VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT OF 8TH SEMESTER B.E.

ON

“MOBILE-VOTING”

Submitted By

PALLAVI B R
4UB20EI021

S. MADHUSUDHANA Dr. T. D.
VISHNUMURTHY
SEMINAR GUIDE CHAIRMAN

Dr. D. P. NAGARAJAPPA
PRINCIPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY B.D.T. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DAVNGERE-577004, Karnataka
(A Constituent College of VTU, Belagavi)
 2023-24
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

UNIVERSITY B.D.T. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DAVANAGERE-577004, KARNATAKA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING

2023-2024

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “SMART CAR PARKING SYSYTEM
USING PLC” is a bonafide record of work carried out by SACHIN H C bearing USN:
4UB20EI031 under our guidance and supervision at Department of Electronics &
Instrumentation Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere, in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2023-24. The seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in a respect to seminar work prescribed by said degree.

Dr. SUNITHA S L Dr. MALLIKARJUN. S. HOLI

SEMINAR GUIDE CHAIRMAN
 ABSTRACT

A smart parking system using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is designed to address
the challenges of finding parking spaces in congested areas and to reduce traffic
congestion. This system aims to develop a fully automated car parking system that requires
minimal human interaction, The PLC, equipped with sensors and motors, serves as the
backbone for the successful construction of the Automated Car Parking System. The system
uses advanced control strategies and energy-efficient technologies to organize the entry and
exit from the parking lots.
The goal is to mitigate the problems associated with general multilevel parking systems by
using PLC and advanced engineering concepts. This system is particularly beneficial in today’s
world where parking space is a significant issue, and traditional automatic multilevel car
parking systems often result in wastage of space.
This report explores the design, implementation, and benefits of a smart parking system
leveraging Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) as the core control mechanism. The
system aims to address the challenges associated with traditional parking management by
integrating PLCs with sensor networks, actuators, and data analytics tools. Through real-time
monitoring and control, the smart parking system optimizes space utilization, enhances user
experience, and contributes to sustainable urban mobility.
The report discusses the architecture, functionality, and key features of the PLC-based smart
parking system, highlighting its scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Case studies and
empirical data illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the system in various urban
environments. Furthermore, the report examines the potential challenges and future directions
for advancing PLC-based smart parking technologies, emphasizing the role of interdisciplinary
collaboration and innovation in shaping the future of urban transportation infrastructure.
Overall, this report provides valuable insights into the deployment and impact of PLC-based
smart parking systems in modern cities, offering practical solutions for addressing urban
parking challenges and improving overall urban mobility.

In summary, a smart parking system using PLC is an innovative solution designed to tackle
real-time parking issues, thereby saving time, reducing fuel consumption, and contributing to
a positive emotional state.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of any Technical Seminar Presentation brings it with a sense of satisfaction,
but it is never complete without thanking those people who made it possible and whose
constant support has crowned our efforts with success.

I would specially thank my Technical Seminar Guide –Dr. SUNITHA S L for the expert
guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestion at every step, for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge and giving me guidelines to present a
seminar report.

I would also like to thank Smt. S. A. PUSHPALATHA - Technical Seminar Coordinator

forgiving continuous support and guidance to carry out the technical seminar.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. T D Vishnumurthy - Head of the

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering for encouraging and
inspiring me to carry out the technical seminar.

I would also like to thank all the Staff members of Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering for their encouragement and valuable suggestions.

I am extremely happy to acknowledge and express my sincere gratitude to our friends who
gave us constant support and encouragement and well-wishers for their help and
cooperation.

SACHIN H C
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
1. Introduction 1-7
1.1 Introduction to Seminar Topic 1
1.2 Standard Definition 1
1.3 Earlier Technology and their Shortcomings 2
1.4 Solution to The Problem Through the Proposed Technology 7
and its Fundamentals

2. Objectives 8

3. Literature Survey 9-10

3.1 Design and Fabrication System 10
3.2 Automated Parking 10
3.3 Smart Car Parking System 10
3.4 Challenges and Future Directions 10

4. Methodology / Technology and Working 11-27

4.1 How Proposed Technology is Implemented 11
4.2 Schematic Diagram of Smart Car Parking System Using PLC 12
4.3 Block Diagram of Smart Car Parking System Using PLC 15
4.4 Flow Chart of Smart Car Parking System Using PLC 23
4.5 Smart Car Parking Using PLC Ladder Diagram 25
4.6 Hardware Requirements 26
4.7 Software Requirements 27

5. Applications 28-31
5.1 The management of parking facilities within large commercial 28
Complexes or Shopping Centers
5.2 Urban Parking Management 30
5.3 Event Parking Management 31
6. Advantages, Limitations, and Applications 32-34
6.1 Advantages 32
6.2 Limitations 33
6.3 Applications 34
7. Conclusions 35

References 36
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Figure Title Page No.

Fig. 1 Manual Parking Management. 2

Fig. 2 Limited Capacity in Parking 3
Fig. 3 Traffic Congestion 4
Fig. 4 Difficulty in Finding Parking 5
Fig. 5 Security Concerns 6
Fig. 6 Schematic Diagram of Car Parking system using PLC. 13
Fig. 7 Block Diagram of Car Parking system using PLC. 15
Fig. 8 Proximity Sensor 16
Fig. 9 Programmable Logic Controller 17
Fig. 10 Architecture of PLC 18
Fig. 11 Working of PLC 19
Fig. 12 LCD Display Unit 21
Fig. 13 Structure of DC Motor 22
Fig. 14 Flow Chart of Car Parking System using PLC 24
Fig. 15 Ladder Diagram of PLC Based Car Parking System 25
Fig. 16 The Management of Parking Facilities Within Large Commercial 29
Complexes or Shopping centers
Fig. 17 Urban Parking Management 30
Fig. 18 Event Parking Management 31
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SEMINAR TOPIC

In today's rapidly urbanizing world, the efficient management of parking spaces has become
an increasingly critical aspect of urban infrastructure. With the rise in vehicle ownership and
urban population density, traditional parking management systems struggle to cope with the
escalating demands for parking availability, resulting in congestion, inefficient space
utilization, and frustrated drivers. In response to these challenges, smart parking systems have
emerged as innovative solutions to optimize parking resource allocation, enhance user
experience, and contribute to sustainable urban mobility.
This report delves into the design, implementation, and advantages of a smart parking system
utilizing Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) as the foundational technology. PLCs offer
a versatile and robust platform for controlling and coordinating various components of the
smart parking ecosystem, including sensors, actuators, and data analytics modules. By
harnessing the power of PLCs, smart parking systems can achieve real-time monitoring,
intelligent decision-making, and seamless integration with existing infrastructure.
Through this report, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles,
functionalities, and benefits of PLC-based smart parking systems. We will explore the
underlying architecture of such systems, the integration of PLCs with sensor networks, the role
of data analytics in optimizing parking operations, and the user-centric features that enhance
the parking experience. Additionally, we will examine case studies and empirical data to
illustrate the performance and efficacy of PLC-based smart parking systems in diverse urban
environments.
Furthermore, this report will discuss the potential challenges and future directions for
advancing PLC-based smart parking technologies. We will explore avenues for scalability,
interoperability, and sustainability, as well as the implications of emerging trends such as
connected vehicles, autonomous driving, and smart city initiatives on the evolution of smart
parking systems. By shedding light on the capabilities and potentials of PLC-based smart
parking systems, this report aims to inform policymakers, urban planners, parking operators,
and technology stakeholders about the transformative role of technology in addressing urban
parking challenges. Ultimately, we envision PLC-based smart parking systems as integral
components of the smart cities of tomorrow, fostering efficiency, accessibility, and
sustainability in urban mobility.
1.2 STANDARD DEFINITION
SMART PARKING: A smart parking system is an intelligent infrastructure designed
to efficiently manage parking spaces using various technologies such as sensors,
communication networks, and data processing algorithms. It provides real-time
information on parking space availability, facilitates convenient parking space allocation,
and optimizes parking resource utilization, ultimately enhancing user experience, reducing
congestion, and improving overall urban mobility.

1
1.3 EARLIER TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR SHORTCOMINGS
1. Manual Parking Management: Many parking lots were managed manually, leading to
inefficiencies and errors in collecting fees and managing vehicle entry and exit.

FIG1:Manual parking management

SHORTCOMINGS:

• Human Error: Manual systems are prone to errors in ticket issuance, fee collection,
and record-keeping, leading to inaccuracies and revenue losses.

• Limited Capacity Management: Manual systems struggle to efficiently manage large

volumes of vehicles, resulting in overcrowding and difficulty finding parking spaces.

• Traffic Congestion: Manual ticketing processes can cause traffic congestion near
parking entrances and exits, impacting overall traffic flow in surrounding areas.

• Security Risks: Manual systems may lack adequate security measures, making them
vulnerable to theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access to parked vehicles.

• Inefficient Space Utilization: Manual management may lead to inefficient space

utilization within parking lots, resulting in underutilization or overcrowding.

2
2. Limited Capacity: Traditional parking systems had limited capacity to handle a large
volume of vehicles, especially in densely populated areas or during peak hours.

FIG2: Limited capacity

SHORTCOMINS:

• Overcrowding: Limited capacity can lead to overcrowding in parking lots, making it

difficult for drivers to find available spaces, especially during peak hours.

• Long Wait Times: When parking lots reach their capacity, drivers may have to wait for a
space to become available, causing delays and frustration.

• Inefficient Use of Space: Limited capacity can result in inefficient use of parking space
within lots, with some areas remaining underutilized while others are overcrowded.

• Increased Traffic Congestion: When parking lots are full, drivers may resort to circling
around in search of parking, contributing to traffic congestion in the surrounding area.

• Loss of Revenue: Parking operators may experience revenue loss when parking lots are
consistently full and unable to accommodate additional vehicles.

3
3. Traffic Congestion: Manual ticketing and entry processes often led to traffic congestion
near parking lots, especially in busy urban areas, causing inconvenience to commuters.

FIG3: Traffic congestion

SHORTCOMINGS:

• Increased Travel Time: Traffic congestion leads to longer travel times for commuters,
resulting in delays and potential disruptions to schedules.

• Wasted Fuel: Vehicles idling in congested traffic consume more fuel, leading to
increased fuel costs and environmental pollution.

• Economic Impact: Traffic congestion can have a significant economic impact due to
lost productivity, increased transportation costs, and negative effects on businesses.

• Air Pollution: Congested traffic contributes to higher levels of air pollution, leading to
adverse health effects and environmental degradation.

• Stress and Frustration: Dealing with traffic congestion can lead to stress, frustration,
and reduced quality of life for commuters.

4
4. Difficulty in Finding Parking: Lack of real-time information about available parking
spots made it challenging for drivers to find parking quickly, leading to frustration and
wastage of time and fuel.

FIG4: Difficulty in finding parking

SHORTCOMINGS:
• Time Wastage: Drivers spend significant time circling around in search of parking
spaces, leading to wasted time and increased frustration.
• Fuel Consumption and Emissions: The constant search for parking contributes to
increased fuel consumption and emissions, leading to environmental pollution and
higher fuel costs for drivers.
• Traffic Congestion: Vehicles searching for parking can contribute to traffic
congestion, especially in busy urban areas, further exacerbating the problem of finding
parking spaces.

5
5. Security Concerns: Without proper monitoring systems, there were security concerns
such as theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access to parked vehicles.

FIG5: Security concerns

SHORTCOMINGS:
• Theft and Vandalism: Parking areas with inadequate security measures are susceptible
to theft and vandalism of vehicles, as well as theft of personal belongings left inside
vehicles.
• Unauthorized Access: Lack of proper security measures can lead to unauthorized
access to parked vehicles, increasing the risk of theft, tampering, or even terrorism-
related activities.
• Safety Concerns for Users: Insecure parking areas may pose safety risks to users,
especially during nighttime or in poorly lit areas, leading to concerns about personal
safety.
• Lack of Surveillance: Parking lots without adequate surveillance systems make it
difficult to monitor activities and identify suspicious behavior, increasing the likelihood
of criminal activities going unnoticed.
• Vehicle Damage: Without proper security measures in place, vehicles parked in
insecure areas may be vulnerable to damage caused by vandalism, accidents, or
intentional acts of destruction.

6
1.4 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM THROUGH THE PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY
AND IT’S FUNDAMENTALS

Implementing a smart parking system using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) can
offer several solutions to address the shortcomings associated with traditional parking
systems. PLCs are industrial digital computers designed for controlling manufacturing
processes, including automation of parking systems. Here's how the proposed technology
and its fundamentals can provide solutions:

• Real-Time Monitoring: PLCs can be used to monitor parking lot occupancy in real-time
using sensors placed at individual parking spaces. This information can be relayed to a
central control system, allowing operators and drivers to see which spaces are available,
reducing the time spent searching for parking.

• Automated Entry and Exit: PLCs can control entry and exit gates based on parking
availability, allowing only authorized vehicles to enter and exit the parking facility. This
helps in managing traffic flow and preventing unauthorized access, enhancing security.

• Dynamic Pricing: PLCs can integrate with payment systems to implement dynamic
pricing based on demand and availability. Higher prices can be set during peak hours or
when parking demand is high, incentivizing drivers to park elsewhere or use alternative
transportation methods.

• Optimized Space Utilization: By efficiently managing parking space allocation, PLC-

based systems can optimize space utilization within parking lots, reducing overcrowding
in certain areas and maximizing revenue generation for parking operators.

• Remote Monitoring and Control: PLCs enable remote monitoring and control of
parking facilities, allowing operators to troubleshoot issues, adjust parameters, and
perform maintenance tasks without physically being present at the site.

• Enhanced Security Features: PLC-based systems can integrate with security cameras,
access control systems, and alarms to enhance security measures in parking facilities.
Suspicious activities can be detected and responded to promptly, reducing the risk of
theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access.

• Data Analytics and Insights: PLCs can collect and analyse data on parking usage
patterns, vehicle flow, and revenue generation, providing valuable insights for parking
operators to optimize operations, plan future expansions, and make informed decisions.
Fundamentally, PLCs serve as the backbone of smart parking systems by providing
automation, control, and connectivity capabilities. They enable seamless integration of
various components such as sensors, actuators, payment systems, and communication
networks to create an intelligent parking infrastructure that enhances convenience,
efficiency, and security for both parking operators and users.

7
2 OBJECTIVES

1. In this report we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles,

functionalities, and benefits of PLC-based smart parking systems.
2. We will explore the underlying architecture of such systems, the integration of PLCs with
sensor networks, the role of data analytics in optimizing parking operations, and the user-
centric features that enhance the parking experience.
3. Additionally, we will examine case studies and empirical data to illustrate the performance
and efficacy of PLC-based smart parking systems in diverse urban environments.

8
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
The history of smart parking systems utilizing Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) can
be traced back to the late 20th century when advancements in automation and control
technologies began to revolutionize various industries, including transportation and urban
infrastructure. While specific developments may vary, here's a general overview of the
evolution of smart parking systems incorporating PLCs:

• Early Adopters (Late 20th Century):

In the late 20th century, early adopters began experimenting with automated parking
solutions to address growing urbanization and the increasing demand for parking spaces.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) emerged as a versatile and reliable technology
for controlling and automating parking facility operations, such as entry/exit gates, ticket
dispensers, and payment systems.

• Emergence of Smart Parking Concepts (Early 21st Century):

In the early 2000s, the concept of smart parking systems gained traction as cities worldwide
sought innovative solutions to manage urban congestion, improve traffic flow, and enhance
parking efficiency. PLCs played a crucial role in the development of smart parking systems,
enabling automation, real-time monitoring, and data-driven decision-making.

• Integration of Sensor Technologies (Mid-2000s):

By the mid-2000s, advancements in sensor technologies, such as ultrasonic sensors,
magnetic sensors, and infrared sensors, facilitated the development of sensor-based parking
guidance systems. PLCs were integrated with sensor networks to monitor parking space
occupancy in real-time, providing drivers with accurate information about available
parking spaces and optimizing space utilization within parking facilities.

• Expansion of Communication Technologies (Late 2000s to Early 2010s):

The late 2000s and early 2010s witnessed the expansion of communication technologies,
including RFID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, enabling seamless connectivity
and data exchange in smart parking systems. PLCs were increasingly integrated with
communication networks to enable remote monitoring, control, and management of
parking facilities, enhancing operational efficiency and user experience.

• Integration with Smart City Initiatives (Mid-2010s to Present):

In recent years, smart parking systems have become integral components of broader smart
city initiatives aimed at promoting sustainability, improving urban mobility, and enhancing
quality of life.

9
3.1 Design and Fabrication System:
It uses sensors to detect the availability of the vacant slots and based on the condition, if space
is available or not then glows the LED used for the indicates the slots are vacant or not. So,
the green LED indicates the vacant slot and red LED are indicates that no space is available.
Not only the system is accurate but less complex Drawbacks of these system are that is
requires a greater number of sensors. Two sensors on the platform and two sensors on the
floors are required which increases its cost. This system’s power consumption is high.
Because of this the parking charges also increase. So, it is not viable to all the apartments and
commercial areas as there is a need of higher security aspects in such area. Also, the
implementation of this system is difficult and not economical.

3.2 Automated Parking:

Automated vehicle parking is a method of automatically parking of the cars or vehicles to
solve this problem of increasing demand for safe and reliable parking and total number of
vehicles is increasing day by day. The driver will park his car at the passage of the car park
structure then the car is automatically moved through the pallet and stored in a free parking
space. All these are done by using the computer-controlled system of the shuttles, pallet,
carriers and lifts in transporting cars from the coming up level to a parking space and vice
versa without human labor. Then the car will be returned to the driver by using a signaling
device outside the building.

3.3Smart car Parking System

Automated vehicle parking is a method of automatically parking of the cars or vehicles to
solve this problem of increasing demand for safe and reliable parking and total number of
vehicles is increasing in day by day. The driver will park his car at the passage of the car park
structure then the car is automatically moved through the pallet and stored in a free parking
space. All these are done by using the computer-controlled system of the, shuttles, pallet,
carriers and lifts in transporting cars from the coming up level to a parking space and vice
versa without human labor. Then the car will be returned to the driver by using a signaling
device outside the building.

3.4 Challenges and Future Directions:

• Scalability and Interoperability: This section identifies challenges related to scalability

and interoperability in deploying PLC-based smart parking systems across diverse
urban environments and integrating them with existing infrastructure.
• Security and Privacy Concerns: This section discusses security and privacy
considerations associated with PLC-controlled parking systems, proposing strategies
for safeguarding data integrity, protecting user privacy, and preventing cyber threats.

10
 • Integration with Smart Cities: This section explores opportunities for integrating PLC-
based smart parking systems with broader smart city initiatives, such as intelligent
transportation systems, urban planning strategies, and sustainability goals.
• Future Direction: Implementation of dynamic pricing models, incentive programs, and
flexible parking policies to manage demand, optimize revenue, and encourage
sustainable transportation behaviour.
• Benefits: Flexible pricing structures can incentivize off-peak travel, reduce congestion,
and promote efficient use of parking resources while generating additional revenue for
parking operators.

4. METHODOLOGY / TECHNOLOGY AND WORKING

4.1 HOW PROPOSED TECHNOLOY IS IMPLIMENTED:

The implementation of smart car parking systems using Programmable Logic Controllers
(PLCs) involves a multi-faceted approach that integrates various components and technologies
to automate parking facility operations, enhance user experience, and optimize resource
utilization. At its core, PLCs serve as the central control units, orchestrating the interactions
between sensors, actuators, communication networks, and user interfaces within the parking
system. Sensor technologies, such as ultrasonic sensors or magnetic sensors, detect parking
space occupancy in real-time and transmit this data to the PLCs. Based on the sensor inputs,
PLCs make decisions regarding parking space allocation, entry/exit control, and operational
optimization. Actuators controlled by PLCs, such as entry/exit gates, barriers, and elevator
platforms in automated parking systems, execute mechanical actions to facilitate vehicle
parking and retrieval. Communication protocols enable seamless data exchange between PLCs
and external systems, including payment gateways, security cameras, and central monitoring
platforms. Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), such as touchscreen displays or mobile
applications, provide users with intuitive interfaces to interact with the smart parking system,
access parking information, and make payments. Overall, the implementation of smart car
parking systems using PLCs combines automation, connectivity, and user-centric design
principles to create efficient, convenient, and sustainable parking solutions for urban
environments.
PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNOLOGY:
A smart car parking system leveraging Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) integrates
advanced technology to streamline parking management processes efficiently. At its core,
PLCs serve as the brain of the system, orchestrating the interaction between various
components such as sensors, actuators, and control interfaces. Sensors strategically placed
throughout the parking facility detect the presence or absence of vehicles in individual parking
spots, relaying this information to the PLC in real-time. Through predefined algorithms and
logic programmed into the PLC, it analyses the data received to determine the availability of
11
parking spaces. Dynamic signage or mobile applications then communicate this information to
drivers, guiding them to vacant spots quickly and effectively. Moreover, PLCs regulate entry
and exit gates, optimizing traffic flow within the parking area while ensuring safety and
security. Additionally, PLCs enable the implementation of payment systems, allowing for
seamless transactions and revenue generation for parking operators. The system's adaptability
allows for scalability, making it suitable for various parking environments, from small lots to
large multi-level structures. Continuous monitoring and feedback mechanisms ensure the
system's reliability and effectiveness, enhancing the overall parking experience for both drivers
and operators alike. By leveraging PLC technology.

