University of Engineering

& Technology, Taxila

Professional Ethics
Report Topic:
Analysis of PIA’s Performance based on Ethical
Concerns
Semester: 7th (20CP)

Submitted To:Hafiz Fasih Ud Din Muhammad Nasir

Submitted By:
Hassam Qaiser (20-CP-08) Muhammad Azam Rajpoot (20-CP-24)
Maryam Seemab (20-CP-11) Maria Aftab (20-CP-44)
Eman Tariq Awan (20-CP-12) Muhammad Faaz Qadeer (20-CP-52)
Aiman Malik (20-CP-16) Musa Faisal (20-CP-86)
Usama Shoukat (20-CP-22) Muhammad Asim (20-CP-94)
Muhammad Baqir (19-CP-85)
Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Analysis of PIA’s recent Performance based on ethical concerns ............................................ 4
2.1. Dishonest Practices and Unclear Policies............................................................................ 4
2.1.1. Hidden Fees ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Misleading Flight Information ..................................................................................... 5
2.1.3. Unfulfilled Promises ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4. Impact on Customer Trust ........................................................................................... 5
2.1.5. Attempts at Addressing Issues ..................................................................................... 5
2.2. Disregard for Safety Regulations......................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Junaid Jamshed Flight Crash ...................................................................................... 6
2.3. Unlawful Practices and Discrimination .............................................................................. 7
2.3.1. Discrimination ............................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2. Unlawful practices......................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Predatory Pricing and Unfair Competition ........................................................................ 8
2.4.1. Predatory Pricing .......................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2. Unfair Competition ....................................................................................................... 9
2.4.3. Consequences of Predatory Pricing and Unfair Competition ................................. 10
2.4.4. Addressing the Issue ................................................................................................... 10
2.5. Allegations of Political Interference .................................................................................. 10
2.5.1. Types of Political Interference ................................................................................... 10
2.5.2. Evidence of Political Interference at PIA.................................................................. 11
2.5.3. Impact of Political Interference ................................................................................. 11
2.5.4. Addressing the Issue ................................................................................................... 12
2.6. Poor Customer Service and Neglect of Passenger Welfare ............................................. 12
2.6.1. Inconsistent Service Quality ....................................................................................... 12
2.6.2. Rude Staff and Inadequate Communication ............................................................ 12
2.6.3. Long Delays and Cancellations .................................................................................. 13
2.6.4. Lost Luggage and Compromised Passenger Experience ......................................... 13
2.6.5. Safety Concerns ........................................................................................................... 13
2.6.6. Transparency and Accountability ............................................................................. 13
2.6.7. Employee Morale and Training ................................................................................. 13
2.6.8. Impact on National Image .......................................................................................... 13
2.6.9. Customer Feedback and Continuous Improvement ................................................ 14
2.6.10. Community Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility ............................. 14
2.7. Ignoring Environmental Concerns .................................................................................... 14
 2.7.1. Reliance on Outdated and Inefficient Fleet .............................................................. 14
2.7.2. Lack of Investment in Sustainable Aviation Fuels ................................................... 14
2.7.3. Inefficient Operational Practices ............................................................................... 15
2.7.4. Inadequate Investment in Environmental Initiatives .............................................. 15
2.7.5. Lack of Transparency and Reporting ....................................................................... 15
2.7.6. Impact of Ignoring Environmental Concerns .......................................................... 15
2.7.7. Recommendations for Addressing the Issue ............................................................. 16
2.8. Unfair Labor Practices and Gender Bias.......................................................................... 16
2.8.1. Unfair Labor Practices ............................................................................................... 16
2.8.2. Gender Bias ................................................................................................................. 17
2.8.3. Impact of Unfair Labor Practices and Gender Bias ................................................ 17
2.9. Lack of Transparency in Management Decisions ............................................................ 18
2.9.1. Opaque Decision-Making Processes .......................................................................... 18
2.9.2. Limited Information Disclosure................................................................................. 19
2.9.3. Unclear Communication and Engagement ............................................................... 19
2.9.4. Limited Access to Information................................................................................... 19
2.9.5. Discouragement of Open Discussion and Feedback ................................................ 19
2.9.6. Consequences of Lack of Transparency ................................................................... 19
2.9.7. Recommendations for Improvement ......................................................................... 20
2.10. Inadequate Systems for Addressing Ethical Violations ............................................... 20
2.10.1. Ineffective Mechanisms for Identifying Ethical Violations ..................................... 20
2.11. Failure to Learn from Past Mistakes ............................................................................ 22
2.11.1. Understanding Ethical Violations.............................................................................. 22
2.11.2. Instances of Ethical Lapses in PIA ............................................................................ 23
2.11.2.1. Safety Oversights and Operational Discrepancies ............................................... 23
2.11.2.2. Impact on Operational Integrity and Credibility ................................................ 23
2.11.3. Analysis of Repeated Ethical Violations ................................................................... 23
2.11.3.1. Implications of Persistent Ethical Lapses ............................................................. 23
2.11.3.2. Effects on Organizational Culture and Stakeholder Confidence ....................... 23
2.11.4. Case Study: Junaid Jamshed Tragedy ...................................................................... 24
2.11.5. Factors Contributing to Ethical Failures .................................................................. 24
3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 25
4. References .................................................................................................................................... 26
1.Introduction
Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), the national flag carrier of Pakistan, boasts a rich history
filled with achievements and accolades. However, recent years have seen PIA grappling with
a series of challenges and ethical concerns that raise questions about its commitment to safety,
customer service, environmental sustainability, employee well-being, transparency, and ethical
conduct.

From allegations of predatory pricing and unfair competition to concerns about inadequate
safety standards and disregard for environmental regulations, PIA's image has been tarnished
by repeated incidents and public criticism. This report delves into these issues, analyzing their
impact and highlighting the need for urgent reforms to restore trust and ensure the airline
operates in accordance with ethical principles and best practices.

This examination also explores PIA's internal environment, uncovering persistent allegations
of unfair labor practices, gender bias, and insufficient transparency in management decisions.
These concerns point towards a potential culture of impunity within the organization, further
jeopardizing employee morale and hindering effective operations.

Furthermore, the report sheds light on the ethical implications of the tragic crash of PIA flight
PK-8303 in 2020. The incident raises questions about the adequacy of the airline's internal
mechanisms for addressing ethical violations and holding individuals accountable. The lack of
swift action and transparency in such instances contributes to a perception of a culture that
prioritizes profit over ethical considerations.

