Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabd

Course: Research Methods in Education (8604)

Assignment No.1
Autumn 2023

Name: Kirshan Lal

Father Name: Gian Chand
User Id: 0000600087
Program B.ed (1.5 years)
Semester 1st Autumn 2023
 Q no.1 Define Educational Research and its usefulness in the field of
education. Also elaborate the steps involved in the process of scientific
inquiry.

Ans. Educational research is a systematic and rigorous investigation conducted to

explore, understand, and improve various aspects of education, including teaching,
learning, curriculum development, educational policies, and practices. It involves the
application of scientific methods and principles to generate knowledge, inform
decision-making, and address educational challenges and opportunities. Educational
research encompasses a wide range of methodologies, including quantitative,
qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, and it is conducted by scholars,
educators, policymakers, and practitioners in educational settings.

The usefulness of educational research in the field of education is manifold:

1. Evidence-Informed Decision Making: Educational research provides empirical

evidence and insights that inform decision-making processes at various levels of the
education system, including curriculum development, instructional strategies,
assessment practices, and policy formulation. By grounding decisions in research
evidence, educators and policymakers can make more informed choices that are
likely to be effective and beneficial for students.
2. Professional Development and Improvement: Educational research contributes to
the ongoing professional development and improvement of educators by
disseminating best practices, innovative approaches, and evidence-based strategies
for teaching and learning. Educators can draw upon research findings to enhance
their instructional practices, address student needs, and adapt to changing
educational contexts.
3. Identification of Effective Interventions: Educational research helps identify
effective interventions and programs that promote student achievement, motivation,
engagement, and well-being. By evaluating the impact of educational interventions
through rigorous research studies, researchers can identify what works, for whom,
and under what conditions, guiding the implementation of evidence-based practices
in educational settings.
4. Evaluation of Educational Policies and Reforms: Educational research plays a
critical role in evaluating the effectiveness and impact of educational policies,
reforms, and initiatives. By conducting rigorous evaluations and assessments,
researchers can assess the outcomes, benefits, unintended consequences, and
equity implications of educational policies, informing future policy development and
implementation efforts.
5. Advancement of Knowledge and Theory: Educational research contributes to the
advancement of knowledge and theory in the field of education by generating new
insights, theories, and conceptual frameworks that deepen our understanding of
teaching, learning, and educational processes. Researchers explore fundamental
questions, test hypotheses, and develop theoretical models that help illuminate the
complexities of education.

Steps Involved in the Process of Scientific Inquiry:

1. Identifying the Research Problem: The first step in scientific inquiry involves
identifying a research problem or question that warrants investigation. Researchers
review existing literature, observe phenomena, or analyze data to identify gaps,
controversies, or areas of interest for further study.
2. Formulating Hypotheses or Research Questions: Researchers formulate
hypotheses or research questions that articulate the specific aims and objectives of
the study. Hypotheses are tentative explanations or predictions about the
relationships between variables, while research questions are broader inquiries that
guide the investigation.
3. Designing the Research Study: Researchers design the research study by
selecting appropriate methodologies, research designs, and sampling techniques
that align with the research objectives and hypotheses. Common research designs
include experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, descriptive, and qualitative
designs.
4. Collecting Data: Researchers collect data using various methods and instruments,
depending on the research design and objectives. Data collection methods may
include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, standardized tests,
document analysis, or archival research. Researchers ensure the reliability and
validity of data collection procedures to enhance the credibility of findings.
5. Analyzing Data: Researchers analyze the collected data using statistical,
qualitative, or mixed methods approaches to test hypotheses, answer research
questions, and derive meaningful insights. Data analysis techniques may include
descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, thematic analysis, content analysis, or
grounded theory, among others.
6. Interpreting Findings: Researchers interpret the findings of the study by examining
patterns, trends, relationships, and implications revealed by the data analysis. They
consider the theoretical and practical significance of findings in relation to existing
literature, theories, and research paradigms.
7. Drawing Conclusions and Making Recommendations: Based on the
interpretation of findings, researchers draw conclusions that address the research
objectives and hypotheses. They discuss the implications of findings for theory,
practice, policy, and future research, and they may make recommendations for
action or further inquiry.
8. Communicating Results: Researchers communicate the results of their study
through written reports, academic papers, presentations, or other dissemination
formats. They share their findings with relevant stakeholders, including educators,
policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and the public, to promote knowledge
exchange and informed decision-making.

