PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011

The 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011

JABUNG BLOCK BASEMENT – THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

Teguh F.1, Agus H.P. 1

1
PetroChina International Jabung

ABSTRACT

Jabung Block is a part of Jambi sub-basin, representing the Northern flank of South Sumatra Basin as one
of the hydrocarbon prolific in Indonesia back-arc basin. Most of the oil and gas production came from
Talang Akar sandstone reservoir and also Air Benakat sandstone and Gumai sandstone as secondary
objective. Pre-Tertiary basement has become a necessary potential for future exploration program.

The Pre-Tertiary basement of Jabung Block consists of three different lithologies, there are granite,
limestone and metasediment. Granite is concentrated in the west of Jabung, the K/Ar radiometric dating
confirm the age of granite is Early Jurassic (180.4 + 3.58 ma), suggested the granite is part of the post-
Triassic suturing event related to Jurassic-Cretaceous plutonism. The granite can be divided into two
types, the weathered granite and fresh granite. The limestone found mostly on the Northwest and
Southeast part of the block, this lithology assumed to be part of post-Mutus sediments Kluang limestone,
although no radiometric dating have been conducted on this lithology. The limestone consist of
wackestone to packstone, other fragments are microcrystalline and rare crystalline bioclast. The
metasediment consists of low grade metamorphism lithologies, there are quartzite, schist and phyllite.
These lithologies assumed to be part of Malacca Microplate consists predominantly of metasediment
rock. No radiometric dating has been conducted on these lithologies. Based on the above basement
lithology types, potential basement play in Jabung consist of fractured weathered granite, fractured
limetones and fractured metasediment. From existing wells, proven basement play was identified in
fractured weathered granite followed by the oil discovery in Betara area. Meanwhile the fractured
limestones and fractured metasediment have high uncertainty due to tight lithology from existing wells.

This paper will focus on the data used to characterize the basement lithology by integrating seismic data,
log data and lithological description from both of cutting and core data. In addition a brief discussion
related to Pre-Tertiary basement economic potential is addressed. By knowing their characteristics, would
give us a better understanding regarding the Jabung block basement play and their economic potential.

