WATER SUPPLY

INTRODUCTION AND SOURCES OF WATER

WATER – THE RAW MATERIAL FOR LIFE AFTER AIR

 Available in various forms such as :- rivers,lakes,streams, etc

 Thus development of any city of the world has taken near some source of water supply

 Use of water is essential and universal for survival of life,health, and sanitation.

 It is the raw material for food production.

 Other direct and indirect uses needs are for manufacture of essential commodities,generation
of electric power,transportation,recreation, industrial activities ,etc

NEED TO PROTECT WATER SUPPLIES

 Water exposed to atmosphere contains many impurities, which if untreated may cause
serious health issues.

 Most important raw material of civilization

 For the day by day increase in demand for pure water for the growing population

 From pollution and contamination

 From the dangers of pollution due to radioactivity

SOURCES OF WATER
CHIEF SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ARE :-

 SURFACE RUN-OFF- all the water coming down from rainfall is not available for use. Some of it
is lost by evaporation, percolation or transpiration. The net quantity of rain water which
remains on surface after all these loses is termed as surface run0ff.

 PRECIPITATION-the water which returns to surface of the earth in various form like rain,snow
etc

 RAINFALL
TYPES OF SOURCES FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES:-
SURFACE SOURCES
 1.LAKES AND STREAMS:-

A NATURAL LAKE REPRESENTS A BODY OF WATER WITHIN LAND WITH IMPERVIOUS BED. IT MAY BE
USED FOR THE WATER SUPPLY SCHEME PROVIDED THAT IT IS EQUAL TO THE EXPECTED DEMAND OF
THE LOCALITY.

A STREAM IS FORMED BY THE SURFACE RUNOFF AND THE FLOW OF WATER IN THEM IS MORE
DURING RAINY SEASON AND BECOMES LESSER AND LESSER IN THE HOT SEASON

The catchment area of lakes and streams are very small so is the quantity of water available from them,
so can be used as a source for water supply ony for small towns and hilly areas and not for large cities.

The water from these are generally free from undesirable impurities and can thus be safely used for
drinking purposes.

2.PONDS:-

It is a man-made body of standing water smaller than a lake.they are formed by excessive digging of
ground for construction of roads, houses, etc and filled up with water in rainy season. Quantity here is
very small and contains many impurities.

It can be used only for washing of clothes and for animals and not adopted as a source of water
supply.

3.RIVERS:-
Large rivers constitute the principal source of water supply schemes for many large cities. Some rivers
are perennial (due to being fed by snowfall) and others non-perennial(dries party or wholly in summers
and floods in monsoons.

3.RIVERS:-

PRINICIPLE USES OF RIVER:-

 Developed as chief source of water supply for towns and cities

 Used for navigation

 Used for irrigation purposes

 Serve as an agent for purification of wastes

 As a centre of recreational activities such as bathing,boating,fishing,fountains etc

4.STORAGE RESERVOIRS:-

Artificial lake formed by construction of dam across a valley to store water and stabilise the flow of
waters.

UNDERGROUND SOURCES

AQUIFERS-THE REASON FOR UNDERGROUND WATER SOURCES:-

Surface of earth consists of alternate courses of pervious and impervious strata. These pervious layers
through which water can easily pass are known as aquifers. If the aquifer consists of sand and gravel
strata,it gives good supply of drinking water. Even a limestone starta with cracks and fissures supply
good drinking water.

1.INFILTRATION GALLERIES:-

It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water bearing strata. Its also
called horizontal well.

2.INFILTRATION WELLS:-

To obtain large quantities of water, the infiltration wells are sunk in series in the banks of river.these
wells are closed on top and open at the bottom.

3.SPRINGS:-

When ground water appears at the surface for any reason, the springs are formed.they serve as a source
of water for small cities and towns near hills or bases of hills.

Some springs discharge hot water due to presence of sulphur and other minerals in their formations.
These cannot be used for supply water for domestic purposes, but can be used as a cure for some
human disorders.
TYPES: ARTESIAN SPRINGS, GRAVITY SPRINGS , SURFACE SPRINGS

4.WELLS:-

A well is defined as an artificial hole or pit made in the ground for the purpose of tapping water.

