5iT (Evolution of Roy's Philosophy)
TR ^ o-q-iiraqi Tq-o-i 37^^ ^ -^1 37P^ -Jllqi % >iKr*-»iq) ^

TTif•ilia'll Tlfnfqf^^ tTTT ^’TT cfl ^ T^ sMiaqiltt <<iuiq ^ c^Rm qlqi
% STRtuT Tfglq T^ «<\uqi'(l fqqK^ ^ T^l ^ 3T^ TT^ ^ eqciqal % % nlqqi
T^l lilt*! ^ ^ U'^lq tqaqfli % ^ tcâ'qm % ^7^ ^ tttI! Ff 'yqin
fqqK) ■% yi<R-q<ti ^<,"1 ■g SrpTHT qû| ,% '|^<l qlsl ^yicVi. <5-1 Pq-OI %
rqq5i« sliTT ^ TR?Pii -siiq^qq) ^ niRr TR Iqqnqio ^ juuffli '571 Rtiqi Tsn tPJ ■% f5T?r5
Iqqim IFH fn^nfViRao tTfH ■^' ^fST ^ «qiai i-
1. (1901-1915 557): -SKN'+dMK, o4«l^lWK, '^57557 57fRT 5*71 3717157515 375f7I
'57ff557ltt Tr^5T^ '% '57’7 "^1
2. ■5tR (1916-1945 557): niq^qi'v), 57fl557ltl Hiq^qt'Cl. ■^Tf5577fl 571^# 5 57tf557rft
iiqifl'qqiql % '¥7*1 i^'l
3. '51775 '5751 (1946-1954 5^): 55-51555151^ 3755T ÎRh-* Hliqflicfl■5I % ^ ^'l

i. Vm ^TW ( 1901-1915 ^155 T15 '<^57 57ff557Rf 5^51^ TFI '571^ 517^ 57f
•72 V5515 ^57757

3TRT3 3>Trf % ¥3T333Tt elTNft i ^33313 ^133 f^TOl ‘33^ 3i ^ % Rgiî'+i
3^tT shiPfl 3ii5c<H cllfe *rRcr ^ ^nîai t^ciii ^ ITÎ ^ <s-^T^
■^Tfr ■yH'Ji fSr41l "3^ fq^,;fil M3 eft fnijil '?T^ TITO 3^ "^l MSift 3333 "SiP-ei't'lCl '33^f5i3
3f33rft3 dyqi'O fM^RMRI 3f[ eft 3?T ITOl, e^Rtn ^ Tt'iilâ 3>T^ 3 ■3t7
33 % f33R 3TTTO3I T#l 33 TFT W3 3T Til 3^ 3Tift33 ¥313 % ^33 ^^3T3v
3fccl3> 5?<T33c73 3.313^ ^ fq-qie) 33 3?^333 f3>37 3^ 3if 3T 333»f ^3 ftri3 % 33337^ i^TSff
^ ^1 Mit ¥T ■333ft ^Qil3>ra yi^* 9fiiPen=»ii<l 3IT3t3 ieTI FITFfI 311333 TI3 ^ '^l |3 333 % '^tTR
# 3^ 4r=f34)t 'i' ■if33i ‘33331^ 3FI 3ft ^TMFRT 3ftl t33TfTt3i 1901 "i 1915331 sPlP333ft
3fttMM3f 3ft TFlfefl "33 "i' "^3 1^1
2. fTTTT trm ( 1916-1945 W^>
(3i) fnfee//tO ^ 3Tift^ 'i tS'fX 373TtWf^ ItTSIfi 33 3?i2733 =f><<i> T73
■5^ 3^ ■37^1 3F1 3T ctPii % '313 T?3iT ■3I3Tf313 Î13¥lft3i F3 3it f33i3 33 3133T
¥TO ^331 ■3FI 'TT 3*3 k,f«Hi 33331^ 3ft '^tfelMt 33 '5133 33^ % %3 ‘
3t7I3Tft3> ■5'J^' 33FI 33 33, 3^3 '33331^ 3ft yyiRei 3vCi 'i 331 efRl^^ /i ¥33
‘3TTeft3 33331^ 3cT’ 3ft T3I33T 1920 "i 3ft attl ■333ft 3Tr3!lT HiWqi'i ^ 333t 3^1 eflf3i3 c^Pii %
313 ■33^' ^ 3333 ■373' 1928 3 33 'i It^T^ 1^ 331I ^3 3T? 1916 ^ I928 331 ^ 3ip: ■313Tf3T^
Til O'cl-^ 3^53131 ■313Tf313 i 3T¥3t aiTTMl 3I3l|l es-^l-t T33 3i Hi'nf ^ 3T3 =^5*11
3)T 1^1 <:^Rh-i ■TO3>1 3^ 33 3I33t 3ft ^FMl sfiT es*?'^ 3T3Tf3I3 % 3lt ^3 33 "f^ ^ Tft33I ■51113
31T 13311
(33) Mietfitfltf ^ ^ ^—1930 ■^ 3T3 TI3 '3 e^feo'î'O *ii=et1qi'^ '3ft 3TlTft331
31331 313 'it 3^3 '334 313f?33 '^*7131 3ft 373 3iiti 1930 ^ 3^ 313^1 % ¥ft 133731
4 3t -aTTOt 3773*77 '5333 3ft *1t, 3I33t3 333337 3313 3ft 3t 3^-Tf3i 33 ît T3t33T '1^ Ml/
I
¥73313 ^PeipiB 3ft '7773313731 “41041 3t 3ft 3t, ■33% TMR ¥T ■3TTi ■313Tf313 "^ft 3>3tTen ■'IT 3Tf-eITf
il 33^ ci;ili4,1 ■S'^'lA ¥MR I3137 fil ¥7331373 Hi-iqlq 333331 ■33 'il TF^ ^3^ ■MTtM '313353
5ijl33 3ft 33333T '33 '^13131313 31337 il 1930 4 ¥133 cffZ313¥r343R '% 3lt 'i '35^ HlW ■^ TF31
31*3 3 3133-¥3fel 'i 31331 33T3TI 34-TT3i
3*71 |f3?T37 3i ¥tf3313lit oqiesHi ■^ ^ 3313 3313II ^ '33^ TI3 i ■313?f3R 3ft 31^31 3T13ft33rtt 3fti
if MJjferacf/ejT ^ ni't^fqi'^ 3ft 'it 333 313 i 1930
4 1939 331 3lf437 % 3331e¥31 '3413131 3ft ''IF^ 3t 3I3IF7 Mtt-Mtt 33i ■3f*ft 3 3F3 33^3 %
■43734 3ft 37737133! 3131 313 iti 13 Tieri 3^3 31*11 3ft sfiiTfl3i|Pl 'iIaIqr*J3t 3ft 31 '33131 erlRn-i '31*11
% 3Tf?377w31 334313 3ft I373I 3ftl 313 313113> '31*11 '41 SI3F TMitfa 'i *¥f 33 TI^TI 3131313 333331
3333 3lt '3t3 3^3?i 3^ 3333 37337 ®3 131 ¥133 3^ 333337 3T7*Fi ^ 'TITO 3it 3i '37
B+efll d-^'li 31*11 3ff fsfel 31331R 33 k.'^’Je '331 313 13311 W 33? 3lfft?I '^ft 3t%3t ^ SITF^^ pWl
3-^14 'Radical Democratic Party' 3ft 3*3331 3ftl W 33? 313 ^ 33 'i '31331313 sftr '311431 % '5f3
311 3FTT3 MT, '3? ^-*fft ■313 '?t31 331 sfl^ sra 4 ^ 3131 'Radical Democrat' 33 '3^1 W ’t'
■3334 eH5i^*jl3 3l4?t3I 34 % 3313 Till
3. rl}»li tHW ( 1946-1.954 f7^^-i73t-7?3t 313 ¥3 37331313 '311 ¥313 313 ilell '337, '4 3333
f3-^H % 5^ 'i 3374 3^ 37^ sltr ^flfc731 '3133313731 33 'tT'Î 3713 3l3 % TTI^TofR 3ff 37^1
37ef('i 1^53 TIF'n »313 ■'^31 3i’l33T3*7731 34 37¥7 I337 ^74 nlRiqi
■31 33-HH3dl3K (Radical Humanism) ■% 313 ^ '31131 37737 ii '35^ 3fl it 3734 37*333
•¥R3t3 ii'îl!h‘t> 13377^ 73

"irpn 'Sfk Hi-iqlq ^ Tpin ^ fi^ ^ 'shlfVîld î^c^kI TT5?
nlRnq) Hi-iqniqitO ^ '^Fni
WK ■3?I IT^ t TR ^ ^ T^l cfN! Wff
^ 3T^-31OT -^T^' ^sn tfR^ 3Tg anqvi 1xRR +qaqai ^ "'T^^ TFT
^ Hnqlq <ôqfli % '4' Tl^t^ ^fl ?wfdH aiqii rq-fli ^-qnqaiqi’O
Iq-qi % ^1
5.6. Tni 3^ îer4«4i(^ (Roy and Marxism)
TT^ TITT”T ^ 5btTaqiiO [q^Kl % ^t1^ Î T^5T ^Tfd'4il0 TT^«TT^ % ^ '5^?^ ’TOT
3TOft shiTaq>Kl yqiRrtct % fer^ ’^-fq^î % t%Ti| ?TT ft'^TTf ^
snfif^F TTFTTOT ^ 1^ 'nt, TTT^ TTFTTOT ’it ft^l 3T^ shlfd+kl 'cfn^'jPT 3TTTOTT
TF^ TO ^ ^ 3lARqii ^ tTf ^FT TO TOTO) ^ Iqî % ‘nq^qisl ^ f'FlWT T&3 TT^TT T^3T^ TO!
flI FT %T^‘ FTT TFT % TO TOTT F’TO FTOl 3T^ft5n ^
cfTt 3TWTTOT TO f^l aT^ftFTI ^-gTF^^TOT’T^fii^TFfTO '^pT’T % ITTST TTOTO^
TO^troff TO Wqtcii ■fronf '^fTO 1928 Wto TOT^ ^ TOT'*! "5^ TOT fFTOTT 1^ TOTI
TO% TOTO TOT^ kT«H{qi<^ % qitfli, ’T'^ 'JFtTOlfTO TO^ TO q1ei TOTTOI TOI^ *ii't4qi'i
TITOITOT fqiy,l
11^ TR ^ TOTOfro TOTOTt-TOTO ^ TOFf ^ ^ tl TTTOT WT 'q' ^ TTep
HI<«I«T1<1 sJ 3?lT ^ TOTOf^TlF % f^rM F^ ^fTO FTO^ TR TO ^ ^ TOI 'TOT HH41^
TTOTTOI % yqci TOT^f^ ^ RFTJ^R ItoTI 1ft TOTOfTO TOfTO ^ TOfTTOI ^ TOTl 'f
TO ^ 3^^T kiqtfqis ^ TOfeTT ■WHIkT TOT^ % %Ti TOrt’ TOf
’TftrofF 1to> W TI^ % TOTOfro TOTOft ^TOf TO aTKTTOT. TOff ^RT TO TTTOTT t-
I. TOTOfro % TOrd^ TOT ■^'
II. TOTOf^ % f^lft % TOT
I. ^ «*f«Peh ^ WT #-3TF^ '^ftTOT TTITO '^' TFT TOTOf % f^TOTf 3TTOfMFT
TI*1TfTO |3TII TO^- TTOT TOTOf TO TO*T ftlTO TOR ^ TO TOi FTTO TOTR TO FTT^ TOT
ar^ftro ■^' TOTfro^ TTiferq to 3T42TTO ItoTT tori TOT^ TOTO} qi-iqfliqi<{l ^TO TTOTTOT TO TT^
TORI TO Îto % 4fTO>TO % Rr^l'd «f|TT '^fTO ^3TTI TOTR^ TOTOTO TO TOTsfR R# TO^ %
^ ■prrofRfTTO TOi
1. (Theory ofMaterialism)—WJ % TOTOf ■% S'îrn't’ ’flfiTRTOT
Rt rft 3TTR)RR ^ t, ^ !^Ri-i % ’fiftiRTOF % Ri<&m TO TOT*f=T IrTO 'tl TO cî-i-i R FTT 1rto
^ TTFTO TO 1r TO^Piqi qlfaqil <3)'Ji'1 'fifiTRTOF R^ Rf^TR TOWJJ^ RR F
TTTOTT WT TO ^1 ST’JJ, f(^q^n, yltTi TO TOTTTT WT TO ^ STTRlfer f I FI ttrr) 'To
■4' ^-R-R)^ TOR 3TTOR, ITOITOR tl FTT ■3RTT TFT TORf R ^fTO % ’flfdRRK 3TR?R
TTFTOT ^1
2. TORfe/R R?’ 4?J/A«h v«s/fl RT (Supports the Scientific Method of
Marxism)- TTR ^ TORf % '^jllfdR ÎVrVi TO TOT*fR fRTO ^ sftr ^jUfRR RSfR Rt ^ % 'feRTTT
% TORTOR TOR tl
3. TORjf ^ R7^ TTOT sra^T^ ^ dT^RTOTT ^ (Faith in the Uniformity of
Marx's Philosophy and Ac/ion)-TFT R TOTOf % fTOgTcT % TOT STR Rt TRlohR-lRTO ^ Rt
74 Vkfflfl <l'3lllRl<fi /qq«q>

3?n: ^ ti ^ *ft ^ ^ ttw t, •sra m. 7FJ, •rt/Zg'//,
ftfr^ Î'JlHIjyR -^liq aqsjfq^ ^ ^ % 1^ 3^1^
>J.'t><f'Mai,'^ 4HI -Jll-ll iKf'O 'tl TP? 'ft Hl-l-ll 1% t^til ^ clftfti
ft 1^ ^ ^ ■aft y4>ddl 3T^ ^ tl
ftt?
4. <fêil({) ^ 3n^■W^ W (Agrees with the Criticism of Capitalism)-
■RRft ft ■'jftt^ ^ STRTra’TT ■???% ^rftf % ^niJi sfti TPI ^ îJT •MKrtl'^'h tlft ^
ftt '{'dW< ^ ■% rî+IW ft> %T3; 3ftft^ ttHcTT tl <s«<ni t % ■'jftt^ ft) fft=n Bl#' ■?rt’T
ftftsRR fti 'srn^ft aft^ ^ fqchm Fhws '»iii<‘iil 'ftf+d TPT-iTraft ^ ^ ^ ftt
srft^ q arrfft^ ftft ^ ■a-i^ ti dH+l '^^di t % 'i«n«(is yfteKi ftr ^
<SfHlsi ft) 1^ "^rR^Pft tl ^ ^RR ft' 3?Tfft^ fft^RTT ^ fttw W ^ 4iK“l tl TFT ’Mft ft?
W TRi ftt TRft^ 11ft) k.=ti Rd ^ 3TdI ■SRT^ tftTII TFT ft Vl TftNiR Iftidi t Ift) '^'fllqi^
% 'll?! ft) RriR ?Tfft?T ^ TTFlftrl tN)T tft’ntw d«l^ dsdl tWI Tllfft) •SFRT ITTR tftFTT ^
TTftri
5. h/sm/wq ftr wjqwq? f^vii) W «•<</•» (Favours the Humanistic Ideas of
Marxism) -TFT ^ tTTFn t ^ ftraft ^ Iwt FT^ 'Drqi'Ji tl FFift ft arwnftft Hi-iq
ftl dcii^ ft) fft)qi «TII Hiqft ftl <qni< ?Tfft^ ^ ft) ^?*TR ft) 1^ Rngl 'if Mil fTTf qin ft Î'ulqa
eWt TFT ft diqft ft) Iq-n-i ^ Hiiq ^ ^ 4qiRq) STRIT 'THT tl IftTT "TT^PTr Hl^ft ft eT'fpT^ld
tiHi-ii R WHi'Jiqi'd TFTR ^ shcTHU ^ ftl, ^TtI TTTf TFT ft ftl ftft TTFR ^ q)?r^di ^ t ftl TT^ TIT?
ftr aRTFi ^ TfrwT ft -g^ i1 3t1t ■sTrft' di-iq ^ «qi'i!'J| Iq=t)i+< til TFT ft ftl didtf ftl tITF
TTftFTTI stiiFfl ■grri TFR ft) Iddl‘)| ^ ^Tcl ftl Tftt^TT IftFTT tl
6. r/icqfq ^ *<fd)wn ft fi^nla (Agrees with the Criticism ofNationalism)—
FT^ •'jftiFfiFTi ?TTI FFTl? FT^ TI^ FF F5|F fftftfti FII FF F^ Fft ft) ?ITI TI^ ft) IffIf FF TFTftFT
FTI FF TTF) TT^ TTFTFFK FTT FFftFT *TI 3T*Tf<J,FF SFFTf^lF FFTFFTF FF TTF^F) FII ?ft1
FT? TFT ft f1 TTFftft TI^FK Fft ^HdlFH FTTft F)?T t ''jfttFlft FlfFtFTf ft) 3TFT TP^FTF Fft
FIfR TFsI F)Tft) F^F) Fft F)1 TTFIFF ttft ft ftFiftt tl ?TTf^ ?F FIFR FTI ftt^ ft) 5T1fFT Fft
Fft ft'ifia eWd gFiFlF ft) Iq<'«& F? ci«i^ dsil ttFfi
W ■5FfFT TFT ft FTFft F ftfftF ft) FF ftFift F)t ft TTF*fF IFFTI t ftl Fft 3Rft FTftl FTFft Fft
FTTft FT FFft ftftrFF FTT Flftl Fft FIFftFlF ^ Iftfttff IfF Kq) FT?T Fift RTTI
II. FTFftftR ftr /ftftsft ftr WT ft-TR ft FTFft Fft FftFT ^ ftr FTF-FTF
tl FTift FTFft ft) fftFlft Fft FTFFIF TFcIFFI FTT FFF FTTft FTR FTfT tl FTTft FTFft Fft ?F FTF ft)
1^ 'Midlqn Fft t Ift FirfftF) FTF tl §P*5ltl FTT ■ftiFW FTTft tl FTTft FTFft % ?TT pH^m Fft FTFF
TFcfFFt FTT IFTIfI FTTR tl ?TT FFTR FTTft FTFftFTF ft) fftSTtft Fft 3TltftFFT Fft t 3ftT FFft
3TTF7FF) TTftfFF ft?T Iftt^ tl TIF ÎTT FTFTJfTF Fft Fg^ ■wcilqii^ Pi‘did Pan t—
1. FTFrf FTT st^TcFFT s<^/n«f>q«q f (Marx's Dialectical Materialism is
unscientific) -Wt FTT FTfFT t Iftr FTFft ft tiFTT ft FFTfFF tiFTT ISftf TTft ft) ItTsftF, eld^q F
tRFifFFF ft) ftrtFFTFK Fft STFtcHT Fft fttl FTift HHq-n^Pi ft TTRftFtT ^sPi'i ft)
FTFT Ft FTlt WTTF FFf IfFT FTI TIF ft STFft fIFTS FR ‘FFI, ftFIFFTF FTlIftT'
(Reason, Romanticism and Revolution) ft FTFft % ?F fF5IF Fft •siid'lqn Fft ftk FT?I Ift
FTFft ft FTFfttF TFFFcTT ft) IfFTT FH cFTF ftTFT tl TTF ft FTFft Fft ?TT FTF FT 3TTFfft FHTt IFT §lri6m
arniqi ft) TITFft ft) ftFTTTT ft •F^gF FZFTsft' Fft *j<adi ti TTF ft fFFK oq'M IftFT 1F) FTFft ft WHiPnq)
FTTiftF o-Jd’/Zn*?) /FFTTF". 75

^7. 777, ci)/pw. 3777fM77 H5T«i Hjwi t«(a5(fli |’=yi cf«n tîftsiai HT7T ^77^ ^ oq^Ki 7ft 'jTm'M ^fr
WUWt FfiTFra 77T fTRfnr 77T# t, TT Tft^ W7F 7^ 7777 717 TiF11^ TTTTf 77 s-sic-Hth 4tt7
TH ft^Tcl 7777 7ft 77l7 % wf 7^7) "FTiTTS ^ TiTTI 'll
2. Sf^ ct^ffti ^ Simian (Criticism of rigidity of Marxism) -717 77
'h5H f 1% TITffTT^ 3T7^ 77^ Ri.&m'l % 777’7 '^cFft yfwHs TM 7^ 77 777 r-Jifiii TH FhciiI
■qiftk, *ftl 7177? 7ft ^siFl'*! Hîci 7ft ftt 77177 77 c^fTTH 77^777 ^ f^TTPT 77777 77
7ft 77 % y'lRi^fllcn t77777 % 77^ 7T ailC'il’-Jll Tit f
TlT^fTtT Tit. TiJT 777^ % 7^ Î T77 77 17?777 77 1% 7t m.sFi Tijm 'g77 ‘FTTI
TTt^l 7777 ^77 771% 777?f7I7 TJt TTcTTt TftfTTfT^ % 77^ 77^ Tftf 377f7 TTl cT=ft
■qiF^k,! ^7%7T 71^ % 7ft ‘iRlilitci, 77f7 777 7f^ 777^ % 777ft 7i7fT77 7ft 7777^77
7777^ 77 7777 17777 ^ 77fe 777?f777 Tit 77f%77fe77 % 377^ ^ 77177 77_7%l tIt TTTÎtIT Tfl
775777 3^ 77fH77 ^ Tf’i 777 777 ^ -lilqn-^tFKi ^ 7777 ^ -flUj.'ll 3^7; TR-TTTTTTT TR
7177 ^ •Jilk.'lll ^■'HFct'< T77 777^1777 7ft TTTtTTI 7T TtW 'afTT 1^1
3. Hicnf ^ tidlfhatu ^ /?»•<?< (Criticism ofMarx's Totalitarianism) —TlT^f 77!
77777 77 7 71777 7^ % 7t7 T’f 77^ 3T77 it 7f777 7^ Tff ^ Ittr ^Ht sftt 777!
777777 TIITT^ 7T 7'^FI7 7^ 777 ^ ^ TflljTffi tj3ft7fc7 7^ Ttt-^ T’^ ^ 7I77TT 3^ 7777 ■^'
7^FK7 7^ ^ q-^'iil 77 ^ 7I7?f 7ft ?7 7777 7ft 3TIc7t777 7ft ^1 77 777 77F77 f 1^ 'j^'fllsFci 77
7777 7ft TTIT ^ 7^ 'ii<?0 ^1 Ttr 7? 7^ "ft 77777 '?t 'Jiik.'ii cl! 8!f737T 777 TTFTn’T 7777 7^
Bt77l qsiFy 77 ^ ‘j^’IhFi T’f n7 T^TTff 777 7it77 77X^ 7ft eft 17=77 7ft ?, .c^Ftii 7F HI=H? % 77’!7
^ 377777 ^ 'i^'jTnRl T'f 7ft 7771*7 ^ ^ ^l777t 777 7777 F 77771 'll ?7f^ 77 177R
ITTTT 17^-7^ ^ «)IVi 7ft 777771 77 7W1 ^tTT 3^7; TTffTTTTTTIT Tit T77777 77 TTI- '517777
It77 |l |7 7TF 77 I Hiq+f % 7^-7^ % Ri^m 7ft 37?!t777 7ft 3ft=i: 77% 77ff777T777t TFT 77 -
7t 1T77 Tfti ?7t TTTTT "I 77 Tit I928 '4 7 %7^ 7T^ ^ Fishioii 77T ^ 7f^ 77 ^ Tt
1777^ 1%n 777 771
4. ^ ^ oSHTsuT TpTtT | (Marx's Interpretation of History is
Wrong) —77 I TITtI 7ft ^ 77c7 Tit 7^ TcTTTl I ■?% 3nf*f7i Tlf^TTf iFaenn 77 I^tW 777 'll
■77 ^ 77F77 "t "1% 3HlflF<qfl 377 7f7 % ^fc7F77 77 IttIt TTT^ 'll 'TT 77 7if77 I 1% TTTI
%t5 TfcT 7ft Ff7F77 "% f7777 Tft^ '7^77 TFf 1777 11 TTTtI I 177R c7T7 7ft Tâjl ^FT% 7^
% lITTTt 7ft 5^151+1 % fTMixl 7i7l ^ ^ TTT 1777 It 77 I ^77 |—“77%f777 77 lf77T7 7ft
777777 Tit 7ft T77I777> 'jlnq’i Tit «q|=tiK 7777 qifgi^l %[c77)7I7 ^TTlTf 7ft TT^TTT!
qiwifqqirti ^ |45f< Tit ^ 'TTuTIl” 77 7ft I 7^ ffTFTH % ITTTO I TTffMT! 7FT777 I77
11 77 7)7 77777 1 1% l1c7fI7 I ’IItT) 771 iTTftTT ■%=7f 77f%7% 77 'TfTTH It77 |l 77 77 7)577 I
■1% 7I7 ^ 7t77 ifiFttiq'i aFqn TTTTTTT 7^ It77 TTt lfcfF77’77 "PitIt "5177 377^77 |l §777 TTTTTP!
It fq'Oiw 77 Til 1I77T7 ^T77 I sir 117577 7ft 7^ I77 ll TTT 37ft 7757 11%-^% ^777
%‘1^ fqqiFl 77 777777^ 1177 3TIT777) ll ItTR 137’ ^ ^ ^ 3T77t T77777T 5777! ^ ^
ll 57 ■RTTTT T77 7^^ 7ft T7c77c77 7777 TtI 7ft TltT "^t qêiil 7ft 517577 77 777 Il'T^ T7T
7T 75 5^ 'TPjjlTKTI 77 757 77 êft |l
5. *ii<*if TST fitiwq 97 ehi<nPi<*t | (Marx's Theory of Dialecticism is
Utopian) -TIT TtIt % 57 'fTTTT 7577 11% TTTTI 7ff g-eqiT TSfil TTTTfTTT 7ft TTTTPtT! 771
Itftll 7777 7)5771 f% ^?57K 7ft '17)77,
76 TTTtftr </’»-/?/cf=7) /qq/<<f)

TR.
T5T3^ fw»MiehCllH ^ -rW'iJW
1. TPl ^ Tra T=£RT3^' % ■=TW f^'l irz
2. % r^*ici ■'R irfSiM
;•
:»•
i.
.i.
I
. I /
I *77737^ iMilRivt Iq-qii^rt 77

'R.K Wl, aflqi ^ tilftd 'î ^^Rriy. hi=hI W fd.sid ^ (j'dVl
c^ld^lR^ % IcT^ "t ^ "PfriyR “f 3fR qiKrsR'h "tl oîq^lR=n ’4tc(H ^
cii«iRi=f>cii ^ ^ tf'iiail
4tT 6. ^ ¥J2T gif ^ ^ ufy^l^juft </«rt fiits ^ t (Marx's Prophesy

of the Disappearance of Middle class has proved wrong) -^TT^ ^ Mfq»qqi''il ^
■fti i?wj cpf ^ 'Jink'll I 3TF^ qciqi<, qiitrnRq* îlqa ^3?TI SHW ^Tl % 31TR4q>
[c44)H '4 'jRiqii waiq-fl't'h '^1 ^ 4> «ohi Rt Wni'd'q-îiq
4^ ^1 SHiMiqici WK^Riqi <l^HlIci^ Aqtq ^ % ^\'fl 4 ^ "tl TP7 ^ Alp'll
t-“T1KTq ^ ^ rfPT 4 ^ÛTRTT, M ti 3TR RWT gi gfr ■RW
ftR-yffli«;'i ^ ^ 4k "RR Rl^d 5ld6Tfl 4 ^ ^ 4r 4n
<i'in1Riq> dqrq 4, "gR <H=t>î”
7. Hiet^Jditt 4r •5/rt«ft ^ ii'i)^fiifieh 3nwr ^ (Ethical and Psychological
Foundations of Marxism are Weak) —^ RTT ^R1 ^ 14> RR^RR % ^RT o'jRki r4 RRfRI
WdddI r4 144t "tl 'RRR 4 RTT^ Rit STRt^TRI =t><<i ^RR 4i RiSIci r4 §la5l«. 4i RTWR 4 aRiRo'd
RiT4 RR RRTR f^RT ^1 R1r4 RR RTfR oRRRI r4 i^RiPiRiqi ^ tl
RRRR R^ r4r îfRR r4 TRRRRI RR FRR RRRT ■^1 RR 4 pRipiw r4 qciii 4 oqRw r4 RRfRft RH+<
RR% o^r+drd % lR°Fre 4i <j<Hqil IRRRRT r4 RR IRRH t^RT sfk rtr4 r4 rirr ^ tRRRfll
RR lR4’4t RRIRTI R1R4 4 RTRR yqiRi 4 r4^ R^ RIRt "tl RRRR RiFRl 4 tR^.HIiq nRR^lRtql
4> argRR 3Tr4 TRRIR 4 RftR^R RR 4rT tl R^ TIR 4 RTR4 r4 ^ RRtÛklRi ^R^RT r4 RRIR
RRTRI pi RRRR qip-ii 4 "fe RTRR yqiFn 4 Mc^qi P-TTRt 4 Rft 3tfMRR4 R RRfoRf r4 3RtIRf7I^
4l fR RRRT TTR 4 RTRR r 4 RITRT Ri IqnFIn R>?14 ^ 4t4Ri ’^RT 4 WT4 R^ 4t 4 4^ plapW
RR IrrW rr4 t'l
8. RR^R W Wf4<*" ^74 3ilfv{<h rit^' RT 9ilillf)d RgT 4 (Every Human Action is
not determined by Economic Consideration) -RTR4 RR q>5ii RT iRi R3®7 RR yr^q> RR4
3Tlf4Ri lRiR134 4 RRlfRR 441 4l TTR 4 RTr4 % 1RRK RR O'^-si RTT4 ^ RifT 4R^^T
3Rf4RT RTRR RTI RTRR
4> TTRTRTWRtR 3TiRRR 4 RRT "RcRTT 4 1rt RTRR RrfR RR 3tit4rrt 4r4 r^^ r4 4^rr Fiqle r4
TTTRTit RTRT R>t4 % RRTRt TIRi 4tfRR 4l RTT% iR RRTTft r4 acvlRa R>t4 RT^t 4tRTR TRRTR 4 4t
4fRRi RTI TTRTR fRTRTRTRTTR 3TTf4^ R 4tRiT 3RR4 RT4t R4 3TTR7R^RT3Tt 4 ,'34R4f4T 41
RTRR |fapi« 4 44 fRTRTRiRTTR 4 4t RTTfyRj R pWt ?TT4ftRT 4 3% 'RR4 «4r=w ^ 3RRfMR> 3TTR^
RTRT ^3R 4l ^yPdlJ. RTfT RTT TTRRTT 4 RIr4 RTT RF RTRRI R^RT 'Irin 4 'fe R^^T yrW
fRTRTRicTTR 3TTf4^ FIRT 4l
9. R7R4 RjT r4-r44 ^ i^ngjH VclW 4 (Marxian Theory of Class-Struggle is
Wrong) —TTR RR RiFTT 4 1R) RTR4 r4 R? RTR RT 4tRT 4 1R> TTRTR 4 ^ W M45R RRf RR STftRrR
TfT 4, 4fRRT RRRfT r4-4r4 r4 RTR R^ 4l TTR RR RTRRT 41% RTr4 4> ?TTT RRT^ RT^ RTtfRR R «ilq=h
RR? ^ STIrITRR Ri^ 3RR RTRTiRRr RR? RR Z d4<3 ^fapm 4 iReTRT 4l FT TTiRif^R> r4 4 Tt4r 4r4
% TRIR RT TTTRTfRRi "RRRTR 4 RkTRH tRRII RTR4 % 44 RRT 4 Rf oRTR 4> aTfriftRR 3TTR4t TTFTIR
% RRTR 4f4 t4 4t RtR-R4-4R4 RR fR^TR R^RT 4tRT 4 3TR RRT RTRR TI*RRI RR SIRRcR 4 4
RRT 4tRTI Ft4t srfRftRR RefRid TTRR 4 TTRTR 4 4 r4 R 4rtt 3t4^ r4 4 a^r ariR 3t4r7 44 4
4444 R RfR^ % RTR 4t4 ^R?4 4t RTRTT RT 4‘l SIR: RIR4 RR R4-TrR4 -RR ftrsfcl RRTcI 4l
10. UlcHi oCT -WftPeW RR" R^ f (Marxian Theory of Surplus-Value
is WroTig) —TTR RTRRT 4 R^ RTR4 % 3lfRfiRcT 4t f«.sim r4 TRt^R RTT fTTRT RTTR 4
78 RT^rJr TMWtf^ Ri^K'T'

TRR -sfrt TPiRf ^ TjTif ^ ■3TiT3;i 3?r3r 3j3ft % ^ tR 3?^ -s^Tf^ iwrr "^rFf ^ f 131?^ *?■.?. OT,
% Ic»=My ■^' 'H^Toi’jy! ^fpKj=? "ti ^ w m1=«k eft ef/TTW
3^ ■51-Stfrifti ^ ^ ^ -g^ rPTi^ ^ -^^rnt '{■41 fiRT cn^ (33felft^->1^7)

% 1^ 3?7R=T WT i, ^ SffWl •^' ^3fF37n tft Tj^r 3FTI^ % ■Rrs?! ^ RtT 3R?nq
^ 3^ ^ »tt •??r ^ 3r7T^ ^ T^rm i\ -smttt, -^FT
aâtw^ywi it ■^riTRft, §3^ •'^ *^3 iH ^ ■53 ■^, 3171: ^
^ ftnSfcf RHc(t^ *j5^f % fecW.Î
4q<<e(/c;l qjpvT* ^ 3^5?^ ^ ^ (Murx has ignored the
11. ^/<f«/ ^ Oljfetactllîif ^
Liberal Conception of the Individualists) -TR liT ^>131 f 1^ 31^ ^TiRTRR ^
qqKqi'O qn^K 5^1 TR % aqRq ni
■^7% Hiqy aref^ ■JRH Mi'iqaiqiq "tl fTft 't>K'^l ^ aRcRf'^t^ ^Hiqqiq ^fciqi ^TTR
^3IT ^ ■% RR=5f ^ Hnqlq îa=oai "% (*^1 ’^t 7t7^ ^ aR^l^TR ^1 Hiq^ ^ *<e<iqeii
^ tl ■»TR=7f 3 ifcTira ^ RR ^ ^ -^ft iTitt ’JTT '^Ft i, 33^
% cqfêq qH ^qcii RTT "^l ITTf^ HiqJ ‘qft f^qK^Ki oqf^qiq % qqK.qi'O w<r"J q=ft ^■=R-T't RTTt
tl oqt% qft TFR % ar^ttF ■SFR 1^ fRTI
12. rm TR 3 3R=7f % TBWRi qft *ft Rk flRT ^ tl 33^ tfeRRl ^ aqRR tr
ei'Ji'ilfa'D ^ ’ypmfai'fi ^ qqiieii qft tl
13. TRRRRf ■% 3R1TO 3pi atfiRRqTTfq 3it t?TRT»jqnTRT 11 3R^ W
t ■% «45I<I ^ 5fii!'?i arj^f shlpel tl Tfft R^nr qt ^ ?t^ ^HRI RfR ^(Jcq "k qTqo
Tl '^JIcTI tl
T^ ■ff'FK q>n 311TRRT t TR t^qr Tr*(i Hi'iqoiqi'O *31 qi RFRIr TêRTTI 371 3R^ ^m4=F
qil awqil sft RPRtR TRTRTTT 3ft IT 3fkR 'TT TSiF 3ft "^nri inftn? 3nt R3Tf3K
qft ^m^t ■% Rg<71141 3R7II 371 ^3R au^^ Rtiqil ^Tft RRTf % Tff®cit 37t 31^37 antfR 3T aijf^
3 3Rsft3 Tqeiqai 371 333 3iT3 31311 313371, Tit <541441 TcfT 3T TT9it33 l373i Tit 313^313 tl
«4«iqifV3iRqiq 3ft ttr 31Tc333I 371% T1F33lf33t 37 t3l<3<H 3 ai3rTfpT37 ttr^TRl 33 3131 TatcilI RaPl
t 4i<Hf 3ft 317t t TT1371 tt ^1 (tfqil 3lf3377R 31711 11 313^313 % o'-iiqîR'+i ^3t t aiTTg^
tt 4l< 4 Tit ^ itt 31^1 Tltt 31 Tit 3133313 tl 3lt37 Rn^l'dl 3it 3TT3t377T 37T R^f 37 Tit ^TIW
qftsrrfq TT '^l^l am: TR Ijqi TR^ 37Tt7i371Tt 313^31^ 31 TRltîqi'd RRTfqi^ t atr Tltl ?K1
313Tf3I3 t 1371^ 311; TRlttR 3^ 3^73^ tl
5.7. Hn^nrai^ ^ r^cfiim (Theory of Radical Humanism)
hiRi<* 3R37TI3I3 371 Ri*i'a TR 3ft TRr=ftfcl37 133R 37 iRifel^ f T13t 3St 3H 11 TR t pi
fTTSTTl 371 3133133 37137) 3TgM3f t 3131 -plRTtf % aHUlT 3T kF31 tl TR37t'‘3F qTRRR
'inqaiqiql kl^lRl t 3^37T t, |«Rrl'i it nlRiqi 313331313 371 3R '^31 331 tl
3R TR 37t TTlt RRRiqt 3?11 13371311 331 Tit 33 31T711 aiI37T q>iit« 37t ttfiRl 3ft TlttSlT
37Tt 3R 31(1 Ttft 3ft 3tRl3t 3 tRaff 33cft331 37T3t '?{F 37T . 37fM
cb^<rillJ| 313 t ttIa-d'ld Hiqtqisl ftSTrff 3ft 373tT3T 3T 3t 7ft3 UfR f^l 4l<nni- 33313 t Rltn
qrjf -gn -îrt ■% 313 ,Ttit 31( 371 371 333 13731 13337! 3R TRl 331-'Radical Democratic
Party'I 13 TIT? t Radical dongressman 3 Radical Democrat 33 3i(l Tttt 3Rt 4t44qi<0
3 3Kdlq ■'sh'lty % TI33tl337 3733^ ^ ■'J3 3113 4diqi aftl 313) 3ft 31T7lt37II 331 14^91 % 3311313
\
37t «fte37T tp7 3t f44K3I3 371 3133133 13731 lift 3713 33-313331313 R1 3ttcl37 313331313 3R
t RRT i^r'itj.' .
377ffR <iu;-J?/<i*' .|d4/<4> 79

TR. HiRl* ■RpranraR W srsf (Meaning of Radical Humanism)
HiiqciiqK ViRl'^ tl % Wl5=t>'Hl ^ 3T^
sJ'hl^ ^ o4i<sm 7^ 3TFiI rR7 Hl-iqfll’î'd f^^flWRT % 3T12T^ ^
^ TfT "ol Hnqaiqi<(l Tq-qK=t)T % a^^HR ^ 37IVR ^1 ■§!
TFT =ti5ii fti fsrfe?T TPRfWt 'jl<tiq1<H ^ Hiiqaiqi'Cl qq'lT^ a-^T^ h^J'^-i
s|^ atftr^ RF^ f^! <^1^1 w^qi Hi'iqaiqi'{l ^TFT Tin TT=f>ctTI MHc| ^
^ 1®fRft 3Tfcf9TfiRW aTfOTpra ^ ^ aiqsfq ^ ^l a-i=M
[qj(qi^ *F ‘iiiq ^ ^ a^lr a«<i) ^ 37i7)R tl fRF TRT TW TFT,
<îh1 F^TR^, 3TTf^^ fW). RTR fqiiqi *n^ 37Tf^ rqqn,=h ^ VRqdiqK*
^1 Rt Tmi HMqaiqi'{l ^TFT RI yqiciil FF TTRt ^ 'j4qd7 'f%RTT^ Rft FTF ^ Hi-iq ^
aTfcRT^Tf^ TTtTT (f?^) % artftF ^ 'SFt ^ ^l
TFT ^ ^ tf^^^TitTTîl% RJtZT Ft ‘iiiqaiqi'O fqqi<tTTTT ^ 't îRFT
aiqii tIHqaiqi'A ymla Hi-iqaiqK f^<r^cH aTFFT fl ?Tft "FTT^ HH=TdNK nlRriqi HnqciiqR
tl TFT ^ ^ -fert arfFSTFIjfrRT TTiF % aTVR ^ UIT^ ^ Ta^FR f%FT "tl aiqii
^TFRT 'f Hiiq Milqi ^ "'jyf qlq-i ^1 ftTTTt 3T^ TTtIT % TTFT^ ^ aflq^qq>qi ^1 t^RT, 3TTrFT,
WTTTFT, HF^ arrft: ^ ^rpra -sit^ RFT^ R^' tl angpRT fRRR Rft TTRt '^t^' ^ R7T 1^
t ^ sft a<!ji^rc)+ ti RÊT T^' ^ am rf^ ^ fFirt R RiTRl 'f I R^RT ^ FR
^ PFTW ^ ■JFpfFW T^ ^ TTmi ^1 FTl y«tiK TFT ^ RTT^fTT^ FR 3T»| q'lrd* ^ t aftr
H<*-4<l‘m qnqcliqK 1^ f^^ ^ ■f ay^ RTF^ 'ftTTTT 3TRr9T^TtF^ TTFT % 3TtjtF f^FTT FI |Tft
RTTTR RR^ ‘iiaqaiqi'^ ^ Hlfciqi ^ FFT ftFT ftri ^1
■^^tfrTRT RTRRRIRTR Rit' 3T^ RTRf ^ ■^^RTT RnTn ^1 F^ ^TllPfR) RTRRRTRIR, RR-RTRRRTRK,
^flRRntt RTRRRIRIR 3TlfR Rt RTF! ^RTRT "tl FF TT^ RF TFR^ TFT % Hiiqaiqi'O ^ ^1 TFT R
itt^Rtm % Ri«TR Rit TRtRiTT^ ^ RiFT y^Ri RT^ RF RFTR’’^" (Man is the
measure of everything)! RTT^ FTTR' RIR a?|T 'Rt^ t, “R5®T RFTR 'RIIr RF ^ t" (Man is
the root of mankind)! FR anUTT RT TTR Rr RTRRRIRTR Rft Rt aTTRTT’^ HMd|l( "f tm RT
RRRF TTPjyf Rtfdqi RFTRRTRIR RF Pq-qi 3TTmfTR 'll
TTTRRRtRIR rS aTTSTTT^ Hi-qan( (Basic assumption of Radical Humanism)

TIR % HlPeiq> RTRRRIRTR ^ ^ aFiRT’p RRidlk fRHf^lfm't—
1. RJ^T’ JTf^Rj RT^ ^ T7TRRRT ^ (Man is the measure of everything) —TFT RF
Ri*TR RTFFtTR toFTT ■§I '^^Ri'i 3T?f 1% otiHw RF TRR^ <iiqci R^ Rârt RTRR
■RTIR ^ RRTf^ 'hXol 't’l TTR ^ RiFI "t R;R7 4irviq> RIRRRTRTRt R7t ^qlq F^ RT 3FTFT ^trft
3TRT9T^>1^ RTâfi "A RTtf fRFTRTRt R^ âil RTfî RFlft RTF, ItTRT^ RTlfR ■^' RfR eft RT TTRFft
t RRffRT FRft RtRR RT RRTR tl Film Rt FRT^ RFR RF 3T?lTR R^ f| R^ TRR 3TR^ '
RFR RF fRRfRT Fi 'aTT^ aRR ^ Riel ^ RRT^ RF ^RRT TFT RF Iq?qi« ^ TRRIR ^
Pq'^Rxitei a^tr Îctqi F^ % RFTR ^RFTjyt TTIRTfRRT ^TR^RT RF fRRfR TTR>% TT^ ^1 SHpeiy,
oRtW ^ Rr^Ri Rrg RF RTRRVS ^|
2. *<3«v RTRR -fl/Zrf RF" ^RT ^ (Man is the root of mankind) —TTR RF RTFRT F f%
■RTRR 'jflq-i 37R^ aTTT^ fI ■FTRR-FfRFT?T Rit TTFFT^ % F^ fRTTft RIFT! RI arfeTrîfcTRi
TTR! ■^-qsii^q'l RF RFT. RF %R, aTFTTFfFR R>t F^, FtRRT R>t 1RT^^ aFrFT RF TTFTO m
^ ariRRRRKiT R^ ^l .TFT RF Rigii ^ ^ eftF RF Pq^qm RiT^ f 1^ FR ^ RRIRT
KO RtRtNt^ /qq/<«n
^ 'Wk «<f^ ^ ’m ^’Tt ^ Hiiqfiiql^ ^ Tf^l qi-iqaiqi'd fft ^.7. W, W^,
Hj'q % ^ fqifqiy îT3I 'Tft W yîX 'Tft % f^ f^pr ^sn^ ^| ^r^gj ’JJ7777 TwTw
Hi'iqniqi^ yr^'+i ^ cl^ 3lk =f>yl<il ■'H 3PI^ Pq-qq gff qiWcd 'f I ^ r-iqiani
^ ^ -q^czr -qm Tntk ^ ^ ti
ifUTT (Characteristics of Roy's Radical Humanism)
TFT ^"-H<i'ia '-tnqoiqiH "k 3T^gi qilnqi "Piqiicil 3lk 3PT^ Hnqciiqi^l Riîci giT yRiHis^
<s«4> gg-qnqaiqi'A gff y^<a Pq^lqoii^ fkRfcTkScT ^—
1. *<3«< oeftVflH Uivf) ^ (Man is a rational being) —TFl ^ Hiq-ii ■!■ =41^
^3? tg^grgrki 3iFift ti str gg ■57 %if7g? ^ ti artMi-^gK % ^ ti
gf) g^lg 'f^ g ■gr •??%, gf Ig^grtTg g^ gggffi 1g^ g g#i % agrt 3TT?gT gn
grt^ H5Tq g^ î tr g gfgi ^ "5^ ignsig—gcgg: sngn ^ 3^ 3^ gg g ■jrqr ■!
fgg? sfk sTfggjgft ^ o'jsi f^gi gg ^ gjggi ^ ft? "^rigg ajqg) fg^^gftrg % grf gr gftg?
ftraifff gft "^giggi gg; gggn f 1 gg fg^^^fftigT gggg gpgggr ijg f 1 gg k ftnsr f—*' %
gftg 3^k gg% carfgg^ ■^' g^ afk tg^g? gft'^Tfgg? gg^g git gft^gft "ti'' -srr^fggi fggig gfr ftftft
ftrs g?T ftgr ^ ft? g^^ k ^tf srftgrfiftg? gR g^ ■f 1 wftig' sggrT grgg ygiPa gg g?g g^ 'î
fg ggiR g^R W ^ftftg? ggir gg gg? 3tg't argfg^ gigg "Rgig fgggggig ’^tftg? ggft gft 'j'^'^Ph
gg gftgrg 'ti ig gggr gg fti^t ^ 3TftgTîftg? ggi % anttg Rftg gtt g giT% ifti
1g^g?7fftT gpgt gigi ftt sgft ggg gg ^gg ftgfti =n<.ai f i y^qi gr ^ gg^ gg%
gg ^ aPaqiin 'gtgT fg% gt^ ftigt ^gtg ggi gg gg^ ^g g^ î
2. ^Qlihrll W aVWWgig ^ ^tf ^ (There is no relation between
Ethics and Spiritualism) —Tig ^ srggt gg-gigggigrgt ftrgRgRT % sggiT g? 3^ ^ftggg
git 3T^-3WT ifgtggr ftigT “ti gg H?ifHi gigt g gl^ aggttggy grr^ ^ giFi
ft? gjf ^ftgicn gg sggR g^ "^tgri Tig gt^ g^t ^rgrtg gnyiT gg gt o'j^g ftrgi î gg % si^hk
^Pd+di git? giftgiggtg gr giKft grg g^ f, gfcg? i^g? stiRfft? giftg "t ftingg gigig otifta git iggr
gi yigiRigi gg g^ gggi grftg gftg? <iHiq giggig git giggr «h<1t qiPs'j.i ^ftgigi % 3igig
k' Mj'iq qj'iq g^ qiecii <yqidii ^nftig ^Rtqidi stk ftgg? ^ agg^gg? "ti in gggr TPT %
gfgt % TRgtft giT% TrsRtft git ■^ftggrt gr sggilkT gir^ gg Tfg*ft t^gi
■^1 Tig gg qism % ft? str ^ ft^r giftg TRgtft k ftk ^ 'f , grigg ■giT'g ?giTi ^ftiggn 'k
^ ti
3. hI/mah gTgqnTqiq ntêioiiii^ ^ (Radical Humanism is World-wide) -Tig gg
giggoiqig Ti^qig git wVI'ji gftfg 'k gi?T f 1 Tjg ^ TRjgig gg gftgg ^ Ttcggig % ftggg
% ftiTi ftgg-grgfg gft giggi gr gfR ftgi ti Tig gg gigggigig Tft^Titg gi TRggftrgi 'fi
Tigfqig git w'qil'Jiai "k gigr gsgiT f^-g^ ^ ti gfqt, tftT, agftpg gtg git
fg^-gi^jg gj) grggi ^ sTigT ftigi |i) gggg gigggigig ftTgîFit gggg^^ (Commonwealth)
git giTR gggg gigggigig sRirkstg 3igig f 1 grft aigirt^tg git gigggigig git 3tot ggft fg;
ftggi ^—‘ ‘ sRRk^tggig Ti^tg TRTt % 3iftgR gg ftgg ■§ iggft? ftgg Tirggr git
Tsnggi TP^tg TiTgi git tgengrr gi gggg ftTigiTg ggft? git gn "Hgigt ^1"
4. gjST W agggitR^ jf^ # jhr (Man is independent of Spiritual
Forces) —Tig gg qieii ft? Rftg gg "^t^gifti 'ftgi giftiî ^ ggig k sggrr
3igfg?gret ^ ricii ^ afir ti^ g gRg g ft4g gir gft ft arggft ftgi fti gft ft ^pgd git Tggggr
TRcfft <Mih'h‘ri ftgrT^ SI

TT^ ^ ti 3n^ 4t4 TT^ 37^ wr T? ■5T^ Imr f 137r3i ‘-pf ^ «Hi'q
'^.W. =?HTZW ^1 Hl-1'-^ ^ wf % ■'HYI ^SiltT ^ iqTl HimoieiK "^STFRI ^ f!=Fcft ^1
37TWlff>T5r tâsiai ^ o'-(f=M ^ 'HPf M?i«i ^T TT’TTtft '^1 'fTTfBTJ
^ Wir4'+) ^ ^C15) 'Jt<?.0 ■?‘l 3Tft^7J^ ^ oq^M yqfîl'Ji liH+iW y=hfli
■pi ^-■^nqaiai'; W
5. *<3“< ^ fââi $riff t<î*ii!htt> ^ (Urge far freedom is natural in man) —I7FI
^ ‘TFÎ onf^fl ^ 'FIM ■^•TTFf "7734 ?WI ^T^TÎTcT ^1 aT’T'ft t^n xctT
3?^ ■qr^ % #PT 77^ 77^4 ti 'jFMt % qr^ ’7TOTT ^1
4t -Hj'Mq -sFt cTteqi ■Misai ^1 ^774 373^ yi<f fa=ti '4l'‘'«7ti(3^' f4«nmci '^>7^ BTrnftfT TpTft ^1
fqqtti^jricnai 77*71 7^^77^777 % 'STT^q WH "377% T^T'Hifq'h ^ 37^^73777 •yJT ft TK 4
Rnol "§—“77^7777 ■jTR, 'SqcTf^TqT, yiV<yia'fi ■JT'TRt, qjiilaqi âl'ji =t)tnirH=h ■^^PRftFIrn 3717^ STfîiRcl
7^ f'l 7^1773771 ■% “f^ ■'Tm ■gfl 3TIR^ fi” ^flpjT'lfe ■^TT^
37] 1^*7 377^ "4 3^ ‘37^ 3717ft "^Tl^ 777*7 77^ c|[ct4« 'âi'^ "4 ■'Trf ■^?rirrt ■pi ?H
HNqniqiq "3^ 't^ *h3«) 37fc73r-^-37f^T3i 'W'TT '3rT% 37^
377 1337777 377 77% 3^17 34 3 37*7f3?3T77t‘ % tr7?7 37 77%l
;• 6. *<3«« ^ JfWlHHT (Importance to Man) —773i'»j % "77^4 4 713 % 3737777 o3l%T 773R
377 ^ 37733f 't'i 774t 77777Tf3I37 77*7737371 33 7^?3 *73'3 ■% "1^ "q 3ft7 77*^ 7773lf337 7773377 33
•5757 ■3733 33H7 -^t ti 77373, 7133 331 ^777t 773t 777373ff 33 f33M T]^ 733 377777 f 3f[7 -q^ 37331
^fqyi^TTR sa4 sR«(cta 4t 33 fiqTcn tl |3 7741 777*7134 33 77^ oi|f3c( 33 «iHiRn=h f337T77 3r737 tl
tt3r 37f^ sftr Iprqt 7773lf33r PiHiUI ■% 3774 oqfWct ?T7( ^ '(33 '3l4 3lf^l ?77f y3l< 773 ^ 77^373
77^' 4 77*3^33 3 3733373 % 74^777 77*3I>=3^ tl 773 3ft 13377*7177 ■f7 ^'t 33f33 3ft
•ft 77373I7 tTPrcft ti
7. ^?3r3f W <S?7fft<»> WiR) ^ «4-*fer ^ (Reconstructions of Society on

Scientific basis is possible) —713 't 3374 33 ■37 ■*41373’ ■*773337313 4’ 77*713 %
■jqpfqW 37 ■377 "^37 ti aaqii *7133111% -3133 33 f7 43, ■37t ■3F *77l437 ft in 7133tRr^, •3Tlf437
37 '777*771^737, '3774 ti7lP737 ^ tt y<)'l‘i 37737 '^Tft^l ^%t4 3if7 t "1% 33 3?h133
3373ft 3 "4 33737 ^ 77333 t, 3 ■[% 43t-^433134 33 f33 3 ■3jft' 4 ^ 317%! 3^33 34 •3133
3t33 '4' ri%7733 ■^feqft'F •3733137 '3l(tTT| HMRiqi 'sîlPd 1177 ft 773R 33 7T*^33.tl
8. ci^cnrt'a W HHtfn (Support to Radical Democracy) -'Tiq ^ *71337 37137
,5i14a3l 33 %*3t33773 77^ 413373 33 f33 3337 tl 373 7774 3Tf33 37331 % fT3f 4' 'ftcft t, 41 3tt
77^31 3773733 tt37 tl ?77f43 3*tt4 3lft73?-4-37f337 77^33tf33i’ T7f33 33 I3%*4t377'3 ^74 *77 3^ 13371
7R 33 r«i^qiti *711% 34*773 cft3733 '3337 % 1^ 33 17331 Is441 ^3^1 ti flTfrlT^ ■^ '44 333373 %t
3F7a t ^ 333tf33i 3?7t 4 ft 37t < •âai î'Jtal(n=t) 1731 %t 31131337 <r«iiHl 'ftI f77% l3f^ is-sn
qtPfn'^ ciWaî (Radical Democracy) 33 Pwisia 13311 f77 37f 173 4 743733 % *71’-3*7 4
3Tq4’*4fcT3’ *773337313 33 ft *7733 i%31 t, 33ff3’ *7ffrI3r 413733 4 o^Pw 37t ft 3*77331,'^ tl
9. 77373?/^ ^ ?7*7^ (Support to Politics without Power) t-773 33

■*71337 31 !(iPt.a, o^P=Kl 34 3^ 3773t tl 37(757 1133tf3 77133 % ttfl^ 434 ^33 3^ tl f77 434 -
34 _3f737'44,4 1733t%3i 33lt 371 ft fl3 tl 4 173*7tf337 yqii31< 34 31*3 44 tl tl-’lllPl 4
414^37 33 aTqfiqTl 1734 34 17*71*<T f%31.377 173731 ti 4tf373 17573tlt 4 4fc73737 34 371*1^ 37131
'tfPaa '3773, tl Ilf573ff337 3c4 %t 173137 '371% 173*413 34 *1^ 3lf33ft3 37134 '31 ■33'37f3f*7
82 377(43 7733?f33r /%377^

efiT «4-iNi ■^n «<^5ai f I Sf'l^ ^ ^ «<i'=i5if<'t> ^ ^ TR ^ 1948 ■^’ 3R=ft 'Radical 37.=?, TFJ, 'HW^,
Democratic Party' ^ ’R ^ 1^ *nr . ^.
Hiiqfiiqiq %■ ti'irftffi* anf^g; sttott

(Political and Economic Basis of Radical Humanism)
■ 7FJ ^ TTT^RtlRK % ^ 3TMR ^—
(^ ) 3nVT7 (Political Basis) —TR >iPk1^' % % 'îJT

JH+l mHHI 2n o4fl^ % ?T*1 ^ ^ «>hF«1 % SlftRiTTf ^ tda^âi
^ RPl M^-sicft ^1 ^ <i'jn1Rt "^rai r^^nl TRT TIT 3!if=Rf % ■^' ^ "t ^ cii'iiîie’i
■gfl "^mi ^ ^rrat ^1 lH4lfd=(> Tlf^cRf ■^FRI 'f cTtf^ 04
l^cRtTT ^ Tt%l TR 37’^ 4lFn'^ Hiiqfliqi*^ ^ Tr3pfrfiR> SiiWld % ''15T ^ Fim
^ -firti t-
.1. «>y/«H ^ ly^Wl T7T ^tr (Emphasis on the impoiiance of Man) —TR ^ qipil
^ &!|je4?f ^ fôRTO’ % f?r5( <!«1<Til «(fl5( •377^7<!Ri‘ '^1 V !<=h af/t;?! fl H*1M
% FstiqidiCTU oqF^ % Fi'^qi ''IT aiîl 'flu'll ^ 'f^ TRTSI Tq-ii ®4Fki
^ 3R^. *1^ ■#> 1^ il TTR Wn WTR 1IPR ^ 'a'T'Jf
TiRif^Ri ^ aiify^ TTsârf ^ ^ y'hctt ^1 W cITf TR o4Fki ^ WflXll ^ TRsFt
^ ^ Tl’it WIHIF'sI'R ^ STT^fe TRRt ^TR «) ‘sff qqfcKi ■^fl eqct'qcii ■^' <'=riiqd sici^
^1
\
II. vrsnTfw (Support to Partyless Democracy) -TR ^Millfl't>,

^ TRT51 Rlc^t iTHT tl tTHR f TRrfTFR? TcT TTTTt Tli^ ^TR 'flMl
T<IcR(fr ^ WiT^ ^1 jvit ^ Iq'hiH qFItJT ^) Rft 'Sl ^
TRl^St ^ (M'ilFd'B ^ T-14>?) If, 'TT^ TrW W*fi 'TT "fe^ % '*k''i STRI TIRlf^RT qi<rHi“l
^ cRR ^ t allT WHI31 'clTir-fR? ^ WNK fT#nJ -qf ■STFft 11% 'TFR % 'îcRRT
% '?R R>l RRFR 'RR lev gilR
t ^ WRR Trai % 3TMT TT Î'slqiT'n ^-{qeFl TTSTTcR ^ ■FTT'Rl "fWl sflT
^ ^flqcti ‘5?! q<siqi F^c^dii
('ST) 377fi^3r 3/79JT (Economic Basis) —TR ^ Hiin 1^ oWn'qlq TITER yîi'nl ^
srfiR7-'^-aiftRT ^ R^.'PTcRn ti ^ anTs^rr ^ TRRtftr^ Tift^ '03^ ^ T’TR ^
^ -fljol ■^1 3T*i^^T«n 3Tlq<4=fi THcII 'f! TR TRT 1^ 3nf*f^ y-JiiciS %
o^feW ^ tqaqal Tft tyT 'Rft 'RT TRRfl fTlfcIti <i-^'l^ Fi^lF-Jin 3T*isRTSTT (Planned
Economy) RH ^§iiq ftRl ■!, i^RT^ yr^«n ohF^ Rit RRR 3RTR ■pT^RT alk eiVil Rff
3Tlfy^ aTRTRTKfnj 5TT^ ^Ffd 3^ T3if33I 3>T fqqjie gVjJi
?T? RT? TR TTRlf^R) ■=RT R3-Pl'll'J| 3it^ R*f[ 'RRR 3iT -jflq-i RRT^ % Rn^.
RTI 37f^^-^-3^fM5r tq<(3Ri 'sRR 'Ril RR iJ^n 'fRRT '^1 TR ^ 'fRTRTTT '=^40 IrRT't' 'fRT RTRR 'Rft
TRRRctl Rft ^ "TPR TRTR ^ fRRW 'RR TRRfl ^1 TR ■^TRUR TTRT Ri^ ^l1dt ^ ^ RPR R>l
3R^ FrRR TRR 'RT hRiP«o IrRI 'll 5«[tn' RRRR RRRRRTR RR FrtSJR TTRRlfRR' Fq-fli
RTI HSiq'Î '^1
HR Rt 4irM«B HiqqniRIR aTTRllRRr (Criticisms of New or Radical Humanism)

TR '^R? T3RR fRTRR R y'lFaîlei "^feRiVl 'RT^ tRRTRT «)i "RIcKi^R ^ R^^RRT ■'TT
■ggR R)T% H;J«< rH TTPRRIR % RleT ^ RTgT fRRRen sltT RTRp TRRRRl Rp ■qV.^K RRRHR Rpl 'RTl^
*77TR)R iM-llfcl* /RRTT^T 83

*7.7. TF!, 3li=ft hIRiî ‘iiiqaiqc;. ^ ftT^rnSITT ^ ^ST^RT UTI ^ 37^ fq-fli Try<sf ''TT yTciR-aci
>}/<«//< l?W ?7T% 'Tt TFT ^ *flRi=t) Hiiqniqi'A ^ fq^H^Ki srfM^ rft’Tifin ^ TRff 3lh
37^^ STrard "TT Sil^lqni Wfti aw'hl 3)rrllqii yy<3 STT’-TR riMRiRaci ^—
1. ^ 4/f7e»j(7» ^ [hîd ^ ^ (Religion is responsible for
the development ofcivilization and morality) -TPI ^ tj4fH<.A8S 'JPv’+Vji strt^ ’TOTPI
3^^T % fg+iy ^ 3R?:5 1^ tl u4 ^ ^ ^
3TR?^ ^-TTT^ 4' ipf ^ TTSfra ■pT;11^ T^fl'+K f^ W tl TFT ^ Wt^T
tq-qq) tRTT ^Knlq TT’^TcTT ^ fqohRia cTc^T ^ tt d ^ 4tl TT^ 4 37qt
‘iiiqai=fKl r^'Mi ^ T«Himi *t4 % 1^=11 tt ^TT% *T[{ol<7 37Kn?T^ ^WTt tl ^ ^
Îq-i t ttfIT tf *^4 ■% UTT tt oyl^rT ST’Tt -qlq-i % ’^T*T (4l^) Hgjqai t,
v4 Ri-î q><-ii *nTfft^ Iq-fl-i ^ 3(H*ii-i «»><.'ii tl
2. THt 5^ T^fJ^fTT K«/<frv<»» t (Roy's conception ofFreedom is Negative) —TFT
t oqfq^ '5ft T^d’qfli "qr 37ftT5r 5cT 1^ tl '3TTt tl4 3fR '7P5.5ft Wd'sldl "47 TTTt 4 55n5Z '5151
tl quRf 3i'H» 5? Pq-qK t tqa'yni TP5 "% qii-jTl 5iT Hi<nq 5>t4'4 t, ^4vj ,5TT^ 4
5ttl "STlt eqpKi 5ft T5W5cIT 5ft qPiR:qci 55Tt % "f^ T135 «t4t SiPnqiJ TTTSTT 4t 5jtT "t^t
■5TFt tl qiwq 4 oqRw 5ft T5555I % 5l4't 5ITdlqqi 5I5I5 Tf^ 5 tt5vC oqRw 5ft 'PpRTTT y^f^qT
5*5 ?P^5qT5r Ifbaiy, t, '?5 57 Piqqui Hiqi< tt Hj'q TT^4t T555flT 55 '55441 5>T TT5i5T tl
3. 5^ (Logically fault) —"55 5it eqpKi 5ft 755557 5ft 5ff ■«F*r5I5 55151
tl ^5f55 -755551 % ^ f575TT -TFTt 57T5I T55T tl f5 -STO 5ft 557- 5T75tt t 157 -55 TM
cn«i^-5i'i^ 55 ^ 5tt <^(11 TI5 ohRki'ici 755551 '54 7*55 't5>7 77^55 '^555T 5>t -^ts 5^5lf tl
55 -^5 '57551 t H6c^ (qv41 57^ 5ft 55f -54 574t4t -qT q^dHI qifeq, '<^fî 5^ 375t ^5551 57 |
I*
15517 ■57t 5l^ 5^7 -qr 5tt' 5171 7157T, 55 HPT Tll^ 5 37515 '71155 -4 37517 4 3775575•T^l
4. *7^/557575' ^ Siiaii VT 37775^551 (Criticism on the basis ofMaterialism) —TPl
5Ft5 tt 515111% 71^ 3ft7 TITTR 37q4 577 57 '411^ t, ?7t4 l577it t5t5 7151
571 515 5-^' tl 4 ^ 3^7 %5751 41^157 45F5fI^f3t7?7lt473TO 71*TI%5 11 715
4 55 15517 *7175t5 37*5157515 5 371511 571 37l75c5 5557 1^ tl 5774 371751 7^ -q^lM 5ft -^t
515517 517tft5 37*5175515 "^4 '5571 477 q^5l| tl
5. eq/«fft W WTT^ 7715^ ^ StKlT 57 37T?4775r (Criticism on the basis of
relationship between Man and Society) —715 4 71515 4 iqlem -54 71511*7^ -5575 155T tl
qqRw 715 % 5T557n5T4t pq-q-i 5 77515 55 371*717 tl omPk* 77515 4 '55^ tl 77515 “qPw 41 Itl^ t, -
oqRw 77515 % 15T5 '5511 '47=g 715 54 55 5715 tl °5f55 55 7T5T5 -41 ^51 -54^ Hf.^q -qtt tl
37775 t4 5141554 4 51145 -54 1^51 TdqiPjiqi Hiqil '5151 tl PlRdU HHl-Jl -411451 5554 -515551 -51751
3i77FS75 tl -STl^ "TWR tt5lt.l55571 t!5l t 3^7 37^'ttTll tl TRt tt 5!? t-^F 574(5 3^7
77515 '57757 1447 tl 4 7^51 Riq4) 4l 5t ■5?75’j4 "q^TI, ti
6. TTJWJ 5# feiîhSifleiril ''JT 37/7757 «4t (Too much emphasis on the rationality
ofMan) -715 4 75 Rw ^ -Qiî 144^54^ gt’it ■515517 577 57 tt 37551515551515 5514515 73^ 15151
tl ^1^ 5F 5f 515 5511 % 5^*5 4 144^ 4l 711*7-7115 51551371 55 4t 5554 -5^75 tl ?f5FT71
771^ t l5l 5^®! 4 37451 5>pf Pq^qi 54 q-niq 515517551 f«(5? tl
7. 7757 TTtffT t (State is an essential Institution) —715 4 'c^fqd 54
755551 4> ■55517 4 7F>5 54 '445 717*71 5511t51 tl 57l4l STJTIR 71^5 ®lf55 54 755551 4 51*71 557=1
84 577(45 V'siilfa^ '

ti mm ^ m^ m # srrtnftcT fi tp^t ^ arfwf ti tptr 5.?. 77*r, cTJ/^^,
■4 ^ ■Jilq^ wfiPP? «nT^ TPJ? am^'JRT Pmfoi qiâi 'f I ^^Rm. J/?W( ^ DV'I'Î
TRl ^ 4bT ■54*71 HTTTT 'TPT ^ ^ ^ fl

8. <<'»7-<3/?f 37771*79’ ^ (Politics without power is impossible) —TFT 4 ■'TtT
qcl*iii TPHttcT ^ JfiltKi ■5nf4r"% '5*74 î?T "tl i^qil qeiqi ^ "4 TTJFftfcPi ^ ■?T*T '^1
^wRiy. a+iA ciVi") ^ ■qn 'qT3 ■qsrqiT TT^qtfw q^ fl'hni ■qr 37T9ifi:cT ^ ^ 9ra ^ ti "qr^
sn^fqqr ^ "Ji' ^fiRweln XmiIRi "^4 qT^qqr «h<ii "fi Tirn x^t3 l9?fqcfT î ?iRw %
<iiiilRi qrraqi 4?! qft cTT^ 14q?4 ^ 9 TTffir-TSTTqqi %
1^ ■qqh srqqq qn^rr -q^ ti Trq qft qTTqq-lq^T (nhIRt qft =h(rHH ■pRFTR tl
9. hI/pô^j cnlennW 379779^7/7^ ^ (Radical Democracy is Impracticable) —qejfn
Ttq qiT ■*ftfqiq> piWnq "377% *TrwTraT^ ^ ar^j 341 fi «rqFR 4 qrrT^qTTqr aroorq ti tft
4 ■qpff q4 qRFfl =h<.4> ■qqrRfq q4 ■q^-Rrsl-i ■q>T4 '■-.. -4 qqq q4 q? tqrrft 4t "qq '4 apqa ^1
37T^pTq> wWas 4 "q)! q^ qqrq 'cfrq! "q^ qq^îqi ^7ra^ 't'l qft n^qqi qn
•qei ^ qfp; q7T4 ti 3719 /qqq 4> TTqt ■4?if 4 q#' 'TF^Ti 'f^-'alqfqq tt •91 Ttf t)
qH-fêln ii9Tcfq qft qicqqT 37q*qq ti
10. 77^979 *779^7—TFT 91 Hiiqpiiqi'it TT^jqiq qn 1q44t tl TFT 4 <,i'^<T<il 94
379^7191 "'»<'i> r=*7q 77579 q4 979557 qt ti 554 3794 ^TnqnTW^ % Ttet«ht 4 TT’^qiq qff qlqi 4 qt
ti q4 ^rfqq TT^tqqi q4 qiqqr 4 "^fei tfq>T 3754 ■qtWt q/t qif q ttf^fti ■^, qq 1q?q-q^^cq 47
q4 474 '91*5 'hi'iii Tiq qft TT^qqi 5*tt Trrqqqiqiq 4 airqfqqr 1q4qpiT5 "44 4^ qur^ q4.ar^t9)K
fqFTT qfT4 9FT1 ti TT^pqcft q4 57951 ■q4 aiqtpFn qrrqi "sq qi44t qfFit q4 57957 qn qqiqr a-sm t.
Ri-44 4?t q4 3775774 ^ 4q4 Iq^n ti TT^lqin q4 57957 ft cM q4 ■^9157 % ^ 4 574 TSft
ti fqrr 4^ 4 TT^tqqi 57957 q 4, qq 379^ 4 qqq q4 Tiq "qr qpr tfi ■^rn ti
■?5 y<tiK ■qiqT ■qi TTqiqT t Tfq 4> 4t%^ ■qnqqiqrq ■qft 37491 377974 ■'TT 3Ti4tqqi ^ 'q|
ti ^ . 4Iq>q ?5qi7 374 qq q4 11q> tft qq 4lRi^ qiqqqiqiq qq 14579
Trq ^ f9ijq-qitJ^,q4 'ftcrnni ft597T qtf tl ?54 94^ ^ 5^ t 9cf5iq <i'Jt-tlfa
4 q^ q1 qîqR 4> qqqi ti qrft qrq ^ 377974 ■qr 41 tft qq fqqiq qralq q ■’7779797 Trqiq ■q/i
■^qr ■qqrq'^ 4q ti .
5.8. w4(on WMim^ ^ ^jcjmjiwii (Concept of Organised Democracy)
Tiq ^rfqqqq Tqqqqi % ■aq^.Trq^qi 4i ■3^qi4 ■qqr^ ftiqr fqi i«flqiql 77lq>qq 347 «i*^9(q
44 tt ^T^TFFT Tqqqqi qq ■qqq 'q>T4 qi4 ti q^44 3791479 379799 47 3757 "44 41 qqr^ 97747
■3947 'fenFF T7q4 qq ftyei ■qqiqi 34t 37991 Tiqfqq 379799 qq '14579 irr^q 14971 9^14 ohRki'ki
799991 957 '41497 419799 94 3794 q4q 519991979 99 «^<3 719741997 377577 997971 '9*44 75^ 19797
14 «9rq9 q4 T995797 94 7^ fq7^^ 1997 411497 419799 "qi T79l99 '419799 'qt 757951 '94 94 'qi W'ftoll
qifqiq 419799 '4 ■qq^nq fqiq ■fqqi 411497 ■419799 q4 tti97k ^ qq1 Iqqi ■577 7797971 q5l4q a-î^ aqiql
7T9l%9 3797799 94 31951597 99 -1997777 1^1
79 qq 'Hq ti 1547 37579 4
TT9 qq =heii t 14 371^1997 -59 373719^ qq ■’j41^555 5^
597971 ?547 575 4l997 -^T^ql 94 37757 19797 97 59791 tl "^ql^ct 47 3!<n«f<q 99 14995 94 Wd4dl
5^ eh<4> ti 19791 "qi T79797 tl 41979 3719 419799 '4' 975 5T 419795 94 ti 914 9®!^ 97 Tt1 tl
Tq?f99i q ■59741^ 144-'^ ohI^hI qiTT tl 419799 47 ^41 94 37757
577(49 i.Mil!h=f> 1^97797 85

77^, ciJ/g'f/, (^‘Hi TcT ^1 37W ■W<^1 % fell tqajiai 1^ «R^ Tf "nf ^1 l^ffei^ 7PT ^ fe TPfe
•fwww
’îni % Br*il % 37i7T^ ■^' cffeTra ^^1 rffeira TT^kTII TPT Icruat "t—‘‘'TT'Tt ^
^ t, fR ’Tf ’Tt 'Ji'iai % 'SRr BRR % ?^l" q<:ga: 3TR ^
13^ 37K^ sfe ftnSR % <l'jHTd=t> TRTf tl ^ STN 'SilftRr % fetr T^
% ♦IHH feH% BN ^ ura ^ BfecN % fe^fe «7q?K ^ ^ BT ift
iw ■=7^ tl yuj^dl TT^mfep #W3f[ CRT ^ Tftferl t sftT «ra6R iSifetT TTFfrtfer
Î'illlO, 7N1 d«=hl ilfen ^ *i5Tq "^l F^felJ STSTTira ^ Vtf^H % "TN
■iR rft •’itai % fei< "t, oH«i5K ^ ffe-^ ohP'W'iT ^ 1%cff ^ ^ ^ftBI ^l ^^fdy. TP7
^ W'lPdn y'JiiflJi 37^Vn'iil ^ feBN fe^ tTife 7flyRi*l =*lfel ^ bWaji ^ 'TlFTF '^Tt Tira
^1
Ml«hfi5( ^ STTB^B^ (Criticism of Parliamentary Democracy)
TR t diM-il tfirferf y'Jim'x ^ aNMRBT BT Iq=M« % fel( iTF^ ^tf^H BiR t
TTBfecT TRT^ BtBfR Bfet •Mitii^'ll ^ feoUK 'dHRI tl FRiT shg-ii t fB ciifHld BfecR t 'JIICII
% leai ^ ^fa=h ItTiSidl ^ ^fe BRTjf ^ ■<Rft ^ ctBP tI%B ftR BTcfT tl 3TRF Bl+d^ % fy^l'd
3tt “HqgKfel-TTcl BI 3TBT tl 5«fe«. % =t)is1< STJBRR % '^HTB B^fe fPTfd
tNH q-i'tx, TF 'nf tl S^fek. TR t ««'0<H 3RtRR ^ 3Tfet STIBfeB BT feBR
Hill'd "jt %
FTRR. dw^ F(tf ^ 's(dld><, Ft ^ Bit % feij «'*if<ia. TRTRR Ri*m tB fe^l 11 FI% FTO
BfecR ^ feRfefetf SUBt^Blt ^ t—
1. yz/am ^ TR =fjT Bfel t ««i<0h TJBRR t TTjFftffei FTtH irt Blti %
F*t f ^ glcfi< *tt "t 3lH!q?iicil ^Tfertf % Fr*t t’ STT ^ tl BiBTR ^ RR ’R RP^JÎdl FT ttBRBl
tl R^RR Bl+nq RFI FT FFR FFTsfiff FTTF? % feR Ftt tl RrH
FT "JBRR sfScfl t str 37R îfef % feed ^ ^fe tt BTed tl ^^fey. '>1101 Wl4l H tfel TRl fifk
FRR TF ■’lied tl §«fei< FRt RRR Ff Bferf % feT^RBRT FT B^RT BFRT ^ TTBrlT tl
2. f^tSiff sAt we»6/< t' 3Rf7'—TR BT Him t Ife qetnH y-siioq t Ff FRI't
^FRt qiH^ ed BTitT t. edfin Ft ''JFF'Td fe fei? FFITT Ftt FTBI STT^pR) TTSRtfejd Ft FT^Tt
sdr BTFt t F^ FFR tl •^liefl FRt Bfe FFi tf feiRFR TF Bit tl “Rl4ld t Biffe *]Q
Fn -Miisfl tf)f>r id FR Ibft BTFT t, FT^ FjR ^ TTPjftFi feFFB F FIT’jfeFT FTrFlB t BBFF FR
feFT BIFI t, ferot oqiVi tife) FFtFR FF BIFF FFt ^31 R^cTTl”
3. Ufrifhfii ?7TBF-TR FF FTFFT t % FigpRT WI t BRIF Ft FTFF! < -dldl fe FT^d' F F
FtFR FftfeftRf % fn! t Ftid tl Ffefefe BFFT FRI UFF BferTFC FF FBF TPdF Fut t Slk Bm
fe feed Ft 'Miêal Firt BFt t'l tFfF-feFfe str FBRTF F BFB Ft Ft^ FIFfet FFf F^cd, BFefl Ft
Bf2 tfe FF|tt fe dileifeRel FITFFT B*} Bidl % felj Pq^lq FFF FF! +Td! fBF^ FFFFT f!i IFfer?,
BfeeTF ^ FFTBefT fe fBT( FF 3TTB?FF> t ffe BIFF Ft qii«l< qi«i(qq> BF f BFFT fe F1F Ff FI I
4. ej'Jf'fl/neh ^ ^/nerj/—FF FF FIFFT t 1FT FBFtftFT FB ^FR Bfet fe fell; artfeFT
FTFF! ff FFR FTrt tl t FBFtfeFT F'*iiqIT Ft BR tt t str 3I3cFB BF't idFBTF, BBIFIFBIF FBI
BifeFK Ft F^ Ft tl BFFI fe feci t FFFF Ftf BFFTI7FFT fWFR Ft! tfel. FBtB Fqg^ cdFRF
Ft (Bqjd FFlt t 3RFI ’Jl’f FtFFTF tet tl FFfeR FB-RfitF FBIcTF Ft BFFFT f!f) BBt t Fife BicTl
Ft FB-FBTB! % 5'^îql ^ FBRI BI Bfel
5. BFfecf ^ BtSTT—FFFIF BtFielF t BF-FRFIsd fe BIB feBFTF IfTFI BIFT tl CiWai
'i^lild % BIB feBBTF felFI BIFT tl cnWnq ''JBhlfeT Ft fe ?TB! Ft FTBJcIct FFFTT Tf BTFI tl
86 m<o?H <('>ii7/(i«fi feBTTB

^ ^ ^ if mit^ ^ wirrf^ a^ ?#^,
OTfsf?,- fwTtnsit' •^' 'gfe ti w<f*] dWdî ^ ^ TirTR i ■aft '»t^' ■gn ■^jHrn t afR i^r' il.it. '^=mm
iTRrr-fn^ ^ ti aT«JîgTan % -^nt ^'jfrrqf ^ ^ ti ‘^^rdo. tpt ^ fy<^f'<d
^f ^ 'Ji-iai
% ■^' ^ afk <R8jsig^ % w*t '(•^MPd^T ^ ^ ^ ire sr^ e!î

w 7PT TiancBI ^ •^' ■RHI t ■Sfl Tlt^ % •% ?Ht
<Md1fd4’ ^ ■^' fcTRT T5^ ^1 ^ TI^Rtf^
^ •srSRI '^' 4>W!’^ ■f <i'i^l t^tt^TIcfl % i^ciiMi 3?rara H <J(3li<l y«‘(l‘H
^ 3^ =?7nr ^ it ®rf^ ar^ f?cn ^ trt %
did^'cra WTW % f?n3; ^tra ^ ^ 1^ t afk si^pft ^ 3i^«jRon
^ ■'ITR ‘ «'it*i d'l'titi^' ^ ST^tTOnr T?31 f 1
^’’Tfijd h1c*jH:( 3<«<yuuii (Concept of Orgsaised Democracy)

TFT «ti5ii ^ ■fe TTO^t^ <nl'=tid^ «FFiT 3Tf%<«hKl WF 'StSl
»ni% ■'TT '5Tk f 'cTTfti' TFTT^ ^ 'HdHi''] ^ TT%I «-i=M ^ TJî'
dUTfa % 3TF(T f^ TTTTf TFSTR ^ qif% it TISuTd* Stt^Prar tpf) -gr? % gq
^ Mlciui ^77 ^ ^1 i^fdH TI^Fftf^ ^ Pi*il*'l ^^0 ^ ^
arrsTgT-^-atfqgr ^05<n! WT ^ afiT i\\
HlrVi't' dWa^ efft mm) ^ alfl'TR'i fe«fl "tl
TT*TfetT ^«hd? ^ (dv)TO1t( (Characteristics of Organised Democracy)

TFT % TFlfecT dWe/d ^ f^rdt^d ^—
1. *(?/pioh (ihftrtw (Radical Democracy)~XP1 ^ «'ifod d)<»itiW % fd<i •*<fld«t>
dUd^ ■3FT wi*\ 1^ tl ■3WI wn 11^ 'Radical' TT^ 'TT^ ^ 'Radix' ^ '^Fn.
ii ITFRT ^fe=T *TFn T? 3TS? f-’^T^ it (From the roots)i iTt^ TF? 3=i*i ■qi T*TFfrq
TTITFri ITT ‘Sranr Tiq 'Radical Democracy' qiT 3T^ "nlid'h dWnsi ^ dWa^ '^.'^ TTFR
% IdHdH T^ % 3TFTR qT fH'lRja ^l” 3T8TffI^TFT ^ ^Fflq T^?11TFT STrit ■H'iOH dWd^
aratnr^ ^ 3tmt wn ti '
2. hI/pkh H/'tW(i(cf«<( ^ ti*«f /^STfT (Associated with Radical Humanism) —RFT
Hj|(dd d'l+d'q qfl 3Ta»TFyn '5t% frrar?) ■qq-’Fiq^^rarq qr 4tfiri^ qFTqmqTq qft ■’jcqr 'll ■st'^
3T5^K—''qq-MHddl'^K TT^TT TT^fSTT d]<?ici5* it f'l ^FTfetT dWc73 %
■f^ Hiqqoiqnr qrt stHdl «nqT q^FFTT ^ ti'nnii" tft q>T Hn«ioms (Radical
Humanism) twqRURT "t f^ <X(iq eiRqi FR % ftiq Hltdqi dW<i5i
Tiq ^ arnr ftr^TcT qi-irât m3 qrr fn^ ^ tot m' 3Ft^ wq qq tto' ii tft ^
3TOiT^ -JTFqrrTsij qf) 4f^ dUcra it tsttf ti Hi-«4ai Tt ^ 4f^ dUd'q qff fI
iq% ■feqi TT^^ dl'pci'^ qT^TFr qrTqi qt 37tt*to ^ qTTOciiqK qq om^^rfrq? FR Alfdî
TTtqjTO TFsrq'ti-
3. WTTT ^ /a(i^êfc(U| (Decentralization of Powers)—WJ q>T q?^ 11^
qrf. %^^qqTT®r tt^t^jt ^ qfm '^??7 -elA SPT^ TFlferT M'»ij?i^ qit STTOIFFT if TT3T %
rqA>'<0'f^''i m qftT i^qr "ti th qrr qrfqi 11% 3iruqT-^-3TruqT 3q1^ effr •^traq -q 'TTtTI "A qFftqiT
qqiq TT^ dWn'si qft TSTIF^T q^ TFftall mfcIT qnftqjfl qc1-fê1i M'diciq q>t T*hihii
wit^'v^fitf^ yqqrrqr s?
n.^. m. ^ ^ aftr scil*! yj|i^ % ^ «wra ^ ^«*5a1 f^l wifcja dWdst U'ddlfd*
■?Tfef ^ dWd5i ^ Ti^ a^^T '??R "qr w'lfdd "q oqnq? tfp "qq ^sqpft^ f?r
•q^ y'lfed ^ ^ ^ ii •^qqrr wnr t ^ ^sTT=ft^ #qf % ^735^
% -rntm ■t ^-fg#T yotra'ji ^ wnt ^ wi y?Ra ^ war ti ^nai ^ *ft ^P-rtT’^d
3iff^ ITc^cft "STf^ t^cfSai ^ FTW 3TFf^ *i<ii'ill
4. <?mA5’Jt Wî/rf? (Partyless Democracy) —TP? ^ hihi ^ 1^ ^ tT^-ilfn=h
% 'fld'd I’l ^ -S'dai ^ <.i'Ji'il(q<t. tqi^ ^ ^ q'nW "5^ 3PR1 ''d4w
'tl ■fl'icii % 1^ ^ CT'irnK 3in^<a1 Ft?ft TF^ ^l aRici-Sijpqa q>T WTPT T^l
"F^Ff^ appft V'lfed dUd'd ^ ar^mcJii ^ -jnTra q5T^ ^ ii ^rafq m
«rR^ ^ ^!c!t ^ «Hi(vi cnWax 'f^, a-elA % 'WT^ ^
^ "^l FTT^ 3?q^ dl+d':< ^ ITF^ fPH t ^ '3pT-qTMTqf %
scisp^ <rfHil ?TPq?IT ^ 'jfifil ^ ^ Fl%l
5. *<1/?i«f» ^ciTw ^ ^ fKatiicat Democracy as a Supreme
Ideal) —XR ^ .hmh ^ oin>ii5l TIRR 3rqrfe^(f (ii'j)1=ii<^, qiTfft^K) "'dddl % % 71^
F^ 'tl oqfiffl "iRdT ■^-^5!^ WR T5IT ^TTFTI 'Sf^f ^ «c(a5(fli '5 qlci-l ^ +qa5idi "qt FTîTT
RR ^ ti -sfm
dMRii^l FiRR ^TTR ^«rar % %3; %r QcKdW F^ ^1 diiKiipl FMF 'q’qiferqf tpf ^ ^fa=t)dl ^
qr '9^FPM9rf ^ tr
^ q*R FRn aft <aWflat ■% % ftq^tF ^1 '^''^ IRiK FRiqF^
Muiifd41 ^ eiWaa ^ 5te ^1 ^7^ ^ 37K5f ^ ^ ^ ^dsini ^ "TTR^FI F^
tiqini fl
6. wlehfi’a ^ yjpfqj W 37^775^ ^ (Radical Democracy is free from
Religious restrictions) —TR ^ '^TFFT ^ fti cft^KR Fft <0qK =h<^ cfWt ^
'TTR % <H5li aft^ Ha|«j< ftRT afRt tl Fif %FR FT FFFT ^ ^ FI^ f 3^P FTFfefe^ q=pai
^ ^FF’i *ft A*<nRl ^^tFt "tl uFTFF ^ f4 F^ Flt^ "^sna fen "^1 FFFIT '^flfeFi dtFIcR
■ mfif^ 'g STTtqiffHqi îRhiql % 1^ ®RF*n q»<dil "'JaflRrft .cTRkR ^ ^ ^ % STIMR FT
aitctl Î'qqKl qnqi aflFT ^l TR "^n qipii ^ Fq% 4lfcriq' tnWad F7T FTF ^ ^fWTlsff FTI
^ Wt ^ FRRIl
7. AAAin 3fWWqt«» (Decentralized Economy) —TR ^ î-ni ^ Tlapfif^ ‘FTtF
^ FTF 3TTf^ w ^ %--iOq=fipn «rt 37ir«fq? ^ -wwir^ f^Hdiaft' Fft arq ^ ti tr qn ^:?qT t
fe 3#fe IFaFFi % 1^ TTapfrtTRj tqn':<nt qn ‘^ft^ RF^ 'FF^ '^1 l^FcnK 771’Rf %
<?'Hi'ci<.'j| % %>? 374oqqt«n ^ ^§i(q 1^ fI Fq^ ^F ^RFSTT-fdijIaH ^ FtF^TlfeTT "qF
37I^ffi!F fWi aqq>i qên "t ^ STTf^qi ^ naiiji Ptqâtd (Planning) ^ F^F
aTF^ qPF ■% "HRif •a^fcRRf % ■jaFF ITTâtfqqi 'f’RF^ fIfT RTIF^J, Fife
Fit ffer FT , ■qrg f^t Fift ■qfeqr ^ oqfei ^ FFrnrar fit ^ ^ftf <0-11 FF^t
Ffe FTfe FF-FIFFFTFIF F^ feFTTFRT Fit «)iq?iRFi fen FI F% -SltT FtfeFT eftFRF Fft fSTTqFI
^ -Î^!
4lftdF» Mlehfl'q FIT '<lai*fll^ FTF3F (Political Organisation of Radical Democracy)
TR % 3T^nT Frfe 4l(<rtqi cffecR FIT «'T3HicHq> FTFI feFfeffet Ffe-
I, aj»i«/ijjnq/—TR FIT Ht'1'11 ^ fe FFcIl FFt TTfePlt FH ^ Ftnt il aRFT Fit Wm^JcTT TSIpftF
ai-i<4q[aql % 4i«q*i Slfe^RF F>t FT^Ftl FF Ffefeff FIT fdqfq-i FFlftRIR STTVR FT fFFT
88 VTTSfe 7?an?/ff^' /qq'««n

