LS NO.

1 Gravitation
1) What is Gravitation?
An: The force of attraction between two bodies is
called as
Gravitation'.

2) What is centripetal force?

An: The force acting on any
object moving along a circle andii is
Directed towards the center of the circle is called
a éentr+petal
Force ,A
Ex. Motion of the around the
moon earthdue tojthe centripetal
force.

3) Write the three laws given by the-kepler.

An:
Kepler's first law: The orbitoa planet is an ellipse with the sun at
one end of the foci.
Kepler's second law:(The Wne joining the planet and the sun
sweeps equal aréasin equal intervals of times.
Kepler's third lawPhe square of the period of revolution of the
planet arqyndathe sun is directly proportional to the cube of the
mean disanceof a planet from the sun.

Kr3
T constant kr3
 Sun

1.4 The orbit of a pianet movin

Planet

clas
ClassesS ses
around the Sun.

universal law of graytation.

4) State Newton's
(Theory of universal Gravity.) that every object in
the
Newton's universal
law gravimtion
of states is which
An: with definite force
universal attracts everyothepobject of the two objects
the próduct of
masses
directly proportional to distance between
of the
to the square
and inversely proportional

them.
Fmm

F- mm2

proportionality.
G is constant of
5) What is universal constant of gravitation?
An: G (universal constant of gravitation) is the gravitational force
at unit distance away
from
acting between two unit masses kept
each other.

ses
The SI unit of G is Nmkg (Nm'kg*)
6.67x10" Nm°kg*
In SI unit the value of Gis
The value of G was first measured by Henry Cavendish

inverse
How did kepler's laws help Newton to afrive at the
6)
square law of gravity.
circle wjth constant speed.
An: Consider an object moving in a force. Which can

The force acting on this object is çentripétal

be show as
ien n

F-mv
R orbit in uniform
the sun in a circular
If a planet is revolving around on the planet
circular motion thenthe centripetal force acting
towards the sun must
be

Fmy
R
of the planet
Wheren is mass

ViSped ofthe planet sun.

the
Ri its distance from
of the period of
be expressed in
terms
speed of planet
can
The
Revolution "T' as follows.
 Distance travelled by the planet = perimeter of the orbit in one

revolution
R= distance of the planet from the sun & T =Time take for period
of revolution.
V= distancetravelled
Time taken
V-21tr
T

Putting v=2rr in eq

T
sosse
Fm
R
force acting on a planet must
Thus, Newton concludedthe çentmpétal the
tonthosquare of the distance between
be inversely proportional
planet and the sun.
force.
1)
7) Explain earth'sgrgvitational
An: it self with a force
near it towards
The earthattraets every object
earth. The center of
gravitational force of the
which iscalled as
center so the gravitational force
earth is situated at its
massof he directed towards the center
earth is always
on ay object due to the falls vertