2024 It Marathon Live

UNIT RDBMS:
Data
manupulation
using SQL
Information Technology Revision Session
▪ Syllabus review
▪ Part B - Important Topics

o Practice
▪ Expected Questions
o MCQs
o Subjective Type
Information Technology Revision Session
▪ Part B - Important Topics
▪ How to study
Important Topics:
Unit 1: DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION
• Styles
• Positioning of Image
• Template
• Table of Contents
• Mail Merge
Important Topics:
Unit 2: ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)
• Consolidation
• Subtotals
• What if
• Solver and Goal Seek
• Hyperlinks
• Macros
Important Topics:
UNIT 3: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Concept of keys
• SQL Queries
• Relationships
• Referential Integrity
Important Topics:
UNIT 4: WEB APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY
• Accessibility Options
• Network and it's types

• Architecture
• Types: Wi-max, 5g etc.
• Phishing and Spoofing

Relational Database Management Systems
▪ Important Topics
Database Management Systems
Important topics
Database Concepts
Referential Integrity Relational Database

Concepts
DBMS
Relations Structured Query

language
Commonly used
SQL commands
Database
Applications
Database
Applications
A Database is used by developers, administrators and end-users.
• Developers design and create the database
• Administrators keep track on database and provide access to users
• End-users really use the database.

Database
Database can be of 2 types
Flat File: Data is stored in a single table
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and is accessed by establishing a

relation between the tables.
Database
Datatypes: Each table has fields with its own data type which
determines what type of data you can enter into the field
Integer: A whole number is known as integer. Integer types can vary in size.
Float: A whole number is known as integer. Integer types can vary in size.
Text: It is stored in the form of character or string
Date and time: use for storing DOB, admission date etc.
Boolean: used to store Yes/No. Since they are stored as 1/0, the length of field is 1.
Relational Database
RDBMS: enables user to store the data in multiple tables
simultaneously and produce answers to questions that can't be
handled by individual tables alone.
A key is used to identify unique records from a table. Also used to link one
field of a table to another field
Relational Database
• PRIMARY KEY: Set of one or more fields that uniquely identifies each row in a
table.
Relational Database
• COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY: Combination of two or more fields that uniquely

identifies each row in a table.
Relational Database
• FOREIGN KEY: A field or a set of fields used to establish a relation between

two tables.
Relational Database
• CANDIDATE KEY: Sometimes a table might have more than one unique field
which identifies the records.
Referential Integrity
Referential Integrity: Is a rule in RDBMS.
• It states that a foreign key must have a matching primary key
• i.e. all its references must be valid and a user cannot

accidently delete or amend the data.
• It ensures the accuracy and consistency of data within a

relationship
Referential Integrity
Referential Integrity: Is a rule in RDBMS.
• relationship
• Value can't be deleted from PARENT Table if it is present in

CHILD Table
• Value cannot be inserted in CHILD Table if it's not present in

PARENT Table
Relationship
Relationship: Is a link that associates a field in one table with a
field in another table.
Types:
• ONE-TO-ONE
• ONE-TO-MANY
• MANY-TO-MANY
Relationship
• ONE-TO-ONE:
Relationship
• ONE-TO-MANY:
Relationship
• MANY-TO-MANY:
Field properties
Queries – Why are they used?
Queries – Why are they used?
• Query is a database object that lets you retrieve records from

one or more tables from the database based on some criteria
• The information retrieved using this method is displayed

separately in another table
Structured Query Language
• SQL is the language in which you write queries
• It allows you to do two things:
1. Create/Alter Tables
2. Update Tables with data

Structured Query Language
1. Data Definition Language: Create/Alter Tables
2. Data Manipulation Language: Update Tables with data

Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Commonly used SQL Commands
CREATE COMMAND : Create a Table
INSERT COMMAND : Create a Table
INSERT COMMAND : Create a Table
SELECT COMMAND: Used to retrieve the records
SELECT COMMAND: Used to retrieve the records
Next Up: Electronic Spreadsheet
ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
▪ Analyze data -important
▪ Link data and Spreadsheets
▪ Share spreadsheets
▪ Create and use Macros

ANALYZE DATA
How can you analyze data in an electronic spreadsheet?
1. Consolidating data and creating subtotals
2. “What if” scenarios
3. Goal seek and Solver

ANALYZE DATA
Consolidating data
• Data Consolidation allows you to gather your data from separate worksheets
into a master worksheet.
• take data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and summarizes it into a

single worksheet that you can update easily.
• It is available under Data menu > Consolidate option