•siii^'iil ar^=t) 50 ''R ^ fiqi'qi 1%^ -fliij.'iil R.R TFT. ^¥W, 7f?/?R?,
■aHylHldyt % aril^ TSTpft^ ^hIhRi ÎTT F^qlP’ô afnfify Tt^l wO"^ tiRifn ■^' ac^qi ^RilU ^ OTW
IKT 5-5 yfdrnfy ^ iniiAl î-ilq tqîiîi % TFlf ^ Pi4e'i qil'Di ^
7iAq>aqirHqi f 3T^ qVi'î-1 "^l
II. Mi'fflq «)«f>-q/<qq—TR 37^ nUcnqi CTWd5< % W'lducH'ti aiola ifii«-i %
irfcfrq ^ vijmi ^ ti 1^1% wî! ^ % otur
4 ^ 'Siicti ^RT qm.'iil ^q4< 'it qq*q> RdlftWR % ?Rr 5 ^ %
1^ Htiqi ■qikj.'iil RTR ^114^1171^11 cl*ll ■^tRt aqiK JJiIqqqi' ^Wtl stiqil Jjifqd41’ ^
’jia4<+,<u| r=tiqi •JiiiJ_<iii aidl^ ■'Tft^ Rl^rrftR^ *Tt aftr ^ O^nA
% fell ISMt wrHrd^l »ft -^ftl ^ WtR •'ift^ % 40% ^ ^f*TcI
3iiq?qqi 'ftRri '3^ Pl*Ji^ •q-iHa TftiF ?Tn ■fliy.'iil
III. ««T^ ^7-y/<qq—TFI ^ qi6H % «i<qii<. % «h«i Sik 'M4Hifci'tii
g7l4 êjl’crcl •JlnRq'^ ^RI qiyl'll ^ hR^', [gW'^HfH'ti ^ ^1^-441^ URT ^«IT
TR^ '^RT '?ktl «Hq%q ^-aRq<\ ^TTCTTTI dq44, iji-kci wql'cq ■3R-'^
Ml<ti4 ^ ^ 31®I%Rn qiA'ii ^ ^7iiC(*TlI 441 q H'TT k ^ ^qt«iisi (Legislation)
TltkcRTf ?Ml -RR ^ Wm % Trikkrfil ^TrfRH ^1 % RfilRlRrTf IRT
ftiRT -dlii'lll IR^ irra RRH yldPTRl Rqllqa 'îklll ?4t cR^ TR^ RRI % ^
ÎdyiRjdi R^ 3T’T^ yRiRiRl RiqlRid RRIR fqîH sfk ^ RH kkni §«4i 3iRiRqd
3 fkf^ ^ *ft R357 îTJ k *<441a îR7 '(q4< apR^ WFT!^ ^ ew4wiCTq> 37^5? iWl
^ yJll^ ^ aî<a ^ ^ 1%^ TRI k 'iq4l RRItT ^ TTONiTOI "î tR?
^ aiol-^ Ropk % ItT^ 4t ^1 ■
7i1<*i43 qAr?n«h Tllehtra T|f qRqtti ,

(Transition from Parliamentary Democracy to Radical Democracy)
TRI fR RRI ^ RpflRffk RR# ’STSTWr ^ 'WTT 3TRTR ^ tl
5«Ri>< RR^kl ciiqiaq ^ nlRiqi <nlqiflq k q^ciA % kl’? 4sbH''i '^>R1 ^ oqqt«n ^ ^1 §«4i
dVlA ^ ^ ■§—
I. Jitfif ^ i^TSTT (Education for the people) —IRI ^ qigil't ^ TTkf
■^rf^ ^kt, rTR rf^ SRrRknkar 37k 3TlcR-«*îi ^ Rra fqqiRin ^ ^ «q>ail f?lfec! 'SRfcn
^ 3R^ akkîRt % RBtî RRIT tfqicd ^1 'dd4i kTOT .kt oqPqfl ^ R^Ww fqqiRl qi<4l
tl klSIT R RRIR ^ 7=kk ^ 3TTRR tl 3T3RR krai ^ Rk t~S7ft<T ^ ^RRnat,
sfk ^RirakRkt ^ fqqiRin «lt.raRcII cRTI îqii oqiqîRep "gkraRI fR aqiK TRI kl^ ^ ^RT
sRlkr ^ ^Wcl qi<'i( qie4 ^ cTrf^ «(Rki ^ rRrI t tt 3^7 oqRw RRM t
3RR1 ■?RRr qPiRqq ^ R%l ^ aqiT< TRI t kl^ % IRI OH-llRiqi RRI % ^FRRR % RTR-RTR
RIRlkra HRqtf'i RiT Rt RPf a<i«i IkiRI tl
II. pT^-^chTÎ (Economic Decentralization) —TR7 ^ qie-ii t RR^kl
yuilTft ciWdq k <F'ai'flRn qi<.A '^TR RR RRi itRT, "RR 3Tlf*lRI îRkih'I RI
RRRRR Rit TlkRRf RiT [q'4>'41=tit''i R fqiqi "Rl^RTI ?Rklk ^-414 1441 Rio STôadWT RRl R?R7Rt
3l4oqq<<ii WRRl RT RtI kRI tl RRRR RiFRI t ki 1RRI Piql-dH % tR 37lfski fRRiTR '15I
^ RRRHI «raiî % rqqi-41qi<î ki IrRT RktRIR Rit Rtt kiRT ^ RRkITI |Rt RTF w^qiiRni
RfRRl kt ■RTfk^ RRPRsk RH RRmiR k RRR Wt k RR RRR Rft TRRI tlkt, kiRk RckRT
iaikd Rk frqaqai RR kRRR tklT sfk R^ Rk RSTFTRI tkfti
RRfk? Tf^MtRrW) (qqK'fl 89

TFf, ??t ^ ST’ît ■+i‘iRjfl cnWaî ^ ^ tq<p4 ''IT 'Srail?T
■?nBT ^1 "S^ oqRtfl wflsra} ^ ^ qilnn "TT qqi-^ % ^
■^1 "5^% ‘illw'h ^ tn'l'haq ^ '®R^ «Tirn %1 ô-ii ■%
nlRiqi <r)lq>qq ^ ^T^MR'ni ^ îU Sucrilq-iiQ, *ft ^ ^'i
■5Tte
H^fMch Ht^>fnr aildl^^f (Criticism of Radical Democracy)
Tf^ 4tRri=h <jrayR'®il "f—
1. TT^ Xi^nlfaq) wasai =f1 ^lerq %l
2. TR qij Rft 3TT#^ *tRtft^ 3T«T1?RF( ^ ^ ft
3. TR ^ ciWctq ^ iqicîi ^ ft •3^!gPi=h Î'woq f ^ 'JMHa ^ Slfq^RtT
^ RtR ft ^raPr ^ Tn5FftfcR> 'ytayn % f. Ppt sft ir^ ^ ^ srf^
I "
«=hail
«e=hiRfli T73f #ii RftT ft ft^
ft FH ^ IT^^^lftciT % ftf ft ^ STsiszR^ '5^t TTR ft ’l|i
5. TR f ■5R-'??lRftRf ^ •JJfrg 1^ f I RR f Rtfr, ff^<Et 3Tt1^ •?RPTT3Tf
%^ ■sPT-^TfttcRf % iTTWm ^ f?l ^ TIRR 'WOT '^pf ft
yq>n, TR y-qiaq ^ 3RtnRT\ tpt 3?%^ aîw'qntsit R)q<K ftR 'T^ ft "a^Rtt
^“fqfli siqioq ^ <?FRrr ^ qi«tlq=n ^ fR tRi 3TIT®R ft pR ft TR f tfftf^ JFtfcxiq^î
^ -ft tfîT f, cf^ grrft ■JTfTwjf ft 3TR f¥fR f?if ^ srfsira^ % f%w f‘ pRtspr %
PFR nqiKi ■^rft «rT '^RTcIll a-iqii 04Rm ^ +qaqfii ^ Ri^K sn^pRT <J<AKqi<{l TRftpRi
% PFT^’jf ft
5.9. TRT ^ 3TR*lt«nit*raj *jc<<i«»>’l (Critical Evaluation of Roy)
TR ^ Pq-qi iRi "^ft ^ 'ôT % '51% STTIIF ^ hR'J||« f, t^RFf Rf^RT ^

'iRhi ^ Sf^'ror ftfcRi. fpRi STtRf^ ^Rpf ^ ^RiRqq Rnqt îlTT!;t TR f STT^
Rif ^ ^ ^ ffRif rn=M<îi t f^ q^HN îqnlRiqi R 3TTff^ '^RFESn RPR % TPTO =FR7M
RiT RPt RiRqa Hft RFTcftl RRf 3Plf TRftfcT^ pHTti f RPR Rp tqaqai ^ T73f R RRf c|fi5;
Rirf % Rf9R "f RFrSTjf R5Rt Rft <alq RR IRPT 1rrt ft FFPT ^Rft R)t ‘iRqi rI RFRPT
ff % 3Ppn RR-RPRRRTR RH R^R’jf Riîa f?I fRRT ft ?Rt RiTTR RF '^4q<iT RRT tiHqiicfll
fqqKqiT 'f RR RRl ft RRRR fRTR-R^gjR RR Iqqn, RPR Rft RR RFR’^ 3RTR
ft RRf RRRtR pjRRR % ftff RTt dl+dS RRI aTPTR ff RR WR ft
RPT-lqel-i tlRPR % [qqit. gKT R^Ftf TTRRtftRF Rpfl Rp RRiTRcRR' ’JpRR % RfR RIR ^tR "SPIR IrR!
ft RRf ff'lsqi^l RTRfRIR % RIPT ^ RPR RRRRl Rp RT?^ tRRiTPrf RR 3R1R Iqiql ft
?RRT ftf % RR^ ft 3T^ iRgpit f "SR^ fRRRt Rp SRcftRRT Rft ft fRRRRTR RRTR RRf
f <si^ pRRpr RH *j<rqi=hi RPF^ ^ RiFT f TR OT^fRRi RKR f R?tR R TRRtfcIR? ôqil f RRR
RFR ft Rpg 5RfR Rp RR RF f % RRf tpf % rIr ^RRFt ftf RR ft rItRR f R RRf.ff^
RTR^ RTI ftRF f R RR^tf Rp RRt RPPit ^ ft RTRR f RR^ tW? R ft 4fHRi f R^T R RRtTl
pR ft 3PR RIRfR fRRTRp f RRf SrffRT iRgR IrRRR) TR ft f I fR RRRT RRf f ft TR % iRRlf
ff HSiq Rp Tft^TT f^RT ft ?R RRRT FR RiF RR>f f Pqi ttq qii TRPT RIRpR RRpftPlR’ fRRR f R^
RFTR’jf f(
90 Vrra?R PRPP/ffRT fk-îi’f>

*17. m,
5.10. Hraj^f^%f^■^f%^W?Tt^%i^raIT (Thought of Nehru and
Lohiya about the Democracy)
W % UST*? ■%?: (1889-1964) sng^ W ^ ft*lf3T3ff ■^' ^

13;^ ^ ■3Tr=?t^ % %7, Tf^TT <i‘>nll{i<t»
Tfifteraj % ^ "ti ’TCit^ ^dli ^ ^ firw utti «»i>hI0 ^
W^RT cT«7I ^ 9'j||flif3<n MUiK^) ^ y'TlI^ ^1 4?lfV
■g^' (tpf. 3Tf^, SlhiWteT'^ 3TTf^) *R cl*n ^ '^’ 3RTT ^TT. Rt
% TRTPf ^ Hnqa rar^, <}rHlf«ti ^ % fe^îy % "T^raT TTSU % ■«‘44^ ^l W ’Wq«4'n
cT^TT ^ (^■gRVRT ^1 TTl^ Rl^, '#37 7ft ITTiarf B«Tr ^7
■377^ TZTiaff % ■5RI7 '5^ *ft 3T^ 7^ 7# ^1 ItR gjTcT: 7? #7777 7*7 ^417777 777771 %
7^ ^! 77 77T ‘t^NUl (71# 7 77#) 71177-377771 # a?R7I 7# ^l 7777 TIW
7R7 #7i77 # RW-TI^t TTTTTT# 77?R # 7717 # WITT 7R7T 7tl
^577771 3TT#7F % 77q 77# #77 #117^ ^T # #^1 7R7 # RftmT-tTT# 771
^77771 # TTTTc^ 7R7-#7f7 7777 TtTTIT WI 77# f77R 77# ^f7#—‘-STTcTTrTT’ (An
Autobiography), ‘l7?7-lf75T7 # IRTTT' (Glimpses of World History) 771 ‘tM 7ft T^ra'
■ (The Discovery of India) # 3lfifft77 3T7#T ##, 7# 7 7T7# ## TT 77# t'l
rilofirtS 77 %??7 # #TU7T
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^ cn'l'tioa #t Tit^ t#?T7 TftTTTl 7^ # f, qf#! RTT, 31T7R
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# i, # TTlt f77#'# ^ 7#'531^1
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2. 5T55#7 TniTT : yqiaifft# Tift # "75 yytOq 75RT# TIRIT oqT571 # 7*775
ftl 77 yrdrdl7TlrH<*> ■?TR1T 3^7571 # 557*% ft, # Pdfisi'd 5if77IT, 'dHItllT 51*7^, fTTfft7 ’ITIT,
TT5Ti TTifTTiR, fttfrlTi 3lf7TiR Til TIRTT, ■37595# 5I31#f7^ T51 'ftft 3117Rt 75 ## tt# tl
^ TEI757I Til 3117R 5I31#l7Ti 5I‘TR71 317fll ^ ftTRlT # #3 ftft Til srfTTiR tl 3TT>1
#?7RT 71 ■% 5I3T Tft TlftTT, 5171 Tpai ft PiqiH Ti57t tl 317: 5RTiR 31771 Tft Tft-3lfft5Tl=l7
*in rftr Wq-fl/oq) /qTRch 91
nn. m. ^ sr^ aif’isqg^ ^ srq^ 3rfcrPiftFTf ^ «fi<,fi't ^1
■fl'iiiRiftrM ^R-Inqlf^fl % ctiK'^ «nai •% "Sf^ ^ 't'l

^ TIRR Vil«tici5l ^ 3Tr*Fl 3fn ^ IVi-g f 1%
<R^*ia TT^ tff’ia ^1 3TfI: ^ tiiVyfa't) ^ ^ ^fll^ViPi'ti <s'^’inT ^ o’J^P-TT
"^rf^l M'îmiBi'n fqP'i'^ TTjRtfciT ^ fqf^-i ^ ■3Tfiioq'»fl efn;^
«R¥T ^ f I Twn ^ 'S^fq^H'âi 'TT ’fl ^ f^l
îtg fH «*«(•< ■^' F? ii,«»iHiq ««i'W ^) «Kf^'9
-^Rf 3TT^ wn^ ti '^.f. ■ftro ^ ira i, ira ft
Mii-flfaqi 3?T ''R ^ ^ ^ft^KTfRRT pH-aia ^ ^-Jcricti 3il 33? qcnai ^l”
3. 3ii(^<t> tTSrr WlHlPilch WHimi % ■^^ UMiiria : ^ ^ ®n f^ rf^Tcra ^ 3?*f

TRHcIT ^*1T CTWti'q i^qin WTcTT 'SflR 'R' ^ f^qi'Rjct «<*cir "tl cilqiciq Xi-Ji'iirn'î ^ "R cl’^
^4>d tiqiai 3Tlf*^5r cT3T ^RFJl’STt ^ ^ ^1 TTJRtRr^ ♦HHi-iai
3TIfs^^ «ii*iiP>i=ti ITHPTflT 3R ^(JHlWffj '^' ‘TFw T^l.%^ ^ ^Tcl 8TT ‘‘T33r ^-3n
■g ■% "^n ■^' tl” <Srf: cTRF^ 3?1 c1^ 3?f>7^-'^-3?fv^ eM
qrt sTpt q^ qq 3Tq«T ^ ?Rq qilqiî ^ %^ hIRish, srfiWTO ( 'ii'iR=n'l' % aTTMHiKT) ^
TFiq ^ qtfci Rrfyrqr ftnsjqf (q^^nqR'q % ct)<r«(|u|=tii ^ fy.Sl5il) ^ ’Tt ?^T ^ H?rq 1^ ^l ■
yiHif^qi snfzfgr f3«RKt ^’ff eiW ^ ^>r ^ sTtv^nr, 3fâ ■'tt^ ^ ,
WT "SfR TTf, %«T. ■HWlP^^ TI«n W^s^T TCT % '3^ ^?R ^ ’^rfFTiI
-qr *ft ^ f Ifi«n #qnra ^ qpT^ ^
1% qi«rq<?> dWflq '^'Jilqi'r 3T^ cI^TT SURfe TRPRh clHiT 'Wlfqcr IVqi ^ 'tl
^ ^ 8n fti qror ^nqrfîq? ^=qK qR ^sqw <H=hal ^ '^snRrqiq qn sRt ■?î
^ sn^T^fFi % fq?? ^ I •sT^ sf^sK qrratq rM Rrt q cit efRft sraqfi qR HHiqqT fqqi
ti<i'‘ri ci*n q ^ Trqqtfqqr q 3Tif*lqr ciWaq qR i^Tfqqr ‘qqq 'î wqiqifqqqq qrt qq T^qqn
% feiT -^qq qiqri q? Tpq ^ qqiqqr in q^qr •qqt qft arq^ qif qiqrq qR
■^qqqqr qra ^f^'di-srfqqn? qqr qq-qdfqq^ % <HiVyfa=fi iiT%rq % ^ qsjq^
qftqqfq qR ^qi^rai % snqT-sigyTraq, tifgwjcti q«q TTTfRrjjf ^ ^ IqqT^ % qqiqjq qr qqr Iqqii
qirfq qw qi^ qR qft aiqqqqii ^ ^ wqq q^ fq^ "sqqii qq «tt 1^ qfq Fq^
qnf^rji’f qqiq^ qftcqiq l^qi qt ?q^ qqqjT Risuk e^q's qsrr ^qrr IqTqiR 3tqfq 'Fhfti
4. aqftJq; q^tqq : ^rorqqtq q^t q?nqqi : % dW^ q^ ‘qpqqq;^ qrtqjqq’ % qrq

^ qt qRT qnqr ti qîfq ^qfqqqq ^qqqqi % q^ % qi^ q? aifctqqKl wq %
qR ^ '^qqqqi qr qfqi cimim, qq^ qn 1^q q^ qniî qqqn qq iqqqqr
q «HHni ^ «gcii qqiRiq qiq% ‘qqrqqT^ qqjR qq ■qqrq’ qqifqq qiT% % qssqr 't't qq *q
fti qqiqq qiqrfqqr onq^sq qR qfq qqqi 'f, qff q^qqrq q^ sqqrltq '^, qj^T cfl'ii
qi^ % al^ct FTiqq ''^dq ^lifqq» qq qqqqq. Tqrfqiq qn fqq^ whi-ji % f-rrt ^ cfPTt'
FTsif q ^1
îfqqqq !?qqqqT qqi qiqifVqr qiqqM % "qq^qq qqiPra qq^ qR ^ '%q^ ^ 1qf^
sTsJsiiqFqT qr q^ fî fqq4 fq^ q*n ■qr^qlqq? qRff x«hk % ■ssqf q?^ Iqqnq qq srqqr pHt^'iii
y'+'K qq ■qqrqqrq qwq^ q ftin ^ qq^ q^ «ti<ai, q ^ tqsft q^qlq % qqiqq qq qx^qr
3^Pf3 «i4v(iR=t> 1%q ^ qq qt qflqr ^ ■qqsfq qirqr qqiqqrqt q^fiqq qfi eTF|_^Tq
^ ^ %jRTq5 fqqqq (qqq^ qpqqisrf), *jfq-'^qR qq^ cqqfqRt-'cpîq), Fn^^rfqq^;'
92 qqqfq TnMffn^ Ihnn’*’

ftopra 'hT4st>*i, ^^riH cfii^'il Snl^ ’H6KI Rrt^ll ^ ■3?8TH q q>r'H('Ji Mt nn. m. w,
’’TT ‘*'ili ■’TQf/
■%^ % ^‘iMqi'd tq’^'1 "T^J *|T ^SfTcTlf^ WHi'Jiqft wiin^-^qi'^ ^ ^*^1

■TOtfrr TT^ ^ Wjt-Trff t( TTjfrf cf ^ft?7# gP ?rg^ TT^
^ ^ TWHI ^ 'q6Tq'4_‘'i ÎHI, Iqî??. 'cf^^r ■^|SpR^51?n ^
TI^ ^ ‘'T^TfteT'T? 37TFfT ^3?cn^l
‘jjîehH : ^f.<?v <;rtWciq ^ STq^’iii'Jll oqrqfl '?qciqtii HiT^t^ ijcr^-fl % Ht'^q
t^TqiK '^1 5^ eh I M-Jiraq ii-fliliciqi îRd qj'.-^ ^ ^ -ii'iReh 3Tf^qiKi
^ oqgwr % TTT^^-wi wnftR? w 3TTf^ ^ ti ^ Wrf^ ^ 'snw

VR^n ^ fqqiKH ^rrl aqw fq>qi, ^ ^8jt ^niial <hiW^ elT a^q>i
®^lqfl‘icl T°RfR3T cWT IRTTSt qirqi''i % ■^H-THtnn "'R STmrftrf 'f I
/
Wflia'q ^ c^lgqi ^ f^^fTT
51 ^ *^-<tg< d)fe‘^l (1910-1967) »7R^ % STKjcR % '^. l-q65|flJ 3fl^rt-i

% '^T5R ^R=h cl^n ‘ [qs,)^"! % qK^qi TI«n)f6^’ % R 'SIT^ f I ^ Hiq+fqi'r 71*11 Rl^R
^ ^ RRifw %=g ^ ^ ^ ■37i^3wrTW ^ ^ irgr cft^ rpJ w^.
^HISI'dK % ■=irR WTT ^ tl %? Re! i!7i 1^ I^Wlf ■^' 'fsftRK ^ t
Si^yyqq fqqKttlKilt ‘c^lâiT^'S ^*0^R’, % aiTflf^T (37rr*f^ fBtv^^TTOT)
RTîiqisl ^Hiql (TI^RtfilRr (q'i'sCj'h'.eii ) ?TR lirB Bnt BB tl
'?l'lf|.'4l ^nqoi ■'J^ Rfecl (1934) RITIJr RRFSlRT^ ^ ^ 31^^ ^HVqiHqiT ^ ^ ^ y^<3
RBon «hii)y % ^-fl'Iei q>i4<6 *711 1948 "4 q>lUR R 31^ ^ RR1I RiMRIT R5 y^l yni-qqiql
5^, 1^ R'yqd RRRfRT^ c!*n aTRRI; ^HHi^qi'd 57T % ^ Heqinl ^TRTI 6l)i?qi «l»iq et-mlfcij*
er*n ^r-a-^lql î '3=1% fq^Ki R>t br% gru %Ricr TRRisff "^feTihR TkiT f i
STStlH^ RT [clclli : cTtf%Rl URTclff^^ «eR?R1 R' {q«qi^l *71 lRv^ <54^ H'^tiaq WHi'flqis ^
8ni -dlî a^RTT yailfiq RRTBBI % -3^?^ '5nRT ^ ^ RieR tl RWif ^ arm c#i)'
^ Bflt % 1^ t XfBT % fqq)'si^<''i % '4 ^1 y'»)idlTqqi oqq^ RlBfRfVBIBTBr ?*7T t, ■ftwt
3TIR ^jRBT ^TRRI tfeft t B»n TTiRTcT RIi eit^ t WWTB RBRR -qX ^ W1 BBRi-d) ^ aBR
RXgB: B^RBlfRBBt t? B«B (2) BBI SBR ^Bfel 1?RT XBBB 71*11 BfeBI ,X7R T7 ^1^1 t 1%
B5 aiRt RTnfRBIR BIT 3fBB HBtR BIT '’717111? W TRB^ "t a-i=hi t 'f^ aH^PlBI ^RTITTR
oqqwl ■t '+t4<d tl BTiPl yRiPifR ■cBBTSB BTRKlBt oBBPB t 1bB5 ^B1, "5^7X1, '^TTB’llltlBB 71*11
■f^!ffl-TTT*1R '^'4lq!4l b4 SRI TTBlttlcI tl TTRlBRqRf B R5-yB(«6!37t ■% ■RSHTTBI Rt eitiVisfa tit tl
3171; W5f t ■=! 7i> BFlftBJ TBTTB t afR R 'tl Bf 3BR) ^ BIT 'BR -91711 tl cltitBT
ai^RR yMliciq "Bt Bft BTTTtfBBI TRUTIB RBIRI .■RSPT SRT "tt RRR tl,
oUfckl -Bit ■^^TfBTlT rrar rlt'Biri'B : RMNdK, BB ^'attel "Bit 'TBcfBcIT BB B5TB1 'tB! 11 eflBIcIB
ohIbb BB BITRI B RftRI -t' fBTBTR Tilt -p; 'fBBBR ip TTg,j^ 31BRT BSR -BBt Bt ÎBTRI tl -^flftBT
t ^ TR<R11 dIBtl* TB7fBB13l1' "R^tB RT RBBBI 51^ tl tri- qiiH qi< t, 111111-BiTt, RlRl-3llRSBfB71
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daiilldBi Brff Bft TTBTRBl tj^tti 'BBt) "t qT4d "B -fBIBI BUSI TTRIBBltf oBBTRI t aifBBBVI 'RFlItBi
y<qil(l q>4qKl t, TIBBlfB^ 37T*^«hit R qpqn TURI ^HBTTTB ■Rt’’ tl
TTRTRTtl TRST TBtBBTB : BflttBl % a7^71R,j RBUTlffBBI .'^TRIBBTB TIRnTIl BH 'T+Hîei tl ■1(B’ .
RBUni^BI TTRIBf "RRIRTB, ■q^,371>jrfRl ttRT -BlItRI RRHcH BB 37*f 17TRlfBB1 BlfBTIit -Bt ^ yq>K o^qfelTI /
RTIcflB 17B7)l7?^ ftqjeq? 93
OT, ^ fti ■fRR % «<feKi ^ <}Iâ srftRjR ui^ ^j%| C1II5411 ^ cIR^lfc1«<icll ^
f««SI^ '»’6l '^1 ytîK 'HHHcU^rf ^ «<nNi f, ■^-'^^--■5^ ■«*iHar.
■qT 3TT*nfe! 'SRRFRTIS^' 31^ îT=fr, '^FR ^ ;jnf^ yujJtff 3TOiTH?fI3Tf ^ Sfa, •«rHi<î ^ sra
%■
sraîRcna^l ^ SRI snfî cilft'Hi ^ wHunt % fHsftT ^ ^ gf^ 3rq<gg>ai
^ ^^ yw'ti ‘hi'+4, afiT (Marx, Gandhi and Socialism) ^ Îfilop
■^RTT^' % TRR ftd<ii gsTi ^ % qqig fgggq gg q^ fegi 'ti gF •>fiffl«t) ggr
3n^ll^«h tiHimi =F?^ ^1
dlfeqi % 3ijyn, f gg pRiditui gvft -^fraqg ^ qriJTTT, ggf^ qf^srf grl
■^' fd‘=FW % srfiRT 37g?R -f^ -^1 Tjfift gjT HSq oHO'jq' g)l WFqgr gjrgi gi, g^ gftf^
*^cii-<iH<l'^’ Wiftcl ^1 iHehi fqqK *JI 1^ ini'll '4 iHHHdl gg^ ^ ‘qqR gFiftgr
wTcdl’ ^ 3Tig?g^ ^1
•flifqqiq W 3TTT^ :.dirgi|l sirrddK ^ '5^ ^ ‘'snf^ gn ^'Mri -dirdclK

