Question 1

How is the continuity of water column maintained?

Answer
The continuity of the water column is maintained by the adhesive and cohesive properties of
water. The adhesive property of the water molecules makes them adhere to the xylem walls
and its cohesive property makes the water molecules remain together and move up as a
stream.

Question 2
How are the minerals transported across the plants?
Answer
The minerals are transported in their ionic, soluble form along with water across the plant in
xylem and phloem.

Question 3
In what form is the food transported along phloem?
Answer: The food is transported along the phloem in the form of sucrose, a o carbohydrate.

Question 4
What is translocation?
Answer
The transport system of soluble substances like sugars, amino acids and hormones by the
phloem is called translocation.
Question 5
What are the substances translocated in the phloem?
Answer
The phloem translocate the food manufactured by the leaves, the hormones and the minerals
ions from the falling leaves to the other regions of the plant.

Question 6
What is the path of the translocation of the food in the plant?
Answer
The food is manufacture in the leaves. From the mesophyll cells of the leaves, food enters the
phloem cells. They are then transported along the phloem to different parts of the plants.
From the phloem, the cells draw the food as per their requirement.

Question 7
How is the food translocated in the phloem?
Answer
The food is translocated in the phloem along the concentration gradient. That is, the food is
translocated from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in the
phloem.

Question 8
How the materials transported in higher animals?
Answer
In higher animals, the minerals are transported by the mass flow system called the circulatory
system. its involving the movement of a liquid medium through the closed tubes and opened
spaces between the cells.

Question 9
What are the types of substances transported by the circulatory system?
Answer
The materials transported by the circulatory system include:

1. Digested food
2. Respiratory gases
3. Hormones
4. Excretory products

Question 10
What are the two types of circulatory systems in a man?
Answer
The two types of circulatory systems are:
1. Blood circulatory system
2. Lymphatic system

Question 11
What are the types of blood circulatory system?
Answer
The two types of blood circulatory systems are:
1. Open circulatory systems
2. Close circulatory systems

Question 12
What is an open circulatory system?
Answer
In the open circulatory system, the exchange of materials between of the cells and the blood
is done directly. The blood enters into the interstitial space (space between the tissues) and
circulates in these spaces. There are few blood vessels but they are not extensive. The blood
vessels are open- ended as they open into the common cavities called the haemocoel. For
example: Insects.

Question 13
What are the three components of circulatory system in man?
Answer
The three components of the circulatory system in man are:
1. Blood: A fluid that carries all the material
2. Heart: The pumping organ
3. Blood vessels: Tubes through which the fluid can flow to different parts of the body.
Question 14
What is blood made up of?
Answer
Blood is made up of:
1. The liquid component called the plasma
 2. The solid components: the formed elements that are freely present in the plasma. The
solid elements include the red blood cells, white blood cells and the platelets.

Question 15
Mention any two functions of plasma.
Answer
The two functions of plasma are:
1. Maintaining osmotic pressure and viscosity of the blood
2. Helping in transport of substances like the hormones and enzymes.

Question 16
What is the main function of the red blood cells?
Answer
The main function of the red blood cells is to carry oxygen. These cells contain the pigment
hemoglobin which has an affinity for oxygen

Question 17
Write short notes on Erythrocytes?
Answer
Erythrocytes are the red blood cells. They are biconcave discs with the edges being thicker
than the center. They are enucleated and contain a pigment called the hemoglobin. The
hemoglobin gives the characteristic red color. They number 5 million per cubic mm in adult
males and 4.5 million per cubic mm in adult females. They are synthesized in the bone
marrow of certain bones like the sternum. Each has a life span of about 120 days. After this,
they are destroyed in the liver.

Question 18
What are the functions of leucocytes?
Answer
The functions of leucocytes are:
Phagocytosis : The neutrophils and lymphocytes can engulf foreign bodies by the process
called phagocytes.
Antibody Production: The leucocytes produce antibodies that attack the foreign bodies.
Anti- allergic Properties Eosinophil, a granulocytes thought to be anti- allergic.

Question 19
What is the other name for platelets and what is their function?
Answer
Platelets are also called thrombocytes. They play an important role in the clotting of blood.

Question 20
What are the functions of platelets?
Answer
The functions of platelets are:
a. Release of thromboplastin when damaged.
Thromboplastin which initiates a series of reactions that result in the clotting of blood.
b. Retraction of clot
The clot formed by the blood is further made dense by the addition of platelets and this
retracts the clot making it tighter and smaller.
c.Repair of damaged endothelium
The platelets stick to the damaged portion of the wall and prevent loss of blood.

Few More

Plants

i. What is transpiration? Give the term for the transfer of food from leaves to the other
parts of the plant.
ii. What is translocation? Why is it necessary for the Plant?
iii. Explain briefly the components of the Xylem and Phloem tissues.
iv. In which parts of the plant are sugars and hormones synthesized?