ANALYZE DATA
Creating Subtotal
• SUBTOTAL is a function listed under the Mathematical category.
• It totals/adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels

for columns and/or rows.
• Using the Subtotals dialog, you can select arrays, and then choose a
statistical function to apply to them.
• It is available under Data > Subtotals

ANALYZE DATA
What-if Scenarios
ANALYZE DATA
What-if Scenarios
ANALYZE DATA
What-if Scenarios
• A scenario is essentially a saved set of cell values for your

calculations.
• For example, if you wanted to calculate the effect of different

interest rates on an investment, you could add a scenario for each
interest rate, and quickly view the results.
• Available Tools > Scenarios

ANALYZE DATA
Goal Seek
ANALYZE DATA
Goal Seek
• Using Goal Seek you can discover what value will produce the
result that you want.
• Only one argument can be altered in a single goal seek.

ANALYZE DATA
Solver
ANALYZE DATA
Solver
• Solver option under Tools menu amounts to a more elaborate
form of Goal Seek.
• The difference is that the Solver deals with equations with

multiple unknown variables.
• It is specifically designed to minimize or maximize the

result according to a set of rules that you define.
ANALYZE DATA
Difference between Goal seek and Solver
LINK DATA AND SPREADSHEETS
How can we link data and spreadsheets?
• Setting up multiple sheets
• Relative and absolute hyperlinks
• Hyperlinks to external data or registered data sources.

How can we link data and spreadsheets?
• Setting up multiple sheets
• Relative and absolute hyperlinks
• Hyperlinks to external data or registered data sources.

Setting up multiple sheets
• By default, it has a sheet named Sheet1
• You can also insert another sheet from file or another worksheet
Renaming worksheets: Three ways
1. Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.
2. Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename

from the resulting Context menu.
3. Click on the worksheet tab and select the Sheet option from the
Format menu.
Cell reference
• A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet
and can be used to find the values or data that you want formula
to calculate.
Cell reference
• There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by
entering the formula directly using the keyboard or by using the
mouse.
How to reference other sheets?

• The sheet will be in single quotes because it contains a space, and
the mandatory period (.) always falls outside any quotes.
• 'Sheet1'.B2
Creating The Reference With The Keyboard
• Typing the reference is simple once you know the format the
reference takes.
• The reference has three parts to it:
Path and file name + Sheet name + Cell

Hyperlinks
• Hyperlinks can be used to jump to a different location from
within a spreadsheet and can lead to other parts.
Hyperlinks: Types
• Internet: the hyperlink points to a web address, normally starting
with http://
• Mail & News: the hyperlink opens an email message that is pre-
addressed to a particular recipient.
• Document: the hyperlink points to a place in either the current

worksheet or another existing worksheet.
• New document: the hyperlink creates a new worksheet.

Hyperlinks : Relative And Absolute Hyperlinks
• An absolute link will stop working only if the target is moved.
• A relative link will stop working only if the start and target
locations change relative to each other.
• For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder

linked to each other and you move the entire folder to a new
location, a relative hyperlink will not break.
SHARE AND REVIEW SPREADSHEETS
Users can share the workbook so several users can access it simultaneously
• Tools > Share Document
• Feature to track : what data was changed, when the change was
made, who made the change and in which cell the change has
occurred
Recording changes
• Edit > Changes > Record
• A colored border, with a dot in the upper left-hand

corner, appears around a cell where changes were made.
• A deleted column or row is marked by a heavy colored bar.

Recording comments
• Edit > Changes > Comments
• Comments are automatically added and Reviewers and

authors can add their comments to explain their changes.
Reviewing changes
• Edit > Changes > Accept or Reject
• The original author can look into each change

Merging changes
• Edit > Changes > Merge Document
• Sometimes, multiple reviewers return edited versions of a

worksheet at the same time.
• It may be quicker to review all of these changes at once, rather

than one review at a time.
CREATE AND USE MACROS
Using macros
Using macros
• Set of commands or keystrokes that are stored for later usage.
• Ex: inputting an address automatically, or sophisticated, like

automating a sequence of calculations.
Using macros
• Set of commands or keystrokes that are stored for later usage.
• Ex: inputting an address automatically, or sophisticated, like

automating a sequence of calculations.
• Saves time!
• Tools > Macros > Record Macro > Click on Start/Stop recording
Next Up: E-Spreadsheet Practice
Electronic Spreadsheet: Expected questions 2024
▪ Topic-wise questions
▪ Remember toolbars for steps
▪ Data analysis sub-topic is

important
▪ Check Topic – wise expected

questions 2023
Analyze Data using scenarios and Goal Seek
1. What is Consolidating data?
• The Data Consolidation tool summarizes data from multiple

worksheets or workbooks into a single worksheet that you
can simply update.
• Consolidation allows the contents of cells from many sheets

to be consolidated in one location.
2. What is Subtotal?
• SUBTOTAL: totals/adds data in an array which is a collection

of cells with column and/or row labels.
• You can choose arrays and then apply a statistical function