By following these steps in the process of scientific inquiry, researchers can conduct
rigorous, systematic, and credible investigations that contribute to the advancement
of knowledge and practice in the field of education.
Qno.2: Differentiate the following with the help of examples from the field of
education:

(a). Pure and Applied research (b). Evaluation and action research.

Ans. (a) Differentiation between Pure and Applied Research:

1. Pure Research:
 Definition: Pure research, also known as basic or fundamental research,
aims to advance scientific knowledge and understanding without necessarily
seeking immediate practical applications. It is driven by intellectual curiosity
and the desire to explore fundamental principles, theories, and phenomena.
 Example: A researcher conducts a study to investigate the neurological
mechanisms underlying memory formation in the human brain. The study
focuses on understanding the fundamental processes involved in memory
without direct application to real-world problems or interventions.
2. Applied Research:
 Definition: Applied research seeks to address specific practical problems,
issues, or challenges by applying existing knowledge to real-world contexts. It
aims to generate solutions, innovations, or improvements that have direct
relevance and utility in practice.
 Example: A team of educators conducts a study to evaluate the effectiveness
of a new teaching method for improving student engagement and
achievement in mathematics. The study applies existing educational theories
and methods to develop practical strategies for enhancing teaching and
learning outcomes.

In summary, pure research explores fundamental principles and phenomena for the
sake of knowledge advancement, while applied research seeks to address practical
problems and generate solutions with direct relevance to real-world contexts.

(b) Differentiation between Evaluation and Action Research:

1. Evaluation:
 Definition: Evaluation involves the systematic assessment and analysis of
programs, interventions, or policies to determine their effectiveness, impact,
and outcomes. It aims to provide feedback, accountability, and evidence-
based insights for decision-making, improvement, and accountability.
 Example: An educational institution conducts an evaluation of its literacy
program to assess the program's effectiveness in improving students' reading
skills. The evaluation involves collecting data on program inputs, processes,
outputs, and outcomes to determine the program's strengths, weaknesses,
and areas for improvement.
2. Action Research:
 Definition: Action research is a participatory and collaborative inquiry process
conducted by practitioners within their own professional contexts to address
specific problems, improve practices, and promote reflective learning. It
emphasizes action-oriented inquiry, continuous improvement, and
empowerment of practitioners.
 Example: A group of teachers collaborates to conduct action research on
classroom management strategies to address student behavior problems.
They identify specific challenges, develop and implement interventions, collect
data on intervention outcomes, reflect on their practices, and make
adjustments based on findings to improve classroom dynamics.
 In summary, evaluation involves systematic assessment of programs for
accountability and improvement, while action research emphasizes collaborative
inquiry and reflective practice to address specific problems and promote professional
learning and development.
Q no.3: What is descriptive research? Write its five characteristics. Elaborate
the steps involved in conducting a descriptive research (design).

Ans.
Descriptive research is a type of research design that aims to describe and
characterize a phenomenon, situation, or population without manipulating variables
or establishing causality. It involves systematic observation, measurement, and
analysis of existing conditions, behaviors, attitudes, or characteristics to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the subject under study. Descriptive research is
often used to answer questions about who, what, when, where, and how, rather than
why. Here are five characteristics of descriptive research:

1. Focus on Description: Descriptive research focuses on describing and

documenting the characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena of interest without
attempting to explain causation or relationships between variables. It seeks to
provide an accurate and detailed portrayal of the subject under study.
2. Non-Experimental Design: Descriptive research typically uses non-experimental
designs, meaning that researchers do not manipulate independent variables or
control extraneous factors. Instead, researchers observe and measure variables as
they naturally occur in their real-world settings.
3. Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal Approach: Descriptive research can be cross-
sectional, involving the collection of data at a single point in time, or longitudinal,
involving the collection of data over an extended period. Longitudinal studies allow
researchers to track changes and trends over time.
4. Quantitative or Qualitative Methods: Descriptive research can employ quantitative
methods, such as surveys, questionnaires, structured observations, or statistical
analysis, to quantify and measure variables. Alternatively, it can use qualitative
methods, such as interviews, focus groups, or content analysis, to explore subjective
experiences, perceptions, or meanings.
5. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive research often utilizes descriptive statistics, such
as measures of central tendency (e.g., mean, median, mode) and measures of
variability (e.g., range, standard deviation), to summarize and analyze data. These
statistics provide a snapshot of the distribution and characteristics of the variables
under study.

Steps Involved in Conducting Descriptive Research:

1. Identifying the Research Objective: Clearly define the research objective or

research question that outlines what information needs to be described or
characterized. This step helps focus the research and guide subsequent decisions in
the research process.
2. Selecting the Research Design: Choose an appropriate research design based on
the research objectives, available resources, and feasibility considerations. Common
research designs for descriptive research include surveys, observational studies,
case studies, and content analysis.
3. Developing Research Instruments: Design data collection instruments, such as
surveys, questionnaires, observation protocols, or interview guides, to collect
relevant data from participants. Ensure that the instruments are valid, reliable, and
suitable for measuring the variables of interest.
4. Sampling and Data Collection: Determine the sampling strategy and select a
representative sample of participants or subjects from the target population. Collect
data using the chosen data collection instruments, ensuring adherence to ethical
principles and data quality standards.
5. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data using appropriate analytical techniques,
such as descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, or thematic analysis,
depending on the nature of the data and research questions. Summarize and
interpret the findings to describe the characteristics, patterns, and trends observed in
the data.
6. Interpretation and Reporting: Interpret the results of the data analysis in light of the
research objectives and relevant literature. Prepare a descriptive report or
presentation that summarizes the findings, presents key insights, and discusses
implications for theory, practice, or policy. Communicate the results effectively to
relevant stakeholders, such as researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or the
general public.

By following these steps, researchers can conduct descriptive research to

systematically describe and characterize various phenomena, behaviors, or
populations, contributing to the generation of knowledge and understanding in the
field of study.
Q no.4: What is Experimental research? Write the steps involved in conducing
experimental research. How many kinds of variables are involved in this
research?

Ans. Experimental research is a scientific method that involves the manipulation of

one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable
while controlling for extraneous variables. It is characterized by its ability to establish
cause-and-effect relationships between variables through rigorous experimentation.
Experimental research is commonly used in scientific disciplines such as
psychology, biology, medicine, and education to test hypotheses, validate theories,
and make predictions about behavior or phenomena.

Steps Involved in Conducting Experimental Research:

1. Formulating Research Hypotheses: Clearly define the research hypotheses or

research questions that specify the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables. Hypotheses should be testable and based on existing theory,
research literature, or empirical observations.
2. Designing the Experiment: Select an appropriate experimental design that allows
for the manipulation of the independent variable(s) and control of extraneous
variables. Common experimental designs include pretest-posttest control group
design, randomized control trials, factorial designs, and repeated measures designs.
3. Operationalizing Variables: Define and operationalize the independent and
dependent variables in measurable and observable terms. This involves specifying
 how the variables will be manipulated, measured, and recorded during the
experiment to ensure reliability and validity of the data.
4. Participant Selection and Randomization: Determine the criteria for participant
selection and recruit a representative sample of participants from the target
population. Use randomization techniques, such as random assignment or random
sampling, to minimize bias and ensure that participants are assigned to experimental
conditions or groups in an unbiased manner.
5. Conducting the Experiment: Implement the experimental procedures according to
the predetermined research design and protocols. Manipulate the independent
variable(s) by administering treatments, interventions, or conditions to participants
while controlling for extraneous variables that could influence the results.
6. Data Collection: Collect data on the dependent variable(s) by measuring or
observing participant responses, behaviors, or outcomes under different
experimental conditions. Use reliable and valid measurement tools, instruments, or
observation methods to record data accurately.
7. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical or analytical
techniques to test the research hypotheses and examine the effects of the
independent variable(s) on the dependent variable(s). Common statistical analyses
include t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-square tests, depending on the
research design and data characteristics.
8. Interpretation and Conclusion: Interpret the results of the data analysis in relation
to the research hypotheses and draw conclusions about the relationships between
variables. Discuss the implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and
directions for future research. Communicate the results effectively through written
reports, presentations, or publications.