4.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SMATR CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING PLC:

Creating a schematic diagram for a smart car parking system using PLC (Programmable Logic
Controller), proximity sensors, power supply, display unit, and DC motors for entry and exit
gates involves integrating various components to automate the process efficiently. This system
aims to optimize parking space utilization and enhance user experience by automating the entry
and exit process, as well as providing real-time information to users through a display unit.
Below is a detailed explanation of each component and its function within the system, followed
by a schematic diagram and its explanation.
1. Proximity Sensors: Proximity sensors serve as the input devices in the smart parking
system. These sensors are placed strategically at entry and exit points to detect the
presence of vehicles. When a vehicle approaches either the entry or exit gate, the
proximity sensor sends a signal to the PLC, indicating the need for action.
2. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): The PLC acts as the brain of the smart
parking system, controlling and coordinating the operations based on input from the
proximity sensors. It executes a pre-programmed logic to manage the entry and exit of
vehicles, as well as to display relevant information on the display unit. The PLC
communicates with the proximity sensors, display unit, and DC motors to facilitate
seamless operation.
3. Power Supply (230V, 50Hz): The power supply provides the necessary electrical
energy to operate all components of the smart parking system. It ensures continuous
and stable power distribution to the PLC, proximity sensors, display unit, and DC
motors, enabling them to function effectively without interruption.
4. Display Unit: The display unit serves as the interface between the smart parking system
and users. It provides real-time information such as available parking spaces,
instructions for entry and exit, and any relevant alerts or notifications. The display unit
receives instructions from the PLC and presents them in a user-friendly format for easy
interpretation by drivers.
5. DC Motors for Entry and Exit Gates: DC motors control the movement of entry and
exit gates in the parking system. Upon receiving signals from the PLC triggered by the
12
 proximity sensors, the DC motors activate to open or close the gates accordingly. This
automated operation streamlines the entry and exit process for vehicles, enhancing
efficiency and convenience.

Power Supply 230V 50 Hz

Proximity Sensor

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

DC Motor DC Motor
Display Unit
(Entry) (Exit)

FIG6: Schematic diagram of car parking system PLC

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Explanation of Schematic Diagram:
The schematic diagram illustrates the interconnection of components within the smart parking
system. The proximity sensors are depicted at the entry and exit points, connected to the PLC
through input channels. The PLC is the central unit, connected to the power supply for electrical
power and to the display unit for communication. Additionally, the PLC is linked to the DC
motors controlling the entry and exit gates, enabling seamless integration and operation of the
entire system.
Operation Sequence:
1. When a vehicle approaches the entry gate, the proximity sensor detects its presence and
sends a signal to the PLC.
2. The PLC processes the signal and activates the DC motor associated with the entry gate
to open it, allowing the vehicle to enter.
3. Simultaneously, the PLC updates the display unit with information regarding the
available parking spaces and instructions for the driver.
4. Once the vehicle has entered the parking lot and parked in the designated space, the
proximity sensor at the exit gate detects its presence and notifies the PLC.
5. The PLC commands the DC motor controlling the exit gate to open, enabling the
vehicle to exit the parking lot.
6. The display unit is updated with relevant information, such as the updated number of
available parking spaces.
7. The entire process continues seamlessly, ensuring efficient management of parking
spaces and smooth entry and exit for vehicles.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the smart car parking system utilizing PLC, proximity sensors, power supply,
display unit, and DC motors offers an automated and user-friendly solution for efficient parking
space management. By integrating these components and leveraging PLC programming, the
system optimizes space utilization, enhances user experience, and streamlines the entry and
exit process for vehicles. With real-time information provided through the display unit, drivers
can navigate the parking facility with ease, contributing to a seamless and convenient parking
experience.

14
4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMART CAR PARKING SYSYTEM USING
PLC:
Power supply 230v
50Hz

DC Motor Entry Gate

Input Proximity L
Sensors C
DC Motor Exit Gate

Display Unit

FIG7: Block diagram of car parking system using PLC

PROXIMITY SENSOR:
Proximity Sensor play a crucial role in smart parking systems utilizing PLCs by detecting the
presence or absence of vehicles within parking spaces. These sensors utilize various
technologies such as ultrasonic, infrared, or magnetic fields to determine the proximity of
objects in their vicinity. In the context of a smart parking system, proximity sensors are
typically used to monitor individual parking spaces and relay information to the PLCs for
decision-making and control.
Ultrasonic proximity sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and measure the time it takes
for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object. By calculating the distance based on the
time delay, these sensors can accurately detect the presence of vehicles within parking spaces.
In a smart parking system, ultrasonic sensors are often installed at strategic locations within
each parking space to monitor occupancy. Infrared proximity sensors work by emitting infrared
light and measuring the reflection or absence of that light to detect nearby objects. These
15
sensors are commonly used in smart parking systems to determine the presence of vehicles
based on changes in infrared radiation within parking spaces. They are effective for detecting
both stationary and moving vehicles, making them suitable for various parking management
applications.
Magnetic proximity sensors detect changes in magnetic fields caused by the presence of
metallic objects such as vehicles. These sensors are installed either beneath the surface of
parking spaces or within the ground, allowing them to accurately detect vehicles as they enter
or exit parking spaces. Magnetic sensors are particularly useful in environments where other

FIG8: Proximity sensor

types of sensors may be affected by environmental factors such as dust, moisture, or
temperature fluctuations. Once a proximity sensor detects the presence of a vehicle within a
parking space, it sends a signal to the PLC indicating the occupancy status of that space. The
PLC then processes this information and triggers appropriate actions, such as updating the
parking availability status displayed on the HMI, activating barrier gates to guide vehicles to
vacant spaces, or signalling nearby drivers through LED indicators or signage.
Overall, proximity sensors are integral components of smart parking systems using PLCs,
providing real-time detection of vehicle occupancy and enabling efficient management of
parking spaces. By accurately monitoring parking occupancy and automating control
processes, these sensors help optimize resource utilization, enhance user experience, and
improve overall efficiency in parking facilities.

16
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):

• Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller

(PLC)

FIG9: PLC

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control machines and
process. It takes form the plant/machine via sensors and transmitters, executes the logic
programmed in its memory and generates the useful outputs on actuators to control
plant/machine. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and specific functions that
include on/Off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data handling. These
controllers are specially designed to survive in harsh situation and shielded from heat, cold, dust
and moisture etc. the main hardware components of plc system are CPU, Memory card,
input/output modules, power supply modules and programmable devices (PC). The program
will be written using different plc programming languages with the help of PC.

Why PLC?
Programmable Controllers are similar to industrial computers. PLCs can work as standalone
units that can continuously monitor and automate a process, specific machine function. PLCs
can be networked; such a network can control an entire production line. PLCs can be adapted
to monitor and control many sensors and actuators; they process electrical signals and use
themto carry out preprogrammed commands for almost any application. PLCs are used in
industrialautomation to increase reliability, system stability and performance, minimizing the
need for human operators and the chances of human error.

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 • Architecture of PLC

FIG10: Architecture of PLC

Input/ Output Section: The input section or input module consists of devices like sensors,
switches, and many other real-world input sources. The input from the sources is connectedto
the PLC through the input connector rails. The output section or output module can be a
motor or a solenoid or a lamp or a heater, whose functioning is controlled by varying the
input signals.
CPU or Central Processing Unit: It is the brain of the PLC. It can be a hexagonal or an
octal microprocessor. It carries out all the processing related to the input signals in order to
control the output signals based on the control program.
Programming Device: It is the platform where the program or the control logic is written. It
can be a handheld device or a laptop or a computer itself.
Power Supply: It generally works on a power supply of about 24 V, used to power input and
output devices.
Memory: The memory is divided into two parts- The data memory and the program memory.
The program information or the control logic is stored in the user memory or the program
memory from where the CPU fetches the program instructions. The input and output signals
and the timer and counter signals are stored in the input and output external image memory
respectively.