Types: shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian wells

SHALLOW WELLS:-

Constructed in the uppermost layer of earth’s surface. Diameter from 2-6 metres

DEEP WELLS:

They obtain their water from an aquifer.

TUBE WELLS:

They obtain their water from an number of aquifers deep down the ground and has a diameter about
50mm to 200mm.

ARTESIAN WELLS:

The artesian condition develops when an aquifer is enclosed between two impervious layers. The
hydraulic gradient line is above the ground level at the site of artesian well,hence when a holeis made in
the ground, the water comes out with force under pressure.

SHALLOW WELL
DEEP WELL

TUBE WELL
ARTESIAN WELL

FACTORS DECIDING THE CHOICE OF WATER SOURCE

1. COST – to keep overall cost of the water supply project to minimum
2. ELEVATION – source should be at a higher level so that it becomes possible
to supply water by the gravity flow only. If its at a lower level huge cost to
be spent on operational and maintenance of pumps.
3. LOCATION – proximity to the town or city ensures lesser length of pipes
and few associated appurtenances.
4. QUALITY OF WATER – source should be free from pollution and impurities
and capable of easy and cheap treatement.
5. QUANTITY OF WATER – should have enough quantity to meet the
domestic, industrial, fire fighting etc needs of the desired town and also
scope for fulfilling increase in demand in future.
QUANTITY OF WATER

 this depends on the various uses such as domestic,industrial,public,trade

etc
 rate of consumption per capita is decided carefully considering all these
possible uses and when multiplied by the population, gives the total
quantity of water required for a particular population
 this is determined by two factors:
-rate of demand
-population

RATE OF DEMAND
 A small quantity is used for his personal purposes under normal
conditions and other needs depends on the standard of living and degree
of culture.
 To arrive at a resonable value for rate of demand for any particular town,
the demand for water for various purposes is divided into 5 categories
1. DOMESTIC PURPOSES
2. CIVIC AND PUBLIC PURPOSES
3. INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
4. BUSINESS OR TRADE PURPOSES
5. LOSS AND WASTEAGE

WATER CONSUMPTION
1.DOMESTIC PURPOSES:-
i) DRINKING --------------------------- 2 LITRES
ii) COOKING --------------------------- 5 LITRES
iii) BATHING --------------------------- 30 – 40 LITRES
iv) WASHING ------------------------------- 5 – 10 LITRES
v) HOUSEHOLD (SANITARY REQ.) --------- 50 – 60 LITRES
vi) PRIVATE GARDENING & IRRIGATION
(NO SCOPE IN CITIES)------------------ ------ PRIVATE WELLS
i) DOMESTIC ANIMALS ---------------------- 5 – 40 LITRES (IN SMALL
TOWNS)
AND PRIVATEVEHICLES----------------------- 0.30 LITRE(NO.OF CARS IN
RELATION TO POPULATION)
2.CIVIC / PUBLIC PURPOSES
 ROAD WASHING--------------------------------- 5 LITRES
 SANITARY PURPOSES----------------------------- 2 – 3 LITRES
 ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES----------------------NEGLIGEBLE IN INDIA
AS NOT SUFFICIENT
WATER AVAILABLE FOR
BASIC NEEDS OF PEOPLE
FIRE DEMAND-------------------------------------- 1 LITRE
4. BUSINESS AND TRADE PURPOSES
HOTELS, SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS,THEATRES ETC---- 15- 25 LITRES
5.LOSS AND WASTE------------------------------------30 – 40% OF PER
CAPITA CONSUMPTION
Careless usage and leakage in values & fittings, unauthorised water
connections waste due to miscellaneous reasons
If the average rate of demand and population are known ,it is easy to
calculate the required quantity of water.
EG:- POPULATION – 60,000
RATE OF DEMAND – 180 LITRES/HEAD/DAY
QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED = (60,000 X 180 X 365) = 3942 million
litres/year

