Dams in Japan 2018 web用

Dams in Japan
Overview 2018
Tokuyama Dam
JAPAN COMMISSION ON LARGE DAMS

CONTENTS
Japan Commission on Large Dams
History … …………………………………………………………………… 1
Operation … ………………………………………………………………… 1
Organization… ……………………………………………………………… 1
Membership… ……………………………………………………………… 1
Publication… ………………………………………………………………… 2
Annual lecture meeting… …………………………………………………… 2
Contribution to ICOLD… …………………………………………………… 2
Dams in Japan
Development of dams … …………………………………………………… 3
Major dams in Japan… ……………………………………………………… 4
Hydroelectric power plants in Japan… ……………………………………… 5
Dams completed in 2014 − 2016 in Japan … ……………………………… 6
Isawa Dam… ……………………………………………………………… 7
Kyogoku Dam … ………………………………………………………… 9
Kin Dam…………………………………………………………………… 11
Yubari-Shuparo Dam… …………………………………………………… 13
Tokunoshima Dam………………………………………………………… 15
Tsugaru Dam… …………………………………………………………… 17
Introduction to Dam Technologies in Japan

Trapezoidal CSG dam … …………………………………………………… 19
Sediment bypass tunnel (SBT)… …………………………………………… 19
Preservation measures of dam reservoirs… ………………………………… 19
Advancement of flood control operation… ………………………………… 20
Dam Upgrading Vision… …………………………………………………… 21
Utilization of ICT in construction of dam… ………………………………… 22
Papers in ICOLD & Other Technical Publications

Theme 1 Safety supervision and rehabilitation of existing dams…………… 23
Theme 2 New construction technology … ………………………………… 26
Theme 3 Flood, spillway and outlet works… ……………………………… 29
Theme 4 Earthquakes and dams… ………………………………………… 30
Theme 5 Reservoir sedimentation and sustainable development…………… 33
Theme 6 Geology and rock foundation……………………………………… 38
1 DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW 2018
Japan Commission on Large Dams

History Membership
In 1931, three years after the International Commission The members of JCOLD are incorporated bodies
on Large Dams (ICOLD) was established, Japan joined involved in dam construction. They include government
ICOLD as the Japan National Committee on Large Dams. bodies concerned with dam construction, electric power
In 1944, Japan withdrew from ICOLD during the World companies, survey and research bodies, academic
War II, then rejoined in March 1953. On September 13, associations, industrial associations, construction
1962, the Japan Commission on Large Dams (JCOLD) consultants, construction companies, and manufacturers (78
was established, and in January 2012, it became a General members as of January 2018).
Incorporated Association.
Managing
Operation General
Director
Vice
Meeting President President(3)
JCOLD is involved in operations such as surveys, research, Senior Managing
Director
international technology exchanges, etc. concerning large Auditor Advisor/ Directors
dams and related facilities (below, “large dams”), in Counselor
order to improve the design, construction, maintenance,

and operation of large dams and to contribute to the Administrative Office
development of the Japanese economy. Responsibilities
include: Planning Committee
(1) C ollection of information, surveying, and research (Sub Committees)

concerning large dams Public Relations/
Environment
Editorial
(2) Exchange of technology and guidance concerning large
dams Technical Committee
(3) Participation in ICOLD, assistance to its activities, and (Sub Committees)

International affairsa
international exchange of technology concerning large
Dam Concrete Frost Damage Testing and Research
dams
Maximizing functions of existing dams
Revision of current JCOLD technical guidelines
(4) D issemination of and spreading awareness of the
achievements of surveys and research concerning large
Figure-1 Organization Chart of JCOLD
dams
(5) O ther activities necessary to achieve the goals of

JCOLD
In recent years, JCOLD has actively conducted a program

of surveys and research on methods of harmonizing dam
development with the environment and on ways to mitigate
their environmental impacts to achieve the sustainable
development of dams.
Organization
Under the leadership of the Chairman, there is a Planning
Committee, Technical Committee, and Administrative
Office. These committees undertake work in their respective
areas.
DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW 2018 2
Publication
JCOLD publishes its Journal, “Large Dams”, four times a
year (January, April, July, October), which is distributed to
members and subscribers. At ICOLD Congresses held once
every three years, JCOLD publishes Current Activities on
Dams in Japan in English, which introduces the state of
dams and dam technologies in Japan, and distributes it to
Congress participants (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012
and 2015).
Figure-3 Dam Technology Lecture and Discussion Meeting
Study Tour
To increase mutual awareness among engineers, including

JCOLD members and others concerned with dams, on
improving dam and hydroelectric power plant technologies
and the construction of dams, JCOLD holds tours of dams
and hydroelectric power plants still under construction with
the cooperation of various organizations.
Figure-2 Publicaitons of JCOLD
Annual lecture meeting Figure-4 Tour of the site of the Hirase Dam (2017)
Dam Technology Lectures and Discussion Meetings Contribution to ICOLD

(Held jointly with the Japan Association of Dam & Weir JCOLD submitted 357 ICOLD Congress papers until now.
Equipment Engineering) In addition, Many Japanese engineers participate in ICOLD
Annual Meeting and Congress.
At the meeting, the results of surveys and research by the
various JCOLD technical sub committees, papers presented JCOLD participates in 24 technical committees at Annual
to the ICOLD Congress, and results of activities by the Meeting and exchanges technical information.
Japan Association of Dam & Weir Equipment Engineering
are reported widely to people concerned with dams. In JCOLD held Annual Meeting in 1960(Tokyo) and
addition, the lecturers and participants in the Technology 1984(Tokyo), and Congress in 2012(Kyoto).
Lecture and Discussion Meeting discuss the reports in order
to improve the technologies, maintenance, and operation of Susumu NAGATA(1957-1960), Masayoshi NOSE (1966-
dams. 1969), Shigeru ICHIURA (1982-1985), Kyohei BABA
(2001-2004), Norihisa MATSUMOTO(2007-2010) and
Tadahiko SAKAMOTO(2011-2014) served as a vice
president of ICOLD.
Table-1 Number of participants from Japan Table-2 Number of submitted Congress papers
Number of Number of
Host country Host country
Year participants Year No. submitted
(Host city) (Host city)
from Japan papers
1998 India (New Delhi) 43 1933 1 Sweden (Stockholm) 3
1999 Turkey (Antalya) 56 1936 2 United States (Washington) 5
2000 China (Beijing) 87 1955 5 France (Paris) 4
2001 Germany (Dresden) 60 1958 6 United States (New York) 13
2002 Brazil (Iguazu) 47 1961 7 Italy (Rome) 8
2003 Canada (Montreal) 49 1964 8 United Kingdom (Edinburg) 13
2004 South Korea (Seoul) 143 1967 9 Turkey (Istanbul) 11
2005 Iran (Tehran) 77 1970 10 Canada (Montreal) 8
2006 Spain (Barcelona) 107 1973 11 Spain (Madrid) 12
2007 Russia (St. Petersburg) 79 1976 12 Mexico (Mexico) 9
2008 Bulgaria (Sofia) 63 1979 13 India (New Delhi) 11
2009 Brazil (Brasilia) 46 1982 14 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) 12
2010 Vietnam (Hanoi) 75 1985 15 Switzerland (Lausanne) 17
2011 Switzerland (Lucerne) 70 1988 16 United States (San Francisco) 22
2012 Japan (Kyoto) 398 1991 17 Austria (Vienna) 29
2013 USA (Seattle) 73 1994 18 South Africa (Durban) 25
2014 Indonesia (Bali) 79 1997 19 Italy (Florence) 28
2015 Norway (Stavanger) 80 2000 20 China (Beijing) 16
South Africa 2003 21 Canada (Montreal) 20
2016 58
(Johannesburg) 2006 22 Spain (Barcelona) 23
2017 Czech Republic (Prague) 84 2009 23 Brazil (Brasilia) 15
2012 24 Japan (Kyoto) 37
2015 25 Norway (Stavanger) 16
Dams in Japan
Development of dams in recent years, redevelopment projects, such as raising
the height of dams, excavating reservoirs, and upgrading
In Japan, the major purpose of dams was irrigation from discharge facilities, are being carried out more and more.
ancient times to the end of the feudal period in the mid
nineteenth century. The Sayama-ike irrigation pond (Osaka
Prefecture), which is considered to be Japan’s oldest dam,
was completed in 616, and is recorded in the official
historic documents.
As Japan was modernized and urbanized after the Meiji

Revolution (1867), Japan started to build dams with modern
technology, to meet the increased demand for water and
electric power. In 1900, the Nunobikigohonmatsu Dam
(Hyogo Prefecture) was completed as water supply dam.
As for hydropower, the Chitose No.1 Dam (Hokkaido) was
first completed in 1910. Later, multi-purpose dams with
flood control capacity were constructed, with the first, the
Kodo Dam (Yamaguchi Prefecture), completed in 1940.
To make more efficient use of water resources and control

of flood, comprehensive projects are promoted under the
concept of integrated development of river systems. Also, Figure-5 Nunobikigohonmatsu Dam
4
DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW | 2018 DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW 2018 4
Figure-6 Development of Dams, Economy of Japan and Population

Figure-6 Development of Dams, Economy of Japan and Population
Major dams in Japan

Major dams in Japan
There are
There aremany
many dams
damsover 100 100
over meters high inhigh
meters Japan,
in though,
Japan,
their reservoir capacities are smaller than those of other
though, their reservoir capacities are smaller than those dams
of
around the world, reflecting the geographical features
other dams around the world, reflecting the geographical of
Japan (narrow islands and steep terrain).
features of Japan (narrow islands and steep terrain).
Table-3 Ranking of dams by height in Japan

Dam name Type Height (m)
1 Kurobe Dam Arch 186
2 Takase Dam Rockfill 176
3 Tokuyama Dam Rockfill 161
4 Naramata Dam Rockfill 158
5 Okutadami Dam Gravity 157
6 Miyagase Dam Gravity 156
6 Urayama Dam Gravity 156 Figure-7
Figure-7 Ｎaramata Dam
Naramata Dam
6 Nukui Dam Arch 156
9 Sakuma Dam Gravity 155.5
10 Nagawado Dam Arch 155
Table-4 Ranking of dams by reservoir capacity in Japan

Reservoir capacity
Dam name
(million m3)
1 Tokuyama Dam 660
2 Okutadami Dam 601
3 Tagokura Dam 494
4 Yubari Shuparo Dam 427
5 Miboro Dam 370
6 Kuzuryu Dam 353
7 Sakuma Dam 343
8 Ikehara Dam 338 Figure-8 Miyagase Dam
9 Sameura Dam 316
10 Hitotsuse Dam 261 Figure-8 Miyagase Dam
5
DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW | 2018
Hydroelectric power plants in Japan Table-6 Electric power output ranking of Pumped
Storage hydropower plants
The output of hydroelectric power plants in Japan accounts
The output of hydroelectric power plants in Japan accounts Electric
for about 19% of all electric power sources, and pumped Dam name
for about 19% of all electric power sources, and pumped Hydroelectric power
storage hydroelectric power occupies top 10s of the electric (upper reservoir /
storage hydroelectric power occupies top 10s of the electric power plant output
power output rankings. lower reservoir)
power output rankings. (MW)
Kurogawa Dam /
1 Okutataragi 1,932
Tataragi Dam
Table-5 Electric power output ranking of Conventional Kassa Dam /
2 Okukiyotsu 1,600
hydropower plants Futai Dam
Kaore Dam /
Electric 3 Okumino 1,500
Kamiosu Dam
Hydroelectric power power Takase Dam /
Dam name 4 Shintakasegawa 1,280
plant output Nanakura Dam
(MW) Ota Dam /
1 Okutadami 560 Okutadami Dam 4 Okouchi 1,280
Hase Dam
2 Tagokura 400 Tagokura Dam Seto Dam /
3 Sakuma 350 Sakuma Dam 6 Okuyoshino 1,206
Asahi Dam
4 Kurobegawa 4 335 Kurobe Dam Tamahara Dam//
Tambara Dam
5 Arimine 1 265 Arimine Dam 7 Tamahara
Tambara 1,200
Fujiwara Dam
6 Tedorigawa 1 250 Tedorigawa Dam Doyo Dam /
7 Miboro 215 Miboro Dam 7 Matanogawa 1,200
Matanogawa Dam
8 Shinojiya 206 Miyanaka Dam Ouseuchi Dam /
9 Hitotsuse 180 Hitotsuse Dam 7 Omarugawa 1,200
Ishikawauchi Dam
10 Shinanogawa 177 Nishiotaki Dam Kamihikawa Dam/
7 Kazunogawa 1,200
Kazunogawa Dam
Figure-9 Okutadami Dam Figure-10 Kurobe Dam

Dams completed in 2014 - 2016 in Japan

Dams completed in 2014-2016 in Japan are counted in 15 dams. The features are summarized below. Several dams are
illustrated in the following pages.
Dam
Dam name Location Length of Reservoir Owner Completed

Height
Purpose(s) Type Crest capacity
（ｍ）
（ｍ）（million ㎥）
1 Toppu Hokkaido CSI PG 78.4 309 36 Hokkaido Pref. 2014
2 Yofudo Hyogo CS PG 54.4 145 1.1 Hyogo Pref. 2014
3 Rogi Kumamoto CS PG 53 169 2.3 Kumamoto Pref. 2014
The Tohoku Regional

4 Isawa Iwate CSIH ER 127 723 143 2014
Development Bureau, MLIT*1
5 Naganuma Miyagi CS TE 15.3 1050 31.8 Miyagi Pref. 2014
6 Kyogoku Hokkaido H ER 54 332.5 5.5 Hokkaido Electric Power Co.,Inc. 2014
7 Kin Okinawa CSI CSG 39 461.5 8.6 Okinawa General Bureau 2014
Hokkaido Development Bureau,

8 Yubari Shuparo Hokkaido CSIH PG 110.6 390 427 2015
MLIT*1
9 Kirimegawa Wakayama CS PG 44.5 127 4 Wakayama Pref. 2015
10 Kurikara Hyogo CS PG 26.7 172 0.4 Hyogo Pref. 2015
Kyushu Regional Agricultural

11 Tokunoshima Kagoshima I ER 56.3 266.9 8.1 2015
Administration Office, MAFF*2
12 Hamada 2 Shimane CS PG 97.8 218 15.5 Shimane Pref. 2016
13 Shobara Hiroshima CS PG 42 118.5 0.7 Hiroshima Pref. 2016
The Tohoku Regional

14 Tsugaru Aomori CSIH PG 97.2 342 140.9 2016
Development Bureau, MLIT*1
15 Gima Okinawa CS TE 24.5 539 0.6 Okinawa Pref. 2016
Purpose: C - flood control, S - water supply, I - Irrigation, H - hydroelectricity
Type: PG - gravity in masonry or concrete, ER - rock fill, TE - earth, CSG - CSG
*1 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
*2 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Isawa Dam
＠ The Tohoku Regional Development Bureau, MLIT
Lo
Up wer D
per i
Div versi
ers on t
ion u
tun nnel
nel
Figure-1 Plan
Axis of dam
DFWL EL. 361.000 Cresat elevation EL. 364.000

S.W.L EL. 356.500
H.W.L in Flood Season N.H.W.L EL. 345.600
EL. 342.900
Surface Protection Surface Protection
L.W.L EL. 304.500

Internal Internal
Rockfill External
Rockfill Core Rockfill
External Section Clay Section
Section
Rockfill Filter Filter
Section Zone Zone
Auxiliary Dam
Blanket Grouting
Main Curtain Grouting
Figure-2 Typical section
Left Bank Entrance

(Access road to
Administration
Building) Right Bank Entrance
Crest length
DFWL EL. 361.000 Cresat elevation EL. 364.000

S.W.L EL. 356.500
N.H.W.L EL. 345.600 H.W.L in Flood Season EL. 342.9
Upper Diversion Tunnel

Access Road to Lower Elevator
Lower Diversion Tunnel
Figure-3 Longitudinal Cross Section

Kyogoku Dam（Pumped-storage Hydroelectric Power Station ）
＠ Hokkaido Electric Power. Co., Inc.
Cresat elevation
Crest length of dam
Figure-1 Plan of upper reser voir

Figure-2 Section of upper reser voir
Crest length of dam
Axis of dam
Cresat elevation
Figure-3 Plan of lower Dam（Kyogoku）
am
of d
Axis
Cresat elevation
Figure-4 Typical section of lower reser voir（Kyogoku）
Figure-5 Longitudinal Cross Section

Kin Dam
＠ Okinawa General Bureau
Cresat elevation DFWL

NWL SWL
Figure-1 Plan
0 10 20 30 40m
( 1: 500)
EL(m)X+240 X+220 X+200 X+180 X+160 X+150 X+140 X+120 X+100 X+80 X+60 X+40 X+20 X- 0 X- 40 X- 80 X- 120 X- 160 X- 180 X- 200 X- 220 X- 240
80
Spillways 30000
Crest length 461500
15000 13500 27@15000=405000 13000 15000
Non Overflow section 187000 Overflow section 81500 Non Overflow section 193000
60 Emergency spillways 36500 15000 Emergency spillways
2000 2000 2200 2200 2000
13000 13000 12900 12800 12900 6500
BL29 BL28 BL27 BL26 BL25 BL24 BL23 BL22 BL21 BL20 BL19 BL18 BL17 BL16 BL15 BL14 BL13 BL12 BL11 BL10 BL9 BL8 BL7 BL6 BL5 BL4 BL3 BL2 BL1
J 29 J 28 J 27 J 26 J 25 J 24 J 23 J 22 J 21 J 20 J 19 J 18 J 17 J 16 J 15 J 14 J 13 J 12 J 11 J 10 J9 J8 J 7 J6 J 5 J 4 J 3 J 2 J1 J0
40 Water intake facility
EL29. 000
28. 0
27. 0
25. 5
24. 0
1: 0. 8
1: 0. 8
22. 5
20 Spillways
21. 0
18. 75
18. 0
EL17. 000
EL15. 000 EL15. 000
EL13. 000 Ｂ3. 20× Ｈ2. 15
EL14. 000
1: 0. 8
EL9. 000
EL11. 000 EL12. 000
EL4. 500 EL3. 500 EL9. 000
EL0. 000 EL0. 000