INTRODUCTION trending Triassic suture complex of the Mutus

The Pre-Tertiary framework in South Sumatra
Basin consist of different lithologies from
different microplates which forming a basement
in the basin. The continental Mergui Microplate
occupies the central core of Sumatra from Aceh
to Southern Jambi, characterized by the
Palaeozoic granite plutons, Late Permian
volcanics and the widespread of Permo-Carbon
pebbly mudstones deposits. Meanwhile, the
cotinental Malacca Microplates is poorly known
but appears to be dominated by low grade
metasediments. The Mergui and Malacca
microplates were separated by a NW-SE to N-S
Assemblages. The East Malays Microplate is
characterized by Permo-Triassic arc magmatism
and lies of a line joining Kundur and NE Bangka
(Pulunggono & Cameron, 1984).
Some of those micro-plates floored the South
Sumatra basin, it consists of the complex
intercalation of igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary rocks arranged in a number of NW-
SE basement slices; the oldest and least
deformed basement considered part of the
Malacca Microplate, underlies the northern and
eastern portions of the basin. Further south laid
the heavily deformed remains of the Mergui
 PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011
The 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011
Microplate, possibly representing a weaker
continental fragment. Both were separated by
the Mutus Assemblage (Ginger & Fielding,
2005).
Jabung Block located mostly in Malacca
Microplate and only small segment in the
Southwest of the block covering the Mergui
Microplate and Mutus Assemblage, the
basement lithology in Jabung dominated by low
grade metasediment (quartzite, phyllite,
limestone terrain) and granite plutons in some
area as mentioned in above publications. The
results of extensive drilling allow us to classify
and mapping in more detail the basement
lithology in Jabung. There are more than 20
wells were penetrated the basement and based
on those information combined with others
subsurface data the characteristics of the
basement can be evaluate.
More than 500 mmboe reserves have been
discovered in Jabung block since exploring
mostly clastic reservoirs; mainly the Talang
Akar sands, Air Benakat and Gumai sands as
secondary reservoirs have also been produced.
Most discoveries were made in structural traps
or a combination of structure and stratigraphy
setting. Such kind of target is currently seemed
exhausted as suggested by decreasing size of
discoveries. Current study and drilling suggests
there are other potential that has not been
extensively explored, one of them was basement
play.
GEOLOGY OF JABUNG BLOCK
The Jabung Block is located at Jambi Sub-Basin,
located at Northeast side of the South Sumatra
Basin. Similar to South Sumatra Basin, the
geology of the Jabung Block can be divided into
two major sections; there are Pre-Tertiary and
Tertiary rocks. The Pre-Tertiary rocks consist of
various lithology as penetrated by several
exploration wells but mainly of granite with less
dominant of methamorphosed sedimentary rocks
and limestone.
The Tertiary rocks are composed of very similar
sequence as found in the South Sumatra Basin,
begin with Syn-Rift Megasequence (40 – 29
Ma); this megasequence corresponded to the a
major extensional event from Eocene to Early
Oligocene time, resulted in the opening up of
numerous half-grabens and sedimentation of the
earliest deposits (Lahat, Lemat and Lower part
of Talangakar Formations). Continued by Post -
Rift Megasequence (29 – 5 Ma); rifting ceased
approximately 29 Ma ago, however, due to the
thermal sagging the basin continued to subside.
Upper Talangakar and Baturaja were deposited
and followed by the widespread of marine to
deep marine sediment deposition of the
Telisa/Gumai formation as the high subsidence
rates and high relative sea level resulted in a
long-lived transgression of the basin which
reached its maximum extent approximately 16
Ma ago. The slowing of subsidence rates and/or
increased sediment input into the basin from 16
Ma to 5 Ma resulted in a pronounced regressive
deposition of the Air Benakat and Muara Enim
Formations. The last phase was Syn-
Orogenic/Inversion Megasequence (c. 5 Ma –
Present); a compressional tectonic event, the
Barisan orogeny, occurred across South Sumatra
from 5 Ma to present. Elongate NW-SE
orientated folds were formed across the basin.
Beyond those elongate folds, basin subsidence
continued as sediment input in to the basin was
enhanced by erosion of the newly formed
Barisan Mountains to the south and west and
produce the deposition of Kasai Formation and
the recent alluvium deposits (Ginger and
Fielding, 2005).
Structural setting of the Jabung area is
characterized by two main features, as revealed
from seismic data, there are NW-SE and NE-
SW. These two trends are consistent regionally
as also seen over the Jambi area and believed to
be the result of the reactivation of the older
stuctures. A seismic section taken around the
Betara Graben shows the nature of the fault that
control development of the graben. At later
stage, the faults were reactivated up to the
younger section to produce similar trend.
BASEMENT CHARACTERIZATION
Figure.1 showing microplate boundaries in
Sumatra region (Barber, 2005) consists of