^ WT^ •qr •qg?m fq, :5^ f% ■qRg grff gn jjirdqT if cT«n wfM gii ggf,
HRF'ifi ^ gg ti gg^ igg^ ^ snf^. ggf grr gg 3fgm ig?gr, Ig^g
qifl qr ^gR del Rqi 1r g^f qgg g^ gnfcigt gggr ^ gfffggi ^ 3Tq^ * ^Riîw-ggi'
(Wheel of History) g' s-îrHdi q^ iRi gft qfg g?t Pd^l-dHi g)T^ p; g?FT t ^ giRr^' ggi
% q^FR. sFTftg^ ^fwRT ti gggn qg gi % *nRi 'î qrrfg ggr g^ grl
qig dW') gfl srig^ggRj ■f i gnfg-qgi gj) qg^ ferr iggi qqrggrg g^ cini gi ggRii
cilfegi g ^Ferial, feql, pHtss g4 % siRrai^jgft ggj srriggifq^ % ■^, qsîiqn. qqg
hI+PwI’ gn^ % 4' gg ‘qg^
gWcTT, grgm’31^
^ ■?gR qr ‘qgR grgpR, f^R gWgi’ gg q^ ^ fi
qgggg gr foRnr : cilfeqi gi^ Ri grfliRqg’ h^Ri ^ qqrfgg î 3R; qftg?fg %
gf fewicHdi ggig gng % q^ g^ î ■a-eT'^ gft gigiîisl oqq^î gsg wiRdn gfl fFWirgg? •flRigT
gg gnrl qgsifg ggl- jgigii ^ggg IgîR eg % gfg gtq^ gg^ gg l^g g^gi f ^ q^gniF gg qp!
■sf^g ti
Fq% arlgftgg gg qqg sri -qiqsifci'M % gg^?^ gig^ gge^ % qt Igg^ î gg^
qqg gFt qlggR qqflgg gf) gif^ qffqg g)gt gi1%^, spgeg gg gq gif^ gg aqitfqg gq ^ qgqigi
qqfg grggng gg qgieft î
: dlfeqi gg qg gi 1% qigggg ggg
y-dlnq efif rli(g ; HHl'itqiq ^ t«iqni sjqRid
dlgiflq qror gff qqRgsff gi^ ggi qqiggK qqifqg gq^ 3iqq«i î qggi g^gigg qggtf^
qlvigisTf gft^ ^ qgqiiw g^t qig gggi f ggi ?q% fgg fq^û Ig^’^sfggg agggggi g|%gi
qqgtg gfigigg % gegg qr n’gi Tigg' % ftrsig. r sgqrftg fq^-iO'jd îgggi g»t ggiqgi gg
y&iiq Iggr î srqg) qg^g^ ‘1g?g qigq gft wciR»>qt’ (Fragment of World Mind)
qqg % wrqf^ gig gjl gq gcnql—uiq, fggi, qigi ggi qr sugifei ggigi f i
gfl%gi agfeJgr ■fg^'^gtgqni % q^ f i gq qqg^ ^ ggugg % qig^ qr qiqrfgg?
ggrfqcg g fgggg gg qg %gi ■î gigl gff ^ gg gjigt q#gl' g g?M gg ■qq«fg gg^ t, ggJfe
g^ gqgfl g^l gg sgfeigt îRki % %^g)giTg ^ qiKÎ HM ^ t'l ggfigt, 'tgi) ggi glqi gggfggl
% q^tg^qg gg ^ qg fggi, ggffe qqiggt ggi gqqqg-'qig^ qt 1ggt tgifqtg gg Igggg ^
stqqiggi gg ^nqi f i gfriggi g qrgr w IqO« gq^ ftj qqt qqgtg qigisif gfl qfg^
ggp^qt gg qigftg? gR ggt gtt qqn fqgi gi^ gg,q^ %gri
'dHT'tKl-d-^dd'g ^-’ilq ■jgl^qg gg qt qq«?g îgii gg gnfrT-ygr gg ggjfFT ggr sirreig-gtRi
94 iMllfh'fy /qq«'?i
^ ®il a-?!^ Haîdl TR^ftfiT ^ '^'H’+l ^?f^5F[ TR,
ITTO^rf^f^fTT ^ ^) ^ sigW^lPi^jl ^ flT^ Trai % <^>'^'t)<'J| % 1rrS 4) <?illeqi RRpfct >}/<«/« RRRR
«IJ(n'=ii'\ <r5it<tn % RTlfR^rd % RT^ RiT Rr4^ RTI ailR.qi ^ RR^ % fgRTRRP
annl % ■'R 3lfiRT?*T^ ^'RTt ^ '+>t«is) (^nJ^ft^RlT yalcti), iRi («Hcf5 ^ 5t7
■TT^RFTff yal^h) ^ aHi«H) ^ h6tii wwiu? RR4^ [îhiI
<rllffe^l IRIffS rt*n ■RRRofl^ 41^1 ^ t«<iHii % ^STF ''R («**Hii'j,“I)
-Milcj-i ■??R qai'î "tl a-?!^ fqjfqtm ''R <i*iaiqi'0 tq?q«Vis ^
t^RTTi TTifnT wrPra a^Rni'^Ri snf^W I4^w rf ^r^ fro 'sWti
tjpqi'qii : cnirbqi ^ ^qiaiTq'î yniqqis oqHftl ^ âqfli ^STf RRR^ ■■R 3RRTftcI
TT^ oHqîRqi 1R5TR '^, <,iq-i1Ri=h R 3TTf4^ "Rf^ % 4>'-s0RRR ^ tqlq>i<. RRcTTI
RF ^Mi-qqisl îifRi'j^f y-iiiallV'fi wiq-i'l IfPR =IR^ ^ a4fi| ■§I 'JRlft aa.iOqx’'! % fR
^ ^ 3?l5i'lRl'* .oHq««n ■'R cilfeqi % fqqK Y’^' fl4'4'id "Rlf^raK, RTRI^rfR^Rn R <^Piqi
fR’^ %'3RR ■'R aiî tRRR yq'ldq '^' R^-RFRlfRU R R^-RPjtfl % R^R^ ^ a-i=hl
RRRI RRcftR TTRRttR % ^RlfiR? ^ 4 M^rR'jyf ^1
5.11. ailVidT % ■^^liSRT ^ ilRdli % t^^nr (Thought of Periyar about

Asmita)
'IRhk (RfH RRt) % RTR yHa* ^.Rt. <hiwi41 RPIRR (1879-1973) 3TT^fRRr RfajR
% RR-RlRRi RRT RTRlfRRi stillaquO ,4l RB^ RT^PnRTR f^Rt ^[qs % SRT^ RRl 1%^
RFR
^ ^ WnfRR’ 'H'^'Hiq RTF WFR RRRT RRII Rr^T^ftR RfiS’R RRRi 4 a-i4>
1rRR) RT RFR RRTR RRT "3^ RTRIIrR? 3RRFI % (r^ R^ RR^ Rft "^RRl '^l a-^'l^ 3RT^
RT^^ltRR) RftRR ^ RTRTfRRi' 4rRTR, R RRr) RiT ritR 1r^ ^RTTI Rf sfq-S-3)JV<ai (RWRIR)
% R^ qcniy, R^ 3RR5-RWR 3TP^cH % ^^fRRiclf 4i
+qaqai-a<i'0<^R RR^ ^ (1920 ^) '^ftRR RR^R % RRRTRTRR-^f^ R^R^ RR^3iR RRl
3TRJ7Rrn-fRRTRR R^) RtfR ^ RRlf^ ^tRR W RRRR ?lri^ ^ Rti| a-?)^ 3RTF^ STTRt^ RFl
fiTRI cTRJ IR^Tft R RtRIRF R ^ R'Hjfqd ftjl R5TR RTR R^ RR^RRfRHt tilnfa rI^ 37tR^ '^RT RRll
a-?lA RTR’RRil’R R^t ^R>R ftRTRR ^ ^ Rf^ R^ RR Rr4r ^ ^RiR RfRTRF R^RRI
RRT '^-'^RRTsfi RRI RT^TRf % fRR3 R^RRTjyl 'RTRR f^, IRR^ "RIRR RRR % 1^ R?
<tiKiqi« ■^' Rt Xtl RR^fTRn 4Rr^4l RT?FI-3TRTirR ^RTR RR Rt I^R tRÎ
^ RRR^ ■^Rri< ^ VS Ri^ ywiiql R?t TRPfTR RWT q>iil41 ^sii' % wlqiK R^ iRiRTI y>cia:
RifilR ?RTRRR 1^1 37R RftRR 4 RI^fRRTR RR RRT RRR RR fRFRR '^RTI RRRH R^ R1
■fe RT?r^ % RR RR!^ r^fiSfl RITRR % 3TR1 rS R^ RiRTt Rlft^, 3T^R1
^-RT^M RI^niRIR % STrRTRR RR RfR RR^
arftJIRT Rft 7^ : OTRI-Rron rim1<rr
■WftRRI cRfR^ H^-qii Rft RF t R^ R^ WR T(R? R TRRR IRR^ ^

RR R)R RRTRt f cTRl TTRIR ^ %R RPl^ RfT RTR qi<,a1 ^1
chl'Du % RK (1925 4) "^ftRR RpTel 31^ '^-RT^RR 'R^RIR RT RI^TR %
■jflRTIRlff,'^ cT^ 3RrR-tH*^M SlKlcfR-qciiqil '^ftRlT 31R^ Î'^lci'l R7f ‘s(f^ TT^JRTR’^ RIR
TRRR R^RTR' ^ TT^ fRiRlI
RlWtS ii'siilfh'^ (RRTT^ 95

^7- 71^. <ri}fs<ll. ^ 3Tf^m -sn -3^ ^ ■îrdRi^ wm ^ vjmj ^7t=î m #Tf -gft thfcti
nRiW''
■'R antTTftcT WTPt=Fr Siis^K ^ tRf ^ f ^ ■jNf ^ ’#r
f?r&iT. TFTf^ ^ •il'tiR'-il % sifyîR ^ "jnRf î % *iihci "3^ ^
^ ^ T^?5r ^ »it RRim ^JWT % WTT^ ^ W WRr ^l w^'
■=rt7
% MTW^ q4w ^ % 1qTT3; ^ '3TTRT-<H**fn fqqie’ ’ll >>iiqin»ia f^, f^nA STRlW
yjfsa ^ îrTO.'RRn (qqie-'ft^K <^**1-1 s-^lA q''\l‘>iM ''R qî'MKrt,
IpsTf "qT ^rfMy WTT^ WT ^ ^1
guf-cqg^ cCT : Rîf- ■qr a^rqrftrf t, 1%^'
Hi-qcii
îRq % aniTR ^ ^ ^ ci«?T tn^ ITTT f I ^vft ^ ^ 1%5T j3fTfcT,

^ RF!^ "p; ^ 1^ ■'TRI ^1 '^Rqi^ ^ ^ ^ ^^'Hiq ydlqi ^
3HKHlqii '^ft f I arpft % ^TTR "qi T[sF ^TPtT' (A confusion Galled
God) “A ‘ 3TRR-<^‘îi air^R=R' % qMim'i '^7. viq>ii<! sw?) 1^1^^ ^ sy-q* SR?
aii^qii t^r??i^1 ■^R'hh, ^ 'ân^ ^ ^-3^31 tih^ ^'OT^rr Rbqii ■3?^'-rN
% ■^^T*^q it 'f4q‘<?l ^ '1(41 Cl ^ 3T?^l=fiK fqiqi 1% ftR oTTIR '4' apq % %T^ %
^ CqN) TfR^ tl
tftRR 4 1?^ q4 4^ 3PP5? 441-47c(T3Tf ‘Sffl aiiq?q<^>cii •CR 41 7?^ fÎ -3^ SOcRT
^TR’RT (TRI ^'I'jf'H % cf^ RiT 41 3r41^R IrRTTI a-?)-! aPlt iPj41 ^ %ii ^ apit^R 7r4
^ 1^ ■3ft ^ "4 ‘Sfqr 'cRti T-iciqm ’’pn "'F "î
.4l TUfq "3^ -dlRd'ld 4^^ ■^TR ^
r-
% ai-ciqlnlq Iqql? (T8?T ap(T3lfc{l7 lilRiql^ RiT Pr4r ItRTI "f Rh“^ ^-oilq^ qff qnrt
■Rr^ Î ■^JRTT 3TR, 4Uî< ■^43*7'% "RT^cft '5ni4 Tfr % fcni in^RW^ ûf-BqqcîT
41 ^ tl
arrf^ ^ ^ ttrt
■^ftRR % aq^RR, q^-sRSRSR 41 "4^ 74 aTTf^Rr ^ TRT'q ti ■spq % ormr -qr •qRf
7>T "fRqRq =fR% 4rR 74 4 '^Ryic. 7RT 71^ 7RR 7R7T7 7t4 t, 77^ 4' "3^ T^fTcT 731'jO
■RFI fnciqll pHtssl ‘TTftRjf 4iqci 471 771 7TO 7>1 4177 Iqciial tl -7774 4l "Itn^ 777 74 '^TI
,7171 71171 t TTfTT 377 74 %' c47 '4?743j4 4lqti fTTlt t afR 7^47 77 7W 7R4 tl ■4ft7R %
ai^TR "fTTlF, ■315 771 cnleKi % 317?R "7^ "^^l-tTTiaql 7 7Tf47> q)4q»i''s "qT STTR 77 ^17 tlTI t,
74 TT^m 7 ■34177 7^ 7g4 tl 377; 7^ 374471 '3417 77 31=7 4>7R T^-^TTWl % 31=7 ?T7
f! RR7 tl
îm<qifqq> yRlfnfwcq 74 717 : 37=4s7R 74 7Tl7 41t7R 4 41 ■fwt 741—1^4177R

tr-Ti^rql % I713 ■rttHt^ TRsnari, ilq^Rq) 771 ftTSfnn-'TRpqiTl 4 ■3771 mRiRiRi^ 74 '441 ■=[4i
■RT^-4t^ "gTRl (1909) ^ ^7cRTF4 % %7 771 ■^m'+'U ^TRI (1919) IRT ftR^f, 'taifql 7*71
>('cil-?f^9''i ^13^17 4l ell'll % ITIH TTTRITIRtTI Riql"! h^Ri ?<4djd tl '^74 41l 'iRqn, 4 ■47-''7TlT'7
74 % W ^TTWl 74 ■RTR 74 37177777 ■RTlt 7>^ 'fe '3774 allRlT* 7 7774777 s(lRW 74
lt <-^ql(l 4 'TF ■RF1777 tl41l
■377771717 : ^777 -dRf^ls ^ 4rI

1 * ■ ’ ’
tftTR "4 ylRa^d 777 74 '7171 74'77f ^7^ 7777 7^ 7777171 37f47T7 41 ■771171 Rh-g 717 4
(1944 4) 'dlRee ■qltt 47 717 Riciqn sfq-s 77777_ (D.K.) 74 cqiHH 741377 3=tl4 'SRl^T 47 ftn^
96 V77J?te-5yn4/4^'?77R7^
■’JSTTT SvfT^fTTTPT 7ft 7F1 Tfti aP'^sl ^7K3 % TlW) 'TT TTlTnT 17.7. 777, %7",
■’J/TTTT 77777W
% "5^577 787T 37%^ (^<n) ’TI^ ’'TT! *Tt7 "^^T^cHTT^ 3TF7teR qciNil 1949
■^' "37% 5171 ] 7 cf7f7 77=71 TRTTTT^ [qqie 777^ 7*71 3^ 37771 3fl<lt*J7TKt ÎPta 777^ 7ft fTTI
Ifl
'+icid: TT^ % TfW ^ 37=71^717 373FT TRf s(f7¥ 7777*1, (D.M.K.) 7ft '7*77777
■^1 TTIrITTR (1962 % 7T7) ■^.7P7.%. "^STf |[17I s^fqsns TFl 'TFTO ^ # 'T^l
TJ777T777 : hRtR 7 '^l%’7 7777 7ft Tfcia ^‘iRsti,'777^ 7*7 '3^ 37f7*777 '7ft 77t^ %
ttlTT ■Jfel 777% ^ Pq-qn 77%, '% 77^7: TTlfTTTTTt %l TfcTTt % 377?T77*7R 777 mI'ii^ %7 "f^
'3^ sfq-S 7nf7 % ^ %' Hgqii 777% 'q'5 fTTTTI 7I7f% 77*777 7n*nf777 f77*77I 7*77 TTwiRnqi 37*717
'%' 'TT^T'TTT^ '7% 7t7 ■%% 77 dictu '*77 7^77777 .'7^ '77^ Tfl 'H7777I '?777
37*7t7i7 q<ni% 7*77 7777 sfqsiis 'Tft '*177 '7R% %7 777T’7'3177ft7^ ^RI 3*^, ^3^ '(7*71 ^
'7^1 7t '%ft7TT '77 TTlrffTTl ■3%?7 'TI^T’Tt'% q%*« 7% '3^ slq-at 7% 77777 %' ■¥7>aW5% I^STH
RdRl *771 3^7 17^% '% TUHlPdTl 37777 ^ '^7^ % 'f^ '37%’ 'STO 77 '^3777 ij.'n'iH mIRi'H 'll
■jr*er
377T*Tt 7^7 377?*ft, STT^fTTl 77T7t7 IhhiF’TT’ ^7 HTTHtTI pq-ti-i (1971)

%i3I7R { , HTTTt^T cftftTl (2005)
'^7 (t77777777) 7*77 )r<f (ntlg'-fl) TIH 7%t33 7%f37l oZtRh ^ fq^K (1996)
'TlfeTl (Tt.T^TI.) *737t7'TTTTtlTTr 1^1*77 (1996)
77777 (17®3), 77T7t7 TFTTtlT^'It^TT (2000)
^f7=F. (%5 177777) , 771^77 % 7737 *77 (1991)
fW (TT’l.'Tt.) 7*77 ('^) PeHiy, 77T7t7 '77%tl777 'f7*77 (1996)
'^ÛehlVI 7i<iM>Ji (Jai Prakash Narayan) '
dl+71777 % '717 7 fqoyia '^TTTTTl?! -ihi'H'JI 377^1777 7Rtilq 'f%*77 % 7^77 '7377 Iqqil^f f l
7Rcft7 7*71777^ % 'TTTTfTTT %7 ^ ■% 37777 'TTt^ Iq^lîTlTl % '177777 ■% 7FWJ% 7t77T7 f 1 %

HIT+fdKl ■3)% *% 777%777 77117 '7f%77 7777 ^*77777 '%7
37 37f*777 '§ I '3^t% 377% pq-fli % '7T77t7 7 37cT7 777ft7 '77177 7% '7^7773% '73 '737^ % 'fTTR
TRî '37%’ yniqii qii a ^ '% 7777 'fTTTl tl 3^ 771^71^ f7'417*777 % 77777 3777%'fTTtTl 77%
^ 71*ff Tft %7 7>JT 37577%) % '% '%7^ ^7177 ^1 <5'pl') 7777 '7% 37lf%77, ÎMiRi'T’ ^ TT^fTtfil^ o77?«77
'%' ''7ft7%7 '371% '%’ ^7% 'ie<i4 "% Rt^-iqqK Rnqi '^1 a-^lA '?77 '777% %> Ri'< '37t7i7ff%77 ITTl^TTK,
TcI-RiÎh '9737137, 37%t7%t WHN, R*?!! 77l1*7 377f^ PqqK y^d fTT^'tl 377^7177’ ■qqy'MVi 'TTTTT’R wf%
(cJtJiPI' %T '777777 Hl'1%^ '77*7 777 7% 'TRf '*n77cl777%t fqqK.q’ Tft f I <5-^)% 773% 77777'%' U^rTtfclTl
'%’ ^ '%■ ■f%7<7R ■% ^ t ^ W1F77 '3% '3R7ll*7 R*Tr-3^ %7 *77% %' 377% 7%t •'47*71 *7737
tl % W '?lf%77 ■%’ '5t7*m%t77 t, 'f%R7 %*1R t sfR W3 ^*71337 tl ■R13R7 '3^ '% '33371
PqVii t 3^7 *77T%t*T 'R*T1^ '% *7373 377% 3% 37737 tl S^PciJ. 'c7t37 37*737 '^3*737777 '373Rr3
3Kdl*l W31»|oll< %7 h^hI?! t 3ft7 3-1 <n1 'Why Socialism' y3l'd<4l'0 yiltrq '%' snîrq 3*7 tl
f
*7337*7 <(an)/a«f5 /qq/<‘7’“ 97

XFJ, =/;,
5.12. 'fllcti hR^m (Life Sketch)
■HUdlil aflT dl+HW* HKWUI ^ ■^RT 11 3T5^, J902 ^

■% r^didRiJKi ■^‘ ârri imi ■=!m ■'pRiit ^ f^mr ^ ^ ^
«7TI «h4fll<l *)l •STîl 1TT?II ^ ‘iiq'iim ?Jtl 'Ji<<M=bRi -iKiq«i ^ W'fcf'Td
Tf WT «TT, 5 ^^ 3TWf ^1 ^ 6^ 31ig #?Pr ^
^ "3^ Tjfg % t^<ri ^ siRaci ■ppn , qic^«Mci ^ ft •31'bl ^Rtqifli ^ iFT^^ftflT ■%
fw^fcfi «fti 12 ^ ^ ^ T5g % 1^ ■qzqr % *<5^1 ^ yfqqi ^1
’IT ^ ■^5TT ^ ar^qftsTcf % qiKui t<5tn % 3T^ yoHi’^qjH'h ?!TI 1=P^ iJi^ ^c4d^K %
^3^ in flrfeTT ■mn % ^ irran ^ ft nf sftr ^ irraifT ^ wrm f
wi 1IFT it ^ irftftn w ^ ^ -qz^n ^ ^ iRt«?r
1^ in'Mt % 3i«ieqlii 3TF?t?F f infJM ft iF3;i qttfiji fdsiqld im
^1
16 1T^, 1920 ^ Zqqn Tfiin# fft ft W, m WT ■^Tf 3Tft5|VKl»l 1%^ «TTI
yîq ^ ■^mr z^ftf ■qfj} ir^ Ifprii ^ffn aiqil ft^ wf *fti
\ ^ Siv-il qnt ^ ■^f^5r sT^qff ^^raift Tf 3^ <5i=nl iint "q^ ft srqf itft% zft sfk ^
iwn qi'ft anft ■jft «=ni+< snf nwift ■snesn ipi sftr hkwui -ft arqft ant ^ 1w
TifTiT ^ tfrri 1922 ar^fntr -^(f iri|
■Z^frf ^nfftffn PoiifqfqQiciq ^ qqrqq fftffqkq qft tw unq qfti qf qq ^ qf artnn
't><f % ^ ^ nfi=M‘il ftsn [qyqitTw-i fq?q[«6Ji<iq '^' qrqrsmT^ qn wBqqq qjqf qn qî nf
■ft.xT. ^ tfrft iinft #q aiqii qiq ■^.qt., ft.^. q^ ipni zqi^ qr? zqft ffqqfqîmq k' qrqrq?!!^
^ TTT^nq^ ^ .iFTTi q^ ■% ■qriq-^*? ^ wf 4t q^ qf artq nfff q^.^. ft qm qfti
adfi qrq "ziftf qt.q^.ft. (P.H.D.) q q^ ^rqr ilk ‘qnqit^r^ qftqfq' (Social Change) qTq®r
ffqq qq amt qftq qft, q^ffn arqft qmr q^t q»qk ftqkt qtr dHNK ^qqrc -f qfkr ft^qrq
qiqq fftz aqqi
qmqqnqq % ariqqq q arwTrqq qtrf f nf iqqqfqiq qft qqqr flkr f+qii nfff qiqqf tifqqf
% qTTq-qTT«T qiqqftq qqi Hi-i4-« qiq qrq qft iqqqfqi^ qqqik ft. qfti ar^mq'^ ^ q^
qrqfqrft qq qiî arqqt qm % ffq % qrq qiff qrqqtff f qrfqiq vrq ^qi qjq tqqr aik qrqq
f qiqqfqiqt qqr qrqrqqiqt qrtPq qqf % qqift qq fq-qK qnf nq qiî 1932 % ^qk arffqrqf arqrpftq
anfkrr f fqqqqR q>qfi qifkqi "fH f qf .qrq qqri qfi qq qqqtt fz qrq qqt^ cftffqr.
anrtqr fniT qqi qt^qqnt k f qft ^îfqq ft qrqrqqift tqqRWRT % fi ^ f ^ % qiq
q^ftf qiq^ f 1934 f dii'ily % ftqq qrfkq qniqqi
.♦<3fl3iai % qqq-qnq aqff^ «H(ini qtq iqiq % 1^ qfqf fî 1936 f qqqqq?! qiqm f
'qlqrqqK qft', (Why Socialism) qiqqr 'jqqqr tfnfti fqqrf q=^ ■^rqnrqrq mf qk arrqqqqun afR
aîjiT qq qfq ^qn fq? ■jqqqr f nf qft ohiRi um î
‘jpT^r^n?! nKi^n qrqrqqift fqi ftf % qrrq-'
ft f 1 ^qffiq 18 an^^, 1941 qf "nf ardq qqqnq f ‘q?qft q^ i^’ ftffq q>q% nsnqtqrq
f qrq tfqri qfi qq nf qiqftlfqr îfft f tqqrq-lqqqt qrqf qtt ^fqqi qft ft qf 1 k qiqf
% qiq nftf-qftft qft fr' qjqq qjtft anfkn’ f qf^ qnr Inqii 1943 f ziflf ■jqr qiqiqqiffqf qft
'itRcni qqfqift ^q% tqfzqi qriqfq qft Fitf qjqi^ % 1^ fftcT tqrqii qfft qft f 'fiiit'q qrr aûry
98 V«o)«/ iMilRi’Ti ?qq77qr

«RI^ ^ c^r=hi ^ H ^ <?iiita % 37?^^ ^ "TT^l K'H.
■RFIM ^ ’’Jr^ ^ <1'^'^ 'Mll^ 3^t7 'tiiil^ yHi-Jiqi^l ^ 37TWf % qci^
tHHi-îqiRq! ^ Piqiici "W sftl 1950 ^ y^Mî Hkniî ^ î-îqif^q'i % «eql^ ^
*^nn1q '^’ ■îH'ii "^1 1952 a-^'iA ■j'fl'41 <,i'JiilRi wl.^377 (qilqi ^ % qql5,q (T*ll
3ii-qlcn leîi Hnqi 3?k ST^Hl qqlqq T^TFHl wiiA ^
^*7 #1.
28 37^, 1958 ^ 37^ <1*71 -^fq % 37^ W*ft fTT^STR ^
■TTraitTTÎ ?77 ÎTPI TjitTr % 14 Wl1^l 28 1W^, 1961 ■4' 37^7Rf^
îTPl Riqi stH ''TT ^fiiTa ^ ^13^ f^qi I 1964 ^TTOT criliiA "'TT TT^TF?
^ ^\ 1965 ^ m. 3ik ^ -p; îfro -^ti
^ ^l¥r ^ ’JW 71^ m ^ ^ TTil W gifro 377^ 3^ 77I7R
^ TT^ ?377
qcri|771l 12 37^, 1972 ^ 4-^1^ q^qcrl % ^l^STf fî-wmn 600
rîll, (Af^l TTF 'hl4st)H 37tq^ ^Hyiciai "STra ■577 37^1 -IKHÎ
777*7177 ^ fî wg îJshM % im -3^ ■?rak^ '#7^ ■'TiPTTr 1î
37^^ -3^ % 37^ '^' 3^ '^Hdlq cT^WS 7371 ^ ’^PH) 3^ tf^
<4H=6I<I illciq^ % Ratni'+i 77PU sMpq (Total Revolution) 37l i),ciii fqiqil qlquii 3fl
3773 37777 ^RlTTIH t, 3^'l 26 ■^, 1975 377 ?P^ 3f37 1T7T
% 373 77737T7 Mtfl- 7^ aTW^n aftr 3^ T? 'SM f^ wi 3^ % ttIftt 371737
7S7T3 37 33773^ 7711 '*77771 n«il' ql^lO % 313 33^ 7377*77 "P HKiqt 377cft 77737K 3 "37^
12 W37, 1975 ■31) ^ 317 f^l 7377»7 '4' ^ ’ÛR 377^ 37 3*^ 1977 ‘'3337 37^' 33
7*77337 3>1 afk 1977 ^ îiql ^ 313f 3771 3^73 SlRlvt '131311 3? '^313 '337J311?! '31773*3 3ft
3131717'^ % 3137 7ft3r3ff33> 13*33 *7tl ?77% '373 3713737331 31fT '*37^ 77371 -s-^'l-^ nVii-fll ^777^ 311
'37337 '37^ % 37*3¥7 % 3^ 33733^ 33 37 '7737313 ^ % 33 *5f33ir 3737 3fll
3733I qlnid % 3177V7 8 373^. 1979 '3l1 77 3^ 3il 377^ *1'' 33317 73*f3777 ^ 3371 ?3 '573177
n'l3>iiqq>. 'f3f3 '^317 3 '337337^ oq^Kirq 317 373 '*7371
T3R7^ (Important Works)
dl'6HI3+ ■3f357^r?7 '377731*1 ^ HeTq'^'Î 7331^ Ri<3<^<. 'HKcflq 3 '*7773773 71373lfc731 13373 '%
7^ '^’ 37337 '35T3*fpi '3t3^ 'f^ f I 37331 773^ '3?# ^77731 'Why Socialism' 1936 'ft
fddll 4-^T^ 177 '37331 '3 31777 77313313 73^ 3fl ql-Jiil '*77 oqinqi '33 ft %t37 ^1 333ft 37*3 7337^
*fl '77t3**1^33 '333*3713 ^3137 '3l't yPnnirqci '3177ft 'f I <.i-fii1Ri=n '3777 311 yqVi 771311^731
'37*713 % '%T* 13137 '^1 '33311 '57^ 7337^ l3*3fcTf7^ f-
1. Why Socialism? (1936)
II, Towards Struggle (1946)
III. Democratic Socialism; Our Ideal and Our Method (1949)
W. Towards a New Society (1958)
■V. A Plea for the Reconstruction of Indian Polity (1959)
VI. From Socialism to Sarvodaya (1959)
VII. A Picture of Sarvodaya Social Order (1961)
VIII. Socialisni Sarvodaya and Democracy (1964)
IX. Prison Diary (1977)
X. Towards Total Revolution (1977)
*77777)3 7733H351 /qq(7^ 99