0 EL2. 000 導水管 EL- 2. 000
EL1. 000
EL- 2. 000 φ 1100
- 20
- 40
- 60
- 80
Figure-2 Upstream elevation
Axis of dam
1900
8000 6000
EL（m）
30 EL29. 000
DFWL 27.200
SWL 25.600 25. 600
0
1.
1:
NWL 21.500 E L21. 000
1500
20
8
1:
0.
0
0.
1:
00
8
R6
ＣＳＧ 1000
1000
10 EL 9. 000
LWL 6.000
1500
E L 2. 700
2500 2000
1:
EL0. 750
1.
0
EL 0. 000
0
EL - 2. 000
1500
1:
1.
5
2000
- 10
Figure-3 Typical Section

13
ガ－ド
ロ－プ
電柱
500
Axis of dam
15％
600
J0
585 560
580
Ｊ0
EL306.6
U形側溝工
車庫
EL306.6
棟
埋設
EL=
308
り
ｵｲﾙ
.57
犬走ﾀﾝｸ
EL= 5
EL305.0
308 EL303.0 EL305.0
.50
0
0
EL301.0 EL303.0
1:1.0
20000
1:1.
300
1：
EL299.0 EL301.0
1.5
EL301.0
EL297.0 EL299.0
ⅰ＝12.0％
2
EL.297.00
EL299.0
J1
1:1.
EL297.0
EL297.0
EL295.0
EL295.0
1:1.2
EL291.0
EL=30
EL293.0
EL=30
8.575
EL.287.00
EL291.0 EL287.0
8.500
1：1.
5 EL289.0 EL285.0
J2
EL287.0 EL281.0
EL275.0
EL=30
5.0% EL283.0 EL278.0
Grouting tunnel
1.500
EL=29
EL276.0 EL279.0 EL275.0
EL=29
7.075
EL275.0 EL278.0 EL272.0
7.000
0
1:2.0
3.0
.28 EL269.0
EL=29
J3
EL
EL=29
EL270.0
EL277.0
ⅰ＝10.0％ 0 EL267.0
1.225
28
1.150
EL273.0 EL276.0 EL265.0
0 EL272.0 EL274.0 EL262.0
1:2.0
EL=28
5.0
EL=28
1:1.2 .27 EL270.0 EL272.0 EL258.0
EL
1:1.2
4.150
EL265.0
4.075
1:1.2
Control office
EL270.0 EL255.0
J4
1:1
124000
.2
EL268.0 EL251.0
EL267.0 EL249.0
1:2.0
1:0.8
EL265.0 EL247.0
0 EL260.0
27 8
1:1
ⅰ＝10.0％ 26 6 4 EL261.0
.2
26 26 2
26 0 EL257.0
J5
26 8
EL255.0
1:2.0
EL246.0
25 6 EL256.0
EL.2
1:1.2 25
EL.
65.0
EL253.0 EL255.0
0
EL255.0
255
.00
EL252.0 EL254.0
EL245.0
1:1.2 EL251.0 EL253.0
1:2.0
EL264.00
J6
EL250.0 EL251.0
1:1.2 EL250.0
EL250.0
EL244.0
EL248.0 1:0.82
EL249.0
1:2.0
EL248.0
J7
EL247.0
244
250
EL.255.00
EL=
277
EL243.0
.00
0
EL246.0
260
1:1.2 EL241.0
EL245.0
1:1.5
J8
EL254.000
EL252.000
EL255.000
EL240.0
EL239.0
EL242.0
EL244.0
EL238.0
EL251.000
EL249.000
EL252.000
EL.250
.00
EL241.0
EL243.0
DAMS IN JAPAN - OVERVIEW 2018
作業構台
EL237
J9
.0
1:1.2
EL
.24
EL240.0
EL246.000
EL251.000
EL242.0
0.0
0
EL.240
238
EL235
.00
.0
EL239.0
EL241.0
236
EL238.0 EL240.0 ＥＬ225.00
EL243.000
EL248.000
234
230
J10
EL236.0 EL238.0
232
EL241.000
EL234.0 EL236.0
41500
EL244.000
EL232.0 EL234.0
EL238.000
EL230.25
EL240.000
EL.225.000
EL241.000
220 EL225.0
12500×3+2000×24500
EL235.000
EL225.0
EL237.000
J11
EL220.5
EL238.000
EL.216.000
EL232.000
EL216.0
S=1:1000
EL217.5
EL234.000
EL235.000
220 EL210.5
Water intake facility

EL229.000
Emergency spillways
EL231.000
EL232.000
取水塔
EL215.0
EL.230.00
EL209.0 EL225.000
EL227.000
J12
EL228.000
18
2500
EL221.000
EL266.50
EL2
EL22
10% 10% LEV
EL224.000
EL
18
EL218
EL2
EL21
8
EL.215.00
路
EL218.000
進入
J13
8.1%
210
M
EL207.5
EL217.000
EL213.500
15000 12500 21200

M
24@15000=360000
J14
EL206.0
M
Power station
J15
Crest length 390000

EL206
J16
Figure-1 Plan
EL 210.500
EL 212.000
M
1:0.5
J17
EL 213.500
EL 218.000
Valve chamber
12900×4+2000×3
60°
Spillways57600
J18
EL207.5
210
仮排水路ﾄﾝﾈﾙ
EL213.500
EL212.0
EL217.000
2000
EL.21
6.00
EL215.0
EL220.000
EL222.0
EL223.000
EL219.0
EL.22 EL225.0 EL226.000
5.00
EL229.000
J19
EL228.0
EL230.25
EL232.000
EL.23
EL235.000
5.00
EL225.0
EL232.0
EL238.000
護岸ブロック
EL234.0
EL241.000
EL235.0 EL237.0 EL242.000
EL.24
J20
EL245.000
5.00 EL237.0 EL239.0
EL239.0 EL241.0
EL247.000
EL250.000
EL241.0 EL243.0
1：0
.8 EL252.000
Energy dissipation
EL243.0 EL245.0
EL255.000
EL.25
5.00 EL245.0 El247.0 EL256.000
EL259.000
EL247.0 EL249.0
EL260.000
Yubari-Shuparo Dam
56000
EL249.0 EL251.0
12500×4+2000×3
EL263.000
EL262.000
Auxiliary dam
J21+320
EL252.0 EL255.0 EL263.000
EL261.0
EL267.000
EL265.000
EL267.000
EL265.0
J22
EL268.0 EL266.0
EL267.0
EL272.0
EL275.0
1：0.8
EL268.0
EL278.0 EL270.0
EL.275.00
Emergency spillways
22
EL272.0
EL
EL281.0
J23
EL279.0 EL273.0
EL275.0
EL.285.00 EL281.0 EL282.0 EL
EL282.0 EL284.0 EL277.0 .28
5.0
EL283.0 EL285.0 EL281.0
0
EL289.0
EL285.0
1：1.2
EL297.00
53200
ＥＬ297.00
J24
EL293.0 EL289.0
225
EL295.0
EL295.00 EL297.0
EL301.0
EL301.0
10.0％
1：1.2
EL305.0 EL305.0
右岸崖錘斜面対策工
J25
EL306.6
EL306.6
10000
J26
J26
226
EL
23
0
Axis of dam
00
フ3
トラ
線
ル配
ーブ
光ケ
流
ム放
張ダ
ル柱
大夕看板
ーブ
光ケ
壁
擁
電柱
NTT
街灯
壁
土留
擁壁
Grouting tunnel
＠ Hokkaido Development Bureau, MLIT
Overflow section S=1:1000

Spillways
am
fd
is o
Ax
Oyubari Dam 155000
EL（m）
320
2500 8000
Cresat elevation EL306.600

DFWL EL304.400
SWL EL301.500
300
NWL EL297.000 EL297.000
280
00
76600
EL266.500 15
F.W.L 264.500
LWL
Dam body Energy dissipation
260 EL259.600
1:
ダム高 H=110600
0.
EL256.000
82
L.W.L 240.000 240
EL237.000
L.W.L 230.000 EL230.000

1:
0.
77
EL226.000
1:2
0 .0
00 EL220.000
20
220
R= Auxiliary dam
80
EL216.750
EL215.500
0.
1:0.10
EL214.000
1:
34000
EL213.500
1:
Apron
1.
EL208.000
0
EL206.000 EL206.000 EL205.700
.5
2000
1:0
EL199.000 200
Foundation rook
1:0
.5
EL196.000
27200 90036 5464 78963 13300 16000 5000

6750 88000 39800 117236 118727
180
Crest length
EL（ｍ）
390000
10000 53200 24@15000=360000 20000
Emergency spillways 56000 2000 Spillways 57600 21200 Emergency spillways 15000 4500 Emergency spillways 41500 124000
12500×4＋2000×3 12900×4＋2000×3 12500 2500 12500×3＋2000×2
320 Water intake facility
26BL 25BL 24BL 23BL 22BL 21BL 20BL 19BL 18BL 17BL 16BL 15BL 14BL 13BL J12 12BL J11 11BL 10BL 9BL 8BL 7BL 6BL 5BL 4BL 3BL 2BL 1BL
Cresat elevation
J26 J25 J24 J23 J22 J21 J20 J19 J18 J17 J16 J15 J14 J13 J10 J9 J8 J7 J6 J5 J4 J3 J2 J1 J0 EL306.600
EL304.600 HWL 304.400 1BL
EL301.500 EL301.500 EL301.500 SWL 301.500
300 EL299.850
EL297.000 NWL 297.000
EL295.000
EL289.000
EL280.000
280
EL275.000
EL273.000
1:0.2
1：0.82
EL266.500 EL266.000
EL263.000
260 LWL 259.600
1:0.15
EL258.000 EL258.000
EL250.000
EL246.000
EL245.000
EL243.000
240 EL240.000
EL241.000 EL242.000
EL235.000 EL235.500
EL231.000
EL228.000
EL227.000 EL227.000 EL226.000
EL225.000
EL221.500
220
EL206.000 EL205.500
EL204.000
200 EL200.000 EL200.000 EL200.000

EL196.000
S=1：600
0 5 10 20 30 40 50
180
Figure-3 Downstream elevation

Tokunoshima Dam
＠ Kyushu Regional Agricultural Administration office, MAFF
＠ Kyushu Regional Agricultural Administration office, MAFF

Intake tower
Control office
Outlet works
Power station
Spillways
Figure-1 Plan
EL.120.0m EL.120.0m
10,000
4,000
3,000 1,000 1,000 3,000
EL.110.0m EL.110.0m
13.3m Cresat elevation EL.106.30m

▽ HWL 103.50m ▽ SWL 102.80m
EL.100.0m ▽ NWL F.W.L.100.30m EL.100.30m EL.100.0m
EL.94.00m
2.00
EL. 90.0m 1 EL. 90.0m
2.60
1 0.20 0.20
k 2 EL83.0m
Roc 1 1 1 1 1 1
EL. 80.0m ▽ LWL D.W.L.79.60m 1 1.20 1.30 EL. 80.0m
Filter
0.20 0.20
2.60
Filter
EL. 70.0m
Rock2 Rock1 Core Rock1 Rock2 EL. 70.0m
EL.67.50m
Foundation rook
EL. 60.0m EL. 60.0m
EL. 50.0m EL.50.00m Leakage EL. 50.0m

Blanket grouting
Blanket grouting
EL. 40.0m EL. 40.0m
Curtain grouting
2,000 26,320 2,000
Curtain grouting

Tsugaru Dam
136.21
L
L
178
142.36
No.0-10.000
164.99
171.0
（空）
173.7
231.8
231.5
227.0
219.8
213.1
189.1
183.7
177.1
171.2
169.4
154.9
153.4
148.6
181.6
185.4
189.0
No.7
134.62
167.7
T-217
T-38
180.2
146.54 166.68
138.44
L-240
L-210
L-180
L-165
L-150
L-135
L-120
L-105
R-105
R-120
R-135
R-150
R-165
R-180
R-210
199.6
L-90
L-75
(148.000)
L-60
L-45
L-30
L-15
R-15
R-30
R-60
R-90
R-45
R-75
CL
168.1
179.7
138.28 BC.1 R=60 148.300

(No.7+7.417)
＠ The Tohoku Regional Development Bureau, MLIT

No.0
138.43 134.97
181.1
137.87 137.49
139.89
161.2
152.67 140.73
T-23 136.50
.1
EC
（岩）
60 163.58 T-224
145.17
165.5
135.31 R=
T-24 166.98
182.3
137.66
226.5
223.4
215.8
207.4
192.4
183.7
177.0
161.5
159.6
152.5
185.1
192.7
193.3
194.3
138.31 Ｗ
197.8
138.40
152.48 137.14
140.84
158.0
181.1
176.1
142.20
165.6
147.25 137.88 SP.1

146.50 No.1
196.2
136.74
IP.1
142.85
140
152.49 138.18
152.13 144.67
152.49
T-216 T-226 T-40

185.0
159.6
149.72
194.6
T-22
137.25
146.25
138.73 153.21
220.2
216.2
206.7
198.8
193.4
187.4
184.4
181.4
171.8
162.7
155.7
180.1
195.3
199.3
200.6
200.4
150.73
168.00
156.6
.2
ｗ
151.73 No 70
.9
1 47
T-21 EL
151.02 T-225
140.48
Ｇ
187.6
143.77
150.60 T-20 159.70
T-209
1:1.0
168.56
14
159.4
150.97
L=9 LEVEL
65
6.0
138.69
191.0
214.3
204.0
203.7
194.1
184.5
170.5
169.3
176.9
188.4
201.6
205.6
206.4
136.77
1:1.
.3
No
156.78
25 143.85
0
149.90
15
180
191.8
189.0
T-215
(休） 164.84
138.68 Ｇ
145.32
T-19
156.77
0
185.26
16
139.95 0.3
1:
184.4
145.19
T-16
E L170.0
.4
No
143.15 137.24
1:2.
E L170.0
1:0
.3
149.25
12
209.6
202.4
198.0
199.6
204.0
198.3
179.0
170.6
161.5
189.0
202.2
211.5
212.9
0
138.92 17 190
153.25 156.90 170.58
159.68 T-58
148.98
T-208 194.06
184.2
190
)
183.7
00
.0
151.59 146.09 48 250
T-246
Ｇ
8. (1
T-17 149.11
14
164.16
260 測線 159.78
148.39
144.98
139.19 136.50 139.42 .5
No
260 測線
T-18 137.36
137.23 T-214
150 137.06
149.81
2
IP.
T-15 169.13
145.21
2
153.23
0
SP.
ジャカゴ川原平幹線76
00
143.48 139.34
180
210.5
215.6
212.7
198.5
188.8
184.0
177.7
200.4
212.3
219.0
169.56
11
+EL150.000 （岩）
0
160
10 202.92
R=
158.18
0
209.7
213.0
.2 20
00
167.04
218.63 167.42
BC 211.44
120
T-245
0
6
T-213
1:1.
175.65
No.
143.58
198.04
T-180
J1 158.50 T-54
224.72 0
％
.000
.000
T-144 170 T-247

0
T-212 207.26
00
i=10
171.19
L=61
178.94
218.22 165.50
12
184.02
J9
211.2
199.9
192.1
186.1
216.4
147.32 T-207
0
T-14 R=10
230 測線 179.52 174.86
T-179
157.07 142.82
137.40 136.63
139.00 139.40
138.74
135.99
EC.2 210
218.02
230 測線 213.54
209.13
144.18
211.46
J8 （岩）
00
7 215.49
+EL135.000 Ｇ 139.45 180.49

150
No.
T-143
220
143.67
T-206
234.76 220
218.15 217.80
182.79 136.93
180
231.53 160.78 218.59

208.82
139.62 T-248
146.73
137.55 223.82 T-53
176.71
Ｇ
0
000
1:1.
1:1.0
191.15
T-211 T-299
234.2
212.1
207.6
137.39 222.43
15
180.68
T-205 T-244 227.84
5
1:0.8
)
T-142 T-13 10
.100 .3
137.56 NO
T-298
(154 850
148.28
T-181
J6
153.
238.43
180.47
T-178
137.53
136.34
No.8 1:0.7 230
224.47
T-140 180.99
246.33 141.08
138.01 R=70
1:0.5
NO.34
00
T-52
1:0. J5 1:0.
150
200 測線 185.62 177.11

250.70 160.81 136.40 137.08 139.76 135.81 181.47
IP.3
T-249
200 測線
0
144.16 167.27 186.84

8 5 209.19 227.81 234.29 230.63 227.99
0.00
136.88 SP.3
EL17
211.05
147.66
0
1:0.
0.00
T-141 Ｇ
1:1.2
8 1:0. 1:0.
EL16
90°0′0″
138.35
253.53 8 T-210 147.51 5 214.24
L=28.800
235.62
LEVEL
1:1.1
182.18
170.45 T-250
40° J4 141.30 T-243 T-51
000
178.62
137.70 235.13
197.18 137.65 175.13
0
21
14
No.9
245.7
257.22
1:1.2
224.4
R=70
244.32
T-6
T-12 屋外142.31
182.59
205.00
239.73
243.51
161.67
(154.100)
24
207.93
1:1.2 変電設備
153.800 173.68
0
240.41 T-297
137.51
（岩）
249.93 138.51
0
T-9 1:0.8
15
T-10
1:1.0 J3 0
Power station
16
1:1.1
260.67
T-177
248.53 138.14 175.08 EL240.0
Ｇ
253.0
T-184
170 測線 T-7 T-11 203.57 189.32 175.78 149.74 130.80 136.17 137.14 140.37 158.73
170 測線
1:1.0
176.39 183.32 206.47 253.18 248.65 244.32 244.14
250
243.78
T-8 213.11
207.57
177.37
屋内（岩）
260.60
T-242 EL242.5
20
0
No.10
川原平幹線78
変電設備
1:1.
000
EL170.
1:0.5
226.93
137.89
138.50 266.25 T-296
i=12.000％
L=34.167
254.86
J2 EL237
0
210
190
175.65
1:0.5
251.51
T-241 2
1:1.0
（岩） 201.61
160 測線
144.70
11
15000
259.90
180
155.04
EL237
90
264.36
+EL135.000
139.75
1:0.5
000 1:1.0 1:1.0 1:1.0 250

°
260
EL160.
216.19
T-138 207.53
0′
213.64 T-176
225.25 195.62 270.63
268.97
0″
251.32
1:0.8
138.76
261.12
221.77
+EL150.000 T-251 267.13
266.6
146.52 177.93
244.43 1:0.8 216.37