Kinds of Variables in Experimental Research:

1. Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the

researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the presumed cause
or predictor variable in the experiment.
2. Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured or observed to assess the
impact of the independent variable(s). It is the outcome variable that is influenced by
changes in the independent variable(s).
3. Control Variables: Variables that are held constant or controlled by the researcher
to minimize their potential influence on the dependent variable(s) and ensure internal
validity. Control variables help isolate the effects of the independent variable(s) on
the dependent variable(s) by reducing confounding factors.
Q no.5: Why research is needed in education Discuss its scope?

Ans. Research is essential in education for several reasons, and its scope
encompasses a wide range of areas, issues, and applications within the field. Here
are some key reasons why research is needed in education and its scope:

1. Evidence-Informed Practice: Research provides empirical evidence and insights

that inform evidence-based decision-making and practice in education. By
conducting research, educators can identify effective instructional strategies,
interventions, and policies that are supported by empirical evidence, leading to
improved teaching and learning outcomes.
2. Continuous Improvement: Research fosters a culture of continuous improvement
in education by identifying areas for growth, innovation, and refinement. Through
research, educators can evaluate the effectiveness of existing practices, programs,
and policies, and make data-driven adjustments to enhance quality and relevance.
3. Addressing Educational Challenges: Research helps address complex
educational challenges and issues facing students, teachers, schools, and
educational systems. By conducting research on topics such as student
engagement, academic achievement gaps, school climate, or educational equity,
educators can develop targeted interventions and solutions to improve educational
outcomes for all learners.
4. Advancing Knowledge and Theory: Research contributes to the advancement of
knowledge and theory in the field of education by generating new insights, theories,
and conceptual frameworks. Researchers explore fundamental questions, test
hypotheses, and develop theoretical models that deepen our understanding of
teaching, learning, and educational processes.
5. Informing Policy and Practice: Research informs educational policies, practices,
and reforms by providing evidence-based recommendations and insights to
policymakers, administrators, and practitioners. Policymakers rely on research
findings to make informed decisions about resource allocation, curriculum
development, assessment practices, and educational interventions.
6. Professional Development: Research promotes the professional development and
growth of educators by disseminating best practices, innovative approaches, and
evidence-based strategies for teaching and learning. Educators engage in research
activities, such as action research or participation in research-based professional
development programs, to enhance their instructional practices and meet the diverse
needs of students.
7. Promoting Equity and Social Justice: Research plays a critical role in promoting
equity and social justice in education by examining disparities, biases, and inequities
in educational access, opportunities, and outcomes. Researchers investigate factors
contributing to educational inequities, such as socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity,
language, disability, or gender, and advocate for policies and practices that promote
equity and inclusion.
8. Global Perspectives and Comparative Studies: Research in education
encompasses global perspectives and comparative studies that examine educational
systems, policies, and practices across different countries and cultures. Comparative
research provides valuable insights into the factors influencing educational success
and can inform cross-cultural exchanges, collaborations, and policy initiatives.

Overall, the scope of research in education is vast and encompasses a wide range
of topics, methodologies, and applications aimed at improving teaching and learning,
advancing knowledge and theory, addressing educational challenges, promoting
equity and social justice, and informing policy and practice in educational settings.