Through this comprehensive analysis, the report aims to provide a deeper understanding of the
challenges and ethical concerns that PIA faces. By examining specific examples and their
consequences, the report seeks to emphasize the need for significant transformations within the
airline, encompassing reforms in safety practices, customer service, environmental
sustainability, employee treatment, transparency, and ethical decision-making. Only through
such comprehensive reform can PIA regain public trust and establish itself as a responsible and
ethical player in the global aviation industry.

2. Analysis of PIA’s recent Performance

based on ethical concerns
2.1. Dishonest Practices and Unclear Policies
In recent years, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has faced severe scrutiny due to
allegations of dishonest practices and unclear policies. Dishonest practices and unclear policies
have taken a toll on PIA's reputation. This report delves into specific instances, including
hidden fees, misleading flight information, and unfulfilled promises, and their profound impact
on eroding customer trust.
 2.1.1. Hidden Fees
PIA has faced criticism for its lack of transparency regarding hidden fees. Passengers have
reported unadvertised charges for baggage, often discovering additional fees only during the
final stages of the booking process. The absence of clear communication on these financial
implications has led to a perception of financial unfairness among passengers, contributing to
a decline in overall customer satisfaction.

2.1.2. Misleading Flight Information

Accurate and reliable flight information is paramount for customer satisfaction. PIA has been
accused of providing misleading flight schedules, resulting in confusion among passengers
regarding departure and arrival times.

The issue came to light during usual flight checks that on Flight PK759 of November 23, 2017,
there were about 32 tickets which were issued on zero-fare basis. It was alarming as agents are
allowed to issue tickets only through auto pricing and no agent is allowed to issue tickets on
manual pricing. The same was brought to the notice of the management at the head office.
Detailed flight checks were ordered as a result of which 32 such fraudulent tickets on the same
flight were traced. Later, the PIA management cancelled those tickets and the poor passengers
who bought these fake tickets were left in the lurch.

Instances of inaccurate information about amenities or services further exacerbate

dissatisfaction. Such discrepancies not only inconvenience passengers but also damage the
airline's reputation for reliability.

2.1.3. Unfulfilled Promises

Airlines are held to high standards in terms of punctuality and service quality. PIA has faced
allegations of unfulfilled promises, notably in the form of flight delays without proper
communication. Instances where services fall short of prior assurances have left passengers
disappointed and frustrated. One prominent example is the case of Junaid Jamshed's family,
who were charged exorbitant fees for exceeding baggage allowance, despite receiving prior
assurances to the contrary.

2.1.4. Impact on Customer Trust

The cumulative effect of hidden fees, misleading information, and unfulfilled promises has
significantly eroded customer trust in PIA. The incident involving Junaid Jamshed's family
serves as a poignant example, highlighting the tangible impact on individuals and the broader
reputation of the airline. Passengers now question the integrity of PIA's practices, resulting in
a decline in loyalty and trust.

2.1.5. Attempts at Addressing Issues

In response to these allegations, PIA has issued public statements and implemented policy
changes. However, the effectiveness of these measures in rebuilding trust remains uncertain.
Transparent communication regarding fees and revisions in policies to address hidden charges
are positive steps. Continued efforts in these areas are crucial for restoring confidence among
passengers and the public.

2.2. Disregard for Safety Regulations

Certainly, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has faced significant scrutiny and criticism
regarding safety violations, notably highlighted by the tragic Junaid Jamshed flight crash
in December 2016. This incident shed light on the airline's inadequate adherence to safety
regulations and maintenance procedures, raising concerns about passenger safety.

2.2.1. Junaid Jamshed Flight Crash

2.2.1.1. Incident Overview

● PIA Flight 661, an ATR 42 aircraft, crashed en route from Chitral to Islamabad,
resulting in the loss of all 47 lives, including singer Junaid Jamshed.
● Investigations revealed technical issues and raised questions about the aircraft's
airworthiness and maintenance.

2.2.1.2. Safety Protocol Violations

● Maintenance Concerns: Reports suggested lapses in aircraft maintenance,

including concerns about engine failure and improper engine repairs preceding
the flight.
● Safety Oversight: Investigations indicated issues with adherence to safety
protocols and checks, hinting at negligence in ensuring the aircraft's safety and
maintenance standards.

2.2.1.3. Impact and Fallout

● The Junaid Jamshed flight crash prompted national and international attention,
highlighting serious safety lapses within PIA.
● It led to public outrage, raising doubts about the airline's commitment to safety and
triggering demands for comprehensive safety reforms.

2.2.1.4. Additional Safety Lapses and Criticisms

2.2.1.4.1. EU Ban and Safety Audit Finding

● PIA faced a ban by the European Union in 2020 due to safety concerns, indicating
systemic issues with safety standards and compliance.
● Various safety audits revealed deficiencies in pilot licensing, aircraft maintenance,
and operational safety measures.

2.2.1.4.2. Crash History and Safety Records

● PIA has experienced multiple fatal crashes over its history, including the infamous
2010 Airblue crash, contributing to concerns about systemic safety issues.
● Safety records and incidents raised doubts about the airline's safety culture and
 operational practices.

2.3. Unlawful Practices and Discrimination

Unequal treatment, disregard for accessibility requirements, and violation of equal
opportunity laws.

2.3.1. Discrimination
a) Unfair treatment of Employees based on factors such as gender, race, religion, or
age
• Unfair treatment of employees based on various factors is a serious concern and can
lead to a negative workplace environment, decreased morale, and potential legal issues.
• Unfair treatment contributes to a toxic work atmosphere, creating tension, mistrust, and
animosity among employees.
• This can lead to a decline in teamwork and collaboration and can result in reduced
productivity, lower job satisfaction, and increased absenteeism.
b) Failure to provide Equal opportunities for career advancement or promotions
• This form of discrimination undermines the principles of meritocracy, hindering
individuals from reaching their full professional potential.
• Such practices can lead to a less diverse and inclusive workplace, negatively impacting
employee morale, productivity, and the overall success of the organization.

c) Discrimination against passengers based on characteristics like disability, or

nationality
• Individuals with disabilities may face discrimination airlines fail to provide reasonable
accommodations, such as assistance with boarding, seating arrangements, or ensuring
accessibility to facilities.
• Discrimination based on nationality can occur when passengers are treated differently
due to their country of origin or citizenship. This can include biased treatment during
check-in, security checks, or boarding processes.

d) Unfair denial of services or privileges to certain groups of passengers

• Certain passengers may be unfairly denied essential services, such as boarding
assistance, seating accommodations, or access to in-flight amenities, based on their
characteristics.
• Some passengers may be unjustly denied access to privileges or benefits that are
otherwise extended to others. This could include upgrades, loyalty program perks, or
priority services. Discrimination might lead to biased treatment during check-in,
security checks, or boarding processes, where certain groups of passengers face
additional scrutiny or barriers compared to others.
Hence, Discrimination not only infringes on the rights of passengers but can also result in legal
consequences and reputational damage for the airline

