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EMPOWERING
THE MARKET
ECONOMY
THROUGH
INNOVATION AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
A. Coskun Samli
Empowering the Market Economy through
Innovation and Entrepreneurship
 A. Coskun Samli

Empowering the
Market Economy
through Innovation
and Entrepreneurship
A. Coskun Samli
Jacksonville, FL, USA

ISBN 978-1-137-56421-4 ISBN 978-1-137-55827-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55827-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016938704

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York
This book is dedicated to entrepreneurial innovators everywhere.
You have a most difficult task ahead, but you can do it.
We are counting on you.
 PREFACE

Living in a potentially very dynamic society lacking in progress is a loss

not only for those who are economically handicapped, but also for those
who are economically well off. A stagnant economy, thus, is not good for
anybody.
Just how is progress in a dynamic society curtailed? Is it by not having
a progressive leadership, which creates economic regression? This appears
to be the case in the USA at this time. It must be reversed. This book,
hopefully, takes a step in the right direction.
Our economy cannot be described as a finance economy; nor is it an
accounting economy or a management economy. It is a market economy,
which is an advantage of having a dynamic society. But currently our mar-
ket economy is being run as if it is a finance economy (Samli, 2013). In
very general terms it means a major move from “survival of the fittest” to
“survival of the fattest.” It is not the people or the quality of life but the
amount of dollars to be gained that is the focus. For instance, robots are
doing people’s work, in, say, distribution centers. For some people, this is
“wonderful.” After all, robots do not require salaries, raises, or retirement,
so it is financially good. Those robots take jobs away from people. Thus,
there are more people looking for jobs; therefore, they may take lower
salaries and less employee benefits. These conditions are welcomed by the
privileged few financiers who are called the one percenters. Unfortunately
those financiers do not think of the size of the economy as long their share
is growing, even if by keeping others economically deprived. They simply
do not care for society’s sustainability. This is the current situation of our
economy. This situation is not sustainable.

vii
viii PREFACE

The market economy, at least on paper, is the best alternative for a society.
It promises to deliver economic progress. It claims to accomplish this by
achieving a number of goals:

• Creating the conditions for equal opportunity in education, jobs,

legal protection, medical services, and the like.
• Eliminating discrimination in economics, law, education, and the
like.
• Providing opportunity for new ideas and industries to emerge and
to function well.
• Creating better quality of life, not for a select few but for all.
• Encouraging more competition so that radical innovations can
emerge and make a positive difference.
• Emphasizing future growth and progress along with positive perfor-
mance in the present time.

The market economy functions well only if positive and constructive

marketing practices are followed (Samli, 2014). This does not mean it
must be left alone; on the contrary it needs proactive direction. But this
is not happening. The American economy is divided, performing poorly,
creating great discrepancy between one percenters and 99 percenters,
and, above all, not taking advantage of its capabilities. Billionaires are con-
stantly becoming richer while the middle class is shrinking. While one per-
centers are receiving over 93 % of the GDP, the share of the 99 percenters
is growing nominally. There are more Americans who are living below
the poverty line than ever before. Thought the unemployment figures
are considered to be low, in reality there are too many people working
half-time and too many people who are out of the labor force and are
not working and therefore not included in the unemployment figures.
The negative economic pressures created almost totally intentionally are
helping the rich to control wages—particularly minimum wages—at his-
torically low levels. Similarly the retirement programs of the workforce
are shrinking. In the meantime, all local governmental efforts are directed
almost intentionally toward population explosion rather than population
control. The end result, momentarily, is too many people and too few
jobs. Additionally, almost all of the good jobs are exported to low-wage
countries. All of these conditions are geared to make billionaires even
richer at the risk of creating low-paying jobs, if at all. Although in this
 PREFACE ix

book we explore the American picture to a certain extent, the situation is

becoming a reality in the whole world. It is estimated that 80 billionaires
have more wealth than the 3.5 billion poor people of the world. Much
of the analysis and conclusions of this book are likely to be applicable to
poorer countries of the world.
The fact of the matter is that none of the promises of the market econ-
omy are becoming a reality. The market economy, in order to materialize
its promises, must have well-designed and successfully implemented mar-
keting strategies moving in the direction of the old saying “consumer is
the king.” This simply is not happening because our “market economy” is
becoming a finance economy at a fast pace, meaning that it is run and con-
trolled by a group of noncaring financiers. This means moving away from
the old adage of “survival of the fittest” to the “survival of the fattest”
which means deterioration of competition on which the market economy
is based. They are greedy, and would do anything to increase their imme-
diate financial well-being. But the days of “what is good for GM is also
good for the US” are over. In fact, what is good for the financiers, or
the one percenters, is likely to be detrimental for the sustainability of the
US economy. When the US markets are run by financial greed, maximiz-
ing financial revenues at any cost and as fast as possible, it creates the
worst income distribution in the industrial world. The greedy perform
the deadly sin (Drucker, 1995) of paying much more attention to their
own financial gains than the economy. Even Adam Smith, over two and a
half centuries ago, foresaw this problem and implied that without proper
restrictions and built-in restraints derived from morals, religious customs,
and education harm can be caused to the community and society (Barber,
1994). The greedy managed to overcome these conditions and created
immediate cash benefits to themselves in any way they could (Samli,
2013). The current finance economy simply does not enforce morals, reli-
gious customs, and education. This situation emerged in the late 1970s
and continued with some degree of acceleration (Thurow, 1998). Today
the situation appears to be hopeless unless some deliberate effort is made
to stop this negative progress and restore the market economy the way it
was originally intended to function.
But, unfortunately, at the time of writing this book, the greed fac-
tor is booming and the market economy has become a finance economy
where everything can be bought and sold without the societal and futur-
istic implications being considered (Sandel, 2013). In fact, quick cash has
x PREFACE