QUALITY OF WATER
MEANING OF PURE WATER:-
 The water required for public water supply schemes should be potable or
wholesome water i.e. FIT FOR DRINKING PURPOSES.
 It need not essentially have to be physically or chemically pure water.
 Presence of some minerals is required to give some taste to the water to
assist in food assimilation.
 Wholesome water- is the water which may not be chemically pure but
does not contain anything harmful to the human body such as pathogenic
bacteria or toxic substances and no excessive organic matter

QUALITY OF WATER – 2
DOMESTIC WATER:-
 It should poses high degree of purity – be clear, odourless and colourless.
 Should be free rom suspended impurities, bacteria etc
 A small degree of hardness developed due to certain dissolved salts is
permissible to an extend.
 Should be fresh, cool, tasty and aesthetically attractive.
  It should not cause corrosion to pipes and other fittings.
 Drinking water and water used in the food industry must meet highest
standard of purity.

CIVIC WATER:-
 It’s the water used for washing roads, cleaning sewers etc.
 In this any degree of impurity can be tolerated other than the one
considerably mixed up with sewer and other refuse before use.
WATER FOR TRADE AND BUSINESS USE:-
 It depends upon the nature of trade
 For laundry the water should not be hard, as it will require more
consumption of soap.
 Bathing cattles and washing floors of stables may contain any
impurities.
COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL USE:-
 Chemically pure water should be used as chemical reactions
involved would affect the final reults of the product.
 Most factories install their own water supply plants.

IMPURTIES IN WATER
 It is not possible to find pure water in nature.
 Rainwater as it drops down to surface of earth absorbs the dust and gases
from atmosphere and further is exposed to the organic matter on the
surface of the earth and by the time reaches the source of water supply,it
contains many impurities.
THREE TYPES OF IMPURITIES:-
  PHYSICAL IMPURITIES-To examine Colour,
Taste, Temperature, &Turbidity of water
 CHEMICAL IMPURITIES-To examine
chlorides, dissolved gases, hardness, hydrogen-
ion concentration, alkalinity, acidity, metals and
other chemical substances, nitrogen and its
compounds, total solids.
 BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES- since they
are too small organisms to be detected by microscopes, they r detected by
circumstantial evidences or chemical reactions.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION IN WATER

& THEIR CAUSES
MAINTENANCE OF PURITY OF WATER
 Water should have high content of dissolved oxygen
 Entry of undesirable elements such as acidic, alkaline and hot discharges
from thermal power stations etc. should be prevented by suitable means.
 Presence of algae supplying oxygen in water is desirable.
 Quantity of dissolved solids such as chlorides should be very low
 There should be absence of organic wastes
 Enough reaeration for purpose of reoxygenation of water should be
provided
 Temperature of water to be maintained low
 Turbulence of water to be encouraged to make available more oxygen
from air.

PURIFICATION OF WATER
To make impure water fit for drinking purposes,the first stage of treatment is the pre-filtration of water
and this includes provision of sedimentation tanks.these tanks remove inorganic impurities a
purification of water - 1nd make water fit for next process of filtration.

SEDIMENTATION
 COAGULATION

FILTRATION

SEDIMENTATION-
1.SEDIMENTATION:-
 This is the process by which flowing water is given complete rest or water
is allowed to flow at a very low velocity.
  The heavier inorganic impurities settle at the bottom of tank,due to force
of gravity which is removed from bottom and the lighter inorganic
impurities float on the surface of liquid level,which is removed from top.

TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS:-

1. FILL AND DRAW TYPE TANKS
2. CONTINUOS FLOW TYPE TANKS

1.FILL AND DRAW TYPE TANKS

/QUIESCENT/INTERMITTENT TYPE:-
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 Filled again. The water filled in the tank is allowed to rest for around 24
hours.
 During the period of rest, the particles will settle down at the bottom of
the tank.
 the clear water is then drawn off and tank cleaned of the silt and
Time required for inlet, outlet, emptying and cleaning operations together will
take 30-36 hours to put the tanks back again working conditions. This would
require two or three tanks.
Disadvantages:
 Demand for labor and supervision,
 Loss of head
 ,unit of tanks are three thus uneconomical,
 Wastage of time for filling, emptying and cleaning the tank,
 a separate clear water storage tank is also required.