(sum, average, max, min) to them using the Subtotals option
3. What is What-if Analysis with its uses?
• What-If analysis is the process of determining the effects on

outcomes in a spreadsheet calculation through systematic
changes in the input.
• This way, one can take better decision based on different inputs
and their outcomes.
• What-If tools available in CALC are:- Scenario, Goal Seek, Solve

5. What is Goal Seek?
• The word “goal seeking” refers to the act of determining input

value based on a previously determined output value.
• Set Cell: This specifies the cell whose value will be changed to
the desired value after the Goal Seek operation is completed.
• For example, Jack received a 25 out of 30 in English and a 22 out

of 30 in Math. In order to calculate the score in IT, he needs to
acquire an overall score of 85 percent.
• As a result, a goal has been established, and according to it, Jack

will discover one unknown variable, IT marks.
6. What is Scenario?
• Scenarios are a tool to test “what-if” questions.
• Each scenario is given a unique name and can be changed and

presented independently.
• A scenario is essentially a set of saved cell values that you may

use in your calculations.
7. Give some example situations, where what-if analysis is useful?
• Calculating interest earned on different values of interest rate
• For proposing different budgets based on revenue.
• For predicting the future values based on the given historical

value
8. What is Solver?
• The Solver option in the Tools menu is essentially an advanced

version of Goal Seek as it deals with equations involving several
unknown variables.
• It is meant to minimize or maximize the result based on a set of

rules that you specify
Link Data and Spreadsheets
8. What is the need of using multiple sheets in a workbook?
• Multiple sheets help keep information organized in a workbook.
• Different data can be stored in separate sheets for a better.

9. What are the two ways of referencing cells in other
worksheets?
Two ways to reference cells in other sheets:
• by entering the formula directly using the keyboard

• by using the mouse
10. Describe the different types of hyperlink.
• Relative Hyperlink: A relative hyperlink is a link that contains

an address, which is relative to the address of the output
file(destination file). It holds a partial address.
• Absolute Hyperlink: An absolute hyperlink is a hyperlink that

contains the full address of the destination file or web page.
11. Differentiate between relative and absolute hyperlinks.
• Hyperlinks can be used to jump to a different location from

within a spreadsheet.
• An absolute link will stop working only if the target is moved.
• A relative link will stop working only if the start and target
For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder linked
to each other and you move
the entire folder to a new location, a relative hyperlink will not
break
12. How can we rename a worksheet in Spreadsheet?
Three ways:
1. Select one of the existing worksheet names with a double-click.
2. Right-click an existing worksheet name, then select Rename from

the Context menu that appears.
3. Select the worksheet you want to rename (by clicking on the

worksheet tab), then choose Sheet from the Format menu. This
brings up a submenu, from which you should choose Rename
13. You want to add a link to one of the three tables in an
HTML file(result.html). How would you do it in CALC?
Open the sheet where this link is to be entered.
Click command Insert -> Link to External Data.
Browse the HTML file, i.e. result.html.
Choose one of the tables of the loaded HTML file

14. Describe the Linking to External Data.
We can insert tables from HTML documents and data located

within name range. Perform the below mentioned steps to
hyperlink an external data file.
Step-1: Open the Calc worksheet where data is to be inserted.
Step-2: Select the cell and choose Insert -> Link to External Data.
Step-3: Type the address of the source worksheet
Step-4: Select the names ranges or tables you want to insert.
Step-5: Click OK to close this dialog and insert the linked data
Sharing worksheet data
15 What is the purpose of adding comments?
Comments from reviewers and authors can be added to explain

their changes.
16. How can we add comments to the changes made?
• Select the cell that has been changed.
• Select Edit > Changes > Comments

17 What is the advantage of sharing worksheet data?
• Enhance the speed of data entering because many users can

work on it simultaneously.
• To facilitate collaboration, make things easy

8. Explain features and use of Record changes.
Calc offers a feature that allows you to keep track of what data
was modified, when it was updated, who performed the
modification, and which cell it happened in.
A colored border appears around a cell where changes were

made, with a dot in the upper left-hand corner.
A strong colored bar indicates a deleted column or row.