become more valuable than economic progress and consumer quality-of-

life enhancement. This situation is analogous to Czarist Russia. There is no
difference between some evil emperor or a mean-spirited king and a group
of greedy billionaires running a society.
As indicated earlier, the situation is not sustainable. As Thurow
(1998) indicated, American capitalism, or the financial system, is likely to
IMPLODE.
Recently there have been numerous books analyzing how we ended
up here. These books examine in detail how if we eliminate the causes
that brought us here the whole pattern is likely to be reversed. I do not
agree with this position primarily because tomorrow is not necessarily the
continuation of today. Therefore, elimination of the causes of the current
economic doldrums, although necessary, is not enough. Knowing that
stopping and reversing the factors that created the current difficult condi-
tions is not enough to vitalize the dormant American market system is the
essence of this book. Reversing the negative factors is not sufficient. It is
critical that instead of considering how we got here or how we can stop
the negative factors which caused the present unaccepExhibit state of the
economy, we must consider how to move forward forcefully. Let us be
concerned about what can be done effectively to accelerate and move for-
ward our potentially very capable market system. I believe, among other
things, entrepreneurial zeal is absolutely necessary. This is what I am argu-
ing throughout this book. We must learn from the past, but we must
do many different things with new and better orientation for the future
growth and prosperity of all.
As discussed throughout this book, unfounded generalizations and cli-
chés are not good enough to run a potentially very dynamic market system.
The greed factor must be subsumed and human values, once again, must
be the foundation of the revitalization movement of our market economy.
As we start our journey, we must clearly understand that without pro-
gressive leadership, very little is likely to be accomplished. The progressive
society will move forward and reach out for greatness, if it is properly
guided.

Jacksonville, FL A. Coskun Samli

 PREFACE xi

REFERENCES
Barber, M. (1994). The two cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. New York: Routledge.
Drucker, P. F. (1995). Managing in time of great challenge. New York: Truman
Talley.
Samli, A. C. (2013). From a market economy to a finance economy. New York: Palgrave
MacMillan.
Samli, A. C. (2014). Dynamic markets and conventional ignorance. New York: Palgrave
MacMillan.
Sandel, M. (2013). What money can’t buy. New York: Allen Lane.
Thurow, L. C. (1998). The future of capitalism. New York: William Morrow.
 ABOUT THIS BOOK

This book, like most books, begins with a preface which deals with just
how serious and important the basic premise of this book is.
The introduction deals with a general orientation of the general
performance of the American market system and how wealth is created
in a society.
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of old bureaucracies becoming stag-
nant. This must be understood and possibly stopped.
Chapter 2 becomes seriously involved in explaining certain activities
which are blocking the economic progress.
Chapter 3 makes the first key point of this book: economic progress is
dependent on innovation.
Chapter 4 continues with the innovation idea and discusses how we
might develop an innovation culture.
Chapter 5 deals with critical thinking development which is essential for
important innovation process.
Chapter 6 deals with the second major point of this book: entrepre-
neurship. Empowering the market economy requires an entrepreneurial
culture.
Chapter 7 makes a point of radical innovations being extremely impor-
tant and the need to be supported by a radicalism orientation.
Chapter 8 introduces sustainability—a concept which is not under-
stood and is ignored.
Chapter 9 explains that sustainability can be, and in fact is, for the
whole society.