amalgamation of the continental and oceanic
microplate such as Mergui, Malacca and East-
Malaya microplates. Jabung Block situated in
 PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011
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Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011
the Northern flank of South Sumatra Basin
(indicated by block boundary) mostly located in
the Malacca microplate and only small portion
in the Western part of the block covering the
Mergui microplate and Mutus suture. From
several wells were penetrated to the basement,
the lithology of the basement in Jabung Block
can be subdivided into three different
lithologies; there are granite, limestone and low
grade metasediment (Figure 2).
Granite Basement concentrated in the middle
and west of Jabung Block, this rock was
suggested as part of the Jurassic – Cretaceous
plutonism common found in South Sumatra
Basin. Based on K/Ar radiometric dating the age
of this rock was Early Jurassic (180.4+3.58 ma).
The granite basement can be subdivided into
fresh and weathered granite, from lithology
description from cutting and core sample the
granite can be determine by porphyry and minor
local granophyre texture, abundance content of
coarse quartz, plagioclase, biotite, orthoclase
(phenocrysts up to 2/3 cm) mineral and trace
muscovite. Occasional have xenoliths content
and altered of feldspar and micas into clays and
siderite. Weathered granite can be determined by
the appearance of regoliths and occasional
fractures and joints, the absence of plagioclase is
presumably due to the weathering process and
alteration to kaolinite. Kaolinite and sericite/illite
or paragonite occurs as replacements of feldspars
and also fill in the fractures. Minor amounts of
pyrite and siderite occurs as grain-replacive
minerals.
Seismic character of the granite basement
difficult to determine due to poor data quality at
basement level limits of investigation and near
basement level. In seismic, top of the granite
basement characterized by strong reflector
combined with onlap features of the sediment
above, below this level the image quality
degrades significantly, characterized by chaotic
event as a typical of the massive granite body
and no clear boundary between weathered and
fresh granite (Figure 3). From electrical log the
fresh granite basement can be determined by
high value of Gamma Ray log (over 400 API),
high resistivity (shallow, medium and deep/true)
reading (over 1.000 ohm-M), high reading of
density log (between 2.6 – 2.7 g/cc3), and low
reading of neutron porosity log and sonic log
suggests that this rock tend to be tight. In
general weathered granite has the same character
in electrical log with the fresh granite, except for
the value of resistivity and porosity log which
have lower value than the fresh granite.
Limestone Basement is found at two localities
area of the block, there are northern part and
southern part of the block. No radiometric dating
conducted on this rock, although based on the
several references this lithology may be part of
the Jurassic-Cretaceous kluang Limestone which
constitutes the Mutus Assemblage (Pulunggono
& Cameron, 1984). Lithology description from
cutting and core sample the limestone
characterized by wackestone to packstone,
boundstone in part, gray white to white, dark
gray becoming black in part, moderately hard,
other fragments are microcrystalline with trace
fine white calcite re-crystallized mineral as vein,
rare crystalline bioclast cemented by
microcrystalline material, trace gray to dark gray
carbonaceous impurities, rare very fine pyrite,
generally no visible porosity to poor visible
porosity.
Top of the limestone basement generally
characterized by strong reflector in the upper
part of section, undulating feature is easy to
recognize in some area. Both limestone and
granite basement are hard to trace laterally due
to poor quality seismic data at basement level
(Figure 4). From electrical log the limestone
basement characterized by low value of Gamma
Ray log, high resistivity log and high density log
with very low value of porosity log.
Being most located in the Malacca Microplate,
the basement lithology in Jabung Block is
expected dominated by low grade metasediment.
In lithology description based on cutting or core
sample, the low grade metamorphism expressed
by the appearance of granoblastic structure of
metaquartz, unconformities of foliated schistose
to phyllite and gradually alteration of clay to
slate mineral. The lithology can be subdivided
into metaquartz, schist and phyllite. Metaquartz
characterized by very hard with prismatic quartz.
Chlorite and calcite minor mineral, choncoidal
fracture and granoblastic textures, meanwhile
schist and phyllite characterized by dark to
 PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011
The 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011
grayish purple with wavy discontinous and
foliated, moderately to hard, indurated with mica
and opaque to prismatic quartz in phyllite with
minor mafic veinlets from cutting sample
description.
In seimic this type of basement has different
character with granite and limestone basement,
top of metasediment not represented by strong
reflector and below this level generally showing
a pararel reflector that may suggest of bedding