19. Explain features of accepting or rejecting changes.
When you receive a worksheet with changes, you can now go through
each change and decide how to proceed.
1. Open the worksheet that has been changed.
2. Select Edit > Changes > Accept or Reject from the drop-down menu.
3. Calc goes through each modification one by one. As you go through the
process, you can accept or reject each adjustment.
If you wish to, you can also pick Accept all and reject all.
Create and use Macros in Spreadsheet
20. What are Macros? How can we record a Macro?
Useful for repeated tasks like such as formatting or applying a similar

formula to a similar piece of data, macros can save time.
It can be used to name and track a sequence of events.
To record a macro, follow these steps:
1. Before performing any operation, go to tools->macro->record macro.
2. Perform the steps
3. Select “Stop Recording” from the drop-down menu. Now save the
macro by giving it a name.
Next Up: Digital Documentation
DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION
▪ How to Change Styles
▪ Add Images
▪ Use Templates
▪ Add Index
▪ Feature – Mail Merge

STYLES IN A DOCUMENT
What is style?
• A style is a format set used to alter the
appearance of pages, text, frames, or other
elements in a document.
• Applying a style lets you change many

formats simultaneously.
What are various type of styles?
1. Page styles govern margins, headers and footers, as well as

borders and backgrounds.
2. Paragraph styles manage all characteristics of a paragraph's

appearance such as text alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and
borders, and may incorporate character formatting.
3. Character styles influence the selected text within a paragraph,

including features like the font, text size, and bold or italic formats.
What are various type of styles?
4. Frame styles are applied to format graphic and text

frames, covering the wrapping type, borders, backgrounds, and
columns.
5. Numbering styles dictate the alignment, numbering or bullet

characters and fonts to numbered or bulleted lists.
6. Cell styles encompass fonts, alignment, borders, background,

and number formats like date, currency, and number, as well as
cell protection.
Step 1: How to create a new style?
• From selection
• Drag and drop

• From selection
• Drag and drop
Step 2: How to modify styles?

• Updating a new style from selection
• Loading Styles From A Template Or

Document
• From selection
• Drag and drop
Step 2: How to modify styles?

• Updating a new style from selection
• Loading Styles From A Template Or

Document
Step 3: How to apply styles?

• Styles and formatting Window
• Fill Format mode

INSERT IMAGES
How to insert Image in a document?
• Drag and Drop
• Insert Picture Dialog
• From The Clipboard
• Using A Scanner
• From The Gallery

INSERT IMAGES
How to modify an image in a document?
• Resize: Change the size of an image
• Rotate : 0 to 360 degrees
• Flip : Horizontally or Vertically
• Color : modify the individual RGB color components of the image

(red, green, blue) as well as the brightness, contrast, and gamma of the image
• Transparency : making the image more transparent.

INSERT IMAGES
How to modify an image in a document?
• Resize: Change the size of an image
• Rotate : 0 to 360 degrees
• Flip : Horizontally or Vertically
• Color : modify the individual RGB color components of the image

(red, green, blue) as well as the brightness, contrast, and gamma of the image
• Transparency : making the image more transparent.

INSERT IMAGES
How to crop an image in a text document?
Crop: (cut off) parts which are not required
• When Keep scale is selected (default), cropping the image does not change the
scale of the picture.
• When Keep image size is selected, the image size remains constant.
INSERT IMAGES
How to position images in a text document?
• Arrangement refers to the placement of a graphic on an imaginary

vertical axis.
• Arrangement controls how graphics are stacked upon each other or

relative to the text.
INSERT IMAGES
Alignment refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of a graphic in
relation to the chosen anchor point.
INSERT IMAGES
• Anchoring refers to the reference point for the graphics.
• This point could be the page, or frame where the object is, a paragraph, or even a character.
• An image always has an anchor point.