J?.?. TFJ. iq y=fK '»I<JM'til?l IKt'I'î ^ 31^
^17?. 37f^ 'Towards Total Revolution' ^ TW=IT îT% ’TRfT ■^' wiiviitsl
% Rgcniyi «ni «fiT snun % arrait ■'tt ^nra^TRi iki'W

% 3T^ Wm-jIclK'i Twafsn' % ftirf^7 1977 % '^1^ ^ ^ ^ ■>TlcI î 31ct:
■^n^RiT?! -1K!<(U| ^ y'lW TWR % îPi‘if''i ^ «0^t< <73?^ ^1 f«{vff\-^-Pfi'^
Fq ■4' ^mFirarq % gn ^ qtqvi 1^ ti
5,13. 'Jt<^y«*>iVI '’TirraW cFt W f^^TRT

(Development of the Political Ideas of J.P. Narayan)
sR^ trara %R ^ % '^r tR? w ^qoT, araRFrat

q qffql qiT 3RI ?Wl. cR <R7 TRFft^l^ tqn^ni T’i ■^Ricftl "SR ^ 1929 ^
tfl <s-?l^ ■qf^R TRRtfiR ^ ^ 7^ RR *<i^qi<(l ^ tRT'jRT^ îlfR vfl^ ^>1 tilq'ft q5T
^1 1932 ^ ■qitft ^ ^ STfîRT aiKldH -îf^ qm %qil •jqqit TF5Fftflr3T
fq^K^Ki Ril RR ■gSITI <ST!hl TIRRffcRl fRRRRRl % f^<4ilR RTI RR RFA RIHl RT ^ct>a; t-
I. RR^sn^.'^q (1933-1940)
II. -J952)
III. RRMI RRRRRt ^ (1952-1964)
IV. RRU "^nR RT "^q (1974-1979)
I. Hiq^ctiq'! '^—1933 ^ 1940 RR RRlRnTT qRRR rI ftRRRTO RFRfqi^ HRR T^l
d TR RRi q^l TRqrsTf rh aRZRq artfen r r7 1^ sni -sr ^ s[RtT RifqR
STR ^ RRtfan^ 1^Rf RTt RRcl Tf % 3IRIRtî '3^ 1932 % RWI
% sileViTi 3ti'c)cii ^ rUfr rfi feqi aik R ^ qiî rr ^ RRRRt^ ^ RRqf rrc?
37R ^ <j,i<Tii RR?fRK RT RTRIR RR 3ffRR Pn3<a>^ 3TRT! -s-^lA 1RRRT RRff ^ RlRlf^Ri a^tT Sllf^fR
RTfR RT^ RT 1î RRRRIR RRRR RT 1RRR RT f^ RR RR RRRIR RRIR RRR. RRRiqR R
qtNt Ri 1rrr t^rt rr rrHirrH^ tRcRRi r!1 RRqqr ^Rit 'ti ?Rt r^ rtr rr^ % fRq.
<5'?!'^ aiTRnf R^ ^ R SP? RiRjRlfRRf ^ ■RR 1rRR>T 1934 i, '♦>!•)« RRTRRT^ RR R^ T-*Rqqi
^1 1936 3^ 'Why Socialism' ‘^^RR RTl TRR R?t% RR^ RTR?fRI^ fRRTTf RT qtRR %rii
1940 R îfqRqR RtRIR? Riq fRR 3^1? Rt 3RT 33Fft R^l 'JR RR ^ RR^tft
RRTRRI^ % RIR 3T^R RR3 IqPiH RRIRPC-R^ HRJÎR RRRTRI fR RRTR 1933 1940 RR
RIRRVT qft q^R RTfRRRtl RRTRRI^ RT Hl'^Jqi'O RR ^ 3T^R IrRI^ RiT Hlq"i IVqil
II. wîaiffijR RRIRIRT^ ■^—RRRRTR RTRRR RRRRF^ ^ % ^TTR-^TTR t^R RI^tR
RT^tRTRTtt R1 Î 1942 TRIR RFIRR RTRI % RTtR wls) STIÎrR ¥ffRR RTR fvTRT alk -jlcrl Rt
qî ^ RlRRT ^Hitri ^ rIrI R^ R R2 rt cT^ sftr R3T "^RRRT fq*!® ^ TRTRRT rIi
3RRT RIRR RRlR^tR VRTRRTR Rt 3TtT ^ RvR RRTl 3=#' RTR^ 3^tt ^pTR R R^ TllTRRlRt
TIR % RlRoiRIRTR R RRRtR tlRTSTRlR RfRR RIRTR RT! ^
TTRrRRT^ Irrttrttt Rt RR RR RTR^ *^l 3Rt^ 1949 % 'Democratic Socialism : Our Ideal
and Our Method' RTRR ‘S^RR fcO^, 3Rt^ RRIRlt^ RTRTRRTR RT 37R^ fRRR <=Rqfl 1rRJ
1 no w<nl‘i ii'jfillh’t’ /RRTTR

Tm<0^ y\<*dii TOOT ^ afk ■ara^ ^ «ft yfrimf^d %oti W.l. TR.
tkTmW
■3^!^ 1950 ■^’ HKflV-i 'OTIROT^ ^ 3it îHti 3ftl 1952 îrI ^ ■5T{ ^ 'nf afiT
«(sMi TisnftRr ^ ^TOTTO ^ ftiOTi
in. ■—1952 3TUTO ^ ^ +jlsh‘< tJ-flilfrt »l'S^< fîliii

^ -^l 3^ WH ^ 5Trf% SJOTTPOTI, ^ #TO ^ ^57^
% lOTITr 3iT f^l 1954 "f- •S'^ ÎW TT^J^f ^53 <ni'<{lti*i ^ OTlf^ TIOTeTrir %
1^ aiPflT ^>7^ ^1 ^j-sTA 1958 U^TI^ Towards a New Society’ ^ "^l
fiyi 1959 'From Socialism to Sarvodaya' 7^31 ^ 3OT Tnft TÔTSll ^ 7OTR
3it 7«irTO ^ 1^ TTOTI 3^ «4<OT ^ I^^ROTTT % 1^171 % 1^ 3TW
tqct'si 1%OT 3^ ^ TTSrftft '213^ ■’57 ■'3?fi 3TTS3 ^ 7?3>7 71^^711 TOTTST 7OTTO
% 3OTT7T ^ TFT OTTf
IV. 7TO7I sBtI^ '^nTTOT^ OT7ITO 37^ ^ 371^ TO^ OTOT
^<47OT 7W 3i7^ ^ srftffr ^ 1^1 !974 Oflilfd ■*^' «(«tl 'yoti^
^ OTfOT cFH 7FOT 'W'Sk'I ^ 371 cT31
3ff 3fR aM 3#?! % f^, 3JT 7J^ ÔTII 3^ OTTcl ^ 3^1 717337 3ft
llfao) ^ fiacii'#' 1331335 nsj^ rf^ 35T'<ni^qt-i ftOTlI ytfnHjTl fP^TT Fnft %
fiatniH' “<H=t5 313-371^1713 '371131 3^17 "aft "377% ciliiûsl '^73OT7 37333 3171311 a-^Tft "f^TI '3f*f|
3ft TIFTOl^ 711773 M37*T1 3ft 7^ 3)icit3ii ^ afk CTi<ai efftft 7713 77773 ^ ^713 ^>31 3lf^ 7773177
■q^ 3313 33T31 "31 Tlftll ^71 % WfOT 3Fft ^?f7I PB31 aftt "^Wl 3ft ^?1 "ft '3^1317,
7l33lPl3r 37173731, 'I<lq1 3 <i<1'»PiiO 37lf^ 713731371 3 37333 317I3II Tllftl 3ft ^fn* 31 37^1^31
aftt 37T®7lfF135 311P3, fqqUi«45 33131, lHiHlf^=t) stiipo. ♦iiVqjtnqi, <lmruiq> 35lfOT, 713^1331 îF-o 3*71
37ir«f35 3nP?l 317% 73 7R73T3fi 33 7731433 317ft % 1^ ftft3 131311 ?3 TUcff îpTnft %1 71OTJ 311p3
311 313 1^ 31131 T33 TPJ^ shiPd 3ft o4(9% 133-713*13 ft^ft cnU fft fP^Tl 3f3l 5171 3331331171
3ft 313431 317%, 43331 ■%f 371313 3ft 3311^ 331 3^7 3r3Tiefi7?T 3171343 3 713*l3ft 3ft iftTl ft ^171
fW 3311 12 33437, 1975 3ft “ftTl ft I73I #1 % 313 34?1ft f%T^ 37l1 % 713313 ft ^1331 31^ 33
f33W 1%31l 171 ■'7!^ ft 1977 "% ^3131 ft 3lfft71 777^17 3ft ^ 371 313 ^ 3ff7 ^lai
^ f^l -^îft ^333 -TFijft 33P3 33 ^ 4jtt ^ 33t3 ^ 71311 ft%3 ^3fOT3?l 7733 33p3
% 31331 31331^171 ■3171343 "TTOTl 3fq 7^'f ^7*717 '31^1
(Political ideas pf Jai Prakash Narayan)

TTl 'jtÛ'hlVI 31713% *731 7lftft1ftl31 3lftf331 '3ft SlftlSl 1^ 7331^131 51llPl31 97f33> ftl
l^fft ■ftr3337 7331743 3PI31 % eh^îiO] % 37413! 713^ 'f%3H ^*^ft Tl^lftlfcl^ 71^1^17 ■3ft Tlftl
OT3l1%3r 773731371 %1 '371 7331 3ft7 7m-7OT3 417 TRftlfft ft % 3ft ft 374tft >i<r4'3R
3lfe 7133113 ft' 'ftf33r TlTClft 33 '13141 'ftflOT 3(1 iiftll 'g^lft ^3311^31 7137313ft % 373^ 'll
'33 3133133 ■317% OTTftftl 7rsift1f335 [qqn.qi % ifttira ft 37331 311^3 llOTI
33% yyi^ 713311335 fq'3n 3OT%fi33 ^—
377<ft*r <(4^/<i,«f> ^37731 101

*?.7. TFJ, (rtlfe<<l. 1. ^ 9{^t4H‘Jii (Concept of Socialism) irare % "^RR
T/TlflW
'^'Hy'hRi -iKH'J! ^fni rr*n ♦iifern ^ 3TKnH fsplT 'TOT sn^ iR fli'tTl
'*1^1 a-?!^ 1936 ^ 'Why Socialism’ i«i=t) ^ ^ "3?^ % RlWRT ^
<H HI'>!'=( I >1 MKcfl«4 '4 oqi<2HI tFl fWI HKO ^ anînmi "'TT ^
aliqTH<. fî^l aH'^l HUH *?T 3Tlf*i^ SlWHIHcfl Slk orTT^ % ît(-ii
^ w^narf ?ft fi ^ 'htir ^ rttt

etctHM Iq^Hai^ ^ ^RTIRT ^ anl'l HHi-Jiqi^l îHi-q Ril RT 3TR^ ^«i=h
'Why Socialism' t|' fRW^ ôf^T '%Rt afk 'SlilR ttR % 5^ ■^' -^ ■^RTRt RR f?7R.
Ihh^ ^PTTRR % WVRi ^ 3^: |qa<î RiT 3rif?fe RTRRRI RT an'^'i fRRR «R 1% aaVil
% TT^tRRRR "RTR ^ ^ ^RTRTRTR Rft ■?*RRRT «^h«i R^ Î % ¥T*T H'^'^fl f RRT
îhOh =♦><.«I R>t R^fw RScft ^1 cRF ^ asjVi Rt STTf^Ri’ fRRRRT Ri^ R5TRI ^ RiR R^
l
RRÎ R^ fR^vRtRRTR RR ÎTTR 1^ ■a#C R^' RTf 3Rf^ IRRRRT RR^

^fFTRR? RRTRT, anl^ "^fR % ^ '4^ RTRTRRTR ^ ST^f FT^ RiR^ RRTRT1^ RR RRlfRtR RTfR^
RI^ % RT*T "4 1^, -JinTsiO RRT FRIRT lRiRT RH? R^ FRRRTf Rft RRIRT RTÎ 5«<i
^flftrfTRR He=t>i(l Ri^ RRI RTRR "ÎRFTl STlfR % hi'HH fRTHT^ Ril FI^RR^T R ®HiHiU4i % RflRR
^ gRR RTtri
IF RW Rjft RRT RUtR ■^‘ ^ acHisi % RTR^ % lR%RitRrRR RT RtT f^l anl^
îfR atiVli % FRrRtRiFR % ^tRRv R riWfliTq'h FIRRI' "^flR ^RR RRRR MHRi RI
FRTRRIR R^ 3TK?f R^t TRTRRT af^n FTR^ % ?KI ^ qifey.! «A[^h RR^ RRTRRIR RR
^RIRRT RRR^' RR RRT R^ ^ FRT^,-RR RRT RRR RIFRT RR IrIRTR TtRII 1r^ RIFRI R5^ FRM
RTT^ % ypH'^l, fRTFP^ sftr R^ R^RR R^ Ximlfa^ ^RRT RR 1RRRF tRTRI RTRt RTFft
"SFIRT 'V/hy Socialism' ^ iôi f—“RT\^ ^ R^ RRTRRTR R>t TRNRT RR R^ R^' RR RRTRI, RR
RRT RF TFTR Rft Rlf^ STR^ FTR R ^ ^l RT# RF RRRT % FR^ ^ RRI RT^ RT FTRTR fRFRRI rIr
F®RR ^ IF Rff ■RR-hh4h pF WR ftTRI RTRT RlftRI ” fR^JRTF ph<«i fqiRI RfR
IRTFIR, Rf^, ‘idq FRt RTRRk R^ ^ R^'4flH RTT RRR FWt Rf FRTRRTR Rft TRIRRI RnTRli
RF ’fl RTF! R^ 4aii % FTR-FTR ohRki RTf 3TRRt RVa^h ^ RTIRT FIRII
FF% r^Hi FRTRRI^ FRTR Rft 1*RRRT F^RR R^ "f I R^F^ RTFT1^ FRTRRTR RRRtR ti^^Pa RTl fR^*-fi
R^ %l RF RF% RI^RR ^ ^1 RTR^ RTT FRTRRTR RTFTtR FTRjPrf % ^ ^ 3TIRFf-FRr fR?I-^d^<
RTRRT R RRRJr RTTRT, Rff RIFRTSff RRI RftiTF R^l ^fR ^ ^fqfl % ST^^ lRRTf^ ^3TT
5«Rhj. FhTRRTR RtI FRcftR Ht-jifn RTT epFRT FTF^ ^l
2. ««»•«/) fRRTT (Views about Sarvodaya) —RFFRiTF RTFRW ^ FFTRTT RfRT
sIIT fR^flRT *TI^ R>t RTF FR!rR RTF cT^ fRTRTF RTT^ 4| FRfRR ^ RRRTT RTfFTITR FFt ^
RftRR % FF^ 5^ "4 RTRRFT ^ RIt FR!rR RT^ RPT TftRTR Rft 'JTR^ 'Unto The Last' ^ FFTTFT RTRI
'■# 1^1 FF "JTRRT RTT FTT '^-“FRRTt FRTf ^ 3TRRt FRr| fl” FFTchT RIRI 3^ fâlql FT^ %
FRTrR ^ F^Rf^RR 1rRT^ R^ TRtRTTT^ ’gtr RRRRTTRT RTFRR ^ Fi FR% RTcRTR RT RR 1^1 ^ FFTR
% FT R^ RR RtRR TRT 3T^ RRTRT RTF^ f I ^ FTTRIR FFR •^' FFTT RTlf^ RTTRT RIF^ 4 RTf^ FTTRtR
FFTR RTT' SnftfRT, FIFTfRRT R TTRRtfR^ PRRTTF ^ F%l RRR^TF RTTIRR RTFT—“TTRfRR R^RRI Ri^
FT^RRI RRTR R\RRT R F^ HiHlP^tti RTTpR RTT T^RT '^^TTR tl ^crlFTR FRf^ FFTRRI^ % X0%
RTT^fTFf Ri^ ^ FTR-FTR Rff-P^^l-i RR RTjR-fqgl-i FFTRRIR ^ STTRTf 'ft FRfRR Rft RTFRI
ft RTifFFT ftl” ■ftft-'ftft RRRRTTTT RTTIRR FTRtRTR % RTRT -prft RR, ftft-ftft RRRft FHI'^l'^l’ft 3TTTFT^
102 F7TR?R TTR^/RRT /^RRR

«=|T<^<4 «Hl^ ^ 3^ ^ctioi
tlROTT^ sfrr ^Tiro 7T^ Î-CKUI 11 life ft ■’TFra-1?^ ^ ^ ^ tit ft w4t<q -a^t ’WtW =777/^
tîwirq'ticii % arftrqi "q^ Ti^’ti TT^t^ ^-<<01 t % ’TH^-STRHT “qf^ t slk

««Ta5ia(, fr*n ^ j?K^/T ^ F^ STfV^ ner^ ^ Trat^ TJ^ -aftq-l-oiT/^ swr-rt ^1
TFTTf^rqi 'fllqi % TI’Tt 'qf^sff sniPti HRT TT^fF? ^ arPFT ^l”
triWuqq’ •JiqyqiRi ikih'*i m irrRr «n ^ Tn«rff ?ra '^r
■«lfV^ ^FTPcf Hff ^ TTîcfr §«fCT<4 îtqt ^ T7W F? 3Tt7 TP*?fW F? ^ ^ft<T
. t^Tqri tsiehi Ti^tFI "FTR ^ îHH ^>7^1 ^1 «qT^<j «Hi'»i ■^' 'êtt^ ^ new
■qft' f^l «ql<^q 3||^Y(fR ^ wqxnai % 1^ F^ ^faqi HNhI TT «ftT ■^tTTI aiq>i FFTT *qr 1^
" «*(»«! ’J >Yjqe) •^JF? ^ TTFrn % iMq«t TTFS •3510^)^ oqqt^?! *ft
■ît cxilqfl ■gft «qnqdi "qr 3TTVTfttT ■ft'ft sftT 3TF*^ ‘^TTT oqqws PjhI'TI qii'iil ^q<r<Hl
^tqt, f^wA q^qiF ■^nn ^ Ttrnvq ttft ^nn q. ■qra FfAi” iKiq«i qn t’t^ «A’n
TraFrat TR TTWTsjf ^ tFq> «ni f^ arrA grF i ^rt wnt^ ^ l^sraA'’ T7Ft ^
■q>FTT<q Pii^ti ^tqii y=M* 3ftA <hTcim ^ "A "FT^qn?? iKiq«i % TTFftfirar ^ anfst^
[q^-Â qif'i ■Sro wqT^q srrÎ^ ^ ^ yîiq 'tl <Jiq> îqT^q [qqii iiihVi
'A ffwiA ^j[TRn 3TF "qF: tt^tA f i

3. oqjqfq? (View about Nationalism) —ciWqiqqi -qqyqnî tkihÎ
T7^ A?nT^ Ai fA *nTtr qff ■qnAtqm ^ ^ qrtA ^ ^ arfy^ «fti f^ arqqt rq^raA A
<i'3jqi'i A> FF^ ^ yRiwiRd r+qi '^l <s-plA ftFlT ^ fF <,i'>i'flfoq> wqqqi A* ViiHiiqq? ^
=btî'j| ^ ql'fl'iiaA "qF qetq î A ■anjAfqnrt A sik ^ ^ A^ At ■q’î a-ÎA
iit^qii^ Ai *i?Tq A; A ^ iA? ‘‘■ara cIF ytAqi ÂAtT A? ^FT A iit^qiq ^ îq*ii ^ 1q=M«
^tqi qq qqr A?i ^ «qMl‘'i fqqii« q^ ^ tiqiciii qRq A wur^jfnqi Tjqrar ^ ^ At TTFftfAF
y.qinl qq aTFra "tl ’TRq A TTRiq ^TO TF’jA »<Ka1q ^T 3TfAFlT A? At tnq>K
A? aiqnfq qqqFf lan Ai” -AfA^q q? TFsnird^t. •qqun Fqr A Atqt ^ Ai FtAt ?ra
TT^Fq qft wpn qAf "^t ^T^Kiti fAfeT WFi A) Rsieiiqs ■qq qF ^ qiqqi qAf Afqt, tra qqr.
i.i'^qoi qq fqqqy qAt At yqiail fAIA Tl^tq
Ai qF ^ffeqrt’q Trqqtfqqi Aq At ■qm-TTiq Aq A At rfPj^fqTqr ■qm qiIAq.i qqqq ■qrqqi *?t
1% a<Aqi Ttfeqr A
U TFqr qifF^ q*TT vA Ar qlA fAAqq^, qrqAtq qqi Afnfqq? arqqiqr qilAy.! FFtA q>F
A—‘‘TFAtq k.q’Oi A? lAfo; qf anqFrq^ A lA’ oql^ qifAqi 3tq1q?qiAf A qrF IqqiciqiT arqA aiqr
qtfe^ q AqrfqF ■^feqsAq tAq>1AqqAi” Fiqq qjqqr qriq? qrrq ><=nai qit qfqFrr^ A ^feq>
aTTbqifcHqi Anil qft yfAiqi Al §Hftiy. qqrq •’tmi qA ^qpFpf "hfiA Ai TTrq ?ttA' arqqr qt’KH Aqr
qiPsk,!
FT TRF qqqqiw qnrq^ qft Tr^fqr^ qft arqvR'qi «q)M q AtFt ■sqqqi miftt Ai Frqn
Ti^qrq WHW Hiiq qfrfq At qrqqrn At 1An^ Ai ai=M Ti^qK qrrAtq TFqqr q ^r^rfa ^ «4«hi arj^
At Ai Fiqn TF^qrq hsicmi qfAt q tiq** qiq At qiqqqrqrAt ^feqit’q qr aqqrftq A At «h«i
Hiiq qifq qrt arqA A aAftqrR qrr Am Ai
4. ciiqjrtA ^ (Concept of Modern Democracy) —'qqHni7i
qroqaT qq qrqqi qi an^fqqT Tp^rqtq nfrqrAq qn Ai ?tt tAqinq A Afqqiq, q^ ark îiAt
wcAq T/vi)i?/fl=ft /=i^/<eh lo;

>7.7. 777, 7)T ■*TF7^ ^ ^ cl^ 37*f^ ^ cRi -jiioi ^ ^foTi •3^^ STTîIf^T) ^pff TH
fq'My 7 ^ TjTTTil 5^1 lay, rit=lvfR '^-fq?li ciWaq 77 Tjh f^l ^f;'!^ triWax 7ft
^-liq_yui|(jfl 3777^7777 f7777 'll 3l=hl TITTr t' ’-^^liq a‘4l<\qn,T 7ft «o-Hi STTtTT ^
77 77ft ^ TSTITT ^ Tfcg TTITIT^’T 7^77 7T^ T^Tt^TK ^ I^SI TtftS 777 THTI ^1 f77%T7
37777rft ^ tTTfTt "^nTt^^ 7g77 777 TîlTfy 7^ ^ 7777771 377777 % STWR 77 77t 777777 777f ^
dWa'qlq TTTTTR 7^ 77 TTTTcfti W 77^ 777^ ?it7uf7 ^ 37I7I7 757 FiTI tl fTTt 7f7?7
7777^ 7717777 7 7^ 7ft »jf7777 ^ 7777717777 ^ tl ^ 71777 ^ 777^ ^7% Tk.T^ tl 77^
^ 7I7Rtfff77 TTTTT 77 TTlft^ 5t777 377^ TTTfW 77I*7t 7ft >J7f 777^ "tl TTT^TlfTTi ^ 7lt^ TT^TTR
7^ ^Wll ^777777777 777I7’7 ^ fcnoi " <i'Ji’ilRi<ti Tcftq yjii eft t 7R77 7ft fT^TfcT '37 ^tt 7ft 775 ttcft
f 7|t fTfTTTT 377f7 % TTTT^STTft fet^ ‘qieii ^tft tl ^ 17777T
% 7?f7 777 75f 777! fTTT^ tft 7«7T 77777 ft tM 1^ Tfl” 377^1777 (NdUd-fi 7^ Tft 77*77
t (MdTdît 77 #77-777 TTItT^TT# 77^ t # 77777 % 717 77 TIITR 77777 t. 3^7 dUdd T#
■77?f777 777 77 ^dfqi't t«(i4'j''I TTTTf 7ft ''JT! 7777 tl 5^7% 77TT’7 ohHki 7ft tqaqni 777 #77 tl
57{#^ 371^1777 #7777 t TTTttfTTf 7# 7ft ^jf7777 77! 3ff7?I77 tl ft 7^ 771*1 % ti777 777 777
tl<sq q)K''l tl ft ell'll 77t TI777tft777 ftft 7ft 77177 3#f777 'W^TTl 771 TTR 77# t 37R 137777 TTt
7*ra^ 77# tl 37I^ftf77 #7777 ft oqi'-ci y'Sf-qH. % iRqlRiq, 577 # TTT^fftt tl ft Tf#t7 It#
777 qfei'^1'1 ftft ft # 7# '^#1 ft 77, #737 3^7! 7T777 777T ftf TT^R ft #3 7## t 3# i7Tft3rf777
■ft# 7ft .375 ft amt fftfe ^ tl
5s rR5 '>iMyq>Ki ikn''! ft TTTTtfTTi 7# #t 77777 ft' iqiKifqqi #7777 'TT ^77777 "STTHTT 'SleTT
tl "T## «*i<0q #7777 7ft -giiq-H^fa 7ft ftt 377#77! 7ft tl 7>#ft 5^7 H.&fa 7ft oftfeil Hi&fci
TTTTTT #7777 7ft TH-tftt# TTlft "77 "ftk "f^Tf tl
5. efirtsf Tft (Concept ofPartyless Democracy) -#7777777
77777T77 ‘TITTW ft ■ft7#7 #7777 7ft 37I#77f 7ft 3T77t 7H-17#7 77777 Tft 377%7TRf7 777 37Tt7TT
777771 '37777 IqqK *77 f77 37T#777 #7777 ft '7#7 oqq**77 577t 77777 # # 1177 eiWd'q Tefftsf 77
777 tl "75 TeTc# TTfttfTTT tf^TTR 7ft ^dldl t alft #ftf ft' sf^fll tl '?^77ft 3ftf#777 TlfTT"#
■777# ft tl 75 a#fi777 TfVTt 77! 77# ^#7 ■57737 % 7I^3#77 auft 7ft #73 77T X5T tl ^
y't'Rl ■777717 ft ‘T^-fq^l-i #7737 7ft SRimif 77! 'TfTTm 1777! 3lf77 'T# 7ft ftT-lTT'ft'^KHI #777!
■7?: 3!#71 m ■ft%i
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I. S77
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7ft 57577 77 iTTTTTftTT 77 TfrfrTT '#173 TR '#77 TRI
II. 7^773 TfTTtIcf ft 'gTT 5!T#7 575777 Tft 5*7753! 7ft TfFIl
III. 55t 7# 7ft 5fTk7 % TTlft ft' TTiffte! 5tft % -#75 37lftf73 '#77! 3ll7T 7e753 57737
73 373 tt I
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104 5Rff?7 /qq««r>