T-240
1:0.8 1:0.8
1:1.0
Valve chamber
220 1:0.8 137.44 T-182
1:1.0
253.60
150 測線
T-5 1:0.8 1:0.8 176.59
J1
No.11 176.95
185.91
222.34
1:1.0
(150.000)
1:1.
174.51
200
253.05
150.300
1:0.5
0
219.72
15000
0 142.55
160 161.20 215.21
0.00
210
178.48
230 260
EL21
L=10.000
LEVEL
Ｇ 152.80
1:0.
265.88 224.00 271.93
140 測線
254.77 241.72 229.62 T-134 202.48 160.21 133.10 133.20 149.23 T-185
140 測線
167.06 179.02 195.48 217.66 245.63 268.02 257.50 259.94
8
263.09
T-135 0 1:0.5
EL220.000
0.00
178.15
137.51 141.26 150.000
1:1.0 240.26
1:1.0 EL20 J0 T-293

1:0.
232.41
+10.022
220
138.89 T-190 No.11

260.40 142.25
1:1.0
8
24
0
230.85
0203.40 1:0.5 172.19
272.37 T-295
0.00
179.60
256.96
1:1.0 1:1.0 1:0.8 1:0.8
EL19
T-133 216.97
1:0.8 153.58
1:0.
252.26 240.13 175.47 173.25

177.10
230
150
174.31
8
T-239
T-131 245.62 1:0.8 000
139.96
1:0.75
0. 268.62
EL18
(Co)
170
1:0.
T-175
268.40
1:0.
261.53
EL160.000
231.88 15 T-292
8
T-137
227.45
8 269.69 273.66
1
0
0.00
245.82 T-183 T-230
1:0.5 T-277
EL237
EL247
EL257
259.34 15 180.55
EL17
243.77 208.00
1:1.0 1:1.0
1:0.
140.32
223.64
265.68
EL180.000
T-136
8
162.03
T-132
G
1:0.
EL190.000
EL200.000
EL210.000
196.67 8 T-139
143.86
181.51
174.91
1:0.8 1:0.8
1:0.74
T-186
192.57
T-174 1:0.8 1:0.8
T-291 1:0.8
110 測線
255.35
Control
249.53 234.43 208.90 182.06 171.02 137.45 WC 219.14
137.70 154.85
110 測線
186.18 173.27 181.72 197.38 245.39 270.38 266.48
145.34 270.09 283.86
EL220.000
193.15
EL190.000
200.59
1:0.8 138.78
138.64
12
1:0.5 174.57
Conduit gate
T-130 T-234
EL200.000
166.45
Spillways T-96
（岩） T-278
office T-238
260
265.08 T-189 タ
266.27
75418
148.83 246.67
1:0.8 （空）
EL210.000
254.42 137.06 T-276

212.84
T-171 265.41
193.45 T-283
T-191 268.16 274.35
Spillways
234.16
250
174.80 183.05
270.04
183.58 （岩）
137.52
240
265.61 286.56
8
260.31
1:0.
1:0.8 1:0.8
Grouting
1:0.74
170.52 1:0.724
5
1:0.
EL220.000
1:0.8
1:0.74
床固床固
床固
3 273.21
1:0.69
180
259.94
170
T-169
tunnel Inspection gallery

T-279
80 測線 1:0.8 T-237
259.34 260.30 237.58 214.15 190.36 216.58
182.67 167.29 139.15 139.48 158.65 T-282
80 測線
172.88 184.30 200.56 241.83 264.31 272.75 278.36
T-129 288.03
T-235 EL
24
190 169.74
184.40
1:0.634
T-275 7
142.47
Axis of dam
T-170 268.93
2
T-236
1:0.182
1.
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
+EL227.000
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:0.182
1:
262.25 Ｇ
Intake tower
189.36
266.40
T-168

140.13
65 測線
265.51 257.72
257.72 236.34 213.47 201.22 199.88 191.62 184.58 176.39 162.99 139.32
200 140.23
65 測線
160.68 171.19 185.57 200.82 242.11 264.02 268.59
5.07 +EL.221.80 279.66 EL 290.33
T-271
217.25 23
190.02 7
EL237.000
EL237.000
17
170.18
265.16 T-280 264.73
60 測線 1:1.0 T-188
169.43 190.13
60 測線
2
1:1.0
1.
160
1:1.0
1:
T-1 （岩）
EL247.000
T-270
EL247.000
T-172
C 測線 C 測線
Inspection gallery
264.77
267.74 268.68
1:1.0 EL170.000
T-274
1:1.0
0
EL257.000
5
17
3NO.1 140.45
1:0.
T-192
210
1:1.0 1:0.899
1:1.0 1:0.697 263.97
5 T-269
50 測線 1:0. 1:1.0
266.07 234.05 214.97
1:0.5
213.09 190.67 140.19 139.58 141.62 166.49
50 測線
163.96 172.26 186.84 201.27 211.54 244.10 259.71
256.30 +EL160.000 1:T-281
265.55 278.31 287.12
1:0. 8
1:0.5
T-167
5 1:0.8 1.0 1:0.738
EL220.000
1:0.
1:0.
179.34
1.
5
EL160.000 EL180.000
1:
5 EL160.000
1:0.5
1:0.5
000
1:0.
187.24
220
1:0.5 EL140.000 1:1.0
EL190.
259.09 192.39
261.52 T-112 222.25 T-272
T-154 1:1.
5
172.11
0 1:1.
150
177.61
1:0.5
1:0.
160
T-152 T-187 T-94

0
1:1.0
212.91
155
000
0 187.68
1:1.
床固
1:0.5
EL210.
000
236.62 199.16 141.92

1:1.0 260.46
275.17
1:1.
EL200.
141.96 191.60
T-173 1:1. 210.97
0 265.72 285.10
1:0.5
169.06
0 T-155
EL16 EL170.000 （岩）
Meya dam
144.93
0 EL170.000
1:1.
229.78
T-149 0.00 146.45

145
252.67
255.42
230.20 T-153
0 1:1. 174.65
235.94
T-273
230
0 149.40
5
T-113
1:1.
1:0.
0
1:1.0
209.69
EL17 147.98
0.00
1:0.5
155.93
（岩） 0
180
192.09
5
1:0.
EL18 155.93
000
158.46
20 測線
242.56
0.00 EL180.000 1:1.
EL190.
224.20 206.30 166.71 156.67

T-157 157.09 165.30 177.11 EL180.000 200.88
20 測線
209.73
258.46 T-151
0
187.95 188.24
0 247.48 257.19 271.97 283.10
1:0.5
251.84 235.40 210.24

247.07 233.56 231.68
5
3級 BM.1
1:0.
EL19 164.39
1:1.0
1:1.0
175.98 187.539
0.00 T-156 185.50
0
5
1:0.
T-150
1:1.0 252.06
5
1:0.
253.54 245.54
EL20
1:0.5
248.75 171.89
254.70
235.46 210.13 0.00 256.62
0
240
192.59
178.13 174.90 176.45
0
230.08
0
1:1.
25
244.59
EL21 179.43
177.93
178.47
0.00 (As) 248.55
1:0.5
T-114
0
0
1:1.
0
185.49
1:1.
243.59
248.80 EL22 182.45
0 測線 235.00
229.36
0.00
0
224.28 201.52 187.93
187.87
187.90 187.91 187.92
T-93
187.90 195.26 204.70
227.41
T-126
241.54
257.94
0 測線 270.50 284.06
247.29 209.72 T-79

0
188.57
T-92
1:1.
244.98 188.24
236.53
.0 T-158 T-91
239.77
No T-128
174.21
ﾄ）） 211.56 185.43 173.15
ｲﾝ 93
ﾎﾟ 10.4
ﾞﾚｰｷ 0+ 225.11 190.74
175.45
181.78 川原平35 189.99 204.79 245.75
EL227
264.45 272.48 283.41

（ﾌ（№
236.49 225.74
223.23
.1 233.29
No
211.98
237.00
188.86 T-127
T-159 19
230.76
237.21 T-125
186.02
266.60
T-95
233.70
（岩） 274.81 285.56
233.27 230 231.76 T-160
258.07
No.2
No.6
189.33
T-124
230.74
No.5
230.73
No.3
No.4
176.06
222.90
No.7
262.43
270
223.17 T-161
180
223.30
280
223.10 223.37
No.8
223.00 BL 1 BL 2 BL 3 BL 4 BL 5 BL 6 BL 7 BL 8 BL 9 BL10 BL11 BL12 BL13 BL14 BL15 BL16 BL17 BL18 BL19 BL20 BL21 BL22 BL23
220
T-162 (As) 181.07
（岩）
202.23 224.69 250.20
Figure-1 Plan
262.01 273.05 284.55
190.55
218.14
J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J 6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J21 J22 J23 T-304
217.18 208.82 T-123
213.50
212.86
美山湖
T-163 川原平幹線86
174.45
L-165
L-180
L-240
L-210
L-150
L-135
L-120
L-105
R-115
R-100
R-105
R-110
R-120
R-150
R-135
R-165
R-180
R-195
R-210
L-90
L-75
L-60
L-70
L-65
L-50
L-45
260
L-55
L-30
L-15
R-15
R-30
R-45
R-60
R-75
R-90
(Co)
R-95
186.35 190.01
211.52
213.89
CL
岩木川第一発電所73 T-305
青森県
250
211.03
210 207.87 207.45 237.72
275.14
am
a d
Mey dam
of f
xis s o
EL.(m) A Axi
240
60000 9000
Cresat elevation
EL 226.700
DFWL EL 224.500
220
SWL EL 216.300
NWL EL 204.900
200
Cresat elevation
EL 187.500
1:
DFWL EL 186.000
0.
74
NWL EL 183.000
180
Dam body Energy dissipation

HWL in flood season Left bank 152974（Right bank 92780）
EL 170.500 LWL EL 170.000 97473 3000 23000
0
500
R=1
160 LWL EL 160.000 R=1
50
00
12058 3700
EL 152.500(Right bank) EL 153.500(Left bank)
1:
1:2
0.
.0
75
EL 151.000
1500
000
1:0.06
5
EL 148.000 R=1 3000
EL 146.00
0 30000
500
17500
17500
R=1
16000
0 5000 4000 1000 EL 142.000
140 000
6
R=1
0.
1:
1:
7000
1.
5000
0
EL 135.00 EL 135.000
1000
2000
Foundation rook EL129.500
Diversion conduit
B5.0×H4.5m
120
87.0m 44000 45473
11100 71928 3490 89473 10000 24000
62.8m 123473
R - 180 R - 1 65 R - 150 R - 13 5 R - 120 R-110 R-105 R-100 R-95 R-90 R - 75 R - 60 R - 45 R - 30 R - 15 CL L - 15 L - 30 L-45 L-50 L-55 L-60 L-65 L-70 L-75 L - 90 L - 10 5 L - 120 L - 1 35 L - 15 0 L - 165 L - 1 80
EL(m) EL(m)
320 320
300 300
280
Crest length 342000 280
16000 10@15000=150000 2@18000=36000 9@15000=135000 5000

Non Overflow section 126900 Overflow section 96200 Non Overflow section 118900
2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13400 2000 12700 2000 12700 8500 6100 12200 6100 8500 12700 2000 12700 2000 13400 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000 13000 2000
1418 1418 1418 1418

260 5665 5665 260
J23 J22 J21 J20 J19 J18 J17 J16 J15 J14 J13 J12 J11 J10 J 9 J 8 J 7 J 6 J 5 J 4 J 3 J 2 J 1 J 0
BL23 BL22 BL21 BL20 BL19 BL18 BL17 BL16 BL15 BL14 BL13 BL12 BL11 BL10 BL 9 BL 8 BL 7 BL 6 BL 5 BL 4 BL 3 BL 2 BL 1
240 240
取水設備

EL221.000
EL220.000
1:0.182
1:0.182
220 220
1:0.182
EL205.000
12000
EL201.756 EL201.756
3000
200 200
EL198.000
1:0.74
EL1944.000
1:0.74
EL193.000
Spillways Spillways EL188.750
EL187.000 B4.3×H4.4m
12000 B4.3×H4.4m
4000
180 180
1:0.74
EL177.000
EL176.000
3000 6000
EL175.000
Conduit gate
6000 呑口：φ6.019m EL170.000
EL167.000 吐口：B3.9m×H3.6m 6375 3000
12000 10000 5625

3000 3000 2000 EL160.000
160 EL159.577 160
EL158.577
EL157.000
EL154.000 EL153.500 EL154.000
EL152.500
12000
EL150.000 EL150.000
3000
EL145.250
EL144.000 12000
EL143.000 3000
140 140
3000 5000 EL142.000
EL135.000
5000 2000 EL133.000
EL130.000
EL129.500
12000 DiversionDiversion
conduitconduit 12000
120 3000 B5.0×H4.5m
3000
12000 7400 3100 15000 15000 2250
3000 4500 3000 750
100
9100 15000 15000 18000 18000 15000 6100
80
Figure-3 Downstream elevation

Introduction
Introduction toto
Introduction Dam
toDamTechnologies
Dam in in
Technologies
Technologies Japan
Japan
Japan
Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal CSG
CSG
Trapezoidal dam
dam
CSG dam the damthe body
performance materials
dam body of require
materials
the less strength,
require
material lesslow
is the required
strength,
and the required
there are few
performance
performance
restrictionsof on
theofthe
material
the is low
material
selection and
low there
of ismaterials,” are few
and “Rationalization
there are few
Thetrapezoidal
The trapezoidal CSGCSGdam dam developed in is
Japan is a new restrictions on the
ofrestrictions
design: onselection
The of materials,”
the selection
trapezoidal shape “Rationalization
of materials,”
improves “Rationalization
seismic stability,
The trapezoidal CSGdeveloped in Japan
dam developed a new
in Japan is atype
new type
type of dam which combines the characteristics of a of design:
and soThe
of design:
thetrapezoidal
The
strength shapeshape
trapezoidal
requiredimproves
of the seismic
improves
dam bodystability,
seismic stability, is
materials
of damof which combines
dam which the characteristics
combines of a trapezoidal
the characteristics of a trapezoidal
trapezoidal Dam and the CSG (Cemented Sand and Gravel) and so andthesostrength
lower,” and required
the strength of theof
required
“Rationalization dam
of the body
dam body
construction:materials is
materials is
Construction
Dam Dam and andthe CSG
the CSG (Cemented Sand Sand
(Cemented and andGravel)
Gravel)
construction method. It rationalizes the construction of lower,”
work and
lower,”can“Rationalization
and
be executed of
“Rationalization construction:
rapidlyof by Construction
construction:
simplified Construction
construction
construction method.
construction It rationalizes
method. the construction
It rationalizes of of
the construction
damsdams workfacilities.”
can be
work canexecuted rapidly
be executed by simplified
rapidly by simplifiedconstruction
construction
dams ininthree
three ways:
ways:
in three “Rationalization
“Rationalization
ways: of of
“Rationalization materials:
materials: because
because
of materials: because
the dam body materials require less strength, the required facilities.”
facilities.”
ProtectionProtection
concrete concrete
CSG ProtectionProtection
concrete concrete
CSG
Structural Structural
concrete concrete
InspectionInspection
gallery gallery
Seepage control
Seepage concrete
control concrete Rich mix CSG
Rich mix CSG
Auxiliary curtain grouting

Auxiliary curtain grouting
Foundation drain holedrain hole

Foundation
Curtain grouting
Curtain grouting
Figure-11
Figure-1 Concept
Figure-11
Concept of Trapezoidal
Concept
of Trapezoidal CSGCSG
of Trapezoidal
damdam dam
CSG Figure-12 Tobetsu
Figure-12
Figure-2 DamDam
Tobetsu
Tobetsu Dam
Sediment bypass tunnel (SBT) concrete dam in Japan, Nunobikigohonmatsu Dam (1900),
Tachigahata Dam (1905), Asahi Dam (1998), Miwa Dam
SBTs are one sustainable and effective strategy against (2005). Also, they are currently undergoing trial operation
sedimentation. The SBT connects upstream and at Koshibu Dam and Matsukawa Dam. The problem
downstream of a dam and bypasses sediment-laden floods of SBTs is countermeasure against invert abrasion and
into downstream. They are mainly operated in Japan, elucidation of sediment hydrological behavior, and research
Switzerland and Taiwan. is currently under way.
In Japan, SBTs are operated at the oldest
Figure-3 Sediment bypass tunnel (SBT) Figure-4 Miwa Dam
Preservation measures of dam reservoirs One of water quality preservation measures for the dam
reservoir is conducted by controlling outflow of pollutant
Water quality issues are closely associated with the size of and nutrient salts from the catchment area.
the dam reservoir, and operation of the dam reservoir.
Aerating circulation Fence