INSERT IMAGES
• Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the surrounding text
• It may wrap around the graphic on one or both sides, be overprinted

behind or in front of the graphic, or treat the graphic as a separate
paragraph or character.
USING TEMPLATES
What is a template?
• A template is a model that you use to
create other documents. Templates
can contain text, graphics, style,
design.
USING TEMPLATES
How to create a template?
1. From a Document: Create or edit a new or existing document of

the type you wish to use as a template. Add the content and
styles you desire and save as a new template
USING TEMPLATES
How to create a template?
2. Using a Wizard: Wizards can be used to construct letter,

fax, agenda, presentation, and Web page templates.
TABLE OF CONTENT
It lets you build automated index from the headings in
your document
• A list of the main sections or chapters in a document
• Gives readers a quick summary of the document’s content
• 10 levels of headings
• The table of contents typically includes section or chapter titles

and the corresponding page numbers.
MAIL MERGE
Make personalized messages and send to a lot of people
• During the mail merge process, data from another document referred to as the data source
• Data Source connects to the main document and retrieves the information like names,
addresses, and phone numbers
Next up: Digital Documentation Practice
Styles : Expected Questions
1. What are Styles ? What are the advantages of using styles.
Styles are pre-defined formatting attributes in digital document

processing that can be used to apply consistent formatting to
text and other elements.
The advantages of using styles include:

• Consistency throughout the document
• Efficiency in formatting the document
• Flexibility in making changes to the document
• Improved accessibility for users with assistive technologies.
2. Give any four styles supported by OpenOffice.org
• Paragraph Styles: Used to format paragraphs,

including indentation, line spacing, and font size.
• Character Styles: Used to format individual characters, including

font type, size, color, and style.
• Page Styles: Used to format the overall appearance of a page,

including margins, headers, and footers.
• List Styles: Used to format bulleted or numbered lists, including

the type of bullet or number, indentation, and spacing.
4. How can we create our own styles?
There are two different ways to create a style –
• Creating a new style from a selection – You can copy a new

style from an existing style. This new style will only be applied to
this document and will not be saved in the template.
• Dragging And Dropping To Create A Style – You can drag and

drop a text selection into the Styles and Formatting window to
create a new style.
5. How can you modify the style?
Styles can be changed in a variety of ways:
• Load or copy styles from another document or template
• Update a style from a selection

Images : Expected Questions
1. Explain any five Graphic filters.
a. Invert – Changing the color in the color image, and

giving brightness in grayscale image.
b. Solarization – Increasing the effects of excessive light in a

photograph.
c. Posterize – Reduces the number of colors in a picture to make it

look like a painting.
d. Charcoal – The image is displayed as a charcoal sketch.
e. Mosaic – Combines groupings of pixels into a single color area.

2. Explain Image Cropping
Image cropping is the process of removing unwanted parts of an

image by selecting and keeping a specific portion of the image while
discarding the rest.
The following parameters can be controlled on the Crop page:
1. Keep scale – using this option you can crop the image without
changing the size of the image.
2. Keep image size – Without changing the height and width of the
image you can crop the image using keep image size.
3. List any three methods of inserting images in a text document.
- Drag and Drop

- Inserting image from clipboard
- Insert image from Scanner
4. What do you understand by the terms:
a. Text Wrapping
b. Anchoring
a. Text Wrapping – Text wrapping describes the relationship

between graphics and the surrounding text, which may wrap around
the graphic on one or both sides, be overprinted behind or in front
of the graphic, or be overprinted behind or in front of the graphic.
b. Anchoring – The graphics’ reference point is referred to as anchor

point. This point could represent the object’s location on the page or
in the frame. An anchor point is always present in an image.
Templates: Expected Questions
1. What are templates? What are the advantages of

using templates?
A template is a type of document that you can use to

make a similar type of document. Templates can contain
text, graphics, style, design.
Advantage of template are :

a. Document creation is made easier with templates.
b. It save time to giving style in document
c. The use of templates helps to keep the audience’s
interest.
2. What is the difference between styles and templates?
a. Style – Styles ensure that your formatting is consistent

throughout a document.
b. Template – Templates allow you to reuse text and maintain a

consistent look and feel across many projects.
2. Explain different ways of creating a template
a. From a Document: Create or edit a new or existing document

of the type you wish to use as a template.
b. Using a Wizard: Wizards can be used to construct letter, fax,

agenda, presentation, and Web page templates.
Table of Contents: Questions
1. What is a table of contents in a digital document, and how

can it benefit the reader?
- A table of contents in a digital document is a list of the

document’s sections or chapters with corresponding page
numbers or hyperlinks.
- It provides an overview of the document’s structure and helps

the reader navigate the document quickly and easily.
- By using a table of contents, the reader can locate specific

sections of the document without having to manually search
for them, saving time and improving the reading experience.
Mail Merge : Expected Questions
1. What is Data Source? What are different data sources

available in mail merge?
- During the mail merge process, data from another document

referred to as the data source
- Data Source connects to the main document and retrieves the

information like names, addresses, and phone numbers
- Spreadsheet, Text File, Access or Base Database, Address Book