xiii
xiv ABOUT THIS BOOK

Chapter 10 elaborates on the fact that radical innovations just need

cultivated imagination to become a reality.
Chapter 11 connects the quality of life existing in a society to radical
innovations.
Chapter 12 reiterates the importance of the education system to create
critical thinking and an innovation orientation.
Chapter 13 posits that society cannot make progress without a proper
and proactive leadership.
Chapter 14 brings up a very critical point that society, if left alone, is
not likely to develop a progressive orientation.
Chapter 15 points out that American capitalism can IMPLODE with-
out proper progressive activity.
A postscript reemphasizes that we have a potentially great economy but
that it needs empowerment and guidance.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I have been attached to our market economy for over 60 years as a

researcher, consultant, teacher, and author. I am truly impressed with what
it can accomplish but also dismayed about what it has not been doing.
Over these long years I have interacted with literally thousands of people.
One way or another they all made some impact on my thinking and ori-
entation. I certainly hope that my thinking and orientation will make an
impact through this book.
Many people made a direct and indirect impact on this book. Perhaps,
above all, my colleague Ronald Adams, of the University of North Florida,
comes first. Just about every day I discussed things with him and picked
his brains. Professor Adel El-Ansary of the University of North Florida
has always been a source of encouragement and important ideas. Professor
Joseph Sirgy of Virginia Tech has been a friend, a coauthor, and a most
valuable colleague to discuss ideas and issues.
My good friend Ed Mazze, of the University of Rhode Island, over the
years, discussed with me many issues related to our economy. Dr. James
Littlefield of Virginia Tech, after many years, is still available to inter and
discuss conditions of our market economy.
Certainly Dr. Bruce Kavan of the University of North Florida has been
always willing to discuss my nonconventional ideas. I am not sure he
agrees with many of them. Dr. James Gray of Florida Atlantic University
has been a major force in my thinking.
My brother, Osman Samli, has always been just a call away. His
knowledge of business and his understanding of the world’s economic
conditions are simply outstanding. His orientation has been very helpful
in formulating my orientation. My daughter, Dr. Ayla Samli, started me,

xv
 INTRODUCTION 7

competition cannibalizing them. That means I am ahead of the competi-

tion (Samli, 2007). At this point of writing, many companies are doing
well and, hence, they are not exploring radical innovations. They do not
feel the need to do so. Perhaps one of the reasons for this is that there is
not enough competition, and hence, they do not want to cannibalize their
current products, which are quite profitable as they are.
Earning According to Contributions: By the time sophisticated prod-
ucts and services reach the market, many layers of efforts have made a con-
tribution to their development. But these efforts are not appreciated and
rewarded. Whereas one percenters are currently trying and succeeding in
keeping wages low, they are also exporting higher-paying jobs to countries
where pay scales are lower than ours. This certainly is not contributing to
the generation of real wealth. It is certainly possible to determine, at each
level of labor, how much contribution is made, and the market value of
that contribution can be determined on the basis of the selling price of
the product or service. If middle-class people were paid accordingly, this
would improve real wealth creation and strengthen the middle class by
better distribution of wealth.
Utilizing Human Resources: A country’s real strength is its labor force.
If that labor force is not productive, or is not totally utilized, then that
society is losing. Unfortunately, at the time of writing, too many people
are working part-time and many are so discouraged that they are not even
looking for a job. Certainly we are all losing.
Distribution of Wealth: Everybody is entitled to receive the worth of the
toil which went into their work to produce goods and services. Here those
who are producing wealth should not be deprived of having a fair share of
it. This situation requires proper wage and salary administration as well as
a reasonably progressive tax structure.
This brief additional discussion of the conditions indicated in Exhibit 1.1
shows that our economy is not doing nearly as well as it could. Certainly,
conditions should be totally suitable for creating real wealth. But, left
alone, the current market system, which is being run by financiers, is not
likely to generate real wealth for all.
The more the financiers leave the economy unchecked, in other words
if regulations are eliminated, the more the market works for financiers.
While the stock market is breaking records and the business sector, that is,
industrial giants, is showing record profits the wages of the lower-income
workers are not increasing. This means the market is working primarily for
one percenters. Additionally, the number of good jobs is not increasing.
8 EMPOWERING THE MARKET ECONOMY THROUGH INNOVATION...

This is not generating wealth. It is redistributing it upward. This situation

is not sustainable. The American market system must be revitalized to sat-
isfy the needs and desires of the American society. The progressive society
needs a dynamic market system, not simply redistributing wealth in favor
of financiers but creating real wealth for everyone.
In my earlier book (Samli, 2014), I described the American economy
as a motor vehicle which needs good roads, fuel, and a target to go to.
But this motor vehicle will not get moving unless a good driver accelerates
it. This point is extremely important—just who is this driver? Obviously
it is the government. If the government is divided, regressive, and dys-
functional, the vehicle will go nowhere. It is important to know just how
the economic vehicle ended up wherever it is, but it is more important to
identify its destination, which is the future of the whole country, includ-
ing billionaires. Whether they like it or not, one percenters are also part
of this economic vehicle. The maintenance of this vehicle, as much as its
improvement, is also important. But, above all, the destination must be
well identified and reached. One more comment on the vehicle itself—it
comprises the total business sector that creates economic activity in the
society. It has to be progressive and entrepreneurial.

THE CRITICAL FACTORS OF OUR NATIONAL ECONOMY

Perhaps first we might start with the federal government. As I have pos-
ited many times, it is not possible for a company to have great success if it
does not have very good management. This is not different for the market
economy. It is critical that the US federal government must accelerate the
economy vehicle. But, currently divided, it simply is not accelerating the
nation’s economy. The two-party system, during my very long profes-
sional career, worked when both were progressive. But, in recent years,
particularly the party that is not in power is simply opposing everything.
In reality the “opposition” party should have better solutions to the coun-
try’s problems than the party in power. Saying no does not accelerate
the economy vehicle. We must do better. This, of course, means that the
American public must choose competent leaders.
Although our country is labeled “capitalist,” we very often forget the
fact that today’s capital is typically yesterday’s labor. This means that per-
haps a country’s most significant strength is its people. As stated earlier,
if labor is fully employed, healthy, and producing in psychologically and
physically suitable conditions, the country makes progress. Here, as is
Another random document with
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1870–1871. Navy yard, New York.
1871. Worcester, home station.
1872. Promoted to commander. Receiving ship, New York.
1873–1874. Commanding side-wheel steamer Wasp in the Rio de
la Plata.
1875–1876. Navy yard, Boston.
1877–1880. Naval Academy, Annapolis.
1880–1883. Navy yard, New York.
1883–1885. Commanding steam sloop Wachusett, South Pacific
Squadron.
1885. Assigned to Naval War College, as lecturer on naval history
and strategy.
1886–1889. President of Naval War College.
1889–1892. Special duty, Bureau of Navigation. Member of
commission to choose site for navy yard in Puget Sound.
1892–1893. President of Naval War College.
1893–1895. Commanding cruiser Chicago, flagship of Rear
Admiral Erben, European station.
1895–1896. Special duty at the Naval War College.
1896. November 17, retired as captain on his own application after
forty years’ service.
1896–1912. Special duty in connection with Naval War College.
1898. Member of Naval War Board during Spanish War.
1899. Delegate to Hague Peace Conference.
1906. June 29, rear admiral on the retired list.
1914. December 1, died at the Naval Hospital, Washington.

Academic Honors
 D.C.L., Oxford, 1894; LL.D., Cambridge, 1894; LL.D., Harvard,
1895; LL.D., Yale, 1897; LL.D., Columbia, 1900; LL.D., Magill, 1909;
President of the American Historical Association, 1902.

PUBLISHED WORKS

1883. “The Gulf and Inland Waters.”

1890. “The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783.”
1892. “The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution
and Empire, 1793–1812.” Two volumes.
“The Life of Admiral Farragut.”
1897. “The Life of Nelson: the Embodiment of the Sea Power of
Great Britain.” Two volumes.
“The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future.”
1899. “Lessons of the War with Spain.”
1900. “The Problem of Asia, and its Effect upon International
Policies.”
“The Story of the War with South Africa, 1899–1900.”
1901. “Types of Naval Officers, Drawn from the History of the
British Navy.”
1902. “Retrospect and Prospect: Studies in International
Relations, Naval and Political.”
1905. “Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812.” Two
volumes.
1907. “Some Neglected Aspects of War.”
“From Sail to Steam: Recollections of a Naval Life.”
1908. “Naval Administration and Warfare.”
1909. “The Harvest Within: Thoughts on the Life of a Christian.”
1910. “The Interest of America in International Conditions.”
 1911. “Naval Strategy, Compared and Contrasted with the
Principles and Practice of Military Operations on Land.”
1912. “Armaments and Arbitration: the Place of Force in
International Relations.”
1913. “The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American
Independence.”

Uncollected Essays

“Reflections, Historical and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the

Sea of Japan,” U. S. Naval Institute, June, 1906; Reprinted in
Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November, 1906.
“The Battleship of All Big Guns,” World’s Work, January, 1911.
“Misrepresenting Mr. Roosevelt,” Outlook, June 17, 1911.
“Importance of Command of the Sea,” Scientific American,
December 9, 1911.
“Was Panama a Chapter of National Dishonor?” North American
Review, October, 1912.
“Japan among Nations,” Living Age, August 2, 1913.
“Twentieth Century Christianity,” North American Review, April,
1914.
“Macdonough at Plattsburg,” North American Review, August,
1914.
“The Panama Canal and the Distribution of the Fleet,” North
American Review, September, 1914.

REFERENCES

There is at present no printed source for the life of Mahan except

his autobiographical record “From Sail to Steam,” which is confined
almost entirely to the period preceding his retirement in 1896. Aside
from book reviews, the more important critical essays and tributes
are as follows:
 “Mahan’s Counsels to the United States,” G. S. Clarke, Nineteenth
Century, Review, February, 1898.
“Mahan on Sea Power,” S. G. W. Benjamin, New York Times Book
Review, January 18, 1902.
“La Maîtrise de la Mer,” Auguste Moireau, Revue des Deux
Mondes, October, 1902.
“Some American Historians,” Professor H. Morse Stephens,
World’s Work, July, 1902.
“Lee at Appomattox and Other Papers,” Charles Francis Adams,
1903, p. 356 ff.
“The Writings of Mahan,” New York Nation, December 10, 1914.
“A Great Public Servant,” Theodore Roosevelt, Outlook, January
13, 1915. See also Outlook, December 9, 1914.
“Alfred Thayer Mahan—In Memoriam,” United States Naval
Institute, January–February, 1915.
“The Influence of America’s Greatest Naval Strategist on the War
in Europe,” Current Opinion, February, 1915. (Taken from Paris
Figaro.)
“Naval History: Mahan and his Successors,” Military Historian
and Economist, January, 1918.
 INDEX