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Working of PLC

FIG11: working of PLC

The input sources convert the real-time analog electric signals to suitable digital electric
signals and these signals are applied to the PLC through the connector rails.
These input signals are stored in the PLC external image memory in locations known as
bits. This is done by the CPU.
The control logic or the program instructions are written onto the programming device
through symbols or through mnemonics and stored in the user memory.
The CPU fetches these instructions from the user memory and executes the input signals by
manipulating, computing, processing them to control the output devices.
The execution results are then stored in the external image memory which controls the
output drives.
The CPU also keeps a check on the output signals and keeps updating the contents of the
input image memory according to the changes in the output memory.
Advantages of PLC
• They are user friendly and easy to operate
• They eliminate the need for hard-wired relay logic
• They are fast
• It is suitable for automation in industries.
• Its input and output modules can be extended depending upon the requirements.

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A smart parking system utilizing Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) operates through a
series of sensors, actuators, and control logic to efficiently manage parking spaces. The PLC
serves as the central processing unit, orchestrating the various components of the system.
The first step involves sensor detection. Sensors are placed at each parking space to detect the
presence of vehicles. These sensors send signals to the PLC indicating whether a space is
occupied or vacant. Upon receiving this data, the PLC processes it to determine the current
parking availability status. Next, the PLC communicates with display units placed at strategic
locations to convey real-time parking availability information to drivers. Depending on the
number of available spaces, the display units show either "Available" or "Full" status for each
section of the parking lot. This helps drivers quickly locate vacant spots without unnecessary
circling, reducing congestion and emissions. In addition to displaying information, the PLC
also controls entry and exit barriers. When a vehicle approaches the entrance, the PLC checks
if there are available spaces. If so, it commands the barrier to open, allowing the vehicle to
enter. Conversely, if the parking lot is full, the barrier remains closed, preventing entry until a
space becomes available. Similarly, at the exit, the PLC ensures that vehicles can only leave
when the exit barrier is open, enhancing security and preventing unauthorized access.
Furthermore, the PLC is programmed to manage priority parking spaces. For instance, it can
reserve spots for disabled drivers or designated personnel. When a vehicle with the appropriate
credential’s approaches, the PLC ensures that these reserved spots are accessible. This
prioritization optimizes the use of parking resources and improves accessibility for specific
user groups. Overall, the smart parking system utilizing PLCs streamlines parking operations,
reduces congestion, and enhances user experience. By efficiently managing parking spaces and
providing real-time information, it contributes to smoother traffic flow and improved urban
mobility.

DISPLAY UNIT:
In a smart parking system employing PLCs, the display units play a crucial role in providing
real-time parking availability information to drivers. These display units are strategically
placed at various locations within the parking facility, such as entry points, intersections, and
key areas where drivers can easily view them.
The display units are connected to the PLC, which serves as the central control hub of the
system. Through this connection, the PLC can transmit relevant data to the display units,
including the number of available parking spaces in different sections or levels of the parking
facility. This data is continuously updated based on inputs received from sensors detecting the
presence or absence of vehicles in individual parking spaces. Upon receiving updated
information from the PLC, the display units dynamically update their screens to reflect the
current parking availability status. For example, if there are plenty of vacant spaces in a
particular section, the display unit for that section will indicate "Available" in green, signalling
to drivers that they can easily find parking there. Conversely, if a section is full, the display
unit will show "Full" in red, alerting drivers to avoid that area and search for parking elsewhere.
The display units may also incorporate additional features to enhance user experience and
facilitate navigation within the parking facility. For instance, they can display directional
arrows or maps guiding drivers to available parking areas.
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 Fig12: LCD Display Unit

This helps drivers navigate efficiently through the parking facility, minimizing search time and
congestion. Furthermore, the display units can be equipped with LED lights or other visual
indicators to attract drivers' attention, especially in high-traffic areas or during peak hours.
Bright, conspicuous displays make it easier for drivers to spot available parking spaces from a
distance, reducing the likelihood of missed opportunities and unnecessary circling. The PLC
continuously monitors the status of the display units to ensure they are functioning correctly
and displaying accurate information. If any issues arise, such as a malfunctioning display or
connectivity problems, the PLC can trigger alerts or notifications for maintenance personnel to
address the issue promptly, ensuring uninterrupted operation of the smart parking system.
Overall, the display units serve as vital communication tools in the smart parking system,
providing drivers with real-time information to make informed decisions and optimize their
parking experience. By guiding drivers to available spaces and minimizing search time, the
display units contribute to reducing congestion, improving traffic flow, and enhancing overall
efficiency within the parking facility.

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DC MOTOR:
In a smart parking system driven by PLCs, DC motors are integral components responsible for
controlling the movement of entry and exit barriers. These motors are connected to the PLC,
which orchestrates their operation based on inputs received from various sensors and control
logic within the system.
When a vehicle approaches the entrance of the parking facility, sensors detect its presence and
relay this information to the PLC. If there are available parking spaces, the PLC commands the
DC motor to activate, lifting the entry barrier to allow the vehicle to enter. This process is
executed swiftly and seamlessly, ensuring efficient flow of vehicles into the parking facility.
Conversely, when a vehicle attempts to exit the parking facility, sensors positioned at the exit
detect its presence and communicate with the PLC. The PLC then signals the DC motor
associated with the exit barrier to operate, raising the barrier to permit the vehicle to exit. This
controlled movement of barriers helps maintain security within the parking facility by
preventing unauthorized entry or exit.

Fig13: Structure of a DC Motor

The PLC is programmed to manage the operation of DC motors with precision, ensuring
smooth and reliable performance. It monitors various parameters such as barrier position,
motor speed, and current draw to detect any anomalies or malfunctions. In case of any issues,
such as obstruction or mechanical failure, the PLC can initiate corrective actions or trigger
alerts for maintenance personnel to intervene promptly. DC motors offer several advantages in

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the context of smart parking systems. They are compact, energy-efficient, and capable of
delivering precise control over movement, making them well-suited for applications like
barrier operation. Additionally, they can be easily integrated with PLCs and other control
systems, facilitating seamless communication and coordination within the parking system.
Furthermore, the use of DC motors in smart parking systems contributes to enhanced safety
and convenience for both drivers and pedestrians. By automating the operation of entry and
exit barriers, the risk of manual errors or accidents is minimized, ensuring smooth traffic flow
and optimized parking operations.
Overall, the integration of DC motors with PLCs in smart parking systems enables efficient
and automated control of entry and exit barriers, enhancing the functionality, reliability, and
safety of the parking facility.