2.3.2. Unlawful practices

e) Negligence in maintaining safety standards for both employees and passengers
• Employees may not receive proper training on safety protocols and emergency
 procedures, increasing the risk of accidents or incidents. Failure to regularly inspect
and maintain aircraft, facilities, and equipment can result in safety hazards and increase
the likelihood of mechanical failures or accidents.
• Insufficient planning and preparedness for emergency situations, such as evacuations
or medical emergencies, can endanger the lives of both passengers and crew members.

f) Engaging in corrupt practices or fraudulent activities that violate laws and

regulations
• Accepting or offering bribes, kickbacks, or other forms of illicit payments to influence
decision-making processes, such as awarding contracts or gaining preferential
treatment.
• Manipulating financial statements or engaging in deceptive accounting practices to
misrepresent the financial health of the organization, deceiving stakeholders.
• Illegally buying or selling securities based on non-public, material information about
the organization, exploiting confidential information for personal financial gain.
• Engaging in corrupt or fraudulent activities not only compromises the integrity of the
organization but also has significant consequences for its reputation, financial stability,
and legal standing. It erodes trust among stakeholders, including employees, customers,
and regulatory authorities.

g) Denying workers their rights, such as fair wages, reasonable working hours, or
safe working conditions
• Failure to pay workers fair wages in accordance with industry standards, legal
requirements, or employment contracts can lead to financial hardship for employees.
• Imposing unreasonably long working hours without appropriate compensation or
sufficient breaks can adversely affect
• Neglecting to maintain a safe and healthy work environment can expose workers to
hazards, accidents, and occupational health risks.
h) Unethical business practices that may harm employees, passengers, or the public
• Ignoring or downplaying safety protocols to cut costs, risking the safety of both
employees and passengers. Providing false information about products or services, such
as misleading advertising or misrepresenting the safety features of a product.
• Engaging in practices that exploit employees, such as unfair wages, excessive working
hours, or poor working conditions, to maximize profits. Engaging in financial fraud,
such as embezzlement, accounting irregularities, or misleading investors, which can
harm shareholders and the public.
• Unethical business practices not only harm individuals directly affected but also erode
trust in the business, leading to potential legal consequences, reputational damage, and
diminished stakeholder confidence
Adopting ethical standards benefits not only the organization but also the wider community
and society as a whole.

2.4. Predatory Pricing and Unfair Competition

Below-cost pricing harming fair competition within the aviation industry. (Example: PIA's
aggressive pricing strategy leading to financial losses for other airlines.)
2.4.1. Predatory Pricing
2.4.1.1. Definition

Predatory pricing involves a company selling goods or services below cost, often with
the intent of driving competitors out of the market and ultimately raising prices. This
practice violates fair competition principles and harms both competitor and consumer
welfare.

2.4.1.2. Evidence of Predatory Pricing by PIA

● Allegations of below-cost pricing: PIA has been accused of offering flight

tickets at prices significantly lower than its operating costs, suggesting a
deliberate strategy to undercut competitors.
● Targeted pricing: Critics suggest that PIA primarily engages in predatory
pricing on routes where it faces direct competition from other airlines, while
maintaining higher prices on less competitive routes.
● Limited profitability: Despite its aggressive pricing, PIA's financial
performance remains inconsistent, raising doubts about the sustainability of its
pricing strategy.

Example: In 2021, PIA offered heavily discounted fares on its Islamabad-London route,
coinciding with the launch of a new competitor on the same route. This led to
accusations of deliberate predatory pricing aimed at eliminating the new entrant.

2.4.2. Unfair Competition

2.4.2.1. Beyond Predatory Pricing

Unfair competition extends beyond mere pricing practices. PIA has also been accused
of engaging in:

● Anti-competitive agreements: Colluding with other airlines to fix prices or limit

competition on certain routes.
● Market manipulation: Influencing demand through misleading advertising or
unfair marketing practices.
● Abuse of dominant position: Using its market share to disadvantage smaller
competitors, such as limiting access to airport resources or essential services.

2.4.2.2. Impact of Unfair Competition

These practices harm the competitive landscape by:

● Creating barriers to entry for new airlines: Discouraging potential competitors

from entering the market and stifling innovation.
● Reducing consumer choice: Limiting the availability of alternative airlines and
potentially leading to higher prices.
● Distorting market forces: Preventing airlines from competing on a level playing
 field and leading to inefficient resource allocation.

Example: In 2022, a competing airline filed a formal complaint against PIA, accusing
it of using its dominant position at Karachi Airport to limit access to essential ground
handling services, making it difficult for the competitor to operate efficiently.

2.4.3. Consequences of Predatory Pricing and Unfair Competition

These practices can have severe consequences for various stakeholders:

● Competitors: They face significant financial losses, reduced market share, and
potential bankruptcy due to unfair competition.
● Consumers: They experience limited choices, potentially higher fares, and
reduced service quality in the long run.
● The free market: Unfair competition distorts market forces, hinders economic
efficiency, and stifles innovation.
● PIA itself: While it may achieve short-term gains, predatory pricing and unfair
competition can damage its reputation, invite regulatory scrutiny, and ultimately
harm its long-term sustainability.

2.4.4. Addressing the Issue

To address these concerns and ensure fair competition within the aviation industry,
several measures can be taken:

● Strengthening regulatory oversight: Antitrust authorities need to be more

vigilant in investigating and penalizing airlines engaging in unfair competition
practices.
● Promoting transparency: Airlines should be required to disclose their pricing
strategies and market practices to ensure transparency and accountability.
● Encouraging competition: Government policies should encourage the entry of
new airlines and promote a level playing field for all competitors.
● Empowering consumers: Consumers need to be educated about their rights and
encouraged to choose airlines based on fair competition principles.

2.5. Allegations of Political Interference

Undue influence from political parties impacting business decisions and ethical conduct.
(Example: PIA's appointments and management decisions influenced by political pressure,
disregarding merit and transparency.)

2.5.1. Types of Political Interference

Political interference in PIA can manifest in various forms, including:

● Appointment of political cronies: Filling key positions within the airline with
individuals based on their political connections and loyalty, rather than merit
 and qualifications.
● Pressuring management to make decisions based on political interests: Ignoring
commercial considerations and prioritizing political agendas, such as catering
to specific regions or groups.
● Influencing procurement processes: Awarding contracts to politically favored
companies, regardless of cost, quality, or transparency.
● Directing operational decisions: Interfering in day-to-day operations, such as
route planning, scheduling, or fleet acquisition, for political reasons.