Aerating circulation
Aerating circulationTo change water temperature distribution or other
Fence
Fence
To prevent the spread of algae or to shift the
conditions inadequate for algae growth nutrient flow away from surface to middle layer
To change
To changewater temperature
water temperaturedistribution
distributionororother
other Toprevent
To preventthethespread
spreadof of algae
algae or or to shift
to shift thethe
conditions inadequate
conditions forfor
inadequate algae growth
algae growth nutrientflow
nutrient flowaway
away from
from surface
surface to middle
to middle layer
layer
No operation Operation
No No
operation
operation Operation
Operation
Upper stream
Upper
Upperstream
stream
Lower stream
Lower
Lowerstream
(Dam side)
stream
(Dam side)
(Dam side)
Figure-19Reservoir
Figure-5 ReservoirWater
Waterquality
qualityfacilities
facilities
Figure-19 Reservoir Water quality facilities
Figure-19 Reservoir Water quality facilities
Inflow of
Inflow of Sunlight
Inflow
nutrients
of
Sunlight
nutrients
Sunlight
Algae blooms Algae blooms Selective
nutrients Algae blooms Algae blooms Selective
Discharge
Algae blooms Algae blooms Discharge
Selective
Shading Discharge
To select adequate water depth to
Shading To select adequate water depth to
intake better quality of water
Shading intake betteradequate
To select quality of water
water depth to
Fence
Fence intake better quality of water
Auxiliary Dam
Auxiliary Dam Fence
Auxiliary Damthe load of
To
To reduce
reduce the load of AirAir form
form Air Air
formform
nutrients to aa dam
nutrients to dam reservoir
reservoir
To reduce
with the load ofnutrients
with particulate
particulate nutrients
Air form Air form
nutrients to
settled
settled a dam reservoir
with particulate nutrients
settled Aerating
circulation
Bypass
Bypass
Bypass
To
Tocut
cutoffoffthe nutrients
the inflow
nutrients inflow
Figure-20
Figure-20Example
Example of of
To cut off the nutrients inflow
quality conservation
quality conservation measures
measures
Figure-20 Example of quality conservation measures
Figure-6 Example of quality conservation measures
Advancement of to time.
Advancement of flood
floodcontrol
controloperation
operation to time.
Advancement of flood
Advancement of flood control operation control operation to Therefore,
time.
Therefore, the
the the appropriate
appropriate operation
operation is conducted
is conducted at allat all
Therefore,
times, making appropriate
use of the operation
rainfall is conducted
prediction at all
technologies
Recently, flood
Recently, flood disasters
disasters caused
caused by by heavy
heavyrains rainsoccur times,
occur Therefore, making
times, making use
theoutflow of the
use of
appropriate rainfall
the prediction
rainfall
operation technologies
prediction
isand
conducted technologies
at all
Recently,
frequently flood disasters
in Japan. It is set caused by
that the flood heavy
controlrains occur
operation andand flood
flood outflow analysis
analysis model
model and maximizing maximizing
the flood the
frequently
Recently,
frequently in
flood Japan. It
disasters is set that
caused the
by flood
heavy control
rains operation
occur and
times, flood
making outflow
use analysis
of the model
rainfall and maximizing
prediction the
technologies flood
of the daminshould
Japan. work
It is set
mostthateffectively
the flood forcontrol
designoperation
flood flood capacity
control control capacity
of the dam of the
so dam
that sothe that the prevention
prevention or
of the
frequently
ofscale dam
in
the and should
Japan.
damdesign It
should work
is set
work most
that theeffectively
flood for
control design
operation flood and control
flood capacity
outflow of
analysis the dam
model so
and that the
maximizing prevention
the flood or
wave form.most effectively
However, for design
as the rainfall is a or mitigation
mitigation of flood of flood
damages damages
can be canachieved
be achievedin thein the
scaledam
of flood
the and design
should
or phenomenon wave
work
hydrograph.the form.
most
However, However,
effectively as
for
as the rainfallthe
designrainfall
flood is a mitigation
control capacityof flood
of the damages
dam so can
that be
the achieved
prevention inor the
natural rainfall condition varies is a natural
from time downstream
downstream areas.
areas.
natural
scale
phenomenonphenomenon
and design thewave thecondition
form.
rainfall rainfall
However,condition thevaries
as from
varies timefrom
rainfall time
toistime.
a downstream
mitigation areas. damages can be achieved in the
of flood
natural phenomenon the rainfall condition varies from time
Avoidance of inundation downstream areas.
Nabari River Avoidance of inundation Actual water level
Nabari River WaterActual
level without dams
water level
Avoidance of inundation WaterWater
Level of
level without dams
Nabari River About 1.5 m Actual
normal water level
dam operation
of About
drawdown1.5 m Water Level of
Waternormal
level without dams
Nabari City 8.0 dam operation
of drawdown Water Level of
About
Design 1.5
high m
Water level
Water Level (m)
Urban area Nabari City 8.0 normal dam operation

of drawdown
Design high Water level
Water Level (m)
of Nabari Hinachi Dam 8.0

Urban area
City Nabari City
of Nabari Design high Water level
Water Level (m)
Hinachi Dam
Urban area
City
of Nabari Hinachi Dam
Shorenji Dam
City 6.0
Shorenji Dam
6.0
Shorenji Dam
6.0
Murou Dam
Water level at Nabari City, downstream of 3 dams
Murou Dam
･Heavy rain due to big typhoon threatened Waterto level
causeat Nabari City, downstream
inundation in Nabari ofRiver
3 dams
on
Murou Dam
October 8, 2009. Water level at Nabari City, downstream of 3 dams
･Heavy rain due to big typhoon threatened to cause inundation in Nabari River on
･Japan Water Agency’s O&M offices conducted collaborative operations in view of water
October
rain 8, 2009.
due to
･Heavy
level, rainfall, andbig
damtyphoon
capacitythreatened to three
of each of the causedamsinundation
under its in Nabari control.
integrated River on
October
･Japan Water
8, 2009.Agency’s O&M offices conducted collaborative operations in view of water
･The above figures show that the water level of urban area was kept below the design
level,
･Japan Water
flood rainfall,
Agency’s
water level and dam
at O&M capacity
offices
Nabari of each of the
City. conducted three damsoperations
collaborative under its integrated
in view ofcontrol.
water
level, above figures
･Therainfall, and damshow that of
capacity theeach
water level
of the of urban
three area was
dams under kept below
its integrated the design
control.
･The flood
abovewater level
figures at Nabari City.
Figure-21 Flood control through integrated and collaborativedesign
show that the water level of urban area was kept below the operation of three dams
flood water level at Nabari City.
Figure-21 Flood control through integrated and collaborative operation of three dams
Figure-7Flood
Figure-21 Flood control
control through
through integrated
integrated and
and collaborative
collaborative operation
operation of of three
three dams
dams
Dam Upgrading Vision promoted by effectively using existing dams applying

both hard and soft measures according to each basin’s
It is important to effectively use existing stocks while characteristics and issues. Typical examples are shown in
controlling total costs. Various technologies will be figures. These exhibit that dam upgrading to effectively
advanced as the number of cases of the effective use of use existing dams has features and effects such as greatly
existing dams grows. On the other hand, more frequent increasing water storage capacity with the slight raising of
and intense flood damage and more frequent droughts dam bodies, or the economic completion of work in a short
are concerns. Under this context, dam upgrading will be period of time, to show effects more quickly.
Figure-8 Projects and Technologies to effectively use dams

The “Dam Upgrading Vision” which provides a strategy 6) Addition of Hydropower

for the further promotion of dam upgrading efforts that 7) Protection and Revitalization of River Environment
effectively utilize existing dams has been formulated in 8) Regional Development utilizing the Dams
2017. These strategies for the vision are categorized below. 9) Promoting Dam Upgrading Technologies Overseas
1) Dam Life Extension 10) Development and Implementation of Technologies to
2) Promoting Efficiency and Advancement of Maintenance Promote Dam Upgrading
3) Flexible and Reliable Operation to Optimally Utilize the
Capacity of the Facility
4) Improving Facilities for a more Advanced Functionality
5) Responding to Climate Change
Utilization of ICT in construction of dam

Utilization of ICT in construction of dam In addition, using ICT to share information in real time and
The construction industry in Japan aims at drastically In
toaddition, usingaccumulate
utilize and ICT to share3-dimensional
information in real time
data can contribute
improving
The construction productivity
industry of all aims
in Japan construction production
at drastically and to utilize and accumulate 3-dimensional data can
to a dramatic rationalization of actions throughout the dam
improving processes by utilizing
productivity of allICT, and its approach
construction is called i-
production contribute
life cycleto from
a dramatic rationalization
the design stage, ofthe
actions
construction stage to
processes byConstruction.
utilizing ICT, and its approach is called throughout
the operation and maintenance stage. stage, the
the dam life cycle from the design
Even in the construction of dams, the utilization of ICT has
i-Construction. construction stage to the operation and maintenance
Even in thebeen advanced toward
construction improving
of dams, quality, safe site
the utilization work,
of ICT stage.
shortening toward
has been advanced of construction
improving period, and reduction
quality, safe siteof
work, shortening of construction
construction cost. period, and reduction of
construction cost.
Figure-●
Figure-9 ApplicationofofICT
Application ICT for
forDam
DamConstruction
Construction
2018
Papers in ICOLD & Other Technical Publications
Theme 1 Safety supervision and rehabilitation of existing dams
A. ICOLD 84th Annual Meeting International Symposium in Johannesburg, May 2016
Development of emergent monitoring system for leakage External deformation monitoring of five rockfill dams in
from the dam the same radar satellites data
T. Higuchi, T. Sugai, T. Sato, and T. Kayukawa H. Sato, T. Sasaki1, T. Kobori, Y. Enomura, Y. Yamaguchi, W. Sato,
N. Mushiake, K. Honda and N. Shimizu
In this paper, the development of 24-hour monitoring system for
leakage from the dam by using goods on the market will be intro- It is important to research new methods of conducting effective
duced. From the middle of November in 2013, the IWAYA Dam measurements of the external deformation of embankment dams.
Management Office had conducted 24-hour alert condition because External deformations of five rockfill dams in the same SAR data
of unexpected increasing leakage from the dam body and its shal- were measured in about four years, and the results of external
low foundation. The initial monitoring system for leakage volume deformations using SAR data were compared with those by GPS
had some drawbacks in terms of conducting 24-hour alert condi- or conventional survey data. We found that the results of external
tion. Some engineers of the IWAYA Dam assembled ad-hoc mon- deformations using SAR data agreed well with those by GPS or
itoring and alert system developed by using goods on the market, conventional survey data and the average error of the external
such as a smartphone. deformations between SAR and GPS or conventional survey was
about five millimeters.
Suggestions for dam crisis management learned through
The 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Inspection of submerged area with the use of an
underwater camera survey vehicle
H. Okumura, T. Matsumoto, and K. Koyama
Y. Sakamoto, S. Akimoto and K. Kera
On 11th of March, 2011, the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku
Earthquake, with a moment magnitude of 9.0, hit on Numappara Japan Water Agency (JWA) has the standard for the dams as river
dam. Immediately, more than 1,000 l/min of leakage increasing management facilities managed by the JWA. All the daily patrol,
which was assumed to run through caused cracks on the asphaltic inspection, maintenance and repair work, etc. are being imple-
facing was detected. To avoid a possible serious failure, the water mented based on this standard. But for the areas not exposed, there
level was drawn down to the safe one. This paper describes the has been no measure of conducting the visual inspection. JWA
suggestions for dam crisis management learned through these therefore came up with an idea of using an underwater-camera to
responses taken for the Earthquake and also focuses on the impor- inspect the usually submerged part of the facilities and conducted
tance of the usual dam monitoring. the test at concrete arch dam and rockfill dam. As a result, it was
proved that with both dams there were no damage or degradation.
B. 4th Asia Pacific Group Symposium and 9th East Asia Dam Conference, September 2016
Dynamic characteristics of dams evaluated using dam height, dam-reservoir interaction and mechanical properties
of the transverse joints. In addition, the applicability of microtrem-
earthquake monitoring data for safety assessment
or measurement is verified for another method of identifying the
predominant frequency of dams through the in-situ measurement
M. Kashiwayanagi, H. Onishi, N. Osada and S. Hayakawa of an arch dam. It is concluded that the dynamic characteristics of
the dam examined can be utilized as management indices to reveal
Earthquake monitoring is normally conducted in high dams in an abnormal situation or degradation of the dam by detecting their
Japan. Detailed analysis of dam behaviour during an earthquake deviations.
helps to identify the mechanical properties of the dam which could
reflect its current soundness. This paper focuses on the effective
Study on the deformation mechanism of an ageing dam
utilization of earthquake monitoring data for the safety manage-
ment of dams. Data on concrete gravity dams, arch dams and aiming at future deformation prediction
rockfill dams are examined so as to elaborate the management cri-
teria in terms of the response characteristics and the predominant H. Onishi, M. Kashiwayanagi and M. Yoda
frequency. Such dynamic characteristics of concrete dams are for-
mulated with influential factors, which are finally identified as the In evaluation of dam behaviour, deformation monitoring is es-
2018 24
sential. Although most dams show a stable deformation trend, it Investigation and repair on deteriorated transverse joint of
is highly important to confirm whether these trends will continue
Kasabori dam
in the future assuming that the lifespan of a dam is more than 100
years. If unique deformation behaviours have been encountered in
a dam, such as monotonic increase toward the stream direction of H. Kawasaki and S. Iwasaki
the dam and variation in the deformation degree corresponding to
reservoir water level or the ambient temperature, the current defor- Kasabori dam is a concrete gravity dam with height of 74.5m
mation mechanism, future dam behaviour, and also the necessity of completed in 1964 by Niigata prefectural government in a snowy
correspondence should be addressed considering dam safety in the region, for the purposes of flood control and hydropower. It was
future. In this report, we studied the deformation and related data redeveloped in 1973-79 and again in 2011-17 to upgrade its flood
of a 50-year-old concrete gravity dam and interpreted the deforma- control function. The present work, which started in 2014, includes
tion mechanism with the aid of numerical analysis, and conducted heightening the dam by 4m, placing concrete on its downstream
a simulation of dam behaviour in an elastic and steady manner surface to increase its thickness by 2m, renewing its two gates, and
considering the three parameters of reservoir water level, ambient extending its spillway. However, a visual inspection confirmed a
temperature, and sediment depth. The results of the simulation serious increase of water leakage around the J2 transverse joint,
show the consistent dam behaviour against these loads acting on and the extension of cracks along J2 since the first repair in 1973-
the concrete gravity dam usually. 79. Thus, before the main work, repair work started in 2014 and,
cutting down around J2 by line drilling was performed after low-
Application of global positioning system for dam ering the reservoir level. After water-stop installation and steel-bar
reinforcement, the concrete was placed, and the J2 repair work was
deformation monitoring finished by June 2015. Experientially, there were some difficulties
coping with the transverse joint trouble (Kawasaki, H., et al. 2014).
H. Arizono, H. Okumura, H. Onishi and N. Shimizu In this paper, we introduce the investigation process and the repair
work on the traverse joint, and try to explain the mechanism of de-
Renovation of safety monitoring system of existing dams has terioration by earthquakes and heavy freezing-thawing.
been becoming one of main issues for dam owners. In this regard,
Global Positioning System (GPS) has been applied for dam exter-
Improvement of deformation prediction of Rock-fill dam
nal deformation monitoring in considerable numbers of existing
dams in Japan. Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. which is one with GPS measurement
of the electricity utility companies in Japan, and owns rather old
dams for hydropower stations, has started to utilize GPS for dam H. Soda, S. Nigo and N. Sato
deformation monitoring for some years, and it has been applied in
five dams. Since GPS enables to obtain the data more frequently Accurate and continuous data accumulation of deformation mea-
than those obtained by the conventional manual measurement, surement of dam body is important for proper dam safety man-
it is useful to figure out deformation characteristics and its long- agement. Regarding the improvement of the accuracy of rock-fill
term trends more precisely. In addition, since digital data can be dam deformation survey, there are problems that the measurement
obtained automatically and transmitted online, it is also useful to frequency is low and the accuracy may be affected by slight dif-
acquire the status in real time, even if personnel cannot access to ferences in measurement techniques and by observer. In recent
dams. On the other hand, the accuracy of GPS data is prone to be years, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurement system
affected by some external factors such as climate conditions, sur- which enables us to measure the exterior deformation of rock-fill
rounding plants growth. This paper shows continuous monitoring dam bodies continuously, accurately and three-dimensionally have
data of dam deformation by GPS through case histories in five been developed and is experimentally introduced in about 20 dams
dams and their effectiveness as well as countermeasures actually in Japan. The authors, based on the approximate expressions cor-
provided to improve foresaid matters. responding to the long-term settlement of the embankment, have
proposed approximate expressions of settlement and the horizontal
displacement by using the GPS measurement data in Tokuyama
Dam. As a result, predicted deformation by using the approximate
expressions well matched to the value measured by GPS measure-
ment system. Based on the research results in Tokuyama dam, it is
possible to monitor other dams by proposing approximate expres-
sions using the same method that utilizes the features of the GPS of
high precision and continuous observation data.
C. ICOLD 85th Annual Meeting International Symposium in Prague, July 2017
Technical solutions on concrete for Kasabori dam trol function by heightening the dam by 4 m. On the other hand,
this project term was limited to seven years due to disaster resto-
heightening
ration grant project, and the workable days of a year are largely
restricted because of avoiding heavy snow season and flood season.
H. Kawasaki, S. Iwasaki, T. Miyano and Y. Hagiwara So, the major challenge is how to complete the construction in a
short period. The project includes various works such as concrete
Kasabori dam is a gravity-type concrete dam with height of 74.5m placing on the downstream face and crest, renewal of two crest
constructed in 1964 by Niigata Prefecture for the purpose of flood gates, improvement of the spillway and energy dissipater, repair
control, power generation, etc.. After a serious flood damage in of the transverse joint, and grouting to the dam foundation. In this
2011, the redevelopment project started to upgrade the flood con- paper, we focus on the rational designing of dam heightening and
2018
the seismic safety evaluation, the crack control measures and unifi- Deformation monitoring of rockfill dams in normal times
cation of new and old concrete, and the speed up and facilitation of
and after earthquakes using satellite SAR data
complicated work site by precast forms.
H. Sato, T. Sasaki, M. Kondo, T. Kobori, A. Onodera,
Inspection of construction joints in the concrete dam body
Y. Yamaguchi, K. Yoshikawa, D. Sango and Y. Morita
by the impact elastic wave method
For development of efficient and advanced deformation monitoring
S. Ichikawa, T. Kamada, T. Sugiura and N. Hayashi methods for rockfill dams in normal times and after earthquakes,
we studied monitoring methods using satellite SAR (Synthetic Ap-
The deterioration of the horizontal construction joints, which may erture Radar) data. Because satellite SAR doesn’t need any sensors
affect the stability of the dam body is one of the phenomena of the on dam surfaces and it can observe entire surface of rockfill dams
aging concrete dams. The inspection by boring survey has been and obtain data regardless of weather conditions, it is expected to
used to verify the state of the construction joints in the dam body. contribute in monitoring of deformation of rockfill dams. In this
However, there are some problems in taking boring survey because paper, we evaluate external deformation of a rockfill dam using
it is costly, it needs to destroy even a very small portion of the dam satellite SAR data in about four years. The dam has three targets on
body, and it can just check the spots, not the area. Therefore, the the crest for survey and we compared the results of external defor-
study was made on the non-destructive survey method to use the mations by satellite SAR and survey at the points. We found the re-
reflective wave of the elastic wave input by the impact, this method sults of external deformations using satellite SAR data agreed well
was applied for the survey of dam body of which the horizontal with those by survey and the average error of the external deforma-
construction joints might be deteriorated. The following points tions between SAR and survey was about several millimeters. We
were revealed: Estimation of the state of the construction joints also investigated tendency of external deformations of dam surface
by this method coincided with that from the boring survey from a where survey had not been conducted. In addition, we conducted
practical standpoint.; This method enabled us to grasp the deterio- studies of deformation monitoring after earthquakes using satellite
rated construction joint area in the concrete dam body. Additional- SAR data to grasp damage on rockfill dams by 2016 Kumamoto
ly, proper set-up of the strength of sound portion and deteriorated earthquake. We found satellite SAR data could detect small defor-
portion of the construction joints enabled us to judge the safety of mation of rockfill dams by the earthquake.
the dam body.
D. ICOLD 86th Annual Meeting International Symposium and 26th ICOLD World Congress in Vienna, July 2018
External deformation monitoring of nineteen rockfill dams mined on the basis of data accumulated over a period of several
tens of years. Because of considerable temperature fluctuations,
using satellite SAR data
however, that are thought to be attributable to climate change in
recent years, assumed temperature fluctuations have become in-
H. Sato, M. Kondo, T. Koboir, R. Ishikawa, T. Sasaki, W. Sato, creasingly greater. Consequently, analytical results tend to deviate
N. Mushiake, T. Sato and K. Honda from actual concrete conditions so that thermal cracking risk is
growing not only in the block under consideration but also at other
It is important to research new methods of conducting effective locations. To address this problem, therefore, a three-dimensional
measurements of the external deformation of embankment dams. model covering the entire dam structure including the foundation
In this paper, based on data collected by Synthetic Aperture Radar bedrock is constructed to conduct thermal stress analysis and deter-
(SAR) satellite, a basic examination was carried out regarding the mine the thermal cracking index distribution over the entire dam.
applicability of SAR to the external deformation measurement On the basis of the results thus obtained, multiple blocks having a
of rockfill dams. Because no measurement facilities on the dam relatively high probability of occurrence of thermal cracking are
surfaces are needed for SAR, SAR technique will lead to cost re- identified, and detailed two-dimensional thermal stress analysis is
duction for external deformation measurements of embankment conducted. At the time of concrete placement, changes in concrete
dams. This paper reports the results of satellite SAR based external temperature are monitored continuously by use of temperature
deformation monitoring of nineteen rockfill dams in Japan in about sensors installed in the dam body, and the measurement results are
two years from late 2014 to early 2016. The results of external checked against concrete temperature history simulation results
deformations using satellite SAR data were compared with those based on past atmospheric temperature data. If the temperature
by GPS or electro-optical survey data. We found that the results of difference is greater than predicted, appropriate control measures
external deformations using satellite SAR data agreed well with such as regulation of temperature and cooling can be taken. In the
those by existing geodetic data and the average error of the external newly developed system, the relationship between the temperature
deformations between SAR and existing geodetic survey was about difference between the exterior and interior of dam concrete and
five millimeters. the thermal cracking index is determined so that thermal cracking
risk can be managed quantitatively by use of the thermal cracking
index calculated from the temperature difference.
The risk management of thermal cracking for concrete
dams subjected to unprecedented temperature fluctuations
Empirical evaluation of seepage of fill-dams using
due to climate change
reservoir level and rainfall
E. Hasegawa, Y. Miyata and T. Kase
H. Soda, J. Ishiguro, K. Otagaki and K. Kishida
Temperature data used in thermal stress analysis are usually deter- Seepage of fill dams is generally measured by observation equip-
2018 26
ment installed on the downstream side of the cutoff zone in the landslides around reservoirs” was published by the Japan Institute
dam body and at the toe of the slope. Seepage is an important item of Construction Engineering. This manual was revised in July 2009
measured to evaluate the safety of a dam, but seepage of a dam as the guideline titled “Technical Guideline for investigations and
is impacted by noise such as the rise or fall of the RWL or the countermeasures of a landslide around a reservoir” by the Ministry
rainfall, so safety of a dam is evaluated only during a period when of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation. Uniform and systematic
these impacts can be ignored and assuming that seepage has not investigations and stability analyses can be performed based on the
increased from the past level at the same level. The authors have manual and the guideline. Not one disaster has ever been caused
attempted to evaluate seepage behavior based on the range of past by a reservoir landslide in Japan, because suitable countermeasures
RWLs and seepage quantity at a sampled dam that was constructed are taken based on the results of many kinds investigations of res-
30 years ago. This paper presents the range ervoir landslides.
of seepage based on past RWLs and rainfall and proposes an evalu-
ation method based on this range. Application of the transfer function matrix method in a
dam engineering
History and present state of investigations on landslides
caused by reservoir filling: A review M. Kashiwayanagi and Z. Cao
Y. Wakizaka Transfer function is essential for the seismic design and safety
evaluation, etc. of structures. In order to improve the evaluation
The internationally most famous landslide caused by reservoir accuracy of the transfer function, the authors proposed the transfer
landslide is the landslide at the Vajont Dam in Italy in 1963. Be- function matrix method considering mutual interference between
fore the occurrence of the landslide at the Vajont Dam, reservoir vibration directions. In this study, the applicability of the proposed
landslides occurred at many Japanese dams such as the Ishibuchi method in the field of dam engineering is investigated. It has been
Dam, Shichikawa Dam, Naruko Dam, Kanogawa Dam and Futase concluded that the proposed method can give out more recogniz-
Dam. Since the occurrence of the landslide at the Vajont Dam, able dynamic characteristics than the conventional method. It is
reservoir landslides occurred at the Shimokubo Dam, Shingu applicable to the earthquake response prediction of dams at low
Dam, Yanase Dam, Odo Dam, Hachisu Dam and Takizawa Dam. cost without relying on a numerical model. Furthermore, it shows
In 1995, a manual titled “Investigations and countermeasures for the possibility for utilizing in the deterioration diagnosis of dams.
Theme 2 New construction technology
A. 4th Asia Pacific Group Symposium and 9th East Asia Dam Conference, September 2016
The underwater excavation by the shaft-style underwater Construction of a coastal levee at Hamamatsu city
excavator T-iROBO UW coastline using trapezoidal CSG dam technology
N. Yachi, H. Miura,and A. Ueyama N. Itoh, T. Suzuki, S. Terada, T. Fujisawa, Y. Kinouchi and