planes of metasediment rocks. In electrical log
this type of basement has a same character with
ordinary sedimentary rock, except in porosity
log (neutron-density log) showing a tight
lithology (Figure 5).
BASEMENT POTENTIAL
Jabung Block basement had been exposed since
the beginning of Tertiary time and only certain
part of the basement were buried within the
sediments during rifting period. Most of the
basement exposed was a paleohigh and remains
as paleohigh until Early Miocene (maximum
transgression) prior to extensive marine
incursion which covered nearly the entire South
Sumatra Basin. Long time Basement exposure
could lead to the weathering processes and to
leaching of unstable primary minerals such as in
granite and limestone and enhance the porosity
and permeability of basement reservoir.
Poly-phase deformation in South Sumatra Basin
is influenced by active oblique compression
from the subduction of the Australian plate
under Indo-China (Hall, 1996) resulting the
combination of Paleogene extension and
Neogene compression structural features. This
type of deformation had an impact on the
basement fractured reservoirs particularly in the
high relief structural elements.
These processes are major factor to generate
fractured reservoir in all lithology types in
basement. Based on the excessive well drilled
and the processes above, the potential basement
play in Jabung consist of fractured weathered
granite, fractured limetones and fractured
metasediment.
Fractured Weathered Granite
Proven fractured weathered granite play in
Jabung Block was encountered in South and
West Betara field, the upper part of granite
basement shows the effects of severe surface
weathering which took place before deposition
of the sediments above. From core, the upper
part is generally more weathered than the lower
part as highlight by general nature of the rock
and mineral alteration. In the lower part that is
some granite which appears to be relatively
unweathered. From the thin section can be
assumed the genesis of the reservoir after the
initial formation of granite, as below:
• Fracturing, at least two periods of
fracture generation
• Precipitation of pyrite, which occurs as a
replacement and in local fractures
• Formation of siderite, which occurs as
fine crystals and spherulites, replacing
some feldspar, in the minerals cleavages
[biotite] and also filling fractures.
• Weathering process. The presence of
clay minerals, including kaolinite,
sericite/illite or paragonite, occur
apparently replacing feldspar and also
locally within biotite cleavage. The
clays fill in fractures.
• Preferentially leaching of feldspar,
possibly as a result of recent weathering
At weathered section, the porosity is up to 29%
with the permeability up to 700 mD. The
porosity is the result of leaching and dissolution
of unstable minerals and the permeability may
have been enhanced by fractures due to faulting
at the beginning series of the rock genesis. No
relationship between depth and porosity from
wells and from porosity and permeability
crossplot showing a good relationship with a
porosity can up to 30% and permeability up to
0.5 Darcy.
In order to understand the extent of Granite
Washed reservoir, assessment of weathering
should be done. One way to do it is by flattening
a horizon right at the top of basement which may
reveal the topography of the basement during the
deposition of that interval. Figure 6 showing the
flattened seismic section at horizon which
represents the Oligo-Early Miocene interval
 PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011
The 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011
equivalent to Talang Akar (TAF) and Pre-
Talang Akar Formation deposition. From the
figure can be conclude during the deposition of
TAF and Pre-TAF the basement high area was
exhumed which led to have an intensive
weathering for over 10 million period of time. It
is believed that the basement weathering had
been controlled by the morphology, i.e. the level
of exposure to the atmosphere.
Fractured Metasediments
Metasediments basement in Jabung block was
consist of quartzite and phyllite, from several
wells penetrated into metasediments basement
suggest that this lithology was tight. Fractured
area may develop in local area along the large
faults. The data of Metasediments basement also
very limited, only cutting samples and electrical
logging was used to observe fractured zones
along the borehole.
In Panen Utara-1 well, the fracture was indicated
by the appearance of peak gas and sandstone
lithology in the mudlog data and also good
porosity indication in porosity log. Two peak
gases was encountered within the metasediments
reaches 705 Units and 162 Units C1 to C5
chromatograph gas with background gas around
20 Units, from cutting samples this zones was
characterized by sandstone lithology
appearances in the massive phyllite basement
rock, from porosity log suggest that this zone
has a good porosity (figure 7). The upper
fracture zone was tested with only have a gas
indication burning in flare pit.
Fractured Limestones
Several of exploration wells in Jabung was
penetrated to the Pre-Tertiary Limestone (?),
such as Suko-1, Gangsal-1and Tungkal-1. Some
of well indicates of porosity enhancement might
be associated with fracture or dissolution.