Next Up: Web Applications & Security
Accessibility Options
• Computer accessibility refers to the user friendliness for all

the users including persons with disability.
• Enabling the person with disability to use a computer with

the help of software and hardware is known as Assistive
Technology.
Accessibility Options
Magnifier a display utility that makes the computer
screen more readable by creating a separate window that
displays a magnified portion of the screen.
Narrator a text-to-speech utility that reads what is

displayed on the screen–the contents of the active window.
On-Screen Keyboard displays a virtual keyboard on

the computer screen that allows people to type data by using
a pointing device.
High Contrast a window showing settings for color

and contrast of display.
Web Applications & Security
Types of Impairments
• Cognitive impairments & learning disabilities – dyslexia,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism
• Visual impairments – low-vision, complete or
partial blindness, and colour blindness
• Hearing impairments – deafness or problem with hearing
• Motor or dexterity impairments – paralysis, cerebral palsy,
or carpal tunnel syndrome
Make computer Easier to see
High Contrast : This allows you to set a high-

contrast color scheme that heightens the color contrast of
some text and images on your computer screen.
Remove Background Images : This turns off all

unimportant, overlapped content and background images to
help make the screen easier to use.
Make mouse Easier to use
Change the Color and Size of Mouse Pointer : You can

use these options to make the mouse pointer larger or
change the color to make it easier to see.
Turn on Mouse Keys : You can use this option to

control the movement of the mouse pointer by using
the numeric keypad.
Make keyboard Easier to use
Sticky Keys This option sets Sticky Keys to

run when you log on to windows. Instead of having to
press three keys at once (Ctrl, Alt, Delete), you can use
one key by turning on Sticky Keys and adjust settings.
Toggle Keys This option sets Toggle Keys to

run when you log on to windows. These keys can play
an alert each time you press the Caps Lock, Num Lock
or Scroll Lock Keys.
Visual alternatives to Sound
Visual Notifications for Sounds : This option

sets sound notifications to run when you log on the
Windows. You can also choose how you want sound
notifications to warn you.
Text Captions for Spoken Dialog: This option

causes windows to display text captions in place of
sounds to indicate that activity is happening on your
computer.
Networking Fundamentals
Networks are designed using the following architecture:
PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:
• Networks in which all computers have an equal status are

called peer to peer networks.
• Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally

competent CPU.
Networks are designed using the following architecture:
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:
• Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated

tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network)
are called client server networks.
• The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and

the ones that use these services are called clients.
Types of Network
LOCAL AREA NETWORK:
• Connects computers and devices in a limited geographical

area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office
building, or closely positioned group of buildings.
WIDE AREA NETWORK:
• Covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across

metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
• The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by

businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual
consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others
What is a modem?
• A modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into

a form (analog signals) that can travel over phone lines.
• It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital signals.
• The word modem is derived

from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.
What is ISP?
Types of internet connections
Common internet Connectivity
• Dial-up: Uses the facilities of the public telephone network to establish a
connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via telephone lines using
a MODEM.
• DSL: Digital subscriber line(DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting

digital data over wires of a local telephone network.
• Cable Internet Access: Uses the cable television infrastructure.
• 3G/4G/5G
• WiMAX: (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is designed to

provide mobile broadband connectivity.
• WI-Fi: Allows an electronic device such as computers or mobile phones to

exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet
connections.
How does data travel through the
internet?
• Dial-up: Uses the facilities of the public telephone network to establish a

connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via telephone lines using
a MODEM.
Instant Messaging
Key Features:
• Video calling
• Going invisible (Your status can be shown as offline to your IM

contact list).
• Encrypted messages
• Save messages for future reference.

Blogs
• Discussion style web pages that allows users to create

personal webpages
• Similar to an online personal diary and are easy to use
• Offline Blog Editors allow users to create blogs even when they
are not connected to the internet
Online Transactions
• Online Transaction: Method of payment where the transfer

of funds happens online.
Threats on the Internet :
Threats on the Internet : Phishing
Phishing (pronounced: fishing)
• Attack that attempts to steal your money, or your identity
• By getting you to reveal personal information -- such as

credit card numbers, bank information, or passwords --
on websites that pretend to be legitimate.
Threats on the Internet : Spoofing
Spoofing:
• When someone or something pretends to be something

else in an attempt to gain a victim's confidence, get
access to a system, steal data, or spread malware.
Security on the Internet
• Use Secure Password
• Install anti-virus
• Keep firewall active