Aden, #$1#, 152

Admiralty, British, organization of, 118–122, 194, 195
Adriatic Sea, 26, 306
Africa, 46.
See South Africa
Alabama, Confederate cruiser, 96
Alaska, 40
Alava, Spanish admiral, 215
Alexander the Great, campaigns of, 4, 14
Alexander I, of Russia, 224–226
Algeciras Conference, 306
Alliances, military weakness of, 60, 61, 315.
See Entente; Triple Alliance
Alsace-Lorraine, 326, 349
American Independence, War of, 23, 85, 343;
unwise policy of England in, 143–144;
influence of sea power in, 164–170.
Amsterdam, 34, 39.
Antilles, Lesser, strategic value of, 102, 105, 107, 108
Antwerp, 30, 306
Arbitration, #$1#, inadequacy of, 293–295, 344–347
Armenia, 345, 347
Armored cruiser, a faulty type, 260
Asia. See China; Japan; Far East
Atlantic Coast, of United States, 35, 65–67, 111–112, 274, 285
Australia, 148, 149, 350
Austria, in Thirty Years’ War, 50 ff.;
in Napoleonic Wars, 76, 191, 228;
in Seven Years’ War, 147;
an ally of Germany, 304–306, 317, 322, 323, 327

Balkan States, 306

Baltic Sea, 31, 82, 186, 188, 191, 273, 274, 313
Barbados, 60, 196
Bases, naval, for permanent operations, 28;
in the Caribbean, 29;
exposed to land attack, 71;
useless without a navy, 287.
See Ports; Strategic Positions
Battleships, design of, 61–62.
See Speed
Beachy Head, battle of, 81, 155, 157
Belgium, ports of, closed, 30;
a possession of Spain, 38, 50, 57, 60, 67
Berlin Decree, 95, 331
Bermuda, 105
Biscay, Bay of, 192
Bismarck, Prince, #$1#, 326
Blockade, in the Civil War, 41–42, 94;
military, 86;
commercial, 94–99, 330–331;
defense against, 129–132;
of Santiago, 251–255;
 of France, in Napoleonic Wars, 300–311
Bombardment, defense against, 129–132
Bombay, #$1#, 153
Boulogne, 191, 192, 194, 197
Bourrienne, Napoleon’s secretary, 13, 14
Boyne, battle of, 37
Brest, 23, 24, 31, 154, 174, 192–194, 196, 222
Brock, General, 233, 234
Brunswick, British ship, 180–182
Bucentaure, French ship, 215–219
Bulgaria, 345
Byng, British Admiral, 85, 86, 158

Cadiz, 26, 58;