Animals

i. Heart:

1. Name the Blood vessel that brings the oxygenated blood to the Human heart. Which
chamber of heart receives the oxygenated blood? Draw a well labeled diagram of
human circulatory system.
2. Draw a diagram of Human Heart and label the following parts:
a. Aorta b. Pulmonary trunk c. Superior Venacava d. Coronary Artery
3. Give the differences between Arteries, Veins and Capillaries.
4. Draw the diagram showing how blood in the capillaries surrounding the tissues
exchanges respiratory gases with the cells of the tissue. Label a) RBC’s and b) Tissue
cells.
5. Why the blood circulation in Human beings is called ‘Double Circulation’? Explain
briefly how is ‘Pace Maker’ helpful to a heart patient?
6. What is the below graph representing? What is ECG? Give its full form. Does it show
any feature about working of Heart?

ii. Blood:

1. Name the constituents of Blood. Why the White Blood Cells are called ‘Soldiers of
the Body’?
2. List any four blood groups. Which blood group is called the ‘Universal Donor’ and
which one is called the ‘Universal Acceptor’?
3. What do you mean by transfusion of blood? Why is it necessary to match the blood
groups of the donor and the recipient persons before arranging transfusion? A person
is a Universal donor. Which blood group shall be acceptable to him for transfusion?
4. State the major functions of Blood Platelets. What is their Shape?
5. What are the various cell types of blood and explain their functions?
6. Make a schematic representation of Major events taking place during Coagulation of
blood.
7. What is Agglutination? What is Rh factor? What happens to a baby of Rh+ve factor
when the mother is Rh-ve?
8. Give the meaning of the words antigen and antibody. Complete the below given table:
Excretion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1. Name the site where the selective reabsorption of filtrate from Glomerular occurs.
A.1. PCT – Proximal Convoluted Tubules and DCT – Distal Convoluted Tubules.
Q.2. Name the excretory product of reptiles from the kidneys.
A.2. They are uricotelic animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid as a paste with a
minimum discharge of water.
Q.3. Write the composition of the sweat secreted by the sweat gland.
A.3. It is a watery fluid having NaCl, with a little quantity of urea, lactic acid, etc.
Q.4. Which gland in the prawns performs excretory functions?
A.4. Their excretory organs are called as green glands or antennary glands. They secrete ammonia and are
opaque-white pea-sized structures, confined in the coxa of each second antenna.
Q.5. Which is the excretory structure in amoeba?
A.5. Contractile vacuole.
Q.6. Expand the following excretory functions:
a) ANF
b) ADH
c) GFR
d) DCT
A.6.
a) ANF – Atrial Natriuretic Factor.
b) ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone.
c) GFR – Glomerular Filtration Rate.
d) DCT – Distal Convoluted Tubule.
Q.7. Write the significance of the sebaceous gland.
A.7. They are involved in the removal of substances, such as squalene, cholesterol, triglycerides, wax, and
esters via sebum that provides a greasy covering to the skin.
Q.8.What is the Renin-Angiotensin System?
A.8.Renin-angiotensin system, also known as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It is a
physiological hormone system involved in the regulation of blood plasma, arterial blood pressure and also
sodium concentration in our blood cells.
Q.9.What is Micturition?
A.9.Micturition is a process of urine excretion from the urinary bladder. The process of micturition
consists of two phases — Storage phase and Voiding phase.
Q.10.What is Excretion?
A.10.Excretion is a biological process, which plays a vital role by eliminating toxins and other waste
products from the body.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1. Describe the role of Renin-Angiotensin in the management of Kidney function.
A.1. The Juxta-Glomerular Apparatus (JGA) releases renin on activation by fall in the blood flow in the
glomerular. In blood, renin transforms angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and hence into angiotensin II
which is a vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure in the glomerular and hence the Glomerular
Filtration Rate(GFR). Also, the angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which in
turn causes the reabsorption of water and Na+ from the distal parts of the tubule which results in an
increase in the GFR and blood pressure, this is termed as RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System).
Q.2 Give reason why aquatic animals ate mostly ammonotelic in nature whereas terrestrial forms
are not.
A.2. Ammonia needs a large amount of water for its removal as its the most toxic. To conserve water,
terrestrials adapted to produce less toxic nitrogenous wastes like uric acid and urea. In ureotelic animals,
ammonia released as a result of metabolic activities is converted into urea in their liver and released into
the blood that is filtered and excreted by the kidneys.
Q.3. Explain why the composition of glomerular filtrate is not the same as urine.
A.3. When the volume of the filtrate is compared with that of the urine that is formed per day, which is 180
litres and 1.5. Litres respectively, it can be extrapolated that 99% of the filtrate needs to be reabsorbed by
the renal tubules, the phenomenon is referred to as reabsorption. Substances such as amino acids, Na+,
glucose are actively reabsorbed in the filtrate hence are not found in urine.
Q.4. What is the remedial measure advised for the correction of acute renal failure? Explain briefly.
A.4. The ultimate method for the correction of acute renal failure is Kidney transplantation. The kidney is
transplanted from a donor having a functional kidney, a close relative preferably, so that chances of
rejection by the host immune system are minimized.
Q.5. Why is the hemodialysis unit called an artificial kidney? Explain.
A.5. It acts as an artificial kidney by eliminating urea from the blood of the patients caused due to failure
of the kidney. Blood is drained from the artery and pumped into the dialyzing unit after addition of
heparin. The unit has a looped cellophane tube that is girdled by a dialyzing fluid which has a similar
composition as plasma minus the nitrogenous waste. The cellophane membrane of the tube is permeable
through which molecules pass based upon the concentration gradient. Blood is removed as nitrogenous
wastes are absent in the dialyzing fluid hence they can move freely. The cleaned blood is pumped back to
the body via a vein after supplementing with anti-heparin.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.1. Explain the micturition and disorders of the excretory system.
A.1. In micturition, urine is formed by the nephrons that are transferred by the urinary bladder which stores
in until a signal is generated by the CNS. The signal is triggered by the stretching of the urinary bladder
due to the filling of urine, which is responded in the form of signals to the CNS by the stretch receptors
present on the bladder walls. To trigger smooth contractions of the bladder muscles, the CNS transfers
motor messages and parallelly relaxes the urethral sphincter thereby resulting in the release of urine. This
phenomenon of releasing urine is called as micturition The following are the disorders:

 Kidney malfunction can cause urea accumulation in the blood, the condition is referred to as
uremia that may lead to kidney failure. Urea in such patients is eliminated through hemodialysis
and kidney transplantation ultimately.
 Renal Calculi is when insoluble or stones of crystallized salts are formed within the kidney.
 Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney – Glomerulonephritis

Q.2. What is the role of tubular secretion in maintaining acid-base and ionic balance in the body
fluids?
A.2. The tubular cells produce ammonia, H+, and K+ into the filtrate during the formation of urine.
Tubular secretion assists in maintaining ionic and acid-base balance in the body fluids and is a necessary
step in urine formation. The PCT helps in doing so through selective secretion of ammonia, hydrogen ions,
and potassium ions into the filtrate. The DCT is also able enough to selectively secrete ions of potassium
and hydrogen and ammonia for the maintenance of the sodium-potassium balance pH in the blood.
Another structure that plays a role in maintaining the pH and ionic balance of the blood by selectively
secreting H+ and K+ ions is the collecting duct.
Q.3. Explain why in the loop of Henle, the glomerular filtrate gets concentrated in the descending
limbs and diluted in the ascending limbs.
A.3. The thin wall of the Henle’s loop is permeable to water and not solutes. While the isotonic tubular
fluid passes down the limb, it slowly loses its water through the exosmosis caused by increased osmolarity
of the medullary interstitium from which the limbs stretch. Hence the filtrate tends to become hypertonic to
the blood plasma. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ions of K+, Na+, Cl-, partially
permeable to urea, and are impermeable to water. So, in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, Ca,
Mg, Cl, K, Na is reabsorbed, thereby causing the filtrate to become hypotonic to blood plasma and diluted
in comparison to descending limb.
Q.4. Define the following term with examples?
 Ammonotelic organisms.
 Uricotelic organisms.
 Ureotelic organisms.

A.4.

1. Ammonotelic organisms: They are the organisms which excrete nitrogenous waste substances in
the form of ammonia. Ammonotelic organisms include Bony fishes, Sepia, Octopus etc.
2. Uricotelic organisms: They are the organisms which excrete nitrogenous waste substances in the
form of uric acid. Birds, Uricotelic organisms include lizard, insects, etc.
3. Ureotelic organisms: They are the organism which excretes nitrogenous waste substances in the
form of urea. Ureotelic organisms include cartilaginous fish, few bony fishes, adult amphibians
and mammals including humans.

Few More

a. Insects:

i. State the role of excretion in living beings. Describe how excretion takes place in
Amoeba.
ii. Name the excretory organs in: Amoeba, Flat worm, Earth worm, Plan aria.
iii. What is the excretory waste in the Earthworm and Amoeba?
iv. Explain the excretion in Earthworm.

b. Human Beings:

i. Name the structural and functional unit of the excretory system.

ii. With the help of a labelled diagram, describe the urinary system of human beings.
iii. List two vital functions of Human Kidney? Draw a well labelled diagram of the
artificial kidney.
iv. Explain the process that takes place in Bowman’s capsule.
v. What material is used to line the tubes of a dialysis machine?