N. Yasuda
In order to solve the problems caused by deterioration and the in-
efficiency of the conventional method in redevelopment of existing In order to mitigate giant tsunami damage predicted to occur on the
dams, a shaft-style underwater construction machine (T-iROBO Hamamatsu city coastline, a coastal levee higher than Level-1 tsu-
UW) was developed and utilized in the Amagase Dam redevelop- nami is being constructed about17.5 km from Lake Hamana to the
ment project in Uji city, Kyoto prefecture. The machine is operated mouth of the Tenryu river. Here, Level-1 tsunami is a tidal wave
remotely to ascend, descend, rotate, to crash and gather the rock which occurs as the result of an earthquake of magnitude (M) 8
using a power shovel that is fixed to a shaft that goes down from with the return period of roughly 100-year to 150-year along Suru-
the barge to the lake bottom, for underwater works. The underwater ga-trough and Nankai-trough. The planned coastal levee is located
excavation is carried out while observing several monitors at the on a long sandy beach with a seaside protection forest parallel to it
same time. One of the monitors shows landform of the lake bottom on the north side. Considering the conservation of valuable plants
in 3D graphics, using the data obtained by investigation of sonar and animals, the seriously eroded shoreline, and the scenic appear-
device. On the 3D graphics of landform, the movement of the ance of the site, basically the ground level of the seaside protection
power shovel is featured in animation, by measuring the angles of forest is raised and CSG (Cemented Sand and Gravel) is placed at
the arm of the power shovel. The ultrasonic camera is used to pro- the center of the levee section and the outer sections are construct-
vide the operator a real-time image on the other monitor. It is also ed as earth dikes. The planned coastal levee is required to have
possible to replace attachments of the power shovel, and currently tenacity enabling it to withstand overflow of Tsunami but, strength
the underwater breaker, bucket, and pump are being used. This is a equal to that of a concrete structure is not needed, so a CSG struc-
report of the development of T-iROBO UW and its performance. ture, which has been developed by dam engineering, is adopted for
the internal portion of the levee.
2018
Construction of Gokayama Dam by the cruising RCD water content of fine-grained and wet soils is an important issue for
the improvement of core quality. In this background, we developed
construction method
a machine called “Mantis”, which can blend fine-grained soil and
coarse-grained material efficiently even though the mix has a very
R. Nishiyama, M. Yugeta, T. Toyomasu, H. Yotsumoto, T. Fujisawa, high content of fines and water. We used a crawler type soil mixing
Y. Kinouchi and N. Yasuda machine, called “Stabilizer” which was improved with a fan for
sending hot air produced with engine’s exhausted heat. Finally, we
RCD (Roller Compacted Dam-Concrete) construction method was carried out a trial blending test at the stock yard. We found that the
developed as a rationalizing dam concrete placing method and has processed material was well mixed and its water content was re-
been used to speed up the construction works of concrete gravity duced.
dams. The cruising RCD construction method adopted to construct
Gokayama Dam has been developed to aim for even more rational-
Large-scale dam body drilling by Tsuruda Dam
izing dam concrete placing, and which improves construction work
efficiency by advancing the placing procedure of the internal RCD, redevelopment project
so it enables the continuous placement of dam concrete and en-
ables placement of concrete more speedily. In Gokayama Dam, the K.Kaji, K. Oobayashi, K. Miyahara, T. Fujisawa, H. Yoshida and
slumping concrete is placed in the outer concrete and RCD is place N. Yasuda
in the inner concrete. Originally, the RCD is not placed unless the
placement of slumping concrete is finished in one lift. The cruising
RCD construction method is that the placement of RCD starts from The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is
one side of the dam site, while the slumping concrete is placed at now redeveloping Tsuruda Dam. The objective of the project is to
the other side of the dam site. In that case, the RCD is placed at improve its flood control function by increasing its flood control
the next lift. Simultaneously, the RCD and slumping concrete are capacity and installing 3 additional large outlets for flood control.
placed at different two lifts. The placement of RCD antecedent to Remarkable features of the project are its large scale: 6m diameter
that of the slumping concrete enables this execution, unlike the holes and 4.8m diameter outlet. And the height of the dam crest
conventional RCD construction method in which the slumping above the holes is more than 60m. This work had to be executed
concrete is placed antecedent to that of RCD. while ensuring Tsuruda Dam’s flood control and water supply
functions, requiring the construction of a cofferdam in the reservoir
before drilling the dam body. Because underwater work at the large
Construction of Apporo trapezoidal CSG dam
depth was necessary, we developed a new type of floating coffer-
dam. This report introduces an outline of large-scale dam body
S. Yoshimura, S. Takasugi, M. Konno, T. Fujisawa, H. Yoshida and drilling at Tsuruda Dam redevelopment project.
N. Yasuda
Proposal of the rationalization of dam construction quality
The Apporo Dam is the second trapezoidal CSG dam in Hokkaido,
following the Tobetsu Dam. At the Apporo Dam, the shale is used control
as the CSG material, which is the dam body material, and the dam
is constructed on the foundation of the shale and shale-sandstone H. Yoshida and M. Kusumi
alternative layer. Shale has the characteristic which causes the slak-
ing phenomenon when it is dried, so various technical studies were The Dam Construction Technology Research Group of the Japan
conducted to prepare for its use. For the concrete gravity dam, shale Society of Dam Engineers studied rationalization of the quality
or mudstone cannot be used as the aggregates, so the aggregate for control of the dam construction work. We surveyed many cases of
the Apporo Dam with original concrete gravity type was planned to quality control of dam construction executed in recent years and
purchase from quarry place. Furthermore, the foundation surface of conducted a study based on execution data concerning the possi-
the dam is extremely uneven and bumpy, so the investigation was bility of rationalizing quality control. Based on the results of this
carried out to select the execution machinery. According to the ex- study, we proposed the rationalization of quality control of future
tent and depth of undulation, the proper spreading and compaction dam construction work.
machinery are used in the Apporo Dam. As existing Tobetsu Dam
and Kim Dam with trapezoidal CSG type had an even foundation
Development of embankment material grading control
surface, large-size construction machine was chosen. So, this kind
of investigation has an important role for the construction of the continuous management system using three-dimensional
new Trapezoidal CSG dams. image processor
Development of a crawler type soil mixing machine with M. Fujiwara, W. Nakane, I. Miyairi, M. Omata, T. Otake,
dryer function I. Kobayashi, T. Hashizume and A. Nakamura
S. Yamada, T. Temmyo, T. Koshida, I. Sandanbata, H. Itoh and In dam construction, grading control of embankment material is
A. Yamagishi of vital importance in quality control. The conventional practice is
to take samples and carry out sieve analyses at regular intervals,
which is both labor- and time-consuming. When constructing a
This paper describes a newly developed soil mixing machine with trapezoidal dam with cemented sand and gravel, it is standard prac-
dryer function. Regarding the core embankment of rock-fill dams, tice to produce embankment material by mixing locally available
fine-grained soil and coarse-grained gravel must be mixed uni- earth material such as riverbed deposits and excavated material
formly and efficiently in the stockpile. When the fine-grained soil with cement and water. In order to achieve the required strength of
is relatively wet, compared to optimum water content, blended soil embankment material, therefore, grading control checks need to be
becomes difficult to be mixed uniformly because fine-grained soil made to ensure that its strength is kept within the allowable range.
tends to become what is called “clay lumps”. Therefore reducing The authors have developed a new continuous grading manage-
2018 28
ment system using three-dimensional image processing technol- thereby determining particle size distribution. The usefulness of the
ogy. The newly developed system makes real-time monitoring of system has been verified by using it for a countermeasure against
grading possible by irradiating line laser light onto the material on landslide in which cemented sand and gravel embankment material
the conveyor, calculating the volume of particles of each size from was used. This paper introduces the new system and reports the
the image data continuously acquired with a digital camera and field verification results.
B. ICOLD 85th Annual Meeting International Symposium in Prague, July 2017
Dam concrete compaction management system Analyzing sizes from continuous image data obtained with a digital camera
and determining particle size distribution in real time. By using
concrete vibration to decide when to stop compacting
particle size distribution measurements obtained from the newly
developed system in combination with moisture content measure-
K. Uekoua, H. Furuyab, W. Nakanec and S. Sakazume ments obtained with radioisotope moisture meters, the quantities
of cement and water to be added to produce cemented fill materials
Compaction of concrete is of vital importance in dam construction can be controlled in real time. This report deals with functions of a
when trying to attain the required water-tightness, durability and fully automatic cementitious mix production system consisting of
strength of the dam body. Viback concrete vibrator systems are these components.
usually used to compact conventional slumpable mixes. Decision
as to when to stop compacting, however, is largely dependent on
Construction of a coastal levee in Natsui District,
compaction time and empirical judgment based on visual obser-
vation, and there are no established quantitative criteria. There is Fukushima Prefecture using trapezoidal CSG dam
concern, therefore, about problems such as segregation resulting technology
from inadvertent failure to perform compaction, incomplete com-
paction and excessive compaction. To solve these problems, a new T. Okeda, H. Igari, N. Yasuda, Y. Kobayashi and A. Takei
dam concrete compaction management system has been developed.
The new system directly measures changing concrete vibration
with acceleration sensors and analyzes vibration waveforms so that The coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture suffered enormous
an objective judgment can be made as to when to stop compacting damage from the tsunami caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast
and numerical data can be recorded. The system makes it possible of Tohoku Earthquake, and most of the coastal levees were dam-
to make the best decision as to when to stop compacting, regardless aged catastrophically. Completed in October 2013, Natsui District
of the operator’s experience or expertise. Coast was the first coastal levee to be constructed in Fukushima
Prefecture as a restoration and reconstruction project. The length
of the coastal levee is 920 m, and the crest height (TP; Tokyo Peil)
Construction of a tunnel spillway at large water depth
is 7.2 m. The levee volume is 60,000 m3, and 40,000 m3 of that is
made using CSG (Cemented Sand and Gravel), which was made
K. Takahata, R. Yoshioka and A. Konagai with concrete debris from the earthquake together with cement and
water. This is the world’s first application of the design and con-
To increase of the flood control capacity of the dam which has struction method of trapezoidal CSG dams to a coastal levee. By
passed through the half century after completion, the large-scale adopting this method, not only does it have a “persistent” structure
tunnel spillway with a diameter of 11.5m was newly constructed toward overflows of sea wave, but both material cost and disposal
at the abutment of dam under water of 33m. The most important cost were reduced by using concrete debris from the earthquake,
task was a construction of intake shaft of steel pipe sheet pile at the which has to be handled as general waste. In addition, we were
upper end of the tunnel which act as an intake part of new spillway able to greatly shorten the construction period: it took about seven
and also serves as a temporary coffering, and measures to stop gush months to complete the main part of the coastal levee.
out of water at the joint part with tunnel. For solving these engi-
neering problems, we performed stress analysis and quantitatively
Trial mix and full-scale trial embankment for RCC dam at
grasp the stress distribution of the intake shaft in the constructing
stage and joint excavation of tunnel that has been constructed from Nam Ngiep 1 hydropower project
the downstream. Based on the result of the analysis, we made mon-
itoring plan of shaft displacement and performed countermeasures Y. Aosaka, T. Seoka, B. A. Forbes, J. Cockcroft, Y. Murakami
for reliable water tightness around the intake shaft and tunnel joint- and M. Asakawa
ing part. As a result of these countermeasures, the construction of
the tunnel under the water was safely completed without suffering
by large water gush out from the intake shaft. The Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project (290MW) in Lao PDR is
presently under construction (2014-2019). A Roller Compacted
Concrete (RCC) gravity dam, 167m height is being built in a nar-
Proposing a fully automatic cementitious mix production
row V-shaped gorge. A total of 2.3 million cubic metres of RCC is
system planned to be placed in 26 months, as a continuous process through
wet and dry seasons using the Slope Layer Method (SLM) for
M. Fujiwara, I. Miyairi and S. Sakazume placing RCC. The principal materials are cement and fly ash, im-
ported from Thailand, and locally quarried sandstone/conglomerate
The authors have developed a continuous grading management sys- aggregate. This Paper discusses the programme of off-site and on-
tem using a three-dimensional image processor capable of irradi- site trial mixes that were conducted between 2008-2015 to obtain
ating line laser light to CSG (cemented sand and gravel) materials a stable, durable and economical RCC mix design, the full-scale
on a belt conveyor, calculating the volumes of particles of different trial embankment, and the construction of the left bank wing wall
2018
of the regulating dam and the secondary upstream cofferdam to the compaction amount, joint treatment, compressive and direct tensile
main dam, that were carried out from 2015-2016. The full-scale strength, in-situ permeability testing, and finally as observed in full
trial embankment confirmed and evaluated the variability of RCC section cuts made through the trial embankment by band sawing
and the Grout Enriched RCC (GE-RCC), the placement charac- cutting.
teristics, with respect to the machinery used, the layers thickness,
C. ICOLD 86th Annual Meeting International Symposium and 26th ICOLD World Congress in Vienna, July 2018
Design of a Tsunami coastal levee using trapezoidal CSG Suruga-trough and Nankai-trough. The planned coastal levee is lo-
cated on a long sandy beach, parallel to a seaside protection forest
technology and quality control during CSG production
on the north side. Its location imposed the design requirements for
(Coastal of Hamamatsu city) the conservation of valuable fauna and flora, and scenic appear-
ance, and for the restoration of the seriously eroded shoreline. The
N. Itoh, T. Takada, S. Terada, N. Yasuda, T. Nakashima and M. levee of CSG (Cemented Sand and Gravel) placed at the center and
Tanaka surrounded with embankment are applied for raising the ground
elevation of the seaside protection forest. The planned coastal le-
vee is required to have tenacity enabling it to withstand overflow
In order to mitigate giant tsunami damage predicted to occur on of Tsunami, but strength equal to that of a concrete structure is not
the Hamamatsu City Coastline, a coastal levee higher than Level-1 needed, so a CSG structure, which has been developed by dam en-
Tsunami is being constructed about 17.5 km from Lake Hamana gineering, is adopted for the internal portion of the levee. Further-
to the mouth of the Tenryu River. Here, Level-1 Tsunami is a tidal more, the usage of ICT is also attempted to rationalize and advance
wave which occurs as the result of an earthquake of magnitude (M) quality control of CSG material.
8 with the return period of roughly 100 year-150 year cycle along
Theme 3 Flood, spillway and outlet works
Planning and design of additional discharge facilities in The arrangement of additional discharge facilities is restricted due
to the layout of the existing facilities of the dam. In this paper,
Japan
we explain the considerations in the planning and design of the
additional discharge facilities in accordance with purposes and
N. Hakoishi, T. Sakurai and T. Ikeda types of a facility. In addition, we describe the design approach of
additional discharge facilities which are to be installed by drilling a
Additional discharge facilities to the existing dam are hardly concrete gravity dam.
planned in the design and construction stages of the existing dam.
Gate operation support table of Ohno flood control dam charge to prevent overtopping are one of the most serious matters
for operation managers. In above situation, MOPO (minimum out-
against excess flood inflow
flow to prevent overtopping) table, which was developed by Public
Works Research Institute Japan, was employed by Ohno dam for
J. Kashiwai, T. Kubozonoand T. Takada supporting the operation judgment. MOPO is obtained through
the gate operation simulation in the large inflow condition which
Flood control operation requires smaller discharge than inflow. reaches to the design inflow. If the outflow at the time in the pair of
This operation raises water level of a reservoir, and cannot be inflow and water level condition is greater than MOPO, future wa-
continued until reservoir water level reaches to the dam design ter level must be controlled under the dam design flood stage with-
flood stage. Flood control operation mode should be changed into out extreme outflow increase. This paper will show the simulation
overtopping prevention mode in an appropriate way at a certain conditions for the Ohno dam’s MOPO table. They consist of the
inflow and water level condition during excess flood inflow. Mode inflow condition, gate movement restrictions and outflow increase
changing timing and the gate operation ways for increasing dis- limitations.
2018 30
Experimental study of ski jump spillway at the Nam Study on scouring phenomena at downstream of dam
Ngiep1 Hydropower Project in Laos during flood control
T. Takahashi, Y. Murakami, M. Asakawa, S. Tsutsui and Y. Aosaka Y. Kitamura and S. Takagi
The Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project in Laos is under construc- Funagira Dam was built at the most downstream of the Tenryu
tion: two dams and two powerhouses with total installed capacity River in 1977. The spillway facilities were designed to handle the
of 290MW. A 167 m roller compacted (RCC) dam is being con- design discharge of up to 11,130 m3/s under gross head of 10m
structed in the narrow valley and will be equipped with a ski jump to 18m. The energy dissipation at downstream of the dam was
spillway with multiple flip bucket. Hydraulic model tests have been designed as the hydraulic jump-type on the bed protection blocks.
carried out in order to confirm the effect of deflectors and alterna- The dam has been experienced several large flood events during
tive flip bucket geometries which promote increased longitudinal the last about 40 years after the completion. The protection blocks
dispersion of the water jets and diving zones downstream in the were damaged and the scouring downstream foundation of the dam
river course. was begun in the early stage, and up to 6,300 measure blocks were
continually put on. In recent time, nonetheless, the flood events in
2011, was larger and longer period of flood with maximum flood
Development of new maintenance program for scouring
about 6.396 m3/s, and the scouring increased to the severe condi-
measures at downstream of dam tion at the foot and stability of dam. In this paper the experimental
study results and knowledge with the field observation, mathemat-
S. Takagi, M. Sato and Y. Kitamura ical model tests, and the vertical 2-dimensional and the fully 3-di-
mensional hydraulic scale model tests were introduced to evaluate
Energy dissipations at downstream of dam have to be sufficient to the scouring processes and to determine the long-term measures.
reduce the stream power and to pass the flood discharge safely. The
scouring at downstream foundation of dam and spillway structure
Study on validity of the hydroelectric dam operation
is especially a major topic in presence of hydraulic structures for
flood control. By utilizing the obtained information, we will fur- adopted GSM and the information about typhoons
ther and continuously make our all efforts to securely carry out the
existing erosion measures and long-term measures at downstream H. Takakura, T. Matsubara, E. Nakakita and N. Takada
of dam to stabilize the dam, to thoroughly keep and control the
environment including the dam and the river, and to respond to the In recent years, unusual rainfalls and floods have increased, and
problems found as the results of the measures. They are including social demands are increasing that hydroelectric power dams,
checks and reviews for the maintenance and control standards, which have no function for flood-control originally, function as the
plans, and countermeasures. In this paper the new maintenance flood-control dam. The long-term rainfall forecast is needed for
program was explained and introduced the process of setting up the hydroelectric power dam to have the flood-control function by
by the experimental study with the field observation, mathematical lowering reservoir water level with power generation. In this study,
model tests, and the hydraulic scale model tests. The program was a new proposed weather and flood forecasting method, which
appropriately to be examined through the various observation and combines the efficient formulation of GSM (Japan Meteorologi-
tests about the topics of during construction of scouring measures cal Agency’s Global Spectral Model) and the information about
and maintenance for the existing dam. typhoons, was applied to Ikehara and Kazeya hydroelectric power
dams at Kumano river basin and evaluated. The results showed
that the new flood-control method had the applicability to the dam
operations in terms of the reductions of the max discharge from the
dams.
Theme 4 Earthquakes and dams
The seismic analysis of an earth-fill dam on thick tive stress with dynamic analyses using Finite Element Methods
(FEM). According to these analyses, the dam’s crest subsidence is
liquefiable ground and countermeasures against a large
limited after the earthquake due to the restriction of the liquefac-
earthquake tion potential by adopting the counterweight filling method.
T. Kato, T. Honda and S. Kawato
This paper introduces the seismic analysis of an earth-fill dam on a