Online Transactions and Online
Shopping
• Online Shopping: Process of buying goods and services from

merchants over the internet.
• Benefits:
• Convenient. You can get products at home.
• Millions of choices of products.
• Offer huge discount on goods and services.
• Online shops give us the opportunity to shop 24×7
• Sending gifts to relatives and friends is easy
Next Up: PYQs
Digital Documentation
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
E-Spreadsheet
Database Management System
Web-Applications & Security
MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS 2024
What is the utility of text wrapping in a document?
ANSWER
• Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the

surrounding text
• It may wrap around the graphic on one or both sides, be

overprinted behind or in front of the graphic, or treat the
graphic as a separate paragraph or character
What are the two ways of creating a template?
ANSWER
• From the document
• From the Wizard

Elaborate four different types of styles which can be provided in a Word
Processor.
• Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as

text alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and borders, and can include
character formatting.
• Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font and
size of text, or bold and italic formats.
• Cell styles include fonts, alignment, borders, background, number formats

(ex: currency, date, number), and cell protection
.
• Graphics styles in drawings and presentations include line, area, shadowing,
transparency, etc
E-Spreadsheet
Differentiate between Relative and Absolute Hyperlinks with the help of
an example.
ANSWER
• An absolute hyperlink will stop working only if the target is moved.
• A relative hyperlink will stop working only if the source and target
• Suppose, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder linked to each
other and you move the entire folder to a new location, a relative
hyperlink will not break a link.
E-Spreadsheet
What is the use of Macros in a Spreadsheet?
ANSWER
• Macros help in saving time in cases when the same set of

tasks are to be done repeatedly
• Like formatting or applying a similar formula in a similar range

of data.
• It can be used to name and record a set of actions or set of

actions.
E-Spreadsheet
Define the following:
a) Subtotals
b) Consolidating Data
ANSWER
a) Subtotals
Subtotal adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels
for columns and/or rows.
It is available in Data Tab, using the Subtotals dialog, you can select arrays, and
then choose a statistical function such as Count, Min, Max etc.
b) Consolidating Data
During consolidation, the contents of cells from several sheets can

Database Management
Differentiate between Primary key and Foreign key.
ANSWER
• A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table
• A foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in

one table that refers to a column or set of columns in
another table.
• A table can have only one primary Key but a table can have
multiple foreign keys.
Database Management
What is Referential Integrity? Explain its two(any) purposes.
ANSWER
Referential Integrity is used to maintain accuracy and

consistency of data in a relationship.
Referential integrity helps to avoid:
1. Records can't be added to a related table, if there is no

associated record available in the primary key table.
2. Records can be deleted from a primary key table if there are

any matching related records available in associated table(s)
Database Management
How Entry Required and Default Value properties of a table
field in a database are different from each other?
ANSWER
• Entry Required – if set to yes then it will be necessary for the

user to insert the value in the field which means that field
cannot be left blank.
• Default Value – A default value can be set for a field if user

don’t provide any value while entering the values in the table.
Database Management
What is DBMS? Explain any two advantages of DBMS.
ANSWER
A database management system is a software package with computer programs that controls the
creation, maintenance, and use of an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. It
allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications.
Advantages:
i) Data integrity: means the data is accurate and consistent in the database. It is very important as there
are multiple databases in a DBMS so it helps to produce the correct result.
ii) Data sharing: In a database, the users can share the data among themselves. Data can be shared for
multiple purposes with the users located at different geographical locations then remote users can also
access the database simultaneously.
Database Management
Explain any two types of relationships that can be created between tables in
RDBMS.
ANSWER
Table relationships in SQL Server database are of three types:
• One-to-One
• One-to-Many
• Many-to-Many
Database Management
Web Applications and Security
Write any two advantages of online shopping.
ANSWER
i. A customer does not have sufficient time to visit stores
ii. A product or service that is not available in the local market is

available online.
List any 4 advantages associated with networking.
Four advantages are :
• Data Sharing
• Files Transfer
• Hardware Sharing.
• Internet Access Sharing
• Usage of network based applications

Differentiate between wired and wireless access. Give one example for each type.
ANSWER
A wired setup uses physical cables to transfer data between different devices
and computer systems.
Wireless network does not use wires for data or voice.
Examples
Wired: Dial-up, DSL or Cable Internet Access etc