yehK ■ji45'4ii?i 'iKN'^t ^-Iqeli y'Jiia3( =tii4st>H
■^MT 'tl an'Sl % "Sll^ 'Wtt ^ ‘'^ffl -qâi ^1 '?1r^ ^
^?*Tf ^ <('Ji^ffl=fi ^!TRP7T3^ '^3r?
6. wnT-st>lPfi ^ aratTTTW (Concept of Total Revolution) -'>i^y=M;(i '1ki'<'Î
TT-jUlld'+i f4xii<nKi % [qcjim •iifktH •ai'41 lT*ni ’’TI '^‘^4 9hlPfl 3T^VTt®n ^1 1974 ^
1^ «?Ti % fritft if tf?4 'snl^ ^ snqr ^
Rff^ 1^1 t ■RRra ^ ^ ^ 7^ R ^rilNK ^ '^l
îPd % ■3=^4)'^ 5RI ^ ■g'TT SHrÎ ^ WmtRn'h 'sM ®iwi ^ ^fRRT t^RTTI
^ yiMll^'h HRqtfi ^ yfqiqi Hinql^ 4tni ^ ^1 ^^Rik. 'iKolq TWR "A
31Tvq!{tR^ ^ ■JTiTeiN^ Rt t^l ^ 133^ WFn 'TrrTt ^^
rRF v4-ftT^« ■^l ^ Xp? 7^ ^ TORR % ^SIMX ^ I^RT^ WMX TH ^ 7«M ^ ^1
SfilM'^Kf^ ^‘ii'^qi'O HHi'Jt ^ ^1 siqil XTOI sniPn 'TR ciicq>iRri'h ^ddl
^ <.Wii *ni^-?'iA stiiP-q ■gKT XIRTTf^TTi XRTM q><,4> TwR ■7>t TqiH-ii ■FiT^
■SRTO XTWJTf ^TTf^ ^ XNHird* ^ ^ '4 FT^ '^ft^ % 3^^ ^ «it «?TI
XR’Jpf spiPn-«min»iqi, <i'Ji'ilfn=o , ^qiRq^, ^ SITîlVra)—TUcI 5t)iPfl4l '3)T
tR9R ^1 RF ST^^RTn 4i<i> 7T^?373 TRJTjRIF, yHi-Jiqiq 'irsn F^-fq^li "SRItiF yPTFI^^f
^ fqîK "tl f4?qi« SF 7R^ îRn ^ 'SRFI % Vnqi ^ wiVyRiqi ‘jrql ’’R 3^^T
TRTnraK ^ T^Îhii H6tqq> FWtl
FR S'S^R 'SRnicFTTr FRPn '5fr «*<« qiiFRl ^ q<qqK''M oqiHcn 3?^Vn7TT 6 3ft ohP'KI %
(q-nm % 'gTO TRTFF^ tnlqinq Fit FTRRT Ffr am FTW -T^tFR? 'FR^ tl 3FFft -TTOJ
SifM ^ S^g^-rnTF '37? TRR RTOTh? 3RclT F3^ cftFiftF ^ 41^41 |R<Î "Fn anHmqiici FTRJ^
7?RTr shiRfl % ■^f oqiHqi ^-STR^tFR 'TR ^ jjiPki FH RFTR ^FT 'FÎ
7. 77^ ««»•</) fcix4n (View about State) —qqa'hKi 'FKR^j tft 'nttTtFTF 3FT Hiq^qr'O
fFFRFRT Fit ^ F7F "FF ^ Ft oqfeR % oqlqdc^
■% Iqqiiî FWt H^qicti ^1 ftiRik, a^t^ TFF FR? TlfFFFf ^ ^ FTF Fi^ ^1 FiFFT'FF'Rt
TRfF mTFIT Fit ’tt •ilqii.J'it^l % lFFt 3iT nlqqi qatqi "tl FFFl qigii ^ êFTFTiRt TI^F "FTF
■F? ilqiRifii?! ■■iiHfll % FirFM F^ ql'^tliatf FiT 3?ft?^cn? 'ftTTTT sqiK "FTrit 'll 4^t4 FIFTf % ?PF "%
^Ff Ft^ % 1%FR FiT *ft <a“«n 'fîFI ^1 F^fcny, FTTFiT arfW^ TFFl 'pRTPF 3?TF7FFi ^1 Fflft 3ft Fit
cRF t *# '7PF Ft FF-^-FiF TT^FFT #rt ^ ^ ^1 3Ftt FiFT t-'‘g^ F 7# fFTFR? «?r
afl? F 3?F ^ ■fF TRT ■'JJTFF ^ F«ft ^ i\ ■FF^nTl 'FRl 'FF fF7FT« ,i -fF -TFF? F FiT^^ Fit
3rFT FF ■7R*ra i\ -FFI^ % FFT7? -FTF -TIF^ 3?^ -3^?^ 'll
8. «5i's"3 «<»><«/ rTOT FT ftw/? (Views about Centralisation and
Decentralisation)—'S\M'i'*\w iKiq«l %=5tFFiTn ^ T^^TF? a?ITftFF Fit ^1 a-^T^ TT3pftlFF
•aft? 3?rf^ ^ Fit F37F qaiqi t/ <M-jtfdF TTfFF % fFTlt FFi *ft F pT^-^ cM
% ■qra u,qi5id 3tT^ FtFI % f?Wt Fit 3?FîFt ?tcft 'll ■=?tFiT7TI^ 'FT oqqsK '3t^ 'ilRn FflFI
^ ^1 ■??ft TRF 3TTKF % riff! FiT 4i-41FFiTF ^ FT Ft ''jFtFlF Ft qeiqi fFcTF %l 5«PdH a'^'l^
TRRtftF RFT F 3?TfstF TTIFF ■% 'fF^^tFPF 'F? 'FtT "^FTI 3HFl hmii F fti TF3RtttJF TTtII -Jiifli %
\
Fra 'FTf^FI TI3RrfFF FT fFFT3TF -rh: ^ 33F RR Fit sfR ^ îttFI TTR? FFlFcif ^
arfFFi 3?fFFR ^ 1TFT FiT ^’'slqqx'^ TF FT^FI aft? i^Ftfl 7FF at’T’ft TITTTF '^Wt) 3FFT fFTFTF
*T1 "F? lF%'^tFi?FT '^7T3F 'Fit F*if ■RT'3 FT? «Ai*ii I 17?t FT? a-^lA adWF tF%^^tFi?FI FR
•f/Tct?'/ TfF'ft/SF /qqK'h 105

*7.7. 777, ^ '717*47 %77l 'Ti "^TI^ % TsW ■gJt 77n7 TsWl' 7ft WTTT 77 ^ 1^1 7T7h7
’^/?777 77' 777777 '>ilelH 7^ sfk 77f77 "TH ?R7 TITT! ^ 7%7TI 17 'TTF TITTTiRI THTM '^^StTTiTn "Tff
■57^ 77 1^7 77^ fIT 37lf«f77 7 TTjRtfcIT? TTf^ % 'fT^^StTTTT 77 77*47 '^>77 il
9. 79T7cT4 77^ tiHst’t4l fyun (View about Panchayati Raj) —7R7777I 7T77^ 7ft
1q4i-4l"TiTn '7ft 3T7VI77T 77 ^71 ‘TTTTTt 77 WnTTI 77C7T 711 777ticI7> fq^-slqn''!
•grt -siiTIlfTF ^ ^ %13: -77717 -TTTiaff 7ft SlftTF Tlt^ 7>T^ 7T 7^ -twi ■a-iq>i Hi-iii
*7 1% 7T71 7ft 3TTf^ 7 iNTird* HHfqi 3Tf 77 m 4iqci nqiHcil 77 ^ 777 -fl TUI ^
% '717 -77177 77t 77W 7T-7Rt fTclTn: 317^ +l4mrd7il 77 IttH TltTt aftT 717 771 'dr '^75;
1177 ÎTi 7f7% iWt Tt tM 7^ fncni'h^-771^ ■»ili<‘ill 77^ -SiTT 17I^ 'TItTI iMi ^1^7 17
. Uf^ TlTiq 7t TiniTtl 7^ -fâjl 71*77 ^ ^ 7>7^ % 7717 1^ 'Tn^tl 717 7717^' 77
•?lq>«li6) -*7 47777 73^ ^ TlfTTiK -ItTlIj SUf^Tl ^ 7t '7717^ îqcn^ql ifTtl 17 TTI 771771
77 7^774 ^ % TlftfTr 7 TlTlfTTT 17777 ^ 31771 q^*jjrq 7t7717'^7tl
10. 1777f?r 7*758/?’^^rTTT^VieUJ o6ou<i^ree(iom,)—7f777rR?l'71777 77 71777 ■^77771

^ 717 fqêJm 711 7777 'Tl 71 'f^ 7^ 7177 H«iicnl TtHtR rq«4 omPm 7ft 777771 Tit nerq
-ITTI '7171 ^ sftr 777ft ‘iRhi 77 K117 7171 ^1 71177 ITTlTlt w^ftKi 7ft '^TTTTI TT it^ 7171^
717t '^, 71 yuiitnl 717t 7t sr^ Tit it TTTltl <4-^1^ ociHki 7ft ^77771 % 717-717 Î'^lq,
'TTTtfilT’, wmiRn'h, TltyT? 7 '^ffTT? 177771 71 Tftl ^TvT 7>1t ^ ft? 4 77t ^77717 -7177
177R77 -fl 3777 71771 71snfstair 177771 % ■^71 TTTtfcITr 71 ‘TITlfTTi 177771 77 ^tf '7117
7^ -fl 177771 ^ ^ oHfqflcq % Iqqim % 3T17177i
11. 3J^ ^r^-tlfach [efun (Other Political Ideas)- TTTTTlfl 71117*7 -t 31^
HTpftfTTl IqqiCl *ft 7177177 l7i71 -ti IFTTtftl 'Tft Îciqicii % 71*1 'TtS =71 ««iqii sn*3Tlr7t7>l'7
TH:^ 7T 7711^ tl 3771 7177111% tfllTTTlfTltT 117%f7 *3177i77T’7 77 17*17 TiTt Tit' 77 fT+dll
lift 711 7^ 71*7 7 71*17 7ft HRlddl 71 Tel 1^ tl 7^ -77^7 77 717 ^ I't'TrH
m 1^ 7117t7 7717 77 777 Hlf^ 137 t % 7117t7 ITSptlrl ^Pd+dl 71 37*Tl1l7 Tit t,
IMdird tf7iF7l ^ itTt TriTt t, 1T7T7 ■£( «ft 7*7177 ^ IIUTT -7^ -TlTt t 3ffl
7717 ^ q^^jol 777 itTl it 7171
71*1^ 7ft 3T77lt 77 11117 17711
77^77 llTTlfTTl [qqKl 77 31*777 Tilt % -TK Till '71 77)01 t f% 7r7¥7T?l 71117*7 -*317
TTTtfTTl TUflTTl itt -% 717-717 «lHir>iqi milf-iqi 7t ^1 3l7il 377?! TRTtT 7717 77 -JTftTf"!
7)171 *71 -T^tt TftTTTl -771*31 ■% Uftn ft7 qfl7<l7 TTlt 71 ¥717 -f^l l^lft TUftl 77 717
771*31 % TTfrt’JI 17777 77 7711 tm Iqiqil cAfqri "1711 *lt Sltn fq&inl 17% TTTtftlTl fTTTlt
Tit TllTlfTlI 7ft 771 trn ¥^ 171 'f^ tl Tft 17’7^ cftl ¥1 -37% 1%7lif 77 1171717 f%71 77^
Tl 71 717 11?7 t 1% 37% 17711 4ii¥=ki 7 7^71% fTTIlTl % IqqK tl 7l7 71771 Tftft
77 HTtIIcITI (q-fll't Tltf 7117 t 7t 3777 '7117 *ft 1%771 ^171 7^711 377ft 1177 TUtH (Total
Revolution) 7ft 317*111*71 IRTtlTTl f%Tl7 % 5^7 ^ 37J^ tl it. 1q*ivi ¥1117 t "3*^ ¥llcft7
irsrftlcT^ f%77fl't 117^ '7117 -7171 tl lift 37% HTtflTl 1%7lt 77 M^t«l yRiîRd it '7171 tl
106 7r%t7 ^TTTT

JR, %?', m)/5W,
5.15. fiHi'flctit; ■>7T fq^K (Ideas on Socialism)
QiWnH'h ''jiH>i«»>Ki nuiq''! WkciIh «*<inqi^ fqqK=h *il 'Why
Socialism' WHi'Jiqis ''TT 1en3T ^ TI?? fl '’Tl^ % ^
fITf qidlt H eWt ■»iiflVlq tTHKiqK ^1 aaraais aara •gtm a^rar
^1 anqii tiHi-^tqi^ 'HKolq TTRTfqltiqT ^h-ji 'Î ûnlq aaiaaK an aa)FT aiar anar ^1 •a-?!-)
IT^TR^ ^ «nWr«q ^kolq 3^lf^ ^ Wnf^ HUP^fd^l' % ^ clPJ^ ^
HCT^'ûI îpf rîqi "tl 'anf^ aft artr' (Towards Total Revolution)
ft aft aftaa aft a<.6 'î iTRftt am arafftar a ftRiar ^feaftw a»ar '^1 aaan aaiaaia aafaa)
aaraara fti aaft? ■’âraara aa "âaa fa^js ^ ft airata
araaaiiyr airraaT % "^laraai^ tânftf ■f^jftaan^
(Features of Jai Prakash Narayan's Socialist Ideas)
aa% aaiaaia ^ iaftaaift ftHfîftaa ^—
1. aaraara araT/âr gafaar W ^7fw f (Socialism is the Philosophy ofSocial
Reconstruction) -aaamRT -iKiq«i aaraaia aft anf^ a ararfftar ^:fHH['Ji mr fft^rfa araft fti
aafti fqqK ft aMtaar a araancTT mr '*jh aiira
aarraa % arval an araaia aftanr ^1 aara % "g^-ar ?ila araraa ft> aiaaf at sraai taaaa
tmfaa a>7% aara ft' afta), sfft affaa aft aaiai ftft arfft sraat âiar 'Why Socialism'
ft Rnoi "t—“"aa i3|a sraar aft faaafnft ^ aft ar^, ataa aft % anaan araaia
laaaa aft aara fmar ar^ faaft aftl^ aftat, aâftt, fta a aiîaar ^ aftaaaraa aaft ■!’ aftr
jtj ^ îfaa OTTia ft aar an aaaia arrft 'ti” ^ftt ta? sraftt âia? 'Towards Total
Revolution' ft at -âi aft an aara ft oqi'fl ^<15^1 aft airft am aiarîm ■jntlaafa %
^ qii^qii feqi ftl
2. aaraaTa afl" wraar wfrf^ «/«•»)’ gra a*w ft (Establishment of Socialism
s possible through peaceful means)'-aaaana aiaaa ft aaraara ^ wiarn aitft %
iiifd'iuf 'araaf an aafta ti aiaft ft> anftaanft aaraars aft arftm cftanrfRrar aaraars
Ft aramrar an ataaraa aaft ^ fft afta>affaa> aft% ft ^ 'srra'aiTft "ar aar fti aaan araar
!a aarararat araar lâar araftt an "sifta, aaft> aaar at snaraiT artft fti ftar aaiajetia ^mftt a^'
ft aanrri aanr araar 'fftvift ft ftft maraift aaraaia ^ ftranft fti aftft âraft aft a^ra ftarr
araft aaraara aft rftaftria aaift an 'Hara larar fti aaan araar ft 1a> aradi aaraarft ftarrara aift
oaffta aft ft aaraft a aâ ar ftnfta taaraas^ am âan aâiar arfft^ arfar crtanfat H eHi'Jiat'i
% vT?fa aft arar tarar an rrftri aftft i^rai ft—"traiataift arm ft’ rrsa ft cfianrffaar rrm fttari
fttanra laar aamrar^ ftaa aft fti" ^ am Tftft rraiatar^ % fttaniff^ rama ar a^ "fftar ft
aftr aFrrar afat an arjaror arrft -arsft a a^ rrraaf % aata ar fttr Iftar fti
3. «*<»'»7q/q 9iti*iinai ^ <*<0/ ft (Socialism Removes Economic
Inequality) —maaanrr arria’a an araar ar 1m rrara an aaftaa faanrr anfftm araamar ^ mrftr
ft ftrar an amar fti faf^rr amtft srrfftm sraaraai ^ arrft % rrrr^ anft ftrari amtft ar^fm aaaiaar
ml ^ mrft ftr aaraara "an srrfftm ftfar ftm (man aftft o^fa 3rtr aata ft> fta ft ftft aarat
an ^?rra faar '^raft ■sraiaa ftr araat an afaa a mra^j-f asam ftft ft srrftim aaraar aft raiaar aft
■ar amat fti amlft atM ftr aaffamra aft snfftm araarmrr an atam aaraii fm wft fti
arrfta rraft^m ftarrm 107
^.7. OT,
llil‘t'^1
1. HirMTi “HKSHI ^1
2. ciWctq 7ft ?ft7 3i(nl^-n^ Tit 1%!^l
108 *iiiol<4 ii-n-fifafi /cjwxtfi

nl'tiT.VII^l % ^*T ^ t sfft #1^<<««<>‘i ^ tl ^ cRf ^ »ft
tkTT^
37jfif7r TTTT^TTSrf 'TTf TPT 't’’l "3^1^ cT^ ^ 3i<il< ««1'i«T^ ■SllW^r 'SiWHinii ^ TIT H6W’j_''l
777^77 «(dNl ^1 ?7T^ <5rHi<\i îPw TiT ^ aTlfsfTi tfHiicii TiT SffTBTft ^ IJTTT (^hi
Tn TTTicTI "tl
4. 777737375’ WTHT W 77*7^5 /«»<»»/« 57757 t (Socialiam ehSurea Wholeaome
Development of Society) —»iHii<»ii?i iknî '57t 'TTTTsraR 5>T ^^7 5 «mi'*i «Hp9n 1eI5>T77
57741 '^1 "34% .37^7n7 77*7137515 % ^777 ®*<fw '5>T 7I3[^^ft57, 3T7f*f5> 5 7T757f^f57 ft^TTT Pti*ll ’371541,
57t 374^ 774f*n*77 ’155477 % 375777 .’37^.’î TFSJ ^ •57547, ^ 37447 455
57^ ’TT’ft 77515 54 57^5737 77E55 #47 Sifk ’5r#57 ^ 775H 375m’’5774l #^l
5. 5 (Encouragement to Co-operative and

Collective Farming) —375575477 57775^ ^ # 7Ttf^55 ^77 5ft •# tu'jfe'** 5 77154ft «pf^ 47
35t7 -f^ tl 3454 ^ ^ ’ft 55N4K ^577ft 54 57 51 ’f^ »jlft ^ 757*ft 3^?# 57771'
#47 c7# 'J|h1<\|0 45T -54 374 f^>5T 371 715747 ftl ?77f^ ^Jp? 54 '525777 775137575 % "57^ ft 775ft.'5#
5151 ftl ’jfft ’47 315f5lft 3^7 '5ft 15>77T# 54 51^75447 ?57 377fft57 377757457 54 547*4 ftl fTTftl 37ff7ft55
^t554ft ’57r4 345757 3^7 5737R <>45751 54 ’#47 ftt ^ ft> ft5 ft' 377^57 3777514(77 5ft 37^ #77
•^1 ft# 157777# ’5ft ’5**4 ’3*7H®7 5>77ft 7755 57754 fe*+ii 5f7ft '^1 ft# I*o«n 57 ’ft#ft
57# 5ft ’3437 54 5^ 1%77TI # 157T 4757 tl 375 7|34 ft 77f54ft ^ 5ft # f5#4I 3# 5r4-
g ^r57T7 34575T ’#57 717^ ft ’544 5ft# # 755: # 37lfft5r 377157451 54 3757 # 3n4;47l T#fft 5751
■515757 54 ’7^57575 574 ’45 t 1# #5 77=7571 HT# 5ft 775747 577 314^, •## 5ft 5^^
577 1547 37717 37I7 77557Tft 557 77I*jf^ ftt# 5ft 31717,7737#l4 5 775577ft 5r4 175 5737R *15751 5ft ol«ti
1#4I 377^1”
6. 5#155 ^ TTW# ^FT HHI W) ««(<'/ (Socialization of Means of Production) —
_ 'IKN"!
■>l5a*RI ....... I -g#!^ % if; '«h7#5>'7«7 # ■45 ft ft I ’5454 51447 57 1# 54 ft? 37ft4P#
1557**7 37I7 ’#43737145 ^775# "571 •’^ 577ft 54 775T3ft5773T ft 55577 5ftf ^4771557^ ’4# ’^r5#1ft '5751
t-‘‘377Pl47 #55 5ft ’ft57ft #7 #14 '374744 ft? 7775# 54 55l#«7>737 1#57 3541 5^ 37755457 ftl
3415545 f#i1 ’ft> ’f#4 ’?7#4 1#!^ 3frft ’57# 7775# ft 77757^7^ 37t54 ft 155557 •# 515 ft57 #ft ftl ?5(#'?
775T37 1#7 ft ’5(4744 ft? 755# ’54 m<h1<i ’577ft ft ’551^5 5 ’5^fe5 775|3f, 54 1ft5?75 ’#471"
7. 775737575 ^ Riii (/■«/ ^ dffcri'wcnni # (State ia-ttficeaeary for the

eatabliahment of Socialiam) —3T4457r?t 47775*4!^ 57447 5t 1# 7777137514 #1 ’757447 55 7757
4#' # 77^, 315 557,7135 5ft '#55 '47 5^75 7*5pT5'j Pl75I 371^1 -3## 1#73I •|-''5ft^ # 4^
775731574 5ft 7*77447 55 7757 4# 577 775757, 375 557 55 7754 ■5ft ’##7 374ft ?75 ft 4 # #1 55 ’5ft
37457 '5ft I3S7 ft ’577*5 57ft 4T 777547 14715771 '5^ 77=75 # # 77513757# 7P5 5ft ##7 #1 315775*14
ft '57747 5754 •5ll#5l’’ ■i >
8. fci^PcHI 3r*#355f5r ^ 775#F (Support to Decehtraliaed Economy) -375515477

47774# 54 5T447 *77 1# 77513757# 775731 ■# 37«1s4575T f5ft?f#5 ## •51^1#^ ft57ft ft? 557144 575
5775 ft 715731514 57747 77=75 4# ■! I •#ftft5lft #7’3#4 # 54 77^''51757 5?7ft ft 71^745? #ft
tl ?5l#ft 37*15457*77 #7 7175-777*7 '5## ft? 75ll5c5 54 # l5ft?#t5?7*4 57747 ’5l1#?l 4## 54 75lf5(5
7514(4 75771774 5ft #757371 57l ’574)4^ 57747 ■5lf#5l ## ’^77 5^#5( ## 54 37fft^ '4# #47 ’Jlf#?!
^ 57f 377IU5,1»| •577P7U7 ft'Nft ft? 5## ft? 7775-7715 57^ 5 ^#7 5#455l 5ft 31*1*75ft5 54
377»7r7 55747 tl
*n7#4 (j«»i1/<T«f) Pr5775r 109

*f.?. W, '^d^, ej)/ew, 9. VTOJTfdif ^ (Socialism is according to Indian
mrm Traditions) —^nTPrin ^ ^ ^ Ht*^<i3ff % STJ^ RHT ^1
^raft % ti'ifoa snfy^ Riînl 18^ ^ Hiq^ UTI IVi«hi ■'FTTI <^fqii
ftiT RT «<;^ffl R W’TO ^ iidsfi f^l RRfft’T <Ht<^ra aHMl'i =t>tn, nRyp
^ % 3TK?f fq^HM f^ ^Hi-flqicl l«.5ial % "f I tRiKiqis
sftr 'HKfllq # ^ t f^ *IRcr ■^' «Hi'»iqi'i
îHii «H'=r>all
107 W [en)t4 (Opposition to Capitalism) R HM'ii STT "fe
’x^qi ^ ^ .îlqui qum ^1 5tHRrik. '{•fllqi'O «<q*«ir ^ 'îRT "tl W
3TFt t:jd4.< ^ tl RHR ■=5nfc1 ^^ tiHM ^ Rift 3lf?W ^1 5tifclk. 'jqlqi'r ^
■RRTRT fcT^ •cHre^'h ^ ^ yql'i qii-ll qil^y,! 3TP^f^ TJsftRT? % S-^CH «q«Jj
RFf ^1 ■'jsftRK ^ WHinqic; % ^ 3TP^ qc-ll
îHl'Ji ^ ycjRna ^ «*ir'qn f&^TO ^ ^ -,
11. 3JT^Pi<tt «lq>rtW3« îiHi if ^lil'nl 9R chw/u< «**<«* =??? ^ (Welfare of
poor people is not possible in the Democratic System) —qqyqiKi RTW^T ^ MRÎ «n
■fe 'STT^Piqi (ri'l'fifiq ^ '3> qvKî ■fr]^-'^ oqfqa
tl diqii RRR f?71 ^ ’d<l<+iK ■=1^' ■^l TTSRtl^ "^=11^ TIRnT % 31^
^ ^ SRRRt 'll ^ ■Jiqai % RR RT «ii«i 3TW ^ ^ Hld^ 'tl ??rf^ dHi'Jiqi<\ ^
■JKF'd f ffife <nWflq ^ «raT ^ R% str RTRlftrar ffF ^ wqTnR q-lNl 'fli « %l
<5h0=ki IqqiO "^Tl îqtnlq'-i RF ^TFT ^ R5RII H'-iyqiiJfi •iKiq'Ji RRRqK

% ^ ■4' ^ f, ^ R4«ir ^ tl ^ TR Rt RRRRK
ÎHit t, shiPfl'ût RRpft
^ tt tl 3T^ t?ft ^ ciWaqlq WrT aîiRiqT t ’t ^xRiqil % qicrÎRT ^ ql-quy, clFJ, ^
tl "3^ ♦iqf'il'Ji % tFcR 3T^RT tl wni-qqiq t RF RFf t %
ciWqq ^ t^rR ^ qi<rqi''i ttRTI % WNhI RRRft^R'n RRTR cniqinqlq
t Rt Ff RRiRT tl TRR RRF 1^ RFT cftRRTR tl TRRRtlT Rt aipKi % RIR RF RirRM^Tt TFR
Rt atr 3RRR tl RRF TTRFR t ‘lOqT % aitRi RRRTRRRt qW-iHi RT^Rt t, Rt RPRRTRt
a Rf 1RRR RFt tl RRRRK Rt RR t ^ •RRf Piqiiril Rf, RF R^fRfRR tl ^ RfRRRiRT
RRTRR t RRR t RRRtRIR FRTftcT RRt % ttm Rt RRIR fRR;, t RFrR’jyf tl FRti RRIRRT^ fqqiO
t arrfRRi-'RTRr^rRi RftRtR % Rft rIr Rfed t t RTrIRRi RfiftRf^ t RTP]^ F^ RR^t tl STIR
3TTfs!^R7 RR RRcftR dWaq Rt R^ RR TFT t. RcRTRR % WNhI
% RRTRtRRR ^RT dois %RiT RTT TTRiRT tl 3RT: RRIRRltt 1RRT7R) % RR "4' RTRSRRR RTRRR Ri^
RTRftR TTRRtlRRT fRRTR % FfRFTR t R^RT RFWJjt TRTR RTRI t 3tT 3-1'^ TTRTRRIRt PqqK TTTTRcT RFtR
% tl
5.16. fjwjuf '^TT aiTPr! "gir f^«e;i’d (Theory of Total Revolution)
RRR su'iP'î RR fqqK ^TRRRRTT RTTIRR Rt TTSltfR^ PqqitHKi % IRRRTT RR 3Tf^RR RF^tl d*'^
T7RR RRT ll-aUlPdRi RftRR ^ TFt % RTR 1970 % RRIRT t t flR't Trf^ (MdlPd* STT^RIHR -Rt
TIF RT fRRRT Rtl F^tlt RFTJTT "^R11^ RITR Rt fwfd ftR^RltlRR IRIR Ft TFt t, TRRRT oniîitl,
WTRR R 3TRmRTlRcn % TTTt RT "RcT Tft t. TI^^ Ittf % (TRTR RT RctR fttf Rt RFtR ^ RR TFT
-yfdRH RRR Ff. TFT t, RTTcftR '^RRT RRW Ft Tt t, Hliqlq TRFRcTT R aTftlRTT^f RTT
FRR tt TFT t cit Fttt ■3TRRT sMpq ^ RTTT ^RT FifRT RTTrftR TIRTRT Rt qiRPF'fi nn-i R>t str
RTTt't ^ Rn T1%l
111)'' RRttR jit'll ^RRcB
f
TTnjrxf ^rrPff W 31^ (Meaning of Total Revolution)
W7W
sniPfl ^ f—■'pf <hhR ^ ^
^TKcI ^ Î'JIllRl^ '^<??sn % e(!^HH SmP-A ^l ■*l'Jy'M=(l 1l<l'H«l
^ ■pRf’Jf «h<'ii ■^TF^ ^ 3T:^TF7 '^ siilti'M ^ Tf^ ■^, ^3IFT =R ^TFftftTTR H "^l
'§'Wfdli % fTFTSR^njpf cI«7T ^ ^ si-^lA '^nnl % TWI 'HOjyl
'TKfft^ '^F^PTI 'qigct ^ "3^1^ <,i'Jt'il(ct=h, yiHifii=n
■fe?ff «ft Ftl 1970 "A'3^ ^FIT ^ I^FRI ^ ■% 3TP^R=n^'^ Wl 1^
SFRl 'F'ni sîF-fl Hhîci 'jiWctiTî'ti îF-fl ^ ^ iHirnn ^ 773^ ^ ^TKcfR IFTR ^
% 3RT ^ ^ ^ THira t^l 3^ 3Fr^ »Tmf F^TI ^
3FT^ trojyf sn\P<n 3it 3iT f^FTTI •siH'il STTf^f^; ^•siF^'î, '^fe^T 3*77 Îa«h sn(Frt«Fl
33 3t3 ^ ^TRTI 3nf^ ^1 jFre^TFT iKiH'î % smF"1 % % ®n^ ^ 333 "ftTF ^
t-“ 3(3g3r7?7 377r3W 7F^ s^lF-fl ^ ST^tTTTOTI %3c=f THTTF 3?) 3IBJ 17T33J
37T33337 ^1 3733 Iqîii 3it 333ff®T^ 3P73 '•âil 37) 3R^ ^TF^7f33> 1371773 33Tc*73> y*3't7
7*7TPt3 377^ 3>t 13377 377 1^ f I 773311^ 777337371, 771371337 yctiiFl 337 377r*l37 yRt<?"Fl ^
% -^sciH 37 3733 3?1 733' % F3 377 3^13 ^ 3773333^ t. 37^7 ^ra1FT3fl 33 413313
«“^«i 377f^ 3i7 37^ 3737
3777^73 f l” FTD 37F ^?I733 3fr 3l ^3333TO 37773^3 % 77^^ 331% % 13377 % TTTt '3 1%737
^—‘‘7733 3771% 7^ ^jf3 3 f1377 3ft33 377 ■7!;37 ^f%37N f I 3713717337 3f73cl3 %7 ^4 ■^' 3F 37l1% 3^
11 3F 373^ 77^ 37)7 3^531 377 ^ % 37H3 f I 171^' 1F777 3f1 37lf 33F 3^' tl '^^TF: 3F 337
3R-37T%tc73 'tl F^37T at^<7 'RJ®? '3)33 % 38)1-3711*1^, 773311337, '^^7pn37, 7777^71337 3
77737(3137 t 337 377^JH MRqcfn 37737 tl”
tTO^pf wf% i^9l3frnf (Features of Total Revolution)