thick layer of liquefiable ground and countermeasures that can be
taken to counteract the effect of a large earthquake by using effec-
2018
Experimental study on seismic response behavior of fill then the effects of the dam’s shape and the direction of the input
wave on the seismic response behaviour were verified. From the
dams influenced by dam’s shapes and input wave’s direc-
results of the experiment, the point at which the maximum acceler-
tions ation values were recorded during the shaking in the stream and the
dam axis directions was found to be right above the deepest part of
Y. Hayashida, S. Masukawa, I. Asano and H. Tagashira the dam’s valley. It was clarified that the response orthogonal to the
shaking direction could arise depending on the shapes of the dam,
The characteristics of the seismic behaviour of fill-type dams were the direction, and the dominant frequencies of the input waves.
examined by shaking table tests, in which three shapes of dam In particular, in the case of shaking in the dam axis direction, the
models, namely, symmetric about both a maximum cross section point at which no response could be incited appeared on the crest
and a dam axis, symmetric about only a dam axis, and asymmetric of the dam depending on the shape of the dam and the dominant
about both a maximum cross section and a dam axis, were shaken frequencies of input waves.
separately in the stream direction and in the dam axis direction, and
Study of seismic performance evaluation method for Efficient repairing and reinforcement method for AFRD
concrete gravity dams on low stiffness foundation damaged by the earthquake
T. Shiono, C. Yamaguchi, Y. Nakano and T. Tsukada T. Tsukada, M. Shimazaki and T. Mizuno
For evaluation of seismic performance of concrete gravity dams We developed the effective repairing method for asphalt facing of
which are constructed on low-stiffness foundation, we should the Yashio dam, asphalt facing rock fill dam (AFRD) constructed
consider the permanent settlement of foundation due to earth- for the upper reservoir of the Shiobara pumped storage power
quake loading in addition to stress of dam body and foundation. plant of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, where cracks
However the Guidelines for Seismic Performance Evaluation of occurred by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, to complete repairing
Dams against Large Earthquakes (draft) in Japan don’t mention works in a short period so as to resume power generation imme-
how to estimate the permanent settlement of foundation. So, we diately. The developed repairing method was consisted of asphalt
studied the evaluation method, which is using FEM dynamic anal- mastic using asphaltic material developed for the purpose of im-
ysis by equivalent linearizing method, modeling the foundation as proving deformation performance under a low temperature, here-
non-linear material and calculating the settlement by cumulative inafter we call it “low elastic asphalt”, and asphalt impregnated
damage. Then we conducted the centrifugal loading vibration test non-woven sheet. We completed the repairing works in about only
and numerical analysis to estimate that the method we studied was one month, because we limited the removing area by covering the
reliable enough to be used for the first stage evaluation of seismic low elastic asphalt mastic of 10 cm width and 5 cm thickness, as a
performance of concrete gravity dams on low-stiffness foundation. buffer part absorbing the strain, on the cracks leaving in the layer
underneath from the forth layer to the bottom layer of the asphalt
facing consisted of seven layers. In addition, it was estimated that
An experimental study on permeability of soils under shear
the cracks occurred by the strain concentration of the crest con-
deformation using remodeled torsional shear apparatus crete block joint connecting the asphalt facing, the facing near the
concrete block joints were also reinforced using low elastic asphalt
A. Hisano and M. Takabatake mixtures.
We remodeled the apparatus for torsional shear test on hollow cy-