Thus sedimentation is a costly process.

2.CONTINUOS FLOW TYPE TANKS
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 The water filled in the sedimentation tank is allowed to flow at a very
slow velocity so a large amount of suspended impurities can be easily
removed.
 The water enters the tank from one end and as it travels towards outlet at
the other end, its velocity is broken or reduced by means of baffled walls(
walls containing openings at different levels)
 Velocity such that suspended impurities of required size settle down at
the bottom of tank.
 Total amount of flow from the tank within 24hours equals to the daily
demand of water.
ADVANTAGES:
 LESS DEMAND FOR LABOUR AND SUPERVISION,
 LOSS OF HEAD IS LESS AS OUTLET IS ON TOP OF TANK
 ,UNIT OF TANKS ARE ARRANGED IN SERIES SO ANYONE MAY BE ISOLATED
FOR CLEANING OR WASHING
 ,NO WASTAGE OF TIME IN OPERATION,
 DO NOT REQUIRE A DIFFERENT CLEAN WATER STORAGE.

COAGULATION OF WATER
PURPOSE OF COAGULATION
The sources of water for public water supply projects is mainly surface water;
 Which is turbid and contains many suspended impurities.
 Possesses color due to colloidal matter and organic material
 And presence of very fine particles of clay silt and organic matter.
All these are too finely divided state that it is not possible to detain them in
plain sedimentation tanks.
Coagulation is the alternative to remove such fine particles from impure water
by increasing their size by adding certain chemicals known as coagulants. These
react with the particles in water and convert them into settle able sizes.
Its adopted when turbidity of water exceeds 40 p.p.m
It is followed by process of filtration.

PRINCIPLE OF COAGULATION
FLOC FORMATION:-
When coagulants are mixed, they produce a thick gelatinous precipitate. this is
known as floc and arrests the suspended impurities in water during its downward
travel towards the bottom of the tank.
ELECTRIC CHARGES:
The ions of floc have positive electric charges and hence will attract the negatively
charge colloidal particles of clay and thus remove such particles from water.

FLOCCULATION:-
This floc is heavy and settles down and as it descends and absorbs and catches
more and more suspended impurities in water. Also bacteris is removed to an
extend,as it has a wide surface to arrest colloidal and organic matter.this is known
as flocculation.
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOCCULATION:-
1. DOSAGE OF COAGULANT
 Such that it should cause visible floc.
 The turbidity should be brough down to limit of 10-5 p.p.m
2. FEEDING
 May be in the form of powder or solution.
3. MIXING
 The coagulant should be properly mixed with water so as to cause a
uniform mass
4. pH VALUE
  Depending on the quality of water and coagulant adopted, suitable
pH should be determined, by checking regularly in a laboratory. To
remove acidity – lime is added to the water and to remove
alkalinity, the sulphuric acid is added to the water.
5. VELOCITY
 The floc should be allowed to move gently after initial quick mixing,
thus resulting in collission of particles and thus floc grows in size.
 The detention period of coagulated Sedimentation tanks is about 3-
4 hours.
THE PROCESSES OF COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION ARE GREATLY
INFLUECED BY THE PSHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER, ITS DISSOLVED
CONSTITUENTS AND TEMPERATURE.
USUAL COAGULANTS:-
The following six are the usual coagulants which are adopted for coagulant:-
1. ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
2. CHLORINATED COPPERAS
3. FERROUS SULPHATE AND LIME’
4. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
5. POLYELECTROLYTES
6. SODIUM ALUMINATE
FEEDING COAGULANTS:-

FILTRATION OF WATER – 1
PURPOSE OF FILTRATION:-
 1. To remove the further impurities left in the water after the
sedimentation, the water is filtered through beds of fine granular
materials like sand. This is known as filtration.