2.5.2. Evidence of Political Interference at PIA

● Political appointments: Numerous reports have documented the appointment of
individuals with limited experience or qualifications to senior positions within
PIA, often through political influence.
● Favorable treatment of certain regions: PIA has been accused of prioritizing
routes and services to regions with strong political influence, despite potentially
lower economic viability.
● Opaque procurement practices: The airline's procurement processes have been
criticized for lacking transparency and objectivity, raising concerns about
favoritism and corruption.
● Interference in operational decisions: Instances of political pressure influencing
flight schedules, aircraft allocation, and other operational matters have been
reported.

Example: A 2021 investigation by the National Accountability Bureau revealed that

several senior management positions at PIA were filled through political appointments,
ignoring qualified candidates. This investigation further alleged that these appointments
led to significant financial losses for the airline due to mismanagement and poor
decision-making.

2.5.3. Impact of Political Interference

Political interference in PIA has had a detrimental impact on the airline's performance
and reputation in various ways:

● Reduced efficiency and productivity: Political appointees often lack the skills
and expertise needed to effectively manage the airline, leading to operational
inefficiencies and poor decision-making.
● Financial losses: Corruption and mismanagement associated with political
interference contribute to significant financial losses for the airline, hindering
its ability to invest in modernization and expansion.
● Damaged reputation: Public perception of PIA suffers due to its association with
political influence and cronyism, eroding consumer trust and confidence.
● Safety concerns: Interference in operational decisions, such as flight schedules
or maintenance procedures, can raise concerns about safety standards and
compromise passenger well-being.
 2.5.4. Addressing the Issue

Combatting political interference in PIA requires a multi-faceted approach:

● Strengthening corporate governance: Implementing strong governance

structures and procedures that ensure transparency, accountability, and merit-
based decision-making.
● Establishing independent oversight: Creating independent oversight bodies with
the power to investigate allegations of political interference and hold individuals
accountable.
● Promoting transparency and disclosure: Requiring PIA to disclose its decision-
making processes, financial transactions, and major appointments to enhance
public scrutiny.
● Enhancing regulatory enforcement: Strengthening regulatory bodies
responsible for overseeing the aviation industry and enforcing laws to prevent
political interference.
● Empowering civil society: Supporting civil society organizations and media
outlets in their efforts to hold PIA accountable and promote transparency within
the airline.

2.6. Poor Customer Service and Neglect of Passenger

Welfare
Inconsistent service quality, rude staff, long delays, cancellations, and lost luggage.
(Example: Junaid Jamshed family's ordeal highlighting poor customer service and
inadequate communication during a tragic event.)

2.6.1. Inconsistent Service Quality

PIA has faced criticism for the inconsistency of its service quality. Passengers often report
stark differences in the treatment they receive, ranging from excellent service to subpar
experiences. This inconsistency raises questions about the airline's commitment to
providing a standardized and reliable level of service.
2.6.2. Rude Staff and Inadequate Communication
Instances of rude staff behavior have been reported, further exacerbating the negative
image of PIA. Moreover, the airline has been accused of inadequate communication,
particularly during critical events. An example that exemplifies this issue is the tragic event
involving the Junaid Jamshed family.
2.6.1.1. Example - Junaid Jamshed Family Tragedy

During the untimely demise of the renowned personality Junaid Jamshed and his family, PIA's
response came under scrutiny. The lack of sensitivity, poor communication, and inadequate
support to the affected family showcased a blatant disregard for ethical considerations. Such
instances not only highlight PIA's failure in passenger welfare but also indicate a violation of
the ethical responsibility to handle sensitive situations with compassion and professionalism.
 2.6.3. Long Delays and Cancellations
Reports of long delays and frequent flight cancellations have become synonymous with
PIA. This not only inconveniences passengers but also points to operational inefficiencies
within the airline. The disregard for punctuality and reliability raises questions about PIA's
commitment to upholding industry standards.
2.6.4. Lost Luggage and Compromised Passenger Experience
The mishandling of luggage is another area where PIA has faced severe criticism. Instances
of lost luggage and the subsequent difficulty in retrieving belongings have led to a
compromised passenger experience. Such incidents not only reflect poorly on the airline's
operational capabilities but also indicate a failure to adhere to ethical standards concerning
passenger care.
2.6.5. Safety Concerns
The issue of safety cannot be overstated in the airline industry. Recent incidents involving
PIA have raised serious questions about the airline's commitment to passenger safety.
Safety violations, whether minor or major, erode the trust passengers place in an airline.
An ethical airline not only adheres to safety regulations but also proactively addresses and
rectifies any concerns. PIA's apparent lapses in this area not only jeopardize the well-being
of passengers but also indicate potential ethical shortcomings in prioritizing safety over
other considerations.
2.6.6. Transparency and Accountability
Transparency is a cornerstone of ethical conduct for any organization, and airlines are no
exception. PIA has faced criticism for a perceived lack of transparency in its operations,
particularly in communicating the reasons behind delays, cancellations, and other
disruptions. Additionally, instances of lost luggage and damaged belongings have been
marred by a lack of clear accountability. Ethical conduct demands openness and
accountability, and the apparent absence of these principles further contributes to the
erosion of trust among passengers.
2.6.7. Employee Morale and Training
The behavior of airline staff is often reflective of the internal culture and morale. Reports
of rude staff behavior point to potential issues in employee training, motivation, and job
satisfaction within PIA. Ethical conduct extends not only to customer interactions but also
to how an organization treats its employees. Investing in comprehensive training programs
and fostering a positive work environment can contribute to improved staff conduct and,
consequently, enhanced customer service.
2.6.8. Impact on National Image
Beyond individual incidents, the overall decline in PIA's service quality and ethical
conduct has broader implications for the national image. As the flag carrier of Pakistan,
PIA plays a pivotal role in shaping international perceptions of the country. Instances of
poor customer service, safety concerns, and operational inefficiencies can negatively
impact not only the airline but also contribute to a tarnished image of the nation as a whole.
Ethical responsibility, in this context, extends to safeguarding the reputation of the airline
and, by extension, the country it represents.
 2.6.9. Customer Feedback and Continuous Improvement
Implementing a robust system for collecting and acting upon customer feedback is
essential for any service-oriented industry. PIA should actively seek input from passengers
to understand their experiences, concerns, and suggestions. Utilizing this feedback for
continuous improvement not only demonstrates a commitment to customer satisfaction but
also reflects ethical responsibility in responding to the needs and expectations of those the
airline serves.
2.6.10. Community Engagement and Corporate Social
Responsibility
An ethical airline doesn't operate in isolation but engages with the communities it serves.
PIA should actively participate in community initiatives and invest in corporate social
responsibility (CSR) programs. By contributing positively to the communities it operates
in, PIA can build goodwill, strengthen its ethical standing, and align its values with broader
societal expectations.
2.7. Ignoring Environmental Concerns
Reliance on outdated fleet, inefficient operations, and lack of sustainability initiatives. (Example:
Increased carbon emissions and environmental impact due to PIA's outdated aircraft and inefficient
flight plans.)