Unfortunately, the data of Pre-Tertiary
Limestone is very limited.
In Gangsal-1 well, the fracture was indicated by
the appearance of peak gas in mudlog data and
good porosity indication in porosity log (figure
4), even tough the accurate fracture porosity can
not be obtain due to very limited data. No test
was conducted in that zone. Suko-1 well
penetrate 400 feet Pre-Tertiary Limestones
during drilling, no test was conducted in this
zone. No hydrocarbon show encountered in this
section. Only several gas peak encountered in
the indicating fractured zones, the gas peak
reach 500 Units with chromatograph gas
between C1 to C5. From porosity log, the zone
was marked by high porosity value.
CONCLUSION
The Pre-Tertiary basement of Jabung Block
consists of three different lithologies, there are
granite, limestone and metasediment. Granite
Basement concentrated in the middle and west
of Jabung Block, this rock was suggested as part
of the Jurassic – Cretaceous plutonism and can
be subdivided into fresh and weathered granite.
From lithology description the granite can be
recognized by porphyry and minor local
granophyre texture, abundance content of coarse
quartz, plagioclase, biotite, meanwhile the
weathered granite can be determined by the
appearance of regoliths and occasional fractures
and joints. In seismic, top of the granite
basement characterized by strong reflector
characterized by chaotic event as a typical of the
massive granite body and no clear boundary
between weathered and fresh granite.
Limestone basement is found at two localities
area of the block, there are northern part and
southern part of the block. No radiometric dating
conducted on this rock, the limestone basement
characterized by wackestone to packstone
moderately hard with trace fine white calcite re-
crystallized mineral as vein. In seismic top of the
limestone basement generally characterized by
strong reflector in the upper part of section and
undulating feature is easy to recognize in some
area. The metasediment basement consists of
low grade metamorphism lithologies, there are
quartzite, schist and phyllite. In seimic top of
metasediment not represented by strong reflector
and below this level generally showing a pararel
reflector that may suggest of bedding planes of
metasediment rocks.
Poly-phase deformation in South Sumatra Basin
and Long time Basement exposure could lead to
the weathering processes and to leaching of
 PROCEEDINGS JCM MAKASSAR 2011
The 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011
unstable primary minerals such as in granite and
limestone and enhance the porosity and
permeability of basement reservoir. The
potential basement play in Jabung block consist
of fractured weathered granite, fractured
limetones and fractured metasediment.
The upper part of granite basement is generally
more weathered than the lower part as highlight
by general nature of the rock and mineral
alteration. At this interval reservoir (weathered
section) the porosity is up to 29% with the
permeability up to 700 mD. South and West
Betara field was a proven field of fractured
weathered granite play with production up to
3.500 BOPD. Fractured metasediments and
fractured limestones play was not proven yet in
Jabung block, although from several wells
penetrated trough this type of basement suggest
there was an indication of fractured zone
develop within the rocks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thanks the
management of PetroChina Intl. Companies,
BPMIGAS, DIRJEN MIGAS, PETRONAS and
PT.PERTAMINA for their permissions to
publish this paper. Special thanks are dedicated
to KAGEO UNPAD and PetroChina Jabung
Ltd.
REFERENCES
Barber, A.J., Crow, M.J. and De Smet, M.E.M.,
(2005), Tectonic Evolution, in Geological
Society Memoir No.31, Sumatra-Geology,
Resources and Tectonic Evolution, p. 234-259.
Ginger, D., and Fielding, S., (2005), The
Petroleum Systems and Future Potential of The
South Sumatra Basin, Proceedings of the
Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA) 30th
Annual Convention, p.67-89.
Guttormsen, J. J., Achiat, R.,Indrawan,
R.,Waworuntu, 2009, Phylitic Fractured
Reservoirs of Southern Sumatra, 33rd annual IPA
convention 2009.
Guttormsen, J. 2010, Naturally Fractured
Basement Reservoirs: Using South Sumatra to
Characterize the Challenges of Exploring and
Exploiting Fracture Basement Reservoirs, 34th
annual IPA convention 2010.
Ka-Geo UNPAD, 2010, Carbonate and
Basement Reservoir Characterization Study:
Hydrocarbon Potential in Jabung Block. Internal
Study Report.
Pulunggono, A., 1986, Tertiary Structural
Features Related to Extensional and
Compressive Tectonics In The Palembang
Basin, South Sumatra, Proc. IPA 15th Annual
Convention, pp. 187-213.
Pulunggono, A. and Cameron, N.R., (1984),
Sumatran Microplates, Their Characteristic and
Their Role in The Evolution of the Central and
South Sumatra Basins, Proceedings of the
Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA) 13th
Annual Convention, p.121-143.
Sagita, R., Sari, Q.C., Chalik, M., Rita, A.,
Waworuntu, R., and Guttormsen, J., (2008),
Reservoir Characterization Of Complex
Basement – Dayung, Proceedings, Indonesian
Petroleum Association Thirty-Second Annual
Convention & Exhibition, p.322-331.
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Jabung