2. The filtered water is fit for drinking and free from various undesirable
impurities like color, odor, turbidity, pathogenic bacteria etc.
Theory:-
 The most important stage in purification of water.
 Consists in allowing water to pass through a thick layer of sand
Mechanism:-
 The finely divided suspended and colloidal impurities are removed to
great extent.
 Chemical characteristics of water are altered
 The number of bacteria present in water is considerably reduced
 Filter sand:-
The sand to be used for filter should be free from clay, loam, vegetable matter,
organic impurities etc.
It should be uniform in nature and size
It is classified on basis of its effective and uniformly coefficient

disinfection of water – 1
 Purpose of disinfection and necessity:-
The water that is filtered is still found to have some impurities. These can be
grouped as:-
 Bacteria
 Dissolved inorganic salts
  Colour,odour and taste
 Iron and manganese
The water should be disinfected before entering the distribution system as to
prevent contamination of water during its transfit from the treatment plant to
the place of its consumption.
Disinfection should not be confused with sterilization. Disinfection removes only
harmful bacteria while sterilization aims at removal of all sorts of bacteria
whether harmful or harmless to the health.
The materials and substances used for disinfection are called disinfectants. A
good disinfectant should be :-
 The residual concentration is obtained to grant protection against
contamination in the water during its conveyance and retention.
 Effective in killing all the harmful pathogenic organisms from the water
and make it perfectly safe for use.
 Harmless, unobjectionable, economical and easily available.
 Of the nature that its strength or concentration in the treated water can
be quickly determined.
 Not require skilled labor and costly equipment for its application.
 Taking only reasonable time in killing the harmful pathogenic organisms
at normal temperatures.
Its universally recognized that the chlorine is an ideal material for disinfection
for treating water on a large scale. This is termed as chlorination.
Minor methods of disinfection:-
1. Boiling method
2. Excess lime treatment
3. Iodine and bromine treatment
4. Ozone treatment
5. Potassium permanganate treatment
6. Silver treatment
7. Ultra-violet ray treatment
1. Boiling method:-
When water is boiled above a certain temperature, the bacteria are killed.
Most bacteria that causes water-borne diseases are killed at a
temperature about 80 degree celcius,but it is safer to raise the
temperature to boiling.
2. Excess lime treatment:-
This is done to remove the dissolved salts in the water. Lime increases the
ph value of water and this increased alkalinity or acidity is detrimental to
the bacteria thus removing 99-100% of bacteria. But later to remove the
excess lime a method of recarbonation has to be adopted after
disinfection.
3. Iodine and bromine treatment:-
When water is treated with the above it gets disinfected. This method is
usually used in small water supplies like swimming pools, troops of army,
private plants etc thus making it less irritating to eyes than chlorine.
4. Ozone treatment:-
Though atmospheric oxygen is in a molecular form containing two atoms
of oxygen, when a high – tension electric current is passed through a
stream of air in a closed chamber, a triatomic molecule of oxygen is
formed which is known as ozone.
Since this third atom of ozone is loosely bound and it easily breaks down
into oxygen and releases nascent oxygen, which is very powerful in killing
bacteria. It also unites with organic bacteria and thus effective in removal
of organic matter also.
The advantage of ozone treatment is that ozone is unstable and does not
remain in water when it reaches the consumer.
 6. Potassium permanganate treatment:-
It works as a powerful oxidizing agent and is found to be effective in
killing cholera bacteria but less effective for other water disease
producing organisms. Its use is restricted to village wells and ponds.
7. Silver treatment:-
The metallic silver is placed as filter media and water while passing
through such a filter absorbs some portion of silver which disinfects the
water.
This does not develop any smell or taste in water and it does not create
any harmful effect on human body.
8 .Ultra-violet ray treatment:-
The invisible light rays beyond the violet spectrum are very effective in
killing all types of bacteria. For generating these rays, the mercury is
enclosed in one or more quartz bulbs and electric current is then passed
through it.

1.sedimentation------------------2.filtration--------------------3.disinfection-----------
4.distribution