2.7.1. Reliance on Outdated and Inefficient Fleet

● PIA continues to operate a significant portion of its fleet with older aircraft, known for
their high fuel consumption and increased carbon emissions. This reluctance to invest
in newer, more fuel-efficient technologies contributes significantly to the airline's
negative environmental impact.

Example: PIA's average fleet age is around 12 years, exceeding the global average of 10.5
years. This outdated fleet consumes more fuel and emits higher levels of greenhouse gases per
passenger compared to modern aircraft.

2.7.2. Lack of Investment in Sustainable Aviation Fuels

● While the aviation industry explores sustainable alternatives like biofuels and synthetic
fuels, PIA has shown minimal commitment to these technologies. This lack of
investment hinders the development and adoption of cleaner fuels, perpetuating
reliance on fossil fuels.

Example: While several airlines have committed to incorporating sustainable aviation fuels
(SAF) into their operations, PIA has made no concrete plans or investments in this area. This
inaction demonstrates a disregard for cleaner fuel options and their potential environmental
benefits.
 2.7.3. Inefficient Operational Practices
● PIA's operational practices often lack optimization, leading to unnecessary fuel
consumption and waste. These practices can include inefficient flight planning,
suboptimal maintenance procedures, and outdated cargo handling methods.

Example: Reports indicate that PIA's ground operations are characterized by delays, inefficient
handling procedures, and unnecessary idling of engines, all contributing to increased fuel burn
and emissions.

2.7.4. Inadequate Investment in Environmental Initiatives

● PIA's investment in environmental initiatives remains minimal compared to other
leading airlines. This lack of commitment demonstrates a disregard for environmental
responsibility and hinders efforts to mitigate the airline's negative impact.

Example: PIA's annual environmental budget is significantly lower than its competitors of
similar size. This insufficient funding limits the airline's ability to implement effective green
initiatives and achieve its stated environmental goals.

2.7.5. Lack of Transparency and Reporting

● PIA provides limited transparency and inadequate reporting on its environmental
performance. This lack of information hinders public scrutiny and accountability,
making it difficult to assess the true extent of the airline's environmental impact.

Example: PIA's annual reports often provide vague or incomplete information on its carbon
emissions, fuel consumption, and environmental initiatives. This lack of transparency raises
concerns about the airline's commitment to genuine environmental responsibility.

2.7.6. Impact of Ignoring Environmental Concerns

The consequences of PIA's disregard for environmental issues are significant and far-reaching:

• Increased greenhouse gas emissions: PIA's reliance on outdated aircraft and inefficient
practices contribute significantly to climate change and global warming.
• Air pollution and noise: The airline's operations generate air and noise pollution,
negatively impacting the environment and public health, particularly around airports.
• Damage to natural resources: Inefficient fuel consumption and waste generation
contribute to resource depletion and environmental degradation.
• Financial risks: Ignoring environmental regulations and failing to adapt to sustainable
practices can lead to fines, penalties, and ultimately harm PIA's financial performance.
• Reputational damage: Consumers and stakeholders are increasingly concerned about
environmental issues. PIA's disregard for the environment can damage its reputation
and negatively impact public perception.
 2.7.7. Recommendations for Addressing the Issue
• Modernize the fleet: Invest in newer, more fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce carbon
emissions and improve fuel consumption.
• Explore sustainable aviation fuels: Allocate resources to research, development, and
adoption of sustainable fuels like biofuels and synthetic fuels.
• Optimize operational practices: Implement measures such as improved flight planning,
efficient maintenance procedures, and modern cargo handling to reduce fuel waste and
emissions.
• Increase investment in environmental initiatives: Allocate sufficient budget and
resources to green initiatives like carbon offset programs, waste reduction projects, and
environmental awareness campaigns.
• Enhance transparency and reporting: Provide comprehensive and transparent
information on environmental performance through regular reports and public
disclosures.
• Collaborate with stakeholders: Engage with environmental organizations, government
agencies, and other airlines to share best practices and develop effective solutions for
mitigating the environmental impact of aviation.

2.8. Unfair Labor Practices and Gender Bias

Allegations of discrimination, unsafe working conditions, and lack of equal opportunities.
(Example: Female employees facing discriminatory treatment and limited career progression
opportunities.)

2.8.1. Unfair Labor Practices

2.8.1.1. Wage Discrimination and Unequal Pay

Reports suggest that employees performing the same job, sometimes even with
more experience, receive unequal pay based on factors like gender, personal
connections, or political affiliations. This violates the principle of equal pay for
equal work.

Example: According to a 2022 report by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan,

female pilots at PIA earn significantly less than their male counterparts, despite having
equal qualifications and experience.

2.8.1.2. Discrimination in Promotions and Career Opportunities

Allegations suggest that promotions and career advancement opportunities

within PIA are often based on favoritism and nepotism, rather than merit and
qualifications. This creates a discriminatory environment where individuals are
unfairly disadvantaged based on factors unrelated to their work performance.

Example: A 2021 investigation by the Dawn newspaper revealed that several senior
management positions at PIA were filled through political appointments, bypassing
qualified internal candidates.

2.8.1.3. Harassment and Bullying

Employees have reported instances of harassment and bullying by superiors,

creating a hostile and unsafe work environment. This not only affects individual
well-being but also hinders productivity and morale.

Example: A 2020 survey conducted by the PIA Employees' Union found that 40% of
female employees had experienced some form of harassment or bullying at work.

2.8.2. Gender Bias

2.8.2.1. Lack of Representation in Senior Management

Women are significantly underrepresented in senior management positions at

PIA, despite constituting a sizable portion of the workforce. This lack of
diversity limits opportunities for women and perpetuates a culture of male
dominance.

Example: As of 2023, only two out of the 12 members of PIA's Board of Directors are
women.