4.3FLOW CHART OF SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING PLC:

A smart car parking system utilizing Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology
involves several sequential steps to efficiently manage parking spaces. Here's a detailed
explanation of the flowchart:

• Start: The process begins when a vehicle approaches the parking entrance. The PLC
system initializes and awaits input from various sensors to determine the status of
available parking spaces.
• Initialize Sensors: Upon start, the PLC activates and initializes sensors positioned at
each parking slot. These sensors detect the presence or absence of vehicles within each
space.
• Check Space Availability: The PLC system reads data from the sensors to assess the
availability of parking spaces. If a space is detected as vacant, the system proceeds to
the next step. If space is not present the process repeat if the driver wants the parking
space until the space is empty.
• Display Available Space: The PLC triggers a display unit, such as an LED screen or
digital display, to indicate the available parking space number to the driver. This
information assists the driver in locating an empty spot quickly.
• Open Entrance Gate: Upon confirmation of a vacant parking space, the PLC sends a
signal to the entrance gate mechanism to open, allowing the vehicle to enter the parking
area.
• Park the Car Until Time is Over: Once inside, the driver manoeuvres the vehicle to
the designated parking slot indicated by the system. The PLC guides the driver to the
allocated spot, ensuring an organized and efficient parking process. Once the time taken
by the driver to park the car or the work that he went after the parking is gets completed
the driver takes out the car from the parking area.

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 START

INITIALIZE SENSORS

CHECK WHEATHER SPACE

IS EMPTY

NO YES

IF SPACE IS
PRESENT NO

DISPLAY IN
DISPLAY UNIT

OPEN ENTRY
GATE

PARK THE CAR IN A GIVEN

SLOT UNTIL THE TIME IS OVER
FOR THE PARKING

OPEN EXIT
GATE

END

FIG14: Flow chart of car parking system using PLC

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 • Open Exit Gate: After the vehicle is parked, the PLC system prepares for the vehicle's
exit. When the driver is ready to leave, they activate a button or sensor, signalling the
PLC to open the exit gate, allowing the vehicle to exit the parking area smoothly.

• End: The parking process concludes as the vehicle exits the parking area, and the PLC
system resets, ready to manage the next parking operation.

In summary, the flowchart outlines the systematic operation of a smart car parking system
controlled by a PLC. By efficiently managing parking spaces and automating gate operations,
the system enhances convenience for drivers while optimizing space utilization and traffic flow
within the parking facility.

4.5 Smart Car Parking Using PLC ladder diagram:

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
• There is an entry and exit in a parking area car is sensed at entry and exit.
• When there is no car in parking area YELLOW light must be ON.
• When there are cars between (1-9) present in parking area GREEN light must be ON.
• When there are 10 cars RED light must be ON.

FIG15: ladder diagram of PLC based car parking system.

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4.6 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): PLC serves as the central control unit of the
smart parking system, responsible for processing input signals from sensors, making
control decisions, and sending commands to actuators. The PLC should be selected
based on factors such as processing power, input/output (I/O) capacity, communication
protocols, and environmental ruggedness. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is
widely used compared to PC. The original PLC was just a simple on and off device.
Therefore, it was very suitable to replace simple relay applications. Since the early days,
manufacturers of PLC have added numerous features and enhancements to PLC. Now
it has the capability to handle complex tasks such as position control, process control
and other difficult applications. The speed of operation and case of programming has
also improved drastically. PLC is really an industrial computer as its hardware and
software have been specifically adapted to the industrial environment. Based on the
status of input signals, PLC will react by producing output signals to drive output
devices like motors, relays, alarm and contactors to on or off state. This is done with a
control application program stored within the PLC memory. The program will execute
according to pre-defined sequence of operations. PLC is widely used in the industrial
sector as it has some major advantages. First, the wiring of PLC is much less compared
to conventional relay control system. Modification can be quite difficult with all these
wiring in the conventional, Control panel. But in PLC, modification of control sequence
or application can easily be done by programming through the console of PLC or
computer software without the need to change the wiring if no additional input or output
devices required. Besides that, the complicated wiring in conventional system may also
cause the troubleshooting to be quite troublesome. In comparison, of the PLC self-
diagnostic functions enable easy and fast troubleshooting of the system.

• Sensors: Various types of sensors are used to detect the presence or absence of vehicles
in parking spaces. Common sensor technologies include ultrasonic sensors, infrared
sensors, magnetic sensors, and optical sensors. The number and type of sensors depend
on the size and layout of the parking facility. Proximity SensorsTo detect the presence
of vehicles at entrance and exit points.
• Display Units: Visual indicators are necessary for conveying information to drivers
regarding available parking spaces, directions, and other relevant instructions. Display
units such as LED screens, digital displays, or simple indicator lights can be used for
this purpose.
• Actuators: Actuators are devices used to control physical elements of the parking
system, such as entry/exit gates, barriers, and signage. Electric motors, pneumatic
cylinders, and solenoid valves are examples of actuators commonly used in smart
parking systems. The selection of actuators depends on factors such as the required
force or torque, speed, and durability.

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 • Gate Mechanisms: Entrance and exit gates controlled by actuators are essential
components of the system. These gates open and close based on signals received from
the PLC, allowing vehicles to enter or exit the parking facility.
• Communication Modules: Communication modules enable data exchange between
PLCs, sensors, actuators, and other components of the smart parking system. Ethernet,
Modbus, Profibus, and CAN bus are commonly used communication protocols in PLC-
based systems. Wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
LoRaWAN may also be utilized for remote monitoring and control.
• Power Supply: A stable and reliable power supply is essential to ensure uninterrupted
operation of the smart parking system. Power requirements may vary depending on the
number of sensors, actuators, and communication devices deployed in the parking
facility. Backup power sources such as batteries or uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS) may be employed to prevent system downtime during power outages.
• Cabling and Wiring: Proper cabling and wiring are necessary to connect all hardware
components within the parking system. This includes power cables, communication
cables, sensor wiring, and connections to actuators and display units.
By integrating these hardware components, a smart car parking system using PLC
technology can effectively manage parking spaces, optimize traffic flow, and enhance
overall convenience for drivers and facility operators.

4.7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Programming Software: PLCs require specialized programming software provided

by the manufacturer. Examples include Siemens TIA Portal for SIMATIC PLCs, Allen-
Bradley RS Logix or Studio 5000 for Rockwell Automation PLCs, and Mitsubishi GX
Works for Mitsubishi PLCs. This software is used to develop and upload ladder logic
programs to the PLC.

• Human Machine Interface (HMI) Software: HMI software is used to create graphical
user interfaces (GUIs) for operators or users to interact with the smart parking system.
Examples include Siemens WinCC, Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk View, and
Wonderware InTouch.

• Database Management System (DBMS): A DBMS is necessary for storing and

managing data related to parking space occupancy, user information, transactions, and
system logs. Popular options include MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle
Database.

• Communication Protocols: Software requirements may include communication

protocols for integrating the PLCs with other components of the smart parking system,
such as sensors, actuators, payment systems, and central servers. Common protocols
include Modbus, Profibus, ProfNet, Ethernet/IP, and OPC UA.

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 • Real-time Monitoring and Control Software: Software for real-time monitoring and
control of parking space occupancy, gate access, and system status is essential. This
software may be custom-developed or provided by the PLC manufacturer as part of
their software suite.
• Data Analytics and Reporting Software: To analyse parking usage patterns, generate
reports, and make data-driven decisions, data analytics and reporting software may be
required. This software can range from basic reporting tools to advanced analytics
platforms.
• Mobile Application Development Tools: If the smart parking system includes a
mobile application for users to find available parking spaces, reserve spots, and make
payments, mobile application development tools such as Android Studio (for Android)
or Xcode (for iOS) will be needed.
• Security Software: Security software is crucial for protecting sensitive data,
preventing unauthorized access, and ensuring the integrity of the smart parking system.
This may include antivirus software, firewall protection, encryption tools, and intrusion
detection/prevention systems.

5. APPLICATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGY

5.1 The management of parking facilities within large commercial

complexes or shopping centers:

One major application of smart parking systems using PLC technology is in the
management of parking facilities within large commercial complexes or shopping centres.
These complexes often experience high volumes of vehicle traffic, leading to parking
congestion and inefficiencies. Implementing a smart parking system with PLCs addresses
these challenges by optimizing space utilization, enhancing convenience for visitors, and
improving overall traffic flow. In this application, PLCs play a central role in coordinating
various components of the parking system, including sensors, gate mechanisms, and
communication interfaces. Sensors deployed throughout the parking facility detect the
presence of vehicles in each parking space, providing real-time data on space availability.
PLC controllers process this data and dynamically adjust parking guidance systems to
direct drivers to vacant spots, minimizing the time spent searching for parking.

Moreover, PLCs control entrance and exit gates, ensuring smooth access for vehicles
entering and exiting the parking facility. By automating gate operations based on real-time
space availability, the system prevents overcrowding and optimizes the flow of vehicles
within the complex. Additionally, PLCs facilitate efficient revenue collection through
automated payment systems, enabling drivers to pay for parking using various methods
such as mobile apps or credit cards. Furthermore, data collected by PLCs can be analysed

28
to optimize parking facility operations and inform decision-making processes. Insights
gleaned from parking occupancy patterns can guide infrastructure investments,

FIG16: The management of parking facilities within large commercial

complexes or shopping centers.

such as the construction of additional parking spaces or the implementation of valet

services during peak hours. By leveraging PLC technology, parking facility managers
can continuously improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations,
enhancing the overall visitor experience and maximizing revenue generation.

In summary, the application of smart parking systems using PLC technology in large
commercial complexes or shopping centres revolutionizes parking management by
optimizing space utilization, improving traffic flow, and enhancing user convenience.
By leveraging PLCs to automate and coordinate parking operations, these systems offer
a scalable and efficient solution to address the parking challenges faced by complex
urban environments.

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5.2 Urban Parking Management:

Smart parking systems using PLC technology offer a comprehensive solution to the
challenges of parking congestion and inefficient space utilization in densely populated
urban areas. These systems leverage a network of sensors, PLC controllers, gate
mechanisms, and communication interfaces to optimize parking space utilization and
enhance the overall parking experience for drivers. Sensors, such as ultrasonic or
infrared sensors, are strategically deployed to detect the availability of parking spaces
in real-time. The data collected by these sensors is processed by PLC controllers, which
analyse the information and provide accurate updates on parking space availability to
drivers. Through dynamic signage or mobile applications, drivers are guided to vacant
parking spots, reducing the time spent searching for parking and alleviating traffic
congestion.

Automated gate mechanisms controlled by PLCs manage the entry and exit of vehicles,
ensuring smooth traffic flow within parking facilities. Access management features
enable authorized personnel to monitor and control entry and exit points, enhancing
security and operational efficiency.

FIG17: Urban parking management

Furthermore, smart parking systems using PLC technology facilitate efficient revenue
collection through automated payment systems. Drivers can pay for parking using
various methods, including mobile apps, credit cards, or prepaid cards, with the PLC
tracking and managing payment transactions seamlessly. By optimizing parking space
usage and streamlining the parking process, these systems contribute to improved urban

30
 mobility, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced quality of life for residents and
visitors alike.

5.3 Event Parking Management:

FIG18: Event parking management

Event parking management using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology involves
the implementation of smart parking systems to streamline parking operations during large
events such as concerts, sports games, or festivals. PLC-based systems utilize sensors,
controllers, and automated gate mechanisms to optimize parking space utilization and enhance
the overall parking experience for event attendees.

Sensors integrated with PLC controllers detect the availability of parking spaces in real-time,
allowing event organizers to monitor and manage parking occupancy effectively. Dynamic
signage and mobile applications provide attendees with up-to-date information on available
parking spots, reducing the time spent searching for parking and alleviating traffic congestion
around the event venue.
Automated gate control mechanisms managed by PLCs facilitate the smooth entry and exit of
vehicles, optimizing the flow of traffic in and out of the parking area. By controlling access
points and managing vehicle queues, PLC-based systems ensure efficient ingress and egress,
minimizing wait times and enhancing overall event logistics.
Overall, event parking management using PLC technology offers a seamless and organized
parking experience for attendees, improves traffic flow around the event venue, and contributes
to the success and smooth execution of large-scale events.

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6. ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS, and APPLICATIONS
6.1 Advantages
Smart parking systems using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology offer
several significant advantages:

• Optimized Space Utilization: PLC-based smart parking systems enable efficient

utilization of parking spaces by accurately monitoring occupancy in real-time. Sensors
integrated with PLC controllers detect vacant spots and guide drivers to available spaces,
minimizing wastage of parking resources and maximizing capacity.
• Improved Traffic Flow: By providing real-time information on parking availability and
guiding drivers to vacant spots, smart parking systems using PLC technology help reduce
traffic congestion around parking facilities. Automated gate control mechanisms managed
by PLCs facilitate smooth entry and exit of vehicles, minimizing delays and improving
overall traffic flow.
• Enhanced User Experience: The integration of PLC technology allows for the
implementation of user-friendly features such as dynamic signage, mobile applications, and
automated payment systems. These features enhance the overall parking experience for
drivers by providing convenience, reducing search time for parking, and streamlining
payment processes.
• Increased Revenue Generation: PLC-controlled smart parking systems facilitate efficient
revenue collection through automated payment systems and accurate tracking of parking
transactions. By reducing instances of unauthorized parking and optimizing space
utilization, these systems contribute to increased revenue generation for parking operators.
• Enhanced Security and Monitoring: PLC-based smart parking systems enable enhanced
security features such as access control and surveillance monitoring. Automated gate
mechanisms controlled by PLCs ensure authorized entry and exit of vehicles, while sensors
and cameras provide real-time monitoring of parking facilities, enhancing overall safety
and security.
• Scalability and Flexibility: PLC technology allows for the easy integration of additional
sensors, devices, and functionalities, making smart parking systems highly scalable and
adaptable to different environments and requirements. Whether in urban settings,
commercial complexes, or residential areas, PLC-based systems offer flexibility to meet
diverse parking management needs.
• Data Analytics for Optimization: PLC controllers collect and analyse data regarding
parking occupancy, traffic patterns, and revenue generation. This data can be leveraged to
optimize parking facility operations, improve space allocation strategies, and make
informed decisions regarding infrastructure investments and policy implementations.

Overall, smart parking systems using PLC technology offer a comprehensive solution to
parking management challenges, providing benefits such as optimized space utilization,
32
 improved traffic flow, enhanced user experience, increased revenue generation, enhanced
security, scalability, flexibility, and data-driven optimization.