Villeneuve at, 197–202, 208–211, 219–222
Cæsar, campaigns of, 4, 14
Calder, British Admiral, 196
Cámara, Spanish Admiral, 252
Canada, 143, 147, 154;
in War of 1812, 229–240, 307
Cape Verde Islands, 241
Caribbean Sea, strategic importance of, 27–29, 289, 325;
features of, 100–112;
map of, 100;
hurricane in, 244
Cartagena, 26
Central Line, or Position, defined and illustrated, 50–67, 103;
of Germany, 53
Cervera, Spanish Admiral, squadron of, 59, 88, 89;
 approach of, 241–249;
blockaded at Santiago, 251–255
Champlain, Lake, battle of, 235, 239
Channel, British, 23, 24, 25, 52, 53, 69, 140;
defenses in, against Napoleon, 191–195;
controlled by England, 312–315
Charles, Archduke, campaigns of, 11 ff
Chauncey, Commodore, 235–236
Chemulpo, 256, 267
Cherbourg, 31, 174
Chesapeake Bay, British forces in, 31;
battle off, 164–170
China, at war with Japan, 296;
and foreign powers, 300, 345;
emigration from, 349, 352.
See Open Door
Cienfuegos, 59, 88, 89, 103, 241, 246, 247
Civil War, American, Mahan’s service in, #$1#;
blockade in, 41–42, 94–96;
Farragut in, 76;
results of, 292
Clausewitz, Karl von, quoted, 89
Clinton, Sir Henry, 164, 167
Coasts, influence of, on naval development, 28–32, 40–42;
defense of, 89, 129–133;
fortification of, 261.
See Frontiers
Codrington, Sir Edward, 178, 183, 201
Colbert, French Minister, 138, 139
Collingwood, British Admiral, at battle of June First, 178;
off Rochefort, 192;
at Trafalgar, 197, 201, 206, 213–217, 220
Colonies, national policies regarding, #$1#, 45–46;
as motives for a navy, 20;
British, 22;
Germany’s desire for, 319, 323
Commerce, easier by sea than by land, 16;
importance of foreign, 17, 148;
as a motive for naval power, 18–19, 355–357;
routes of, 69–70, 76–78
Commerce Warfare, operations of, discussed, 5, 91–99;
a weapon of the weaker sea power, 24;
requires distant bases, 25, 154;
in the Napoleonic Wars, 198, 223–228.
See Blockade; Private Property
Communications, facility of, by sea, 16, 77, 286, 331–332;
between England and Ireland, 37, 38;
importance of, in warfare, 52–60, 75–78, 92;
maintained by naval forces, 154;
altered by interoceanic canals, 288–290
Compromise, evils of, 259–262;
in Rozhestvensky’s plans, 281
Concentration, defined and illustrated, 60–67;
disregarded by Russia in war with Japan, 270–275, 277–282
Continental System, Napoleon’s, 198, 223–228
Contraband, 99
Convoys, 17
Copenhagen, Nelson’s campaign of, 184–191
Corbett, Sir Julian, quoted, 85, 89
Corfu, 287
Cornwallis, British Admiral, 192, 194, 196
Cornwallis, General, at Yorktown, 159, 164–170
Corsica, 26
Corunna, 52
Crete, 58, 70, 347
Cronstadt, 273
Cuba, strategic value of, 59, 74, 79, 100–112;
in Spanish War, 243, 245, 345, 348, 349
Culebra Island, 111
Curaçao, 241, 248
Curieux, British brig, 196
Curtis, British Captain, 178, 179, 183
Cyprus, 153

D’Aché, French Admiral, 153

Danube, central position on, 50, 53–56, 60, 67
Dearborn, General, 236, 238
De Barras, French Admiral, in the American Revolution, 164–168
Defensive, limited rôle of, in naval warfare, 87–90, 309–311;
in the War of 1812, 228 ff
De Grasse, French Admiral, at Saints’ Passage, 160;
off the Chesapeake, 164–170
Du Guichen, French Admiral, engaged with Rodney, 159–163
Denmark, trade of, 25;
waters of, 51;
Nelson’s campaign against, 184–190
De Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, 207
Detroit, 233, 238, 239
Dewey, Admiral, #$1#
Dominica, 160
Dumanoir, French Admiral, at Trafalgar, 218–220

Egypt, Napoleon in, 58, 127, 192;

 British rule in, 152, 191, 343
England. See Great Britain
Entente, Triple, 53, 304–306, 317–318
Erie, Lake, operations on, 232, 233, 235–236, 238, 240

Far East, political conditions in, 289–291, 296–297.

See China; Japan; Open Door
Farragut, Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
at Mobile, 64, 251;
on the Mississippi, 76;
quoted, 340
Ferrol, 192, 196, 197
Fighting Instructions, of the British Navy, 157–158
Fleet in Being, theory of, 81;
illustrated by Cervera’s fleet, 242–248;
in Russo-Japanese War, 258–269
Florida, exposed position of, 36, 65, 66;
Straits of, 69, 147
Flying Squadron, in Spanish War, #$1#, 59, 88, 89, 241, 246
Fortress Fleet, 258–269
Française, Cape, 165, 166
France, a rival of Great Britain, #$1#;
geographical conditions affecting, 22–25;
ports of, 31, 32;
in Napoleonic Wars, 43–44, 171–174;
colonial policy of, 46;
in Thirty Years’ War, 50–57;
exhausted under Louis XIV, 137–140;
in American Revolution, 143–144;
in Seven Years’ War, 147, 153–154;
opposed to Germany, 305, 317–318, 320;
arrested growth of, in population, 307, 322;
Channel coast of, 312–313.
 See Navy, French
Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, 350
Frederick the Great, 14, 147
French Revolution, 152;
effect on French navy, 171–174, 178
Frontiers, advantage of seaboard, 30;
of United States, regarded as a line, 65–67, 112;
warfare on, in 1812, 229–234.
See Coasts