Wireless 3G or WiMAX or Wi-Fi
Define the following Hot spots:-
a) WIMAX
b) Wi-Fi
ANSWER
a) WIMAX: It is a wireless communications standard designed to

provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and
countries through a variety of devices
b) Wi-Fi: It is a popular technology that allows an electronic

device such as computers or mobile phones to exchange data
wirelessly over a network
What do you understand by ISP with respect to web
applications? Name any two connection type that home users
use.
ANSWER
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which

provides you with access to the Internet via a dial-up (using
modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.
• DSL, cable modem, dial-up, broadband wireless, WiMAX etc

What precautions must be taken to improve online security?
ANSWER
i. Antivirus and Antispyware programs offer real-time protection monitoring

your computer for any changes by malware software.
ii. Use strong passwords a combination of alphanumeric and special

characters could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or
guessed by other users
iii. Secure transactions because information such as credit card details or

personal information is sent over the network.
iv. Use encryption software to protect your data from unauthorized users.
Rahul and Amit are working on a school project assigned to them by their
teacher. They have to send instant messages to each other and also do video
conferencing after school hours in order to complete the project on time.
a. Suggest any 4 good instant messaging software that they can use.
b. Apart from computers, list 4 hardwares that Rahul and Amit need for
video conferencing
ANSWER
a. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Windows Live Messenger , MS-

Teams, ZOOM etc.
b. Headphone, Speaker & Microphone & Web Camera

Rahul has purchased some stationary items from an online site. He has to make onlinepayment for the items to
complete the transaction.
1. Suggest any two options that he can use to make payment of his bill on the online shopping website.
2. Name any 2 situations where online shopping could be useful.
3. Name any 2 popular online transaction websites.
4. Write full form of COD in reference to online shopping.
ANSWER
1. credit, debit card or by internet banking etc
2. • A customer does not have sufficient time to visit stores.

• Visiting a store is more expensive than purchasing a product online.
• A product or service that is not available in the local market is available online. Etc
3.Flipkart , amazon, Myntra etc
4. Cash On Delivery

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UNIT RDBMS:

▪ Part B - Important Topics

▪ Part B - Important Topics

• Network and it's types

• Phishing and Spoofing

Referential Integrity Relational Database

Relations Structured Query

A Database is used by developers, administrators and end-users.​

• Developers design and create the database​

• Administrators keep track on database and provide access to users​

• End-users really use the database.

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table

Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and is accessed by establishing a

Text: It is stored in the form of character or string

• COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY: Combination of two or more fields that uniquely

• FOREIGN KEY: A field or a set of fields used to establish a relation between

• It states that a foreign key must have a matching primary key

• i.e. all its references must be valid and a user cannot

• It ensures the accuracy and consistency of data within a

• Value can't be deleted from PARENT Table if it is present in

• Value cannot be inserted in CHILD Table if it's not present in

• Query is a database object that lets you retrieve records from

• The information retrieved using this method is displayed

• SQL is the language in which you write queries

• It allows you to do two things:

2. Update Tables with data

1. Data Definition Language: Create/Alter Tables

2. Data Manipulation Language: Update Tables with data

▪ Analyze data -important

▪ Link data and Spreadsheets

▪ Create and use Macros

1. Consolidating data and creating subtotals

2. “What if” scenarios

3. Goal seek and Solver

• take data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and summarizes it into a

• It is available under Data menu > Consolidate option

• SUBTOTAL is a function listed under the Mathematical category.

• It totals/adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels

• It is available under Data > Subtotals

• A scenario is essentially a saved set of cell values for your

• For example, if you wanted to calculate the effect of different

• Available Tools > Scenarios

• Only one argument can be altered in a single goal seek.

• The difference is that the Solver deals with equations with

• It is specifically designed to minimize or maximize the

• Relative and absolute hyperlinks

• Hyperlinks to external data or registered data sources.

• Relative and absolute hyperlinks

• Hyperlinks to external data or registered data sources.

1. Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.

2. Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename

How to reference other sheets?

• The reference has three parts to it:

Path and file name + Sheet name + Cell

• Document: the hyperlink points to a place in either the current

• New document: the hyperlink creates a new worksheet.

• For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder

• Tools > Share Document

• A colored border, with a dot in the upper left-hand

• A deleted column or row is marked by a heavy colored bar.

• Comments are automatically added and Reviewers and

• The original author can look into each change

• Sometimes, multiple reviewers return edited versions of a

A Database is used by developers, administrators and end-users.

• Developers design and create the database

• Administrators keep track on database and provide access to users