6.2 Limitations / Disadvantages

• Initial Cost: Implementing a smart parking system using PLC technology requires
significant upfront investment in sensors, controllers, gate mechanisms, communication
interfaces, and other hardware components. The initial cost of installation and setup may
be prohibitive for some organizations or municipalities.
• Complexity of Integration: Integrating PLC-based smart parking systems with existing
infrastructure and systems can be complex and time-consuming. Compatibility issues,
interoperability challenges, and customization requirements may arise during the
integration process, leading to delays and additional costs.
• Maintenance Requirements: PLC-based smart parking systems require regular
maintenance to ensure optimal performance and reliability. This includes monitoring
sensor functionality, calibrating equipment, updating software, and addressing hardware
failures. Maintenance activities can be resource-intensive and may incur additional costs
over time.
• Dependency on Power Supply: Smart parking systems using PLC technology rely on a
stable power supply to function effectively. Power outages or disruptions can disrupt
system operation, leading to potential downtime and inconvenience for users.
Implementing backup power solutions can mitigate this risk but adds complexity and cost
to the system.
• Limited Scalability: While PLC technology allows for some degree of scalability and
flexibility, smart parking systems may face limitations in scaling up to accommodate
increasing demand or expanding parking facilities. Adding new sensors, controllers, and
infrastructure components to existing systems may require significant reconfiguration and
investment.
• Vulnerability to Cybersecurity Threats: PLC-based smart parking systems are
susceptible to cybersecurity threats, including hacking, data breaches, and unauthorized
access. Malicious actors may exploit vulnerabilities in the system to manipulate parking
data, disrupt operations, or compromise user privacy. Implementing robust cybersecurity
measures is essential to mitigate these risks.
• Potential for False Readings: Sensors used in smart parking systems may occasionally
produce false readings due to environmental factors, technical malfunctions, or interference
from external sources. False readings can lead to inaccurate information about parking
space availability, causing confusion and frustration for users.
• Limited Compatibility with Older Infrastructure: Retrofitting existing parking facilities
with PLC-based smart parking systems may be challenging, especially in older buildings
or facilities with outdated infrastructure. Compatibility issues with legacy equipment,
wiring, and communication protocols may hinder the seamless integration of new
technology.
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 Overall, while smart parking systems using PLC technology offer significant benefits in
terms of efficiency, convenience, and optimization of parking operations, it is essential to
consider and address the limitations and disadvantages associated with these systems to
ensure successful implementation and long-term sustainability.

6.3 Applications

• Vehicle Detection and Space Allocation: PLC-based smart parking systems can
accurately detect the presence of vehicles in parking spaces and dynamically allocate
available spaces based on real-time demand, optimizing space utilization.
• Automated Payment Processing: PLCs facilitate automated payment processing for
parking fees, enabling seamless transactions through various payment methods such as
credit cards, mobile payments, or pre-paid cards.
• Parking Guidance and Navigation: Smart parking systems utilizing PLCs can provide
drivers with real-time guidance and navigation to available parking spaces, reducing search
time and congestion within parking facilities.
• Security Monitoring and Surveillance: PLC-based parking systems enable continuous
monitoring and surveillance of parking areas through CCTV cameras, motion sensors, and
alarm systems, enhancing security and deterring unauthorized activities.
• Environmental Monitoring and Control: PLCs can integrate environmental sensors to
monitor factors such as air quality, temperature, and noise levels in parking facilities,
enabling proactive measures to mitigate environmental impact and improve user
experience.
• Demand Forecasting and Analytics: By collecting and analyzing data on parking usage
patterns, PLC-based smart parking systems can provide valuable insights for demand
forecasting, capacity planning, and operational optimization.
• Reservation and Booking Systems: PLCs enable the implementation of reservation and
booking systems for parking spaces, allowing users to reserve spots in advance through
mobile applications or online platforms.
• Emergency Response and Evacuation: Smart parking systems equipped with PLCs can
facilitate emergency response and evacuation procedures during critical situations such as
fires, accidents, or security threats, ensuring the safety of occupants.
• Energy Management and Efficiency: PLCs can control and optimize energy consumption
in parking facilities by managing lighting, ventilation, and other systems based on
occupancy levels and usage patterns, reducing energy waste and operating costs.
• Integration with Smart City Infrastructure: PLC-based smart parking systems can
integrate with broader smart city initiatives, such as traffic management systems, public
transportation networks, and urban planning strategies, contributing to sustainable urban
development and enhanced mobility solutions.
• Traffic Flow Optimization: By analyzing real-time data on parking occupancy and traffic
patterns, PLC-based smart parking systems can help optimize traffic flow within parking
facilities and surrounding areas, minimizing congestion and improving overall mobility.
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• Maintenance Scheduling: PLCs can monitor the condition of parking infrastructure
components such as barriers, gates, and ticket dispensers, enabling predictive maintenance
scheduling to prevent breakdowns and minimize downtime.

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7. CONCLUSIONS

• Smart parking systems utilizing PLC technology offer a sophisticated solution to

alleviate urban parking congestion.
• PLC-based systems optimize space utilization, reduce traffic congestion, and enhance
overall parking efficiency.
• These systems enhance user experience by providing real-time parking availability
information and guiding drivers to vacant spots.
• Automated gate control mechanisms managed by PLCs facilitate seamless entry and
exit of vehicles, improving traffic flow.
• Smart parking systems using PLC technology contribute to increased revenue
generation through efficient payment systems and space utilization.
• The integration of sensors and PLC controllers enables dynamic monitoring and
management of parking facilities.
• PLC technology allows for scalability and flexibility, making smart parking systems
adaptable to diverse environments and requirements.
• These systems enhance security through access control mechanisms and surveillance
monitoring.
• Data analytics capabilities provided by PLC controllers enable optimization of parking
operations and decision-making processes.
• Smart parking systems using PLC technology align with smart city initiatives aimed at
enhancing urban mobility and sustainability.
• The initial investment in implementing PLC-based smart parking systems is offset by
long-term benefits such as improved efficiency and revenue generation.
• Continuous maintenance and monitoring are essential to ensure the reliable
performance of PLC-based parking systems.
• Cybersecurity measures must be implemented to safeguard against potential threats and
protect sensitive parking data.
• Compatibility with existing infrastructure and regulatory compliance are critical
considerations in the implementation of smart parking systems.
• Privacy concerns related to data collection and usage must be addressed transparently
to gain public trust and acceptance.
• Smart parking systems using PLC technology have the potential to revolutionize
parking management and urban transportation.
• Collaboration between stakeholders, including city authorities, parking operators, and
technology providers, is crucial for the successful deployment of smart parking
systems.
• Public awareness and education efforts are necessary to promote the benefits and usage
of PLC-based smart parking systems among the community.
• Ongoing innovation and advancements in PLC technology will further enhance the
capabilities and effectiveness of smart parking.

36
 REFERENCES

• Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Yu, H. (2018). Design and Implementation of Smart Parking
System Based on PLC and IoT. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things
(iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical
and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) (pp. 496-501). IEEE.
• Abuzar, S. M., Priyadharshini, S., & Devi, S. (2016). Smart Parking Management System Using PLC
and Wireless Sensor Networks. In 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing
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Student Bio-Data Format
Name of the Student : SACHIN H C

Passport Size Recent

Colour Photograph

USN 4UB20EI031

Date of Birth 07/01/2003

Permanent Address Kondadahalli Village and Post Channagiri tq

Davanagere dist Karnataka - 577552

Official Mobile 8088508461

Number

Official E-mail ID sachinhc21@gmail.com

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