Genoa, 67
Germany, recent naval policy of, #$1#–xv, 51;
trade of, 25;
rivers of, 33, 69;
central position of, 53;
possible acquisitions in West Indies, 288;
political character and aims of, 292, 302–308, 317–327;
and Far East, 299;
her sea routes threatened by Great Britain, 312–316, 333, 336.
See Navy, German
Gibraltar, an important base, 20, 22, 58, 69, 74, 152, 154;
acquired by Great Britain, 26, 147, 157;
siege of, 85, 86, 107, 178;
Nelson at, 196, 199, 209
Good Hope, Cape of, 20, 26, 33, 51, 152, 290, 314
Graves, British Admiral, off the Chesapeake, 160, 164–170
Gravina, Spanish Admiral, at Trafalgar, 210–211, 214, 219–220
Great Britain, growth of, in naval power, #$1#, 32–34, 43–44;
colonial policy of, 45, 46, 343;
naval policy of, 47–48, 141–146;
community of interests with United States, 111, 291–295, 318–332;
in American Revolution, 143–144;
gains of, in Seven Years’ War, 147–154;
 navy her first line of defense, 191–195;
in commerce warfare with Napoleon, 223–228, 310–311;
and problem of imperial federation, 293;
threatened by Germany, 302–308;
policy of, relating to seizure of private property at sea, 333–338.
See Navy, British
Guadeloupe, 25, 143
Guantanamo, 58, 103–107, 111

Hague, The, 155–157, 165, 166.

See Peace Conferences
Haiti, 105, 108
Halifax, 105
Hamilton, Lady Emma, 200
Hampton Roads, #$1#, 59, 66, 89, 241, 246
Hannibal, campaigns of, 4, 14
Havana, 39, 59, 88, 89, 105, 106, 110, 143, 166, 241, 246, 247
Havre, 174
Hawaiian Islands, value of, to the United States, 285–287, 356, 357;
Japanese in, 301
Hawke, British Admiral, 155
Heligoland, #$1#
Holland, dependent on commerce, 161;
as a sea power, 22, 23;
trade of, 25;
closes Belgian ports, 30;
raids Chatham, 30;
naval rivalry with England, 32–34, 312, 313;
at war with Spain, 37–38, 342;
colonial policy of, 45–46;
rivers of, 69;
in wars of Louis XIV, 137–140;
 in Napoleonic Wars, 193;
possible union with Germany, 320
Hood, British Admiral, 167, 168
Hotham, British Admiral, 81
Howe, British Admiral, policy of, 5;
in the battle of June First, 175–183
Hudson River, 31, 166

India, British in, 147, 151, 317, 343;

route to, 152, 153
Interior Lines, value of, in warfare, 51–67;
illustrated, 103, 314
International Law, regard for, in Napoleonic Wars, 227–228;
inadequate to check national aggressions, 300
Ireland, 37, 313
Italy, position of, 26;
exposed by sea, 36–37;
in wars of France and Austria, 50, 56, 60;
unification of, 292;
interests of, opposed to those of Germany and Austria, 305–306,
317

Jamaica, lost by Spain, 39;

threatening position of, 58;
strategic value of, 100–112
James II, of England, 38, 277;
fighting instructions issued by, 157–158
Japan, influenced by Mahan’s writings, #$1#;
in war with Russia, 56, 57, 60;
influence in Asia, 76–78, 82–84;
coerced by the European powers, 291–292;
growth of, 296–297, 326;
and the Open Door Policy, 299–301;
 compared with Germany, 303, 324;
and Great Britain, 306–307, 318, 320;
emigration from, 349–352.
See Russo-Japanese War
Jervis. See St. Vincent
Jomini, on strategy, 11, 12, 49, 321;
on strategic lines, 64, 65, 238;
on Napoleon, 80;
on British sea power, 141
June First, battle of, 175–183

Kamimura, Japanese Admiral, 66

Kamranh Bay, 83
Keith, British Admiral, 194
Key West, 29, 36, 111, 241, 269
Kiel Canal, #$1#, 51
Kingston, in Canada, 231–240;
in Jamaica, 107
Korea, 256, 300, 346
Kuropatkin, Russian General, 256, 257

Lafayette, General, 164, 169

La Hogue, battle of, 155–157, 165, 166
Levant, trade of, 33
Line of Battle, of fleets, 62, 156, 158, 162, 163.
See Strategic Lines
Logistics, defined, 49
London, 30
Louis XIV, of France, 37, 155;
wars of, 137–141
Louis XVI, of France, 172
Louisburg, 20, 154

Macdonough, Commodore, 142

Madagascar, #$1#, 82
Madrid, 81, 209
Magellan, Straits of, 51, 67, 290
Malta, 20, 26, 58, 70, 107, 152, 287
Manchuria, 56, 57, 267, 300
Manila, 39, 143
Mantua, 76, 80
Marengo, battle of, 13, 14, 76, 257
Marlborough, Duke of, 142
Martinique, 25, 74, 104, 143, 154, 160, 161, 196, 241
Masampo Bay, 66
Mauritius, 20, 152
Mediterranean Sea, position of France on, 22, 59, 140;
importance of, as a trade route, 27, 31, 39, 289–290;
Villeneuve ordered to, 198–199;
bases in, 287, 314
Metz, 71
Mexico, Gulf of, 29, 31, 35, 36, 65, 66;
strategic features of, 100–112, 325
Milan, 50, 53
Minorca, 39, 107, 147, 154, 158
Mississippi River, importance of, 29, 31, 35, 69, 100, 101;
in the Civil War, 42, 76, 143
Mobile Bay, battle of, 64, 251
Mona Passage, 102
Monroe Doctrine, 102, 111, 149, 288–291, 318, 320–322, 325, 356
Montreal, 231, 233, 234, 238, 240
Moore, Sir John, 81
Morocco, 306, 318, 320
Mukden, battle of, 56, 256