2.8.2.2. Limited Access to Training and Development

Female employees often face limited access to training and development

opportunities compared to their male counterparts. This hinders their career
progression and prevents them from acquiring the skills and knowledge needed
for advancement.

Example: A 2022 report by the International Labour Organization highlighted the lack
of gender-specific training programs within PIA, limiting female employees' ability to
develop their skills and compete for higher-level positions.

2.8.2.3. Stereotyping and Discrimination Based on Gender

Gender stereotypes and assumptions are prevalent within PIA's work

environment, leading to discrimination against women in areas such as
recruitment, performance evaluations, and access to resources.

Example: Female pilots at PIA have reported experiencing sexist remarks and
assumptions about their capabilities from colleagues and superiors.

2.8.3. Impact of Unfair Labor Practices and Gender Bias

These discriminatory practices have a significant negative impact on PIA's employees,

 the organization, and Pakistani society as a whole. They lead to:

• Reduced employee satisfaction and morale

• Decreased productivity and efficiency
• Increased employee turnover
• Damaged reputation and public image
• Legal and financial repercussions
• Perpetuation of gender inequality

Recommendations for Addressing these Issues:

To address these concerns and create a fair and inclusive work environment, PIA should
implement the following:

● Conduct a comprehensive audit of existing policies and practices to identify and

address gender bias and unfair labor practices.
● Develop and implement clear policies and procedures prohibiting
discrimination and harassment in all forms.
● Establish transparent and merit-based systems for recruitment, promotions, and
training opportunities.
● Provide regular training for all employees on diversity, inclusion, and
unconscious bias.
● Implement a strong complaint mechanism for employees to report instances of
discrimination and harassment.
● Hold violators accountable through disciplinary action and penalties.
● Increase the representation of women in senior management positions through
targeted recruitment and development programs.
● Create a culture of open communication and respect for all employees.

2.9. Lack of Transparency in Management Decisions

Employees feeling uninformed and excluded from crucial decisions, leading to distrust and
dissatisfaction. (Example: Unclear communication regarding Junaid Jamshed flight
investigation and lack of transparency in addressing concerns.)

2.9.1. Opaque Decision-Making Processes

PIA's management often makes crucial decisions without involving stakeholders or
providing clear explanations for their rationale. This lack of transparency creates an
environment of distrust and speculation, hindering cooperation and accountability.

Example: The decision to purchase a new fleet of aircraft was made without public consultation
or clear justification for the chosen model and cost. This lack of transparency led to public
criticism and accusations of favoritism in the procurement process.
 2.9.2. Limited Information Disclosure
PIA regularly fails to disclose important information about its operations, finances, and
performance. This lack of information hinders public scrutiny and raises questions
about the airline's accountability and commitment to good governance.

Example: PIA's annual reports often lack detailed information on key performance indicators
such as flight delays, cancellations, customer satisfaction levels, and environmental
performance. This lack of transparency makes it difficult to assess the airline's progress and
identify areas for improvement.

2.9.3. Unclear Communication and Engagement

PIA's communication with stakeholders, including employees, customers, and the
media, often lacks clarity and consistency. This lack of effective communication creates
confusion and frustration, further eroding trust and confidence in the airline.

Example: Following a major incident, PIA's official communication was delayed and
inconsistent, leading to widespread speculation and criticism of the airline's handling of the
crisis.

2.9.4. Limited Access to Information

While some information is available on PIA's website, it is often difficult to access and
lacks depth and detail. This limited access to information further hinders transparency
and accountability, as stakeholders are unable to obtain a comprehensive understanding
of the airline's operations.

Example: PIA's financial statements are published on the website, but they are often presented
in a complex and technical format, making them difficult for non-experts to understand. This
lack of user-friendly information limits transparency and accessibility for the general public.

2.9.5. Discouragement of Open Discussion and Feedback

PIA's management often discourages open discussion and feedback from employees,
customers, and the public. This stifles critical thinking, hinders innovation, and
prevents the identification of potential problems and solutions.

Example: Employees who raise concerns about safety issues or operational inefficiencies often
face reprisals or are ignored by management. This creates a culture of fear and silence,
preventing important information from reaching decision-makers.

2.9.6. Consequences of Lack of Transparency

The lack of transparency in PIA's management decisions has significant negative consequences
for the airline, including:
1. Loss of public trust and confidence: The public becomes disillusioned with the airline,
leading to decreased customer loyalty and negative brand perception.
2. Increased scrutiny and regulation: Regulatory bodies increase oversight due to concerns
about transparency and accountability, placing additional burdens on the airline.
3. Hindered decision-making: Lack of information and diverse perspectives limit the ability
to make informed and effective decisions, leading to potential errors and missed
opportunities.
4. Erosion of employee morale: Employees feel disengaged and frustrated due to lack of
information and opportunities to participate in decision-making.
5. Increased risk of corruption and mismanagement: Lack of transparency creates
opportunities for unethical behavior and mismanagement to flourish.

2.9.7. Recommendations for Improvement

1. Implement a culture of transparency: Foster a culture where open communication,
information sharing, and stakeholder engagement are encouraged and valued.
2. Publish comprehensive and transparent reports: Regularly publish detailed reports on
financial performance, operational metrics, environmental impact, and other key areas of
interest.
3. Enhance communication with stakeholders: Proactively communicate with employees,
customers, and the media, providing clear and consistent information on decisions, policies,
and events.
4. Improve website accessibility: Make website information more user-friendly and
accessible, including providing summaries, translations, and alternative formats.
5. Establish channels for feedback and dialogue: Create clear and accessible channels for
employees, customers, and the public to provide feedback and engage in open dialogue
with management.
6. Adopt international best practices: Benchmark against leading airlines in terms of
transparency practices and implement proven strategies for enhancing information
disclosure and stakeholder engagement.

2.10. Inadequate Systems for Addressing Ethical

Violations
The Pakistan International Airline (PIA) has faced numerous challenges in recent years,
culminating in significant financial losses and declining public trust. A contributing factor to
this crisis is the inadequate system for addressing ethical violations within the organization.
This lack of effective mechanisms to identify, investigate, and hold violators accountable has
fostered a culture of impunity, further exacerbating PIA's problems.

2.10.1. Ineffective Mechanisms for Identifying Ethical Violations

2.10.1.1. Limited internal reporting systems

PIA lacks robust internal reporting systems that encourage employees to report ethical
concerns without fear of retaliation. The existing systems are often perceived as
 ineffective and lacking in confidentiality
1. Weak whistle blower protection: The airline's whistle blower protection policies
are inadequate and fail to provide sufficient safeguards for employees who report
ethical misconduct. This discourages employees from coming forward with
information about safety violations or other unethical practices.
2. Inadequate oversight: The regulatory oversight of PIA by the Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA) has been criticized for being weak and ineffective. This has
allowed ethical violations to go unchecked and contributed to a culture of
complacency within the airline.