Seismic analysis based on results of the laboratory shaking
lindrical specimen of soils in order to examine the relationship be-
tween the shear deformation and the permeability of the impervious table tests for the dam-model
material for rock fill dams. As a fundamental approach concerning
the permeability change of impervious materials deformed by the M. Matsuura, H. Ieda, H. Tagashira and S. Sato
vertical offset, we conducted the permeability test using the appa-
ratus. Firstly, we conducted TEST 1 that was the permeability test As Japan frequently suffers large earthquakes, a safety collation
method for test material deformed by turning the swivel in steps, of performance against earthquake for aged fill-dams is an urgent
while keeping the test pressure constant. We assumed that the co- issue. But an application of technique to maintain high resistance
efficient of permeability obtained from TEST 1 was similar to that to earthquake based on results of quantitative analysis is limited.
obtained from JIS A 1218:2009. Secondly, we conducted TEST 2 First we have taken one step of arranging examples which analyzed
whose purpose is evaluation of water resistance of deformed test conditions and problems about present design techniques for earth-
material against high water pressure as severe condition beyond quake-resistance. The series of the example of the seismic-stability
realistic situation. As the result of TEST 1, test material was not analysis for the fill-dams is shown in this paper, in which reduction
measured the increasing characteristics of coefficient of permeabil- of undrained strength in saturated zone, liquefaction of dam body
ity under shear deformed condition. The result of TEST 2 indicates and foundation and the non-linear property of loose dam body were
that consolidation pressure has a influence on the increasing char- taken into account. Then we introduce the results for the shaking
acteristic of coefficient of permeability of test material. table tests, which we can demonstrate and inspect the applicability
of examination methods for earthquake-resistance. In the tests, six
2018 32
cases using silica sand were carried out on the 1G field of a small settlement and the deformation for the tests were investigated. And
dam with many sensors and centrifugal force field of 60G corre- we present consideration about diagnosis and its procedure to sup-
sponding to an actual dam height. Three cases of the tests were port a rational and appropriate evaluation.
conducted in the seepage condition. The response acceleration, the
Three-dimensional behavior properties and reproduction Study on the mechanism of the peculiar behaviors of
analysis of an arch dam during large-scale earthquakes Aratozawa Dam in The 2008 Earthquake
H. Sakamoto, N. Sato and N. Tomida N. Yasuda, N. Matsumoto, M. Naruoka and , Z. Cao
This study analyzed the following earthquake records at the Yagi- During the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Earthquake (M7.2) of June 14,
sawa Dam, which is managed by the Japan Water Agency, in order 2008, seismic motions with the maximum acceleration of 10.24
to clarify the three dimensional behavior of arch dams during cm/s2 in the stream direction were recorded at the foundation bed-
large-scale earthquakes: (a) microtremor records measured simul- rock of Aratozawa dam, a rockfill dam located approximately 16km
taneously at 14 points, (b) small earthquake measurement records from the epicenter. However, the maximum response acceleration
obtained simultaneously by seismographs installed at 6 points, and in the same direction near the center of the dam crest was 5.25 m/
(c) maximum earthquake records (6.56m/s2 at center of dam crest). s2, and the acceleration amplification ratio of the dam body was
The behavior at the Yagisawa Dam found in (c) during a 6.56m/s2 far lower than that normally considered for a rockfill dam. Further-
earthquake record was difficult to reproduce based on three-dimen- more, it was measured that the crest settled down 19.8 cm after the
sional FEM analysis, which is generally used in Japan, but were re- earthquake. In this study the dynamical properties of the embank-
produced with high precision by analysis using revised foundation ment materials have been identified with the reproduction analysis
ground – dam body – reservoir coupling conditions. of the past earthquakes, and the recorded behaviors of the dam
body during the mentioned strong earthquake have been simulated.
The generating mechanism of the peculiar earthquake behavior has
Studies on extensibility of asphalt face and effective
been investigated based on the results of earthquake response anal-
reinforcement based on AFRD damaged by the earthquake ysis. Furthermore, in order to understand the deformation mecha-
nism, sliding stability analysis and cumulative damage analysis are
T. Tsukada, M. Shimazaki, T. Mizuno and Y. Matsumoto performed. According to the results, the residual deformation of the
dam body after the strong earthquake is inferred to be caused by
The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake triggered cracking in the asphalt face the shaking settlement of the embankment materials.
of Yashio Dam, which extended for 70-80 m from the crest almost
running parallel to the abutment on both sides. This asphalt-face
Centrifugal model test for destruction of dam body induced
rock-fill dam was located about 300 km from the epicenter. The
maximum observed acceleration was around 0.05 m/s 2 at the by the liquefaction of its foundation
foundation and around 0.25 m/s2 at the crest, not necessarily in-
tensecompared to the levels envisaged in the design (0.266 m/s2 Y. Hayashida, H. Tagashira and S. Masukawa
at the foundation and 1.0 m/s2 at the crest). Nevertheless, the dam
was damaged. Therefore, the conditions of cracking were studied Huge earthquakes have been occurred frequently in Japan and there
in detail on site in combination with indoor testing and dynamic are about 1200 irrigation fill dams which have passed over 50 years
response analysis to reproduce and compute the behavior of the after construction. Some of such irrigation fill dams (especially,
dam during the earthquake. As a result, the cracking was presumed earth dams) have the problem about leakage and loss of cross sec-
to have appeared when strains concentrated on a block joint of tion by aging. In these dams, countermeasures to constructing im-
the crest concrete. The further downward propagation along the pervious zone on the upper slope of dam body as countermeasure
slope was probably caused by strains from displacement by the against leakage and reinforcement are adopted frequently. Purpose
earthquake and thermal contraction from the drop in the water of this study is to acquire the fundamental scientific knowledge
level, which concentrated at the tips of the cracks. Indoor tests and about deformation and destruction behaviors of dam body with
simulations by dynamic analysis were conducted to validate the inclined core zoning, especially, in sight of the liquefaction of its
presumed causes of crack propagation. A method was devised to foundation which is one of principal factor to induce large defor-
repair the cracks while ensuring adequate performance of the as- mation during earthquake. Destruction mechanism of dam body
phalt face consisting of a total of seven layers. In this method, only developed by interactions among liquefiable foundation, dam body
three layers were cut out and replaced with a material resembling and reserved water are verified by the centrifugal liquefaction ex-
a joint sealant that contained polymer-modified asphalt with great periment. From results, it is clarified that dam body effects to the
deformation following performance even in cold temperatures. behavior of pore water pressure in the liquefiable layer. Increased
The material’s composition was also determined by taking the value of pore water pressure under shaking become several times
workability into account. Before the repair work, a simulation test when dam body exists. However, retrofitting at the toe of down-
was conducted with a sample to make sure that the method not stream slope of dam body can inhibit the typical increasing of pore
involving cutting and replacement down to the bottom layer would water pressure. And it is supposed that behavior of pore water pres-
provide comparable or greater deformation following performance sure in liquefiable layer closely related to the deformation behavior
than the existing asphalt face. The same material from the repair of dam body. Fracture of dam body with inclined core develop
work was used at the crest area that experienced the strain concen- progressively according to the interactions among liquefiable foun-
tration. A structure was devised and constructed to follow even a dation and dam body. And it is supposed that deformation of up-
large strain after a simulation by numerical analysis. stream slope of dam body is dominant factor to induce catastrophic
2018
destruction of dam body. Retrofit at the toe of downstream can of suitable embankment materials, the embankments of many of
restrain such deformation and, even though dam body damage sev- these small-scale dams have an insufficient degree of compaction.
erally, catastrophic destruction inducing over topping is prevented. The reconstruction of the Fujinuma Dam, a small-scale dam in
Fukushima Prefecture, which was destroyed by the Great East Ja-
pan Earthquake, incurring loss of human lives, is described in this
Discussion on the mechanism of the destruction of a small-
paper. The safety standard for the reconstruction of the Fujinuma
scale dam by The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Dam was defined as “constructing a safe and reliable dam that is
reconstruction and reinforcement overwhelmingly more seismic resistant than the failed old dam,”
based on the results of analysis of the causes of the failure of the
T. Miura, M. Matsuura, T. Tanaka, F. Tatsuoka and Y. Mohri old dam. The technical goal for the reconstruction was defined as
“ensuring the safety of the dam against the largest possible ground
motion expected in future.” As the new dam had to be constructed
In Japan, where rice farming is the main agricultural activity, the as a high-quality dam with a larger degree of compaction than the
advancement of civil engineering technology has facilitated the old one to satisfy the standard and achieve the goal, a standard for
development of new paddy fields and new agricultural facilities the degree of saturation, which had not been used in the conven-
and there are approximately 210,000 small-scale dams that irri- tional dam construction, was defined for the reconstruction of the
gate farmland in areas where there are no large rivers. Many of Fujinuma Dam. The design and the results of the execution control
these small-scale dams are earthfill dams. Because of the shortage tests are discussed in this paper.
Theme 5 Reservoir sedimentation and sustainable development
Positive effects of reservoir sedimentation management on Development of a bedload transport measuring system for
reservoir life: Examples from Japan sediment bypass tunnels in Japan
C Auel, SA Kantoush and T Sumi T. Koshiba, T. Sumi, D. Tsutsumi, S. Kantoush and C. Auel
The effectiveness of different strategies against reservoir sedimen- Sediment Bypass Tunnels are operated to divert sediment around
tation is demonstrated herein using data sets of Asahi, Nunobiki reservoirs reducing reservoir sedimentation. A major drawback
and Dashidaira reservoirs in Japan. The applied strategies encom- of these tunnels is severe invert abrasion due to high velocity and
pass sediment routing with a bypass tunnel, drawdown flushing sediment flows. There is an urgent need to establish innovative
during floods and sabo dam construction in the catchment. It is measurement systems of sediment transport rates in SBTs. In this
shown that bypassing and flushing are very efficient strategies paper, three bedload measuring systems, namely hydrophones,
enlarging reservoir life by 3 to 21 times up to many hundreds of geophones, and newly developed plate microphones are introduced
years. Furthermore, it is revealed that also efforts in the catchment, and compared. The Koshibu SBT is planned to operate from 2016.
e.g. sabo dam construction, is effective enlarging reservoir life by Plate microphones combined with geophones and other planned
2.4 times. systems are installed in the tunnel. Results of preliminary tests and
installation plans of bedload measurement are presented.
2D reproduction analysis of reservoir sedimentation
caused by flood A practical example change of river bed environment
downstream from dam reservoir by sediment
N Sorimachi, K Hashimoto and T Sato replenishment
Reservoir sedimentation of an existing hydroelectric dam was Y. Musashi, Y. Nakata, T. Suzuki, M. Oshima and S. Demizu
reproduced by two-dimensional numerical analysis. To make the
calculation simple, numerical analysis was based on parametric
studies. As a result, reservoir sedimentation was reproduced by We reviewed the case of the Nakagawa River, which had one of
two-dimensional analysis, in terms of sediment’s volume. In addi- the largest scales of sediment replenishment. Its monitoring results
tion, relation between reservoir level and inflow, for the effective are composed of river survey, river bed material survey, biological
dredging of sediments, were estimated to some extent. We will research and so on. The results show the changes of river bed con-
conduct additional experimental operation and numerical analysis dition such as restoration of river bed materials, the increase in the
to obtain more information about moving sediments into the dead ratio of fine sediment on the armored river bed and the expansion
storage effectively. of riffle. We estimated the amount of transported sediment by one
dimensional analysis of river bed variation. We also examined the
effects of sediment replenishment on amount of sediment yield by
grain size.
2018 34
Vertical Multi-Holed Double-Pipe system: A new sediment Abrasion and corrective measures of a sediment bypass
suction method utilizing a natural head system at Asahi Dam
A. Hisano, S. Oota and K. Maeda T. Nishikawa, Y. Yamane and Y. Omoto
At present, the sediment removal method using a suction pipe is At the Asahi Dam of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., a sediment
the subject of research as an effective method for discharge of ac- bypass system was built and in operation in 1998 to take a funda-
cumulated sediment in dam reservoirs. Vertical Multi-Holed Dou- mental measure to mitigate impacts by prolonged water turbidity
ble-Pipe system is one of these methods and has been researched and sedimentation ascribable to collapse of mountain slopes in the
by the authors for the application to an actual reservoir. This system upstream caused by a great flood in 1990. The effectiveness of the
is expected to reduce the cost of removing sediment accumulated bypass system has been verified and reported in the past. In the
repeatedly around a local place such as the neighborhood of the in- meantime, the tunnel invert has been worn notably by a significant
take. This paper explores the following topics: methods and results sediment transport at high velocity and how to improve the effi-
of the laboratory tests of the system; the hydraulic design method ciency of periodical maintenance is an issue. This paper describes
based on the laboratory tests; and the estimation of sediment con- the abrasion of the tunnel invert of the sediment bypass system
centration in the discharge flow. at the Asahi Dam that has been in operation for approximately 15
years, and evaluates possible tunnel maintenance methods using
the life-cycle cost based on monitored data of abrasion.
An examination of efficient turbid water coagulation tests by parallel plates which simulating the open fissure in the bed-
rock, and applied it to leakage reduction works. We completed the
method using natural coagulant
leakage reduction works and we were able to reduce the leakage to
our target level.
M. Miyakawa, M. Kusumi, T. Ishigami and K. Motoyama
Measures against the predicted degradations of water
Long term persistent turbidity is a major problem in reservoirs of
Japan and other countries. We are examining the practical methods quality of Makio dam by the volcanic eruption
using natural coagulants, such as allophane (clay), which can be
deposited in the reservoirs, to prove experimentally the effective- K. Onoshima, H. Imamoto, T. Miyashita and Y. Ishiguro
ness of allophanes coagulation performance, and to develop a use-
ful and environmental friendly coagulation method for turbid water. Mt. Ontake erupted on September 27, 2014 and it was the second
The experiments conducted in this study provided two important time in recorded history. The distribution and volume of products
findings. The first is that, through the laboratory experiments, we by the volcanic eruption were almost similar to those of the previ-
proved that the new practical dispersers, which are a cavitation ous eruption in 1979. The catchment of Makio Dam is located at
mixer and a high pressure water sprayer, can be used effectively to the foot of Mt. Ontake, therefore the influence of the eruption on
disperse allophane. And we confirmed the usage of these dispers- the water quality of the dam reservoir was predicted to be continu-
ers raises the zeta potential of allophane. This effect is presumed ing over a long period. In response to this situation, Japan Water
to promote coagulation. The second is that the coagulation effect Agency (JWA), the management body for Makio Dam, has collab-
at the depth of more than 10 m was confirmed through the field orated with local governments/municipalities concerned and water
experiment, where the new dispersers were used. As mentioned users/stakeholders to implement not only efficient water quality
above, we can propose more practical, useful, and environmental monitoring but also appropriate measures for water quality conser-
friendly treatment method for turbid water using allophane at dam vation while making accurate forecast of discharged turbidity. As a
reservoirs. result, the dam has kept supplying water to the downstream contin-
uously without any particular trouble in water use at the moment.
Grouting method for dam reservoir foundation by effective
Sediments discharging using siphon system demonstration
use of ground water flow
test at the Republic of Indonesia Wonogiri multipurpose
F. Kawashima, T. Tsukada and S. Tsuruta dam
In the bedrock of the Yashio dam reservoir foundation, the upper T. Sumi, H. Itoh, T. Sase, T. Satoh and S. Kantoush
reservoir of the Shiobara Pumped Storage Power Plant of Tokyo
Electric Power Company Holdings, the high dip angle open fissures
are distributed to the deep area, there was relatively large amount The countermeasures by machines for excavation and dredging res-
of leakage due to these fissures and we needed to reduce leakage. ervoir sediments have been often used in the past but in the future
As the leakage reduction measure, we selected the cement grouting the total cost, including operation and maintenance costs as well
at the bottom of the reservoir filled with water, with relatively wide as construction costs and the inhibitory effect of shoreline retreat
borehole spacing by effective use of ground water flow. We con- of the coastal region have come to be required in the sediments
firmed its applicability by the field tests, research and laboratory countermeasure. In this paper, we report the results of demon-
2018
stration tests of sediments countermeasure in Indonesia Wonogiri Control method of water bloom using characteristics of
dam including sediments reduction of the reservoir sediments to
reservoir ecosystem
downstream river by the siphon system using water level differ-
ence between reservoir and downstream river water level, not only
construction costs but also aims to reduce energy consumption for Y. Iseri, M. Mori, K. Kudo and S. Yamamoto
operation and maintenance costs by the siphon system in Indonesia
Wonogiri dam. A sufficient water level difference for the drought in In the management of the dam reservoir, water bloom is often
the test cannot be reserved by using sediments discharge pipe with produced by an abundance of nutrient salts and causes significant
a diameter of 400mm, the system can transport sediments with a damage on water supply including poor scenery, unfavorable water
maximum particle size of about 130mm, with an average transport taste and production of toxic substance. Cyanobacteria belongs
capacity of 30m3/h in the transport distance of 250m and with to bloom forming Microcystis and most frequently occurs in the
sediments discharge per unit power of about 8.1m3/kwh. Siphon reservoirs. They are also known to grow rapidly in high tempera-
system has 27 times processing capacity compared the dredging ture environment and are, in fact, in increasing trend in the world
system with small pump with a capacity of 0.3m3/kwh. because of the green house effect. This paper introduces the control
method of the bloom, including Jet-Shock System for dispersing
colony cells into the isolated cells, UV radiation Ship for stopping
Density current flux due to bubble plume using a new air
cell division and cooperation system to improve ecological purifi-
energy system cation function.
E. Furusao, H. Kawasaki, S. Takasu and S. Uchizato Field experiment of bedload transport rate measurement at
The Dam Air-energy System (DAS) is a new energy system using sediment bypass tunnel
compressed air with high efficiency in dams. Several countermea-
sure facilities were installed in the Haneji Dam for water quality T. Koshiba, S. Kantoush and T. Sumi
improvement as the first full-scale system using DAS. DAS fa-
cilitates artificial circulation of water by using a bubble plume For advanced maintenance of sediment bypass tunnels (SBTs), par-
caused by the production of compressed air by the DAS. Due to ticularly concerning on the abrasion of the tunnel invert, a monitor-
the efficiency of DAS, a large amount of compressed air (9.7 m3/ ing of sediment through tunnel is essential. We developed new bed-
min) can create a bubble plume. Field experiments were conducted load measurement systems, namely a plate microphone and a plate
to elucidate the flux in the horizontal density currents caused by the vibration sensor. After confirming the high sensitivity and robust-
bubble plume. Based on temporal changes in the vertical profiles of ness of these systems by flume experiments, these systems were
water temperatures, flow rates of surface currents and intrusion as installed at the outlet of Koshibu SBT, which started operation in
the middle layer flow were estimated. This method is applicable to 2016, in Japan. Prior to its commencement of the SBT, on-site cal-
the Haneji Dam due to the long residence time of water as hydro- ibration experiment was conducted. In the experiment, sediment is
logic characteristics of the Haneji Dam reservoir. It was observed input in the SBT artificially by truck beforehand and flushed them
that a large amount of current flux was produced by the DAS-bub- out with clear water from the upstream. The experiment is repeated
ble plume system. By comparison of the experimental results with for 10 times with different grain size (5, 10 and 50 mm), volume
many previous studies, empirical equations for estimating the flux (1, 3, 5 and 9 m3) and water discharge (5, 10 and 50 m3). Seven
in current due to the bubble plume are proposed. sensors of the measurement systems, which installed evenly along
the width, successfully recorded the signals of passing sediment.
In this paper, practical calibration formula of predicting sediment
transport rate by recorded data are developed by analyzing the pat-
tern of the 10 experiment cases. Finally, a method to quantify sedi-
ment transport rate and a desirable operation of those measurement
systems on-site are discussed.
Observation and Estimation Method of Sediment future, are not under observation yet. In this paper, some consid-
eration to improve the estimation method for sediment discharge
Production in Kamanashigawa Basin, Fujikawa River
in a watershed were conducted for sediment management in dam
System (Toward an Accurate Estimation of Dam Sediment operation, by combining observation data of the sediment transport
Volume) obtained by various equipment such as hydrophone, turbidimeter,
and that predicted by satellite SAR image interference analysis, in
K. Tomita, Z. Ye, T. Hikita and T. Sumi Omukawa River, a right branch of Kamanashigawa, Fujikawa river
system, Japan. Using the middle to downstream section of Omu-
kawa River (extension L = 8.3 km, gradient 1/58) as a study site,
The sediment storage in a dam is usually designed based on the a comparison between the volume of sediment transport obtained
cases which have similar watershed condition or sediment dis- by SAR image interference analysis using 9 SAR images acquired
charge in the nearby area, but not calculated directly from the sed- by the ALOS-2 satellite passing over JAPAN, and the sediment
iment observation data in the watershed. Furthermore, the inflow discharge observed by hydrophone, turmidimeter and sediment trap
of sediment due to flood events after dam construction is only pit during 2014-2016 period, is conducted. Some considerations
accounted by total sediment volume. Besides, the sediment that were made for the results. The result shows that, although the data
flow into dam reservoir during a flood and the unstable sediments show relatively large scattering, an approximate linear correlation
reserved in upstream that will become the supply resource in the was recognized. The reason of the difference between two data is
2018 36
assumed that sediment discharge is measured in only 2.0m wide Analysis of sedimentation countermeasures in hydropower
area with respect to the river width of 72 m, which is not adequate
dams considering properties of reservoir sedimentation
for representing the entire river cross section.
C. Onda, H. Okumura and T. Asahi
Case analysis of sediment bypass tunnels (Switzerland,
Taiwan, Japan) Sedimentation in hydropower reservoir is one of the most import-
ant problems for sustainable power generation. Many our compa-
H. Ohori, M. Ono, Y. Takata, G. Nagatani and T. Sumi ny’s dam and reservoirs were installed in post war reconstruction
period, then for decades reservoirs have stored much sedimentation
Until now, the planning and design of SBT has been performed inside up to sedimentation ratio about 10% because of high degree
individually, in accordance with the circumstances of a particular of sediment production and river flow regime. We have trying to
dam. In order to systematize design methods for SBT, with this excavate sedimentation out of reservoirs to avoid aggradations of
research we created a database of the purpose and specifications upstream riverbed and obstacle for intake and outlet functions.
of SBT. We then applied classifications by structural types, and Reprehensive five different type reservoir sediment managements
analyzed related characteristics. The target was a set of 15 SBT in considering sediment properties have been really carried out. In
Switzerland, Taiwan and Japan. Classification of structures was comparatively large Sakuma dam, provisional transporting inside
performed based on the sediment discharge form, the purpose of reservoir is main countermeasure, in near future radical man-
the dam, and the main purpose of the SBT. Here, the sediment dis- agement will be required. In comparatively small Futatsuno and
charge form refers to whether or not sediment entering upstream Taki dam, current excavating sedimentation volume is enough for
of the reservoir is passed through the reservoir. For the analysis of maintaining reservoir size for flow sedimentation. So that sediment
SBT characteristics, we analyzed the tunnel design discharge, the routing methods as bypassing will be planned in a hurry. In smaller
tunnel structure, and the target grain size of sedimentation, based Setoishi and Yambara dam, sediment sluicing or hydro-suction sed-
on the prior structural classifications. We then organized consid- iment removal systems have been already started as test. In spite
erations to be taken into account with future SBT planning and of no quick remedy to countermeasure reservoir sedimentation
design. dramatically, some methods exist that select suitable options for
each reservoir considering with reservoir size, life and basin. Not
only the technical feasibility, but also the economic advantages and
Research on sediment sluicing operations through dam
ecological acceptability should be considered. For sustaining reser-
discharge operations in consideration of upstream/ voir and hydropower, reservoir sedimentation management will be
downstream riverbed characteristics active and adaptive more and more.
Y. Kitamura and S. Takagi Prediction of environmental effect due to sediment sluicing