FIGURE 1: Microplates Boundaries in Western Indonesia (Barber, et.al, 2005)

Remarks:

Granite Rock
MALACCA
MICROPLATE Pre-Tertiary Limestone Rock

Metasediment Rock

Metaquartzite Rock

Jurassic-
Cretaceous
pluronism

Kluang Lst eq. (?)

MUTUS
ASSEMBLAGE

FIGURE 2: Jabung Block Basement subdivisions

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Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011

Weathered Granite, but less so

than in Core 1. Some parts appear
relatively unweathered with
orthoclase feldspars retaining a
pink colour. so that in part the core
as the appearance of regoliths.
Occasional fractures, and joints, at
least two directions

WB SB
• Top basement • From electrical log the fresh granite basement
generally can be determined by high value of Gamma Ray
characterized by log (over 400 API), high resistivity (shallow,
strong reflector medium and deep/true) reading (over 1.000 ohm-
combined with M), high reading of density log (between 2.6 – 2.7
onlap features of g/cc3), and low reading of neutron porosity log
the sediment and sonic log suggests that this rock tend to be
above. tight.
• Below this level
the image quality Weathered • weathered granite has the same character in
degrades granite electrical log with the fresh granite, except for the
significantly. value of resistivity and porosity log which have
Chaotic characters lower value than the fresh granite.
suggests massive
rock body. Fresh
granite
• No clear blundary
between weathered
and fresh granite.

FIGURE 3: Granite/Weathered Granite Basement Characteristics

• Wackestone to
• Top basement packstone, boundstone in
Gangsal-1 generally represented part, gray white to white,
by strong reflector, at dark gray becoming black in
least three wiggles part, moderately hard,
found on this level. white limestone fragment
Undulating feature is becoming chalky
easy to recognized in • other fragments are
some places. However microcrystalline with trace
laterally is difficult to fine white calcite re-
follow due to different crystallized mineral as vein,
quality of seismic rare crystalline bioclast
vintages. cemented by
microcrystalline material,
• Strong reflectors trace gray to dark gray
which correlate with carbonaceous impurities,
Pre-Tertiary limestone rare very fine pyrite,
found in northwestern • generally no visible
part of Jabung area. porosity to poor visible
porosity.

FIGURE 4: Limestone Basement Characteristics

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Makassar, 26 – 29 September 2011

NBE Low grade metamorphism

expressed by the
appearance of granoblastic
•Top basement not structure of metaquartz,
represented by unconformities of foliated
strong reflectors. schistose to phyllite and
gradually alteration of clay
•Below this level mineral to slate.
generally shows
Metaquartz, very hard with
parallel reflectors prismatic quartz. Chlorite
that may suggest of and calcite minor mineral,
bedding planes of choncoidal fracture and
metasediment rocks. granoblastic textures.

Schist and Phyllite, dark to

• Lateral distribution grayish purple with wavy
is difficult to follow discontinous and foliated,
due to different moderately to hard,
quality of each indurated with mica and
seismic vintages. opaque to prismatic quartz
in phyllite with minor mafic
veinlets.

FIGURE 5: Metasediments Basement Characteristics

Granite exposed

M10

Weathered
Granite
100 ft

Fresh Granite

FIGURE 6: Possible degree of exposure of the granitic rocks above depositional level
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FIGURE 7: Fracture zones indication by e-log & mudlog in Metasediments Basement in Panen Utara-1