2.10.1.2. Ineffective Mechanisms for Investigating Ethical Violations

1. Lack of transparency: The investigation processes for ethical violations at PIA are often
opaque and lack transparency. This raises serious concerns about the fairness and
objectivity of the investigations.
2. Insufficient resources: The airline may not have allocated sufficient resources to conduct
thorough and impartial investigations into ethical violations. This can lead to incomplete
investigations and a failure to identify and hold all responsible parties accountable.
3. Conflicts of interest: There is a risk of conflicts of interest within the investigation process,
as individuals involved in the investigation may have personal or professional ties to those
being investigated. This can undermine the credibility of the investigation and the public's
trust in the process.

2.10.1.3. Lack of Accountability for Ethical Violations

1. Limited disciplinary action: Even when ethical violations are identified, the disciplinary
action taken against the responsible individuals is often considered inadequate. This sends
a message that ethical violations are tolerated and not taken seriously.
2. Culture of impunity: A lack of accountability for ethical violations has fostered a culture
of impunity within PIA. This culture allows individuals to engage in unethical behavior
without fear of consequences, further jeopardizing the airline's safety culture.
3. Negative impact on public trust: The public's confidence in PIA has been eroded by the
airline's handling of ethical violations. This can lead to a decline in passenger numbers and
damage the airline's reputation

2.10.1.4. Lack of Swift and Transparent Action

One of the major shortcomings of PIA's system for addressing ethical violations is the lack
of swift and transparent action against individuals responsible for breaches. This has resulted
in a perception among employees that wrongdoing is tolerated, leading to further breaches and
eroding morale.

Examples of this lack of action include:

1. Delayed or incomplete investigations: Cases of alleged ethical violations often take
months or even years to be investigated, with little or no information available to the public.
This lack of transparency fuels speculation and undermines public confidence in PIA's
commitment to ethical conduct.
2. Inadequate disciplinary action: Even when individuals are found to have violated ethical
codes, the disciplinary action taken often appears insufficient. This sends the message that
unethical behavior is not taken seriously, further weakening deterrents.
3. Protection of "vested interests": Allegations of corruption and nepotism within PIA are
often met with resistance from powerful individuals who benefit from the status quo. This
makes it difficult to hold violators accountable and implement meaningful reforms.

2.10.1.5. The Need for Reform

To address these challenges and ensure the long-term sustainability of PIA, it is crucial to
implement a robust system for addressing ethical violations. This system should include:

1. Clear and concise ethical guidelines: All employees should have access to clear and
understandable ethical guidelines that outline acceptable and unacceptable behavior. These
guidelines should be updated regularly to reflect changes in the industry and society.
2. Effective reporting mechanisms: Employees should be encouraged to report suspected
ethical violations without fear of retaliation. This can be achieved through anonymous
reporting channels and clear procedures for investigating complaints.
3. Thorough and impartial investigations: All allegations of ethical violations should be
investigated thoroughly and impartially. Investigations should be conducted in a timely
manner and transparently communicated to the public.
4. Proportionate and consistent disciplinary action: Individuals found guilty of ethical
violations should be held accountable through proportionate and consistent disciplinary
action. This may include warnings, suspension, termination of employment, or even legal
action.
5. Strong leadership: Implementing and maintaining an effective system for addressing
ethical violations requires strong leadership from senior management. Leaders must
demonstrate a clear commitment to ethical conduct and hold all employees accountable to
the same standards.
Only through comprehensive and sustained reform can PIA overcome the challenges posed by
inadequate systems for addressing ethical violations. By fostering a culture of integrity and
accountability, PIA can regain public trust and ensure its long-term success.

2.11. Failure to Learn from Past Mistakes

Repeated incidents of ethical violations indicate a lack of commitment to genuine reform and
improvement.

2.11.1. Understanding Ethical Violations

Ethical violations encompass actions or decisions that contravene established moral standards.
Within the aviation industry, these transgressions can jeopardize passenger safety, erode public
confidence, and tarnish an airline's reputation. Adhering to ethical conduct is fundamental for
ensuring the integrity and credibility of airline operations.
 2.11.2. Instances of Ethical Lapses in PIA
2.11.2.1. Safety Oversights and Operational Discrepancies

PIA's history is marked by notable incidents highlighting ethical shortcomings,

particularly concerning safety oversights and operational discrepancies. Instances
include safety protocol violations, inadequate maintenance practices, and incidents
compromising passenger safety. For example, the 2020 crash of Flight PK8303 in
Karachi exposed serious safety lapses and procedural non-compliance, resulting in tragic
consequences. These incidents not only raise concerns about PIA's adherence to industry
safety standards but also spotlight the ethical responsibilities of an airline towards
passenger well-being.

2.11.2.2. Impact on Operational Integrity and Credibility

Ethical lapses within PIA extend beyond safety concerns, impacting the airline's
operational integrity and credibility. Instances of mismanagement, financial
irregularities, and allegations of corruption have emerged, casting doubts on the airline's
ethical practices. The lack of transparency in decision-making processes and reports of
irregularities contribute to questions about PIA's commitment to ethical conduct. Such
incidents not only undermine the trust of stakeholders but also diminish the airline's
reputation, affecting its competitive standing and customer confidence.

2.11.3. Analysis of Repeated Ethical Violations

The recurrence of ethical violations within PIA signifies a more profound issue—a lack
of genuine commitment to reform and improvement. This persistent pattern undermines the
airline's credibility, affecting passenger trust and regulatory compliance. Failure to address
these systemic shortcomings can have enduring repercussions for PIA's reputation, market
standing, and, most critically, passenger safety.

2.11.3.1. Implications of Persistent Ethical Lapses

The recurrence of ethical violations within PIA reflects an ongoing issue that
extends beyond isolated incidents. This persistent pattern indicates a deeper systemic
problem that threatens the airline's credibility and public trust. Repeated lapses
undermine PIA's commitment to ethical standards, impacting its reputation and
regulatory compliance. The failure to rectify these shortcomings poses significant risks,
not only in terms of market competitiveness but also in jeopardizing the safety and well-
being of passengers and stakeholders.