Naples, 38, 39
Napoleon, as a strategian, 11;
anecdote of, 12–14;
quoted, 4, 14, 55, 58, 70, 78, 110, 155, 173, 241, 271, 287, 296, 335;
at Marengo and Mantua, 76, 257;
a believer in the offensive, 80, 81, 152, 153;
in commerce warfare with Great Britain, 92, 93, 95, 223–228, 331;
armies of, 172;
and the northern neutrals, 184, 187;
his plan for the invasion of England, 191–198;
and the Trafalgar campaign, 221–223, 248;
downfall of, 237;
at Waterloo, 239
Napoleonic Wars, 12, 31, 80, 81, 142, 307, 310, 343
Naval Administration, civil vs. military, 113–115;
in peace and war, 115–118;
British, 118–122;
United States, 122–124.
See Admiralty
Naval Training, 8–15
Naval War College, Mahan at, #$1#;
aims of, 10–15
Navarino, battle of, 178
Navies, motives for, 18, 355–357;
a protection for commerce, 19;
fighting order of, 61;
 an offensive weapon, 71–73
Navigation Acts, British, 337
Navy, British;
training of officers in, 8–9;
compared with French, 43;
maneuvers of, 72;
tactics of, in the 18th century, 156–158;
protection afforded by, 306–308;
French:
training of officers in, 8–9;
compared with British, 43;
weakness of, in Revolutionary Wars, 146, 171–174, 178;
faulty policy of, 155–158;
German: growth and purpose of, 111, 299, 307, 317–320;
United States:
interested chiefly in material, 8;
in Civil War, 41;
insufficient, 44;
in Spanish War, 59–60, 245, 250–253;
concentration of fleet of, 60, 274–275;
administration of, 122–124;
requirements of, 128–134
Nebogatoff, Russian Admiral, 83
Nelson, British Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
in the Trafalgar campaign, 5, 62, 63, 196–223;
his pursuit of Napoleon in the Mediterranean, 58;
on concentration, 61;
quoted, 80, 82, 85, 175, 253;
and the rule of obedience, 126–127;
in the Copenhagen campaign, 184–190;
in command of channel forces, 191–192, 195
Netherlands. See Belgium; Holland
Neutrality, League of Armed, 184–190
Newport, Rhode Island, #$1#, 164, 166
New York, 31, 69, 73, 164–167
Niagara frontier, warfare on, 231–232, 235–236
Nile, battle of, 153
North Sea, 23, 25, 51, 313–316
Nossi-Bé, 82, 83

Offensive, advantage of, in war, 128–133, 229, 309–311;

operations of, discussed, 79–86;
navy chiefly useful for, 70–73
Ontario, Lake, campaign on, in War of 1812, 229–240
Open Door Policy, 299–301, 325, 356, 357
Oregon, United States ship, 59, 60
Oswego, 232

Pacific Coast, of United States, 35, 40, 67, 111, 112, 285, 289;
immigration to, 350, 356
Pacific Ocean, interest of the United States in, 289, 299–301
Panama Canal, its effect on naval policy, 18, 27–29, 325;
an interior line, 51, 301;
central position of, 67, 70, 77;
strategic importance of, 100–112, 149, 150, 356–357;
need of controlling approaches to, 285–287;
and the Monroe Doctrine, 288–291, 318
Paris, Treaty of, 147–148;
Declaration of, 99, 337;
city of, 198
Parker, British Admiral, 184–190
Peace Conferences, at The Hague, #$1#, 132, 331, 342, 346
Peninsular War, 81, 82
Pensacola, 29
Philippine Islands, 252, 349
Pitt, Sir William, British Prime Minister, 143, 151
Plevna, 56, 57
Plymouth, England, 24, 31
Pondicherry, 78, 154
Population, affecting sea power, 43–44;
of Pacific Coast, 301
Port Arthur, threatening Japanese communications, 56, 57;
attacked by siege, 71, 82;
squadron based on, 256–271, 275
Port Mahon, 289
Porto Rico, 241, 349
Ports, in Gulf and Caribbean, 128, 29;
flanking communications, 56–58
Portsmouth, England, 31
Preparation, for war, 128–134, 229–230, 237–238, 357
Private property at sea, immunity of, 78, 93, 98, 99, 328–341;
Rule of 1756 regarding, 227–228
Prussia, 147, 153, 189, 191, 228
Puget Sound, 67
Pyrenees, 52, 65

Ratisbon, 50
Red Sea, 152
Resources, affecting strategic value of positions, 68, 69, 74
Revel, 188–190
Rhine River, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 197.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 60
Rions, Commodore de, 174