at a series of three dams
Sediment environment changes due to sedimentation in a dam res-
ervoir not only cause changes within the reservoir but also affect a T. Yoshimura, H. Shinya, T. Sumi and N. Onikura
wide range of the dam’s upstream/downstream. Sedimentation in a
dam reservoir greatly changes the upstream/downstream riverbed With the flood disaster experienced in the Mimikawa River system
environment, with effects such as increasing the flood level in the due to Typhoon Nabi in 2005, various problems caused by sedi-
upstream area, armor coating and degradation of riverbed of the ment in the river basin became clear, including increased risk of
downstream riverbed, and even coastal retreat. Due to this, the im- flooding with rising riverbed levels in damregulating reservoirs,
portance of comprehensive sedimentation management, which in- grain coarsening in the downstream river channel with the entrap-
cludes not only sedimentation measures targeting the environments ment of sediment in dams, and the destabilization of bridge piers
within the dam reservoir but also sediment flushing and sediment in the downstream river channel. As part of an effort to resolve all
sluicing (hereinafter referred to as “sluicing”) measures compre- these problems simultaneously, from sediment sluicing at a series
hensive sediment management, has been increasing. Sedimentation of dams was implemented. Sluicing is an operation carried out
sluicing measures, which are comprehensive sediment manage- when there is river flooding due to typhoons. Dam-regulating reser-
ment, have often been implemented. In this paper, the authors ana- voir drawdown is carried out, and sediment flowing into these res-
lyze data obtained from hydraulic model experiments and results of ervoirs from the upstream is allowed to flow downstream of dams.
numerical analyses regarding measures against riverbed erosion in This paper principally covers 1) an overview of sediment sluicing
areas downstream the Funagira Dam, and discuss sediment flushing at dams in the Mimikawa River system, 2) understanding and anal-
and sluicing techniques based on dam discharge operations taking ysis of the river environment prior to sluicing, 3) predictions of the
the riverbed characteristics upstream and downstream the dam into effect on the river environment due to sluicing, and 4) testing of
account. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to estimate these predictions.
the amount of sediment outflow from the average riverbed level up-
stream the dam reservoir and the flood volume; to forecast changes
New development of technology for countermeasures
in the flow downstream the dam from the estimated amount of sed-
iment outflow and the average riverbed level downstream the dam; against barren ground by dam reservoir sediments (Super
and to maintain and control the flow. On the basis of the numerical fulvic acid iron)
analysis results, the authors also propose adequate gate operations
and discharge level operations to control dam sedimentation and T. Toyoda, J. Takimoto, T. Sumi, S. Horiya, Y. Sakai and
sluicing as well as the flow downstream the dam.
M. Sueyoshi
This time, our research group focused on the effect of high concen-
trations of fulvic acid produced at the bottom of the dam, using a
high concentration fulvic acid iron elution unit, in a real sea area
2018
where barren ground is progressing. By conducting demonstration Sediment derivation by bypass tunnel restores downstream
experiments on the algae field recovery of the dam reservoir, it
environment
is going to develop for the practical application of technological
development for effective utilization of lake bottom deposits. We
have used steelmaking slag made from blast furnace as a material S. Kobayashi, H. Fukuroi, T. Sumi and Y. Takemon
to promote dissolution of divalent iron ions in the past development
process, but from this time we have found more effective materials, We reviewed studies of the effect of SBT on the downstream en-
we have manufactured from electric furnace converter A material vironment to clarify whether SBT has a positive effect on down-
containing high concentration divalent iron ions was adopted. This stream, and to understand the key features of SBT that promote the
is a material containing high concentrations of divalent iron ions environmental recovery of the degraded reaches. Major results of
which is 100 times higher than the steelmaking slag that has been the studies are listed as follows.
adopted so far. Regarding the commercialization of this research 1. Below-SBT site in the downstream of dam was more like up-
and development overseas, it is scheduled to apply in Korea the stream of dam than above-SBT site in the downstream of dam, in
first time in East Asia. In addition, we propose a new calculation terms of bed grain size, microhabitat composition, and invertebrate
formula for CO2 absorption (carbon conversion) by seaweed bed community.
construction, and the annual fixing by the algae of Japan is esti- 2. Environmental recovery of downstream reaches, evaluated by
mated to be about 3 million tons. It is expected that future develop- upstream-downstream similarity in microhabitat composition
ment of research and development utilizing this technology will be and invertebrate community, corresponded with the years of SBT
commercialized in areas such as tidal banks as a port conservation among the 4 dams. 3. Comparison of among-sites dissimilarity in
technology and construction for forming seaweed bed and seawall invertebrate community among 3 types of rivers (non-dam, dam
maintenance etc. Research and development in this area has attract- without SBT, dam with SBT) suggested a positive effect of SBT on
ed attention as a technique for improving the quality of cultured habitat fragmentation.
laver as application technology in recent years, technology for re- 4. Turbidity of downstream during and after floods and red tide oc-
storing seaweed beds and improving the production of agricultural currence in the reservoir decreased after the start of SBT.
products in recent years. 5. Although bed level didn’t increase constantly, grain size,
pool-riffle structure, gravel-bar changed as expected within a sev-
eral years after the start of SBT.
Plan and operation results of Koshibu Dam sediment
6. Invertebrate community of downstream became more like that
bypass tunnel of upstream of dam within 2-3 years after the SBT in terms of both
taxon richness and taxonomic composition.
T. Sakurai, T. Tsujimoto, I. Kunimura, H. Takeuchi and K. Ishida 7. Sediment releases by SBT acted as natural pulse disturbances
that lower invertebrates and ecosystem functions, followed by their
In order to prevent sedimentation in the reservoir and ensure the rapid recovery.
continuity of sediment transport at the river, the Koshibu dam 8. Numerical and field studies showed that the downstream channel
sediment bypass tunnel was planned and completed in September becomes steeper and the riverbed becomes unarmored conditions
2016. From the viewpoint of structure, environment and sediment by SBT. Surface grain
budget, monitoring plan was examined by the monitoring com- size distribution can change quickly even by one SBT release.
mittee and several trial operations have been carried out. Since the 9. Turbidity decreased after the SBT operation. Algae, inverte-
purposes of the Koshibu dam is including flood control, irrigation brates, and fish decreased after each event but they recovered to a
and power generation, the sediment bypass tunnel is planned to pre-event level soon.
operate during the flood control. In order to adapt to the flood con- 10. Although test-run of SBT had been done for several years, there
trol rule, two crests placed on the two orifices is designed for the was no evidence of the recovery in the invertebrate community of
inlet structure. The target bypassing sediments are gravel having downstream reaches towards an upstream state.
a grain size of about 100 mm or less, sand and silt (clay). As a Downstream environment is expected to recover to a pre-dam state
countermeasure against abrasion damage caused by the sediment within a few to several years after the start of SBT if surface bed
transport, around the gate with a relatively low flow velocity was materials are reworked and exchanged. The downstream recovery
protected with “rubber steel” and the downstream section with high by SBT that release mainly fine sediment will be examined by on-
flow velocity was protected with steel lining. In the monitoring going monitoring in multiple Japanese dams.
plan, the objectives of monitoring at each viewpoint were arranged
by selecting suitable methods. In sediment budget monitoring, as
Challenges of Dam Reservoirs for the Coming Japanese
the first case of the sediment bypass tunnel in Japan, sediment ob-
servation devices were installed on the bottom of the tunnel outlet Society and Several Proposals
part. After completion of the bypass facility, several trial discharge
operations were carried out. Even though the trial discharge was a T. Hamaguchi, H. Mori and H. Ishii
small scale compared with the planned maximum bypass discharge
and comparatively short time, as a result of monitoring, it was This communication is to introduce the core contents of the report
confirmed that there was no problem in gate operation, and no sig- compiled by the special committee of Japan Society of Dam En-
nificant abrasion damage and environmental changes in the down- gineers (JSDE) in 2016, which aims to clarify important targets in
stream river. Moreover, it was able to estimate the sediment budget planning, operation and maintenance of dam reservoirs, with full
and sediment transport characteristics during bypass operations. and adaptive utilization of dam stock for the coming Japanese soci-
Regarding abrasion damages, long-term monitoring is needed since ety in mind. Approx. 2,700 existing dam reservoirs play indispens-
the flow rate and operation time in the trial discharge was limited. able role in supply of water, energy, mitigation of flood damage,
maintenance of normal function of the river flow, and recreational
function. With increase of aged dams, there is an increasing num-
ber of re-development project of dams, whose major purpose is
enhancement of flood control capability and recovery from exces-
sive sedimentation. Importance of “backup” capacity is pointed out
here.
2018 38
After examining three influencing factors, namely decline in pop- 1. Enhancement of flood control capacity
ulation, climate change, and rare but devastating disasters, major 2. Securing water supply in a crisis situation
issues will be mitigation of flood damages, maintenance of normal 3. Promotion of hydropower
function of the river flow, hydropower, and sediment management. 4. Networking of dam reservoirs at a basin level and efforts for
Necessity of flood control capacity for long-term river improve- consensus building
ment plan is confirmed. Hydropower’s stabilizing function for so- 5. A method to concretize backup capacity
lar and wind power is also focused. A basic framework consisting 6. Improvement in reservoir operation
of four phases is presented, to make the stock of dam reservoirs 7. Securing dam safety
function fully, with proper maintenance and adaptive operation to 8. Technology development for longer service life of dams
changes. They are 1) Long service life, 2) Wise use, 3) Capacity 9. Better understanding of dams and fostering engineers of next
increase, and 4) Network use. generation
Finally, nine proposals of high priority are shown as follows.
Theme 6. Geology and rock foundation
A. 4th Asia Pacific Group Symposium and 9th East Asia Dam Conference, September 2016
Reduction of ground water flow by promoting clogging the bottom of the reservoir, due to difficulty of forming the grout
curtain reaching the low permeable layer of the bedrock. To reduce
effect of soil particles
the permeability of bed rock with the smaller volume of grout,
we invented a method to promote clogging effect artificially by
T. Tamai, T. Shiono, N. Sorimachi, T. Tsukada and F. Kawashima spreading soil particles into reservoir water. The soil particles were
obtained from the residual horticultural soil after being screened,
Grouting was conducted to reduce groundwater flow in the bedrock collected near the reservoir, in order to reduce the cost. This paper
of a reservoir of a pumped storage power plant, located in the site summarizes the results and evaluation of laboratory tests, field tests
where the ground water level is low. We conducted grouting around and application of the invented method.
B. ICOLD 85th Annual Meeting International Symposium in Prague, July 2017
Dam foundation design for the main dam at Nam Ngiep1 seriously impact the dam stability. In order to evaluate the mechan-
ical properties and the distribution and formation of these weak
hydropower project in Laos
layers, detailed geological investigations were instigated by con-
ducting core drilling, rock property tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD)
T. Tabuchi, Y. Murakami, M. Asakawa, T. Seoka and K. Ueda analysis and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Through a
multiple-wedge stability analysis and finite element analysis (FEA),
A roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam of 167 m height is a shear key was designed to penetrate part of the weak layers and
under construction in Laos. Due to a folded zone in the geology of be incorporated into the dam body to improve the dam stability
the right abutment, several weak horizontal layers are distributed against sliding.
below the river bed and these were considered to have potential to
C. ICOLD 86th Annual Meeting International Symposium and 26th ICOLD World Congress in Vienna, July 2018
Evaluation of the dam geology and geological risk at the elevation. No outstanding fault has been observed and a box fold
has been formed at the steep slope area. Flexural-slip associated
Namngiep 1 hydropower plant
with fold formation has developed around the fold axis. It is ex-
trapolated that flexural-slip occurred before solidification based on
T. Seoka, Y. Aosaka, Y. Yoshizu and T. Tabuchi the observation that blocks formed by joint sets intersecting with
the bedding planes are observed in the sandstone layer and ductile
The surface of the mountain at the dam site is covered by talus deformation are frequently observed in the mudstone layer. Simul-
and a stratified structure below has alternating layers of sandstone taneously definite striation of reverse-fault sense harmonized well
and mudstone having rock class of CM to CH. On this has been with flexural-slip observed in some fine sandstone indicates that
developed the dam site. As general the bedding planes on the both coarse sandstone and fine mudstone had flexural-slip developed in
abutment are moderately dipping with 8° in downstream direction semi-brittle and ductile condition in geological time respectively.
and 8° in riverbed direction. And around the middle of the dam The weak layers are 8 in number and are confirmed on the bottom
axis the dip angle of the bedding plane is 15° to 25° in the same of the dam and both the abutments, and they are issues to consider
direction. On the right abutment the fold axis is continuous in the specific strength and continuity of weak layers. Physical properties
upstream and downstream directions and geological formation of the rock were determined based on observation of outcrops and
shows a steep profile, but it becomes moderate again at the higher drilling cores, in-situ block shear tests and laboratory tests. Physi-
2018
cal properties of rock mass were evaluated based on Hoek-Brown rock as the CSG material of dam body, and its dam foundation is
failure criterion for each part of the foundation rock. Physical prop- also soft rock. Properties of the soft rock surrounding Apporo dam
erties of weak layers were determined based on the shear box tests include slaking caused by cyclic wetting and drying, so various
of the disturbed samples, liquid limit tests and plastic limit tests. technical studies were conducted in order to use soft rock as the
The total strength of the weak layer can be estimated from the com- foundation bedrock. The dam foundation is extremely uneven so
ponent of weak layers. In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis was the excavation procedure was also studied. Slaking tests during the
conducted in order to verify that these fine particle fractions in the survey and slaking confirmation tests before construction works
weak layers do not include any swelling clay (for example, Smec- showed clearly the slaking characteristic of this bedrock and leads
tite) which might significantly degrade physical properties. Besides to the effective countermeasures. The construction works were
detailed observation by means of CT scanning was conducted in completed and the first impoundment started in October.
order to examine the continuity of a fractured part. Geological
risk should be evaluated adequately for the dam construction in
Behavior analysis of the underground powerhouse based
the BOT scheme project. The risk to a hydropower project is high
compared with other infrastructure projects because large amount on precise displacement measurement
of project cost depends on geological condition. Therefore, ade-
quate evaluation of geological risk and diversification of geological M. Kashiwayanagi, K. Maeda, N. Shimizu
risk are very important factors. In addition, highly accurate geo-
logical data helps adequate evaluation of geological risk. Drilling A few damaged pre-stressed anchors were identified in the 40-
technology especially is one of the most important factors to sup- year aged underground powerhouse, while no other deterioration
port geological evaluation. In this paper, the methods to evaluate in the cavern was found. The underground powerhouse includes
the dam foundation rocks are discussed in the feasible study phase output of 220 MW and two generator units. The cavern located
to the execution phase. Evaluation of the geological risk and the 100 m beneath the reservoir has the dimension of 23 m wide, 42.25
method to reduce the geological risk are discussed based on actual m high and 70.2 m long. The monitoring of the convergence has
geological data. been conducted at two generator sections of the cavern to clarify
its long-term performance using a newly developed laser range
finder since then. The monitored convergences have behaved stably
Slaking countermeasures related to rock contact execution
reproducible and been clearly consistent with the yearly and/or the
at the soft rocks foundation seasonal fluctuations of the reservoir water depth and the ambient
temperature in the cavern. These are less than the unusual conver-
S. Yoshimura, S. Takasgi, N. Yasuda, H. Satoh gence which is designated under the assumption of the entire loss
of the support effect as the risk scenario. No concerns are found in
Apporo dam is a multi-purpose dam now under construction at the current situation of the cavern so far.
the Azuma river in Horonai frontage of Atsuma town, Yufutsu
district of Hokkaido prefecture as part of comprehensive develop-
ment of the Azuma river. The dam is a trapezoidal CSG dam with
of 47.2m in height, 47,400,000m3 in total reservoir capacity, and
43,100,000m3 in effective reservoir capacity. Apporo dam uses soft
2018 40
Editorial Committee for Dams in Japan
Chef editor: Mr. Shigeru ARIGA

Advisor: Mr. Yoshiaki MORIKITA
Member: Dr. Masayuki KASHIWAYANAGI
Mr. Koutatsu TATEICHI
Mr. Yoshihiro KAMEO
Mr. Kazuo SAKAMOTO
Dr. Shigeru IKEDA
Mr. Toru NISHIKAWA
Mr. Tatsuya MIZUNO
Mr. Toru HINO
Mr. Junichi FUKUWATARI
Dr. Norihisa MATSUMOTO

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Dams in Japan

JAPAN COMMISSION ON LARGE DAMS

Introduction to Dam Technologies in Japan

Papers in ICOLD & Other Technical Publications

Japan Commission on Large Dams

order to improve the design, construction, maintenance,

(1) C ollection of information, surveying, and research (Sub Committees)

(3) Participation in ICOLD, assistance to its activities, and (Sub Committees)

(5) O ther activities necessary to achieve the goals of

In recent years, JCOLD has actively conducted a program

Figure-3 Dam Technology Lecture and Discussion Meeting

To increase mutual awareness among engineers, including

Figure-2 Publicaitons of JCOLD

Dam Technology Lectures and Discussion Meetings Contribution to ICOLD

As Japan was modernized and urbanized after the Meiji

To make more efficient use of water resources and control

Figure-6 Development of Dams, Economy of Japan and Population

Major dams in Japan

Table-3 Ranking of dams by height in Japan

Table-4 Ranking of dams by reservoir capacity in Japan

Figure-9 Okutadami Dam Figure-10 Kurobe Dam

Dams completed in 2014 - 2016 in Japan

Dam name Location Length of Reservoir Owner Completed

2 Yofudo Hyogo CS PG 54.4 145 1.1 Hyogo Pref. 2014

3 Rogi Kumamoto CS PG 53 169 2.3 Kumamoto Pref. 2014

The Tohoku Regional

5 Naganuma Miyagi CS TE 15.3 1050 31.8 Miyagi Pref. 2014

6 Kyogoku Hokkaido H ER 54 332.5 5.5 Hokkaido Electric Power Co.,Inc. 2014

Hokkaido Development Bureau,

9 Kirimegawa Wakayama CS PG 44.5 127 4 Wakayama Pref. 2015

10 Kurikara Hyogo CS PG 26.7 172 0.4 Hyogo Pref. 2015

Kyushu Regional Agricultural

12 Hamada 2 Shimane CS PG 97.8 218 15.5 Shimane Pref. 2016

13 Shobara Hiroshima CS PG 42 118.5 0.7 Hiroshima Pref. 2016

The Tohoku Regional

15 Gima Okinawa CS TE 24.5 539 0.6 Okinawa Pref. 2016

Purpose: C - flood control, S - water supply, I - Irrigation, H - hydroelectricity

Type: PG - gravity in masonry or concrete, ER - rock fill, TE - earth, CSG - CSG

*1 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

*2 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

＠ The Tohoku Regional Development Bureau, MLIT

DFWL EL. 361.000 Cresat elevation EL. 364.000

L.W.L EL. 304.500

Main Curtain Grouting

Figure-2 Typical section

Left Bank Entrance

DFWL EL. 361.000 Cresat elevation EL. 364.000

Upper Diversion Tunnel

Figure-3 Longitudinal Cross Section

Kyogoku Dam（Pumped-storage Hydroelectric Power Station ）

＠ Hokkaido Electric Power. Co., Inc.

Crest length of dam

Figure-1 Plan of upper reser voir

Figure-2 Section of upper reser voir

Crest length of dam

Figure-3 Plan of lower Dam（Kyogoku）

Figure-4 Typical section of lower reser voir（Kyogoku）

Figure-5 Longitudinal Cross Section

＠ Okinawa General Bureau

Cresat elevation DFWL

EL0. 000 EL0. 000

Figure-2 Upstream elevation

Figure-3 Typical Section

(1) C ollection of information, surveying, and research (Sub Committees)

(3) Participation in ICOLD, assistance to its activities, and (Sub Committees)

(5) O ther activities necessary to achieve the goals of