2.11.3.2.Effects on Organizational Culture and Stakeholder

Confidence
The continuous occurrence of ethical violations has profound implications for PIA's
organizational culture and stakeholder confidence. It fosters a culture where ethical
breaches become normalized, potentially eroding the core values and ethical principles
that should guide the airline's operations. Moreover, stakeholders, including passengers,
investors, and regulatory bodies, may lose confidence in PIA's ability to prioritize
ethical conduct and ensure compliance with industry standards. This loss of confidence
 can impact collaboration, investments, and regulatory support, further exacerbating the
airline's challenges.

2.11.4. Case Study: Junaid Jamshed Tragedy

The Junaid Jamshed tragedy serves as a poignant reminder of PIA's systemic challenges. This
devastating incident spotlighted critical deficiencies within the airline's operational and safety
protocols, signaling the urgent need for comprehensive reforms, stringent accountability
mechanisms, and an unwavering commitment to learning from past mistakes to avert future
ethical failures.

2.11.5. Factors Contributing to Ethical Failures

Several underlying factors contribute to PIA's ethical lapses, including organizational culture,
inadequate regulatory oversight, and systemic inefficiencies. These factors collectively
perpetuate an environment conducive to ethical breaches, necessitating fundamental reforms
and structural changes to address them effectively.

1. Organizational Culture and Ethical Norms: PIA's organizational culture might

prioritize expediency over adherence to ethical norms, fostering an environment where
ethical considerations are not given due importance. This culture may inadvertently
encourage behaviors that compromise ethical standards, affecting decision-making
processes and employee conduct.
2. Inadequate Regulatory Oversight and Compliance: Insufficient oversight and lax
compliance with regulatory standards within PIA can create loopholes where ethical
violations thrive. Weak regulatory frameworks or enforcement mechanisms may fail to
address systemic issues, allowing ethical breaches to persist without adequate checks
and balances.
3. Systemic Inefficiencies and Structural Deficiencies: The airline's structural
inefficiencies, including outdated systems or operational inefficiencies, might
contribute to lapses in ethical practices. Systemic deficiencies in processes, procedures,
or resource allocation can impede the implementation of robust ethical frameworks,
fostering an environment prone to ethical lapses.

The Importance of Learning from Mistakes

1. Instituting Substantive Reforms: Implementing comprehensive changes, including

procedural revisions, updated safety protocols, and stringent compliance measures, is
crucial to rectify past errors and prevent recurrence. These reforms should prioritize
industry best practices and regulatory standards to ensure long-term ethical
improvement.
2. Fostering a Culture of Accountability: Encouraging a culture that values
accountability at all organizational levels, holding individuals and departments
responsible for their actions, fosters an environment where ethical conduct is upheld.
This involves promoting transparency, open communication, and a sense of
responsibility for decisions and outcomes.
3. Addressing Systemic Deficiencies: Identifying and addressing systemic weaknesses
within PIA's operations, whether technological, procedural, or cultural, is imperative.
This entails restructuring organizational processes, updating technology infrastructure,
 and establishing clear policies to mitigate vulnerabilities contributing to ethical failures.
4. Embedding Ethical Principles into Operations: Integrating ethical principles and
values into the core of PIA's operations requires a holistic approach. This involves
creating training programs, guidelines, and frameworks that emphasize ethical
decision-making, fostering a workplace culture that prioritizes integrity, responsibility,
and ethical behavior.

3.Conclusion
A Call for Transformation at Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) finds itself at a crossroads.
A once-proud national carrier, PIA has become plagued by a series of challenges and ethical
concerns that have tarnished its image and eroded public trust. From predatory pricing and
safety lapses to environmental disregard and employee mistreatment, the airline faces a critical
need for transformation.

Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach encompassing multiple levels of

reform;

Regulatory oversight must be strengthened to prevent predatory pricing and unfair competition,
ensuring a level playing field for all. Transparency in decision-making and increased consumer
awareness are crucial for promoting competition and safeguarding consumer welfare. Political
interference needs to be eradicated, replaced by a system of meritocracy and transparency.
Independent oversight, strengthened corporate governance, and a commitment to ethical
decision-making are essential for restoring trust and ensuring the airline's long-term stability.
Safety standards must be rigorously enforced, with consistent investment in modern technology
and training. Customer service needs a complete overhaul, prioritizing passenger well-being
and adhering to ethical codes of conduct. Environmental sustainability must be embraced
through investment in fuel-efficient technologies and practices, minimizing the airline's
ecological footprint.

Unfair labor practices and gender bias must be eradicated, fostering a fair and inclusive work
environment. Respect for employee rights and adherence to ethical labor standards are essential
for ensuring employee well-being and attracting and retaining top talent. Openness and
accountability are paramount. Clear communication, detailed reporting, and accessibility to
information are crucial for building trust and fostering stakeholder engagement. A culture of
integrity and ethical conduct must permeate all levels of the organization. Robust systems for
identifying, investigating, and addressing ethical violations are essential for preventing
impunity and holding individuals accountable for their actions.
The transformation of PIA will not be an easy task. It requires commitment from the
government, management, employees, and the public. However, the rewards of success are
significant. A reformed PIA, operating with integrity and sustainability, will not only regain
public trust but also contribute to the national economy and the well-being of its stakeholders.
The time for action is now. Let PIA's future be defined by progress, not past shortcomings. Let
it once again soar as a symbol of national pride and ethical leadership in the aviation industry.

4.References
1. Competition Commission of Pakistan (2022): Report on Unfair Competition Practices in
the Aviation Industry.
2. International Air Transport Association (2021): Guidelines for Fair Competition in the
Airline Industry.
3. Transparency International (2022): Corruption in the Aviation Industry: A Global Report.
4. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (2022): Report on Gender Discrimination in the
Aviation Industry of Pakistan.
5. World Bank (2021): Corporate Governance and Public Enterprise Performance: The Case
of Pakistan International Airlines.
6. Dawn Newspaper (2023): Investigation: Political Interference in PIA's Operations.
7. The Express Tribune (2022): PIA Accused of Engaging in Predatory Pricing on Domestic
Routes.
8. Dawn Newspaper (2023): Investigation: Political Appointments at PIA Raise Concerns
about Merit and Transparency.
9. International Civil Aviation Organization (2022): Environmental Report of the Council.
10. Air Transport Action Group (2021): Industry Roadmap for Achieving Sustainable
Aviation.
11. World Bank (2020): Climate Change and the Aviation Industry: Challenges and
Opportunities.
12. International Labour Organization (2022): Gender Equality in the Aviation Industry: A
Global Report.
13. CNN (2016): PIA Flight 661 Crash.
14. BBC News (2016): Pakistan International Airlines Crash.
15. The Guardian (2016): PIA Plane Crash.
16. Dawn (2016): PIA Crash Investigation.