3733377^ 3777337 ^ 373% 'FT 3
1. 77®J% sniF-a '^%337, '%fe37, '7777^7%^, %f8737, ymiFfl=t>, i.i-flilfci^ti 3 377l*l37 7773 shlT-a'Hl
33 77^ tl . -
2. ■537 77l%r 7F^ 3771% 31 3773133 317377 t atl t77 377 *71^ t%f 37 ft’lt tl
3. 77*^ 37l% 31% ^ TiWl
4. 77^^ 3771% ai1tW13 t1%l ft aift%3 7773%' 3737 1337 377TnT7l
5. 77^^ 3771% 773%l33 3 3T7l*f3 13%%13137.37 377371% tl
6- T73%%3 377f% 771^ 37lf% '3I 373%3 377373337 tl
7. TmT^r^lO 77373 37l 7*77337 77I2J% 37f% 37 3^ ^ tl
8. 771^ 37T1% tfi73t77 % '31%^ 73>7 % ^ tl
9. 3R-77l%337 377f% 377 y^jta 77733 tl
Rnjuf g;ir% % -3^777 (Objectives of total Revolution)

3r3337T?7 '377r3°7 3% 773f%3 3 77^1313 77373 377 FihIÎ '3737 "373^ ^ 13773 37=173, 333
3 37t33 377 373tl3?773 3 % I 5+lFciy. 3%% 777=^% 377% % 177^73't 7%7 iTTTlSR^njpf 3 77^1373 1337777
■37I 37337 77^ '337371 ‘33371 377% 377 ■3t?3 3R%3 7137^ 37l 37Tf37 37l '313137 *77 'rTTfe 3%
'57% 777*711337 oqq^37 '377 '5^:l33f'3 'til '33% TF'Jjt 377% % 133T7 % ayo 'st^ %3%%3 t—
1. 777*77%^ (Social Objectives) —-Jiiy'pufl -371 77BJ% -571% 377 3FF77

dlrtlfd't "St^ *77—W77%37 37^*77337 37l ^ 377371 373337777 37113*3 >7R%3 77*7737 ^ 3n%--q%,
3t,l5T3 3 377f»l37 ■77*77337 yFtFâ 5Î "33% 133R "t "33 '77% 777*7I%37
*777%3 773%/%’ 171

m, «Tr •3ft •firaro % îFf ^ ^ «ffi ^ Twrsr % •PiBi ^ ?ft3H gif ^ ^mrsr gff -gsr mto
^.it. RTum ■3ft^ in «m[(V^ w ig: w=raT •?*#ra tor gggti 'st^ eftg «ni
•^STT g»f gn sn?^ ^pgt fe ^ g#3r itn, •3nfg--3«n, iot^ ^ ^ 'î
2. 3f/fi/eB . (Economic Ohjectivea) - clr+>l<rflH TOrtf STTftfg: fwfir
iTefhrfRi'qftgtT-î TTgin^M'^gs'^ «ffi iît'>i'irfl argft«fti -gsr gff ■gffgtr
«fti 'ig fRfg ^ % 1^ •31^ ^ 3Ff -iM % ■^gra g^rft ■sftr ■ficgri g?^
•fts -TO^ gff •^ -gsi^ gff g^-gynsff ggr -gggff -gfgg '’OTait gft -ggRft % TPm grrft ^giî
^ ■ft' ^ gff gpff ■grffeiî FW-'^ng -3:^ 3^31 ^ iff gff f% ^
3. 4/i7w 5^5^ W aw/^ (To raise Moral Values) —^pragiTTI gRigî rjietc^ Fîg ^
grsi Tggi "ftf gftgtfg ciHi gi?^ gf^r gn^fg ■ftnn gft iff grnjg 3?tftT î 'sgftft
^gtgrftggi ^ ■gr gftr ftgii gggn •itni gf ftr ^fcrg? g^ Ig+iy f^ ■^gi ^
gn fggrm gwra Rtf i\ ^ftigr ggps gnjof grrf% gn gro^ ggmii
4. tfwwi^ WWk» 5^ TOTggr (Establishment of Socialist Society) ~ ■»i<f>i<»ii«i
TOR gn.-grrn gi f^ ggwgigj.^ ^ ^ ^ •fggiTg tow ti ^ gsF ggrgîgf •gmg •fttr
agraTfi
^ ■ggR ^ -TOT 3ft arftffir g apgig •^ •^gg ■?f ggr ftragft 3nP<f-ft? -^nf gft Tiffirrft •
■gg^ g>^ grr «?gw awm -gpg ^1 -ftg! ang^ wg g? ^ ’sft %g^ 'gs Hrr Rtf g^,'
W5f % frai gnf gft "to •331ft ^ gjig iff gî •srgggim nKpR ft%Tg!-|-“^-ftgT TO ■gift
f. ftraft' F*ft ^ •gf agpfgr gftgcH ti ■aggrr g? 1% gf irg^ -ftf^ % t=ik f, -gift -ft
^Rtigig, igft3R, agftg^ft •^'.'sggft g?^'33HTgif^j" sra: -spwto
gnm ft ggMf ■ggnr •gff fitr rk gn fî
5. ri'^’fllaftt «CrwK ^ (Eradication ofPolitical Corruption) - '«VMVl«rWV
•gigg®! % arjgR, TrgftffiRi g^rgir ■ggftffftg ^rg?gi g grgif^fgv ■sTgFn gfftf % •fR^ g^ iigg 'î:
gF gg^ ««<,qRi, fggrggft ^ •sffg-gfftsti, ftr-^ggrftff^gi gffgft ft grgiR fftJHT winlRi^ g^rgR %
ftfftig gg ti 3ggrT gpHi *n Tig-tlRig? sitor ft gft^ftg g ^greft iri^ •<ift 'tR? w ^
-^1 gngr arrft fftgff^ •gfWggif •qr sffgi •?mift ft aroft ii ^ 'srfftfftfftgf gft grfqg' ^^ft gji
gft^ ?^«irgg> 'toir g€f ti gggR gft ^rtlFin ftf g -^grig ■!; fgfeg -3^ ■garftfgg?
gTOR gft ^ gnft ftr ftn? Rnjrf gnpg ^ wra •^ affr gft fggg g ?p5[W ft' -^gn
Tniraft gft •g^ ■^gfft gg ari'^gn f%gti
6. r»)«»n» ^ ggg W 3ftf (End of Suppression ofDemocracy) —
ft- ■%gr ftp g^Rffg gftifg 3R<ir TgftggT g srfggRft g^ ggg g^ T5f. t, •ronr
•3R-fgM-fttfftgf 3rni-^^-%,ifggft-g?ftggT ftr-=R^^^git^ ti «*ii'»iqtftt •fttHaff •ft ^«Iq5i<. <n<n
agg gig ftf t. fft 3^ s 1974 gft rrri ftf •grMf ftsm ft -gs^ft gnfR gn ftu?i ggr ^ gifg?
tftigrgr 'toi •gn afa ft^gr gr gftri
7. mf-ZftTft^r 77387 ^ TOTgr (Establishment of a Secular State)-
TOR gRg ft T^g* •ftft Tftgnfsffg ttsr gft t*flMTl gTRi -gjgft ft. •aft •^ tr? gft-fftTftM Fti fargft’ r
•jffTO gifftg? gigcfr ft ewftv ^ alrg gft ggigpi Trsrfffcigr gigcff fti gft •% g?^-^g gn
•tft^T •ft -gg -ftRigi 1^ gft -ggftffft ft ggii^ Fsft ftf ggrgr ft gr gift gft ■g^gg Tif'i
8. WB- IMR# ^ 3ig (End of Corrupt Election System) - nKi'A'ii
gftgig •'fgg tri# gft gmft ft, ggf^ |gft^ aggfta qg % rtr. g#g ggra ggi i^g=T ■ggnr
fti Ti f^Rsigg ftte gigr fftrg gift ti ^gig .gi^ 37 Tpgfttfft^ g^rf g ggfti ftgraff ^ sr^ror
.i •
112 WTfjtg gg •fllhifi /SgRF

3Rra w ti ^ ftf*r=T ^ -if t ^ ?fl2 ti Yira R7. 777, %7", c^l/p*;),
••5ft(T^ % ^ «ii('jirH* ^ TTr ftrfe ^ ti ^ -Mrqqa ^ ^ *ft ■sj^ m w ^.’ft TO77
«imn ^1 5*1 Rny. ITHT^ oKT 3T3 *<H1 -jkÔ f I 5*1 f^k. snif^ % ■gRT
■=r5 ^ ^ ^=fMI
9. RiRhh 3T!!fara^ ^ Wimi (Establishment of Mixed Economy )-«P7WT?l
WTJ! MaTT aâfsqsf^ % *^1 •37777 m 'f^ -Rtn^ % •Jlr^ 7^ 7^ -M-^ 377^
7ft ■ft^. ■^7^ afiT 777H ^ ^7^ ll TTBJof 777^77 777 TTTRf 'll
TnfTt ^■777777 7ft WIHH
V^Tt' 7ft 7s777 Thc^'II 7*77 ^TTTft ■77777 777H % "^Ti^ '77717 ^77 t7^77l TT^ 'ft 'TTTTTft y(7ld<^T 771
PihIxI I7777 ''>7lk,'ll aftr (+7h1' % 7777 "7777 "^TT^ ‘TTr^ftl TTT^fN 37«Ioi|<N^| Trrqrft af^ 'J||4ft7
77777 ^7777 % 'TTft 77 77777 ^1
10. "TTf-fq^t Ml<»>fl5i "Tft 7777777 ( Eji* ablishment of Partyless Democracy )—
^TTaTiT?! 77777 777 I77777 77 'T^TTlfTTi '7^ % 7717777 7ft 'rCICI'H 777 1^ ft "TTTjT ft’
T^TTTT 7 ftfci=ti 7717 ^ 77! «ti«I<h1 Î tlftTftTT! Tcft % TTftR ■77ft7 ■ft oqf^'ia
«a-7fT7 ^ ^Tfft ■'T^Tlt 111 §«iRn«, T^TfT^ IRIa-si 7ft '771771 7ft 377^ 777^7 777 37^9
7777 77177 TTI^ ■7cft7 yuiicil % WHWi 7ft 777777 "17777 7f7 ^7% afiT ^ giîci yjfiiwn
■Tft "7*77777 ftt 7ft ^7%!
wiiPn lt» 171*17 ( Methods of Total Revolution )

■771(7)711 7R77’7 "TTWjnf gTTfftt % cT«=ft 7ft 7777 TTTft ft? TTTftnjft "TTT^' % 37777!^ TTTft ft?
7^ ft ftl ^77)7 f^717 77 777 777 TTTTt TfWR HTI ftft77, "77 17r7 aftl 37^ % TTlft ^ 37377T>ii
fftikl iiik.'ii aftr ftRiefi "Tft '577f77Kl7 ^ 7777^1 ^«Rn>< ?rif^ % "feU 377777^ "TTft "77^
77*77^ ft '7^^c7, 7t77T-'7F77f777, 7 ■7F-37f^f7 7ft 7(777 7ft ^TTfTft "7?^ ^771 "37% SRI
TtTTlJ TTJ ITCJof TTrfftl ■PTlft ft? 17777 l7Fl1%M7 I'—
1. "TRRfftfrTTf (People’s Committees )-7r777i717 7R177( 777 'fftlTTR 77 % iTjft
wiPfl ftiTrl 74<f6a. 7 "TT^^Tft RTHTt STO ^ ^ RTTcft ^1 §«fVti< "S^^ft
TfTHfftlTTf ft) 737 "71 7^ "f^t ft 'Ji'i«f4Ri<(i TT^STTft "FITtl tftTR 7713 17771 Tift TfftTi
77^77 "77 TT^Tcft 3T7ft-37777ft ■si'IÎhRi 7ft Slfftcl 7R ft tft dital TpraftfSTf 77 "THÎ SR !J7>K
'ifsjfl 17f7fil77 eft7777f777 77771 777 TTlR TTftftll ft "TftlftlTf 7H-"71777 ft ftl "TSWjft *jf7777 iTTTTRfti
2. iiiln'^'jf 11777 ( Peaceful Means )—"^77177717 71T17’7 iftjft srif^ "ft? ITTfil'jft 7
■JRIT) Towards Total Revolution’ ft 77S7
TTlIftT 7ft oO'hl SR7 7177 77177 "^1 7S 777ft eHi-*! 7ft dft7)tlif377 ftlTTl 7ft "fTlftl 317771 "Tft Slftl
"757715 I777 ■?177 •qifek.l” SUft? 1777 T5tft Rf7, aftlftl 7 "IftlTl cIUttI 777 ^?177 ^771 "37777 "77777 77
I77 1737 aftl 371^ ft) 7777 "^77 7ft ISTlI "^Tq ft 51 %qi qq Kûni
3. RSTTnfftR) fqft)'^fl «h<ui ( Administrative Decentralisation )-'5l73rai7 "TTlTTiJl
fttTR^rrftl ft) 5'^j»iiq 7ft Hdl'Hllfl RTSrft ftl ftlTTlt ft TTfeTTTl 7ft *jf7^ 3R! TRTI 377^7 7R ftl ftll
^77177 ft? ftTTT 17771 77 -lift ftl SUf^ "3^ 3771777 77 Iftftfiftl 7Rft..7)7 '^777 1777 TlfT?
ftlTRUlftl ft? ftlftl ^ 77771 17?77 777 1T%|
4. UryiK <hl4<7l$l ftr 7777 (Methods of Direct Action )-"77377?77t nioqui 7ft 373ra
4)|4«:(|^'1 ft? TlTTf 7ft 3777715 Tift ft 7l HTtIt 7^' «77l "377)7 "TTSTl 77 ft? iiîRT) 317517, TTTftijft
3lftftu 7 317F*ft7. 7^, "ftllT, esnid 377ft 7l 777 "TTftl ft) 7777 i\ 7^ "tl STTd "TTft Hfftijft
TTTTI ft 3777)17 sift "71 ^ 77177 "Tlfti^l 3^^ 7^ 11771 RTtIT 77 ftUR Tdft ^ 371^ ft>77l ft 177
«ft ?7I^ T7-3r7ftft77f ft? 777 ft^ ft 1777 7?T "ftllR ^
•Tdtjft RTTf/TT ftTTlT' 113

5?.?. 7757, «)/ew. S. •jfHUd fRnr <*>HI ( To form Public Opinion '^TRPFT Hitii «n %
■»i-iai nil'll ■slâ WK ^ ^ ^ ^ 3RlFft THTPr % ^
1^ ^ +1*^4 ^ rT^ "IIRI STra^ft s^Rrik, -Jiiai "TTr ■ji-1'jii'k''i ^
1137 HSTd'iyl TiniR TTHTI
44“(uf shind'"?^ oi<l<4^lRch { Practical Form of Total Revolution )

'>1‘1H=t>RI -IKNUI % «îq5iR'p 'ji'I+iIhRi'î 'nm RhHil
^ Sii'slci'i '^<n!y.l îwl ^ ■3PT-^f^ etnfaHT % RqlPqct uRtRIU^
"TT Pt‘Ki-il T7§^ «m4?p*i «iii<ii ‘until ^ cqi'inq ^ 1131^ f^l
a-«Tl atq»t' 3i-<4i<il_'ilR<41. % RatniHi “iiH'h tnn
^rlFTTI a*?!! fq^K ^ ■JSTOtT ^ ^liVi ^ ta'iftsd ftvÎTl
1975 ^ a-^ll iF-qt,! 'PT^ft "TT <qlq % ^7^ ^-aii'qlti'i ^ w'lfcin [qiqi I ^F-qt,!
ylMUii g ^^1%, we^lFiql gTt Fkâk ^ ippni TRg gi^ ^
•q7 gtgitt %--gnFi ijr^ % Tsrg ^ -gujuf gnPg gg grFfgm gt ttjito t wi .
«Hjj 5Mlln % R<«aia giT ‘jwKftn

( A Critical Evaluation of the Theory of Total Revolution )
gîfg gRsign?! ging®! gg grr fq^K cRgncftg .gptftg ^rgrg g^t a^rT^tgr, HiHiFqqi
g Tjgftgtfegi g^ ^ gfrg’jyi 'm4s*^*4 *ti. 4Fqin ■jggft sr^ 3gui^ 'tt srpjHgi Mt 'î
3Ti#ggff gg g^Fn f % ggRg gft'gFggngn ig-l^gnTOf .'^ gsR ti gg? ^ ^
gr gpF t, gFgf^ cRg> grg^ g.i4«FJ^l gn vt gg^g g^ ti
sTuggigi litnl gn 7§gg ^gi 'î tnWA'q ned yfaF-iFgg^ gil FiAlF^d fqigi qiai '^, a-^
tgmg ^ =h<n ■'jyftigi: sRT^grRrg* 'î ?gt cRF sttst groi gfl gt gg Tfi
g? stiiFfl % fggR ^ fqtr^tn 34pft î strg TiggH^ gcft gft ’^Prgn gg Tft snfyg? îFw
^ T?i t, ’5=ng ggg gitT ^ g^ i, gg ggg ^ ’I, rrsRtfg gg ^g^gi
gilt Tigg g?t t? ggi 'tî 5«nny. gtfgig ggg ^ 7n*jyl ggRg gg
gigi^ *ft g^ gig TgfgiR qxnl nsd 1% ggstguTi giggg gft ggpg gft grggKgi tpgnpftg
-*?Rtfig frgrg gft g?iT ^gir^ % f^ gpngr ggi T^gr g^rg’jd sipgtcPT gii ggggg?! gRPpg
giiRg % 1^ aTsgl gg g^g gii agg agg gggtftigi gîgg ggr
^ m t, 4iiHiF»ig> 3ft7 3TTf8f^ fgggtTTTi agpfi aflgg ugfci gr ti gft '?gg ^ wg gig
gf ggf^ gg aggpft ^ grg 1g^ gi ggigT f i ura gggi ^ ^gggg g gfigigiggi
gguggg hrnui % gfg 6hi<) gggl g^fgfg ^tgti dIV'i gft gra g? f gtfgpi gliggigi^
^ g? gg giT gigr tggrz g1g«T ^ gigg gtl ti
5.17. '441U«hlVI ^nTni<JT *{<?^l'<*H (An Evaluation of J,ai Prakash Narayan)
ggg^Ri gpigg % ggnlFdg) fggRf gg arwrgg girA % gig g^ gra gigg air^ t gg%
ggiggi^ iggR Tigglfcrgi Fq-nn % ^faeie g?wj4 ^ f i a-?!^ gtggpftg gnglg ggig g?l g^n
^giT# % '%g gfi *i'4*h ggig, utm % gl^ ti gggil ■s^gg? "Why Socialism’ ggiggi^ gifttg
■4- f TgpT <ycil '^1' andi t.i-qilRi'n qVi^R gT iT. aggigtgg ^ Rioi “gpgg ggggim
gggg gjg?igi^ î a-?ll ggl ggnr % wignl gn ggtn gir^ îqlnm «iki q><A gr
gpT 1ggii ■i^ tl gg g^ gig^fgig gg ggig grg i^n. grutgig % fggig agq a^R ^-grg
airgtprT ^ gin dqn ggf^ ggig gft ^gpRi % ggg? gir^ R’Ii sRiti: ^ ^“^Fg and)cm %
gfcT gg gi^r' gl. tggci ggig'^ *ft ggt giRtg <MHlFdg- 1ggrg^' il gg^ g^ gni ti
114 gigjJg /qqi<<»>

^spTSR^ TRnRI I3;5? ^1 "3^ IT’TFITSft ^ aiî ri<.l^^''l ^ 3T^S^
-grlf tft RP ^Wk?1 ^ '^5^ f % Hilcil<4 ■^PPraR % ^ '^nTTm .
'JlHtl'tiUl IKI*!■R %
iJ3> ^fq<îa oqf^ ^1 ar^T^ ^ TI^ ^ *<<fl'^>icii TITTP sik
yiHlRj|'+i ^ 3ÎT a-yô f^^l a-?!^ TP-f«6li yflid^ ^ Iq-qK <=(cl*il1 <l'*l'llRt=t> ^ itz
I'tiKirH'ti Îh'Î ■'R =h<l(l Rtz ^1 +(q]<;4l 'ft^lTVRI ^ ^ "^1 "^raft 'SPSRnTl IKNUI ^
û|jf 9ti]Pfl, iqeT'i-M'3iia-5i, cril'^' STeraifnia^ ^cfni-i ^ UIRpRi î?T ^
^*dl ■R=g 33% clldiet'd, ■Wd'^dl, WHMfli, IRlldd, fTOJÎ '53^, ft%Rt3TT'n, TF33tf^ 3^
fci^K 3>T%t 35W■'jof f 3^t7 ^ liiô 3R%3 TF3rff%3> fq^K'*> ^1 ai^Til 3Rcft3 XRFftfiPi fq*fl*i"%
^ %t sfiiieqa ■f aftr ^ 3Reft3 R3mWR % RPTOpRir 'll
i 5.18. Wf?T (Summary)
• 3?.37T. TR 33 ■3H%5 3m TR 33 f333 333 6 3imft, 1886 %t 3f?33l

(3773) % 37337 % 33%^ 373 13771
• W5t 3773 % 3I33 33733% >d=ll^<<rll'^ %?: (1889-1964) 377^1337 3TOT % l33fcIT37f %' %
3:37 I
• ■^. TR R^FT 7%^ ( 1910-1967) 3173 % 77373131% 37f%P3 % 3713% ^rlT,'7333771 377%?13
% 3FR '373^ 337 ‘1337% 77^13 % 773311^' % 373 % 377^ 1^1
• ■%73R {'3?73 7737) % 373 ■%'STl^'i^. 7737737% 373377 (1879-1973) 377^p73? 3773
% '33-31337 337 7n%f3^ 9»ilTaîO *1^1
•. d)3r373d' ■% 373 f37M3 '337737777 3T7I3R 377^1337 317%3 pq-eii % ''Ri '3373 1337737 't l
3T137RT (Exercise Questions)
1. 3.3. 773 % 3137137% 1775731' 377''53%§ 37^1
2. 3.3. 773 % h1 Pen'll ■3T333R %'f3573 '377 errf3 3itl
3. 3773733 37 '^33^ '33 3ttf%71 % PIT 'ft3R

4. 37f333T % WM-W %73R’% .'3^ Iq-qiPf 3it oqiiam 37l:i
5. 'Ji'iji'ui W 3I7T3’3 3^1 7T3^fil37 13377373 % 133773 '37 .1«RT% '37^1
■ • *777%3 13377^ H5
J

Bhartiye Rajnitik Vicharak H 318

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Bhartiye Rajnitik Vicharak H 318

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(Indian Political Thinkers)

I. TTJPftRra? : T^ep qRisJil (Political Thoughts; An Introduction) 2-17

n. afiT re)^«bHt( (Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand) 18^27

(Contribution of Swami Vivekanand in Rising of Nationalism)

in. arrfsR tftq aftr (Aurobindo GhQsh and/Gokhale) • 28-52

3.6 ^ (Theory of Spiritual Nationalism)

IV HgitHi (Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar) 53-«7

5.10 ■3ft^ nR-qq (Life Sketch)

(Political Thought: An Introduction)

(Political Thoughts : An Introduction)

1.1 ywi^iHI (Introduction)

1.1. Mwiciii (Introduction)

IHilfcIi*' =f>T ^Rieiy ’ll Hiioi ^ 'M'^1 Hmlmi ^1 <i'»tl1iri=h

llvl’flftie*! %? (What is Political Theory?)

2 >7R3t3 ((vi-fj/ocfi /=i'jK‘«

- ' FRmF </'m?/n«ri ^WITF" 3

TTsrftf^ ■ftngffT filchm (Evolution and Growth of Political Theory)

^ 3?B!tTF ft? artFFF ft? FFftfr tftwftf fW #f:

4 *?R(?tF FFFt^F ^FTTF"

^ ^1 m*H<i‘ia ^I'iiilFa'h Ri*ia IfifRi ■'J^ xqfcia Iq^n-ymyl, Tl^ ■=ftr

mo4TT»rd <NHlfH«li' R4.«lfd ^ (Features of Traditional Political Theory)

1. ^5^“Wf0j}r (Value Loaded)—’’JiPWZ. ftrsra 'if ^ "'OT TR^

5. JTSTrTr ft <WT»rH«r> (MoiniyDedttctiucSfttdies)—57°77I557Fnt1^ 177^757

•VKolfl iM-llIrfiy /&517^ 5

9. 9iir*if^coai ('S«6ject»ut/j»,1-*l7>*777>T3 77 77137 tl 17%

6 377%3 773%/33r /««»«<«

2. ■'3^ ^ irr^i^ •fe^T’ft f^l

1.4. SIT^Pra? Trsf^frrai Ritaio (Modem Political Theory)

^tfsSRJI (Process) '^l" TTSHM i^Tiiq % ^ ^ 3TT3’7fti3r

'SIFH rT^JT mT^c^ arift °qq5Kqi<(l fqqKqil

351 oiqi^ ^ ^rf^-'OT Mtci tm fra fta% ^

33cT "7^ ^1 3TFjf335 <iqi1Ri fsTflii 3^ RtSIcT^TT 35) 3T=cf:3i3<iiqitrHq) 37331357 ^

4. ^^-Pii^ifi ^’iiH ^cST-wOeff 3fH755 (Value^Free and Value-Oriented Study)—

«156175R % 5R5? ^ ^ 1969 ■^' 375^ 5ft ^*717^ 1969 % 557-55551751^

6. ant^WT/?^ W 3<«j«'7 (Study of Informal Fac<ors>-3TT^Pt^ TTSTfH^

9. T^nrUrir f^^nw vfh wn^^^tnr (Consciousness towards Autonomy

III WfpR V^Rti^ f^^n*

CTtj % 3n^r-i«n T35 TRpftfcT last'll ^ w s^rra

llddifc)* i^^l'd ^ HgT^ (Importance of Political Theory)

m tFKra=fnt ti ■ftrara % ■=! ri) 1^5ih ^ i 3^R

5rfc3SRr HRq<fpJ(ilei cT^TT -Jlkcd ?7^ *3§-q-^ ^ <N'(lfd'* kf^ia ^

■ TTjpfrf^ "RngnT 3»t ^HWlip (Problems of Political Theory)

3/<A?q 7733?^«F /qq/<<Ti' 11

2. rq'M<H«il<ri pHoSm ^ W STP^^FT "t?

31^ yqi^l % ’Tt 3T8lflJ^ ^7iiM=h TiHi ’TSI^ sMpfl 3TTr'Wfc^ mT ^

ytiofR TTFFHFm tFFTTRT 13

2. 3wic?i (T^) ^ 3mi ti ■??? ^ wm ^ if^tTii, ^

3. ("^ ^ -anw^s^i) Ti^ ■'STRI^ 3?^^ ^ TRI

14 ■ >J77%3 (i-Ji-ilfaen /qq(<Rb

2. -qi 711 % 1^ 13 ^ f=Tqf»JT!

‘jc^ich’i: 3)lf373 3iT TR?-' I r-7n75r

1.5 ■HKiVi (Summary)

• 7R3t%3) Rn^ia 131 3333 f 1^ f33I3, 7I7Fftf33> 37f3, TfTRtt^ 133R.

• 3tfTf3t % 313737—“7R3tfrl31 Ri.sm 3133l3 71M^r3> 3Tf77R3 ^ 71^3 ^137*3 % fWSIdl 33

• 158 ^ ^^PTicq^ aT«m ^ ^ ^rt arog arr^ % ■ftrafa

3T«fRT (Exercise Questions)

1. Tl^RticW ■ftns^fl ariT ^71 ^7

aftr ^41 [ci^chi'i'^

2.1 ywRil (Introduction)

2.1. y«tje«*ti (Introduction)

33t) w allT W3T ^ w? ainf wsr ^ 3M "wsi ^ wrt

4qr41 •# ! 875 ^ ■4' 3itl 3TP(ftrR % 3^ «n,

^ srKrni % siGHTT % •j’Rra iW:

^ ^1 mH<i‘ia ^I'iiilFa'h Riia IfifRi ■'J^ xqfcia Iq^n-ymyl, Tl^ ■=ftr

9. 9iirif^coai ('S«6ject»ut/j»,1-l7>*777>T3 77 77137 tl 17%

5rfc3SRr HRq<fpJ(ilei cT^TT -Jlkcd ?7^ 3§-q-^ ^ <N'(lfd' kf^ia ^

3. H(ie( ^ jrt^ H<tti<iri<i ?RF (Positive Attitude towards Human Lj/c)-3Rft^

38 777743 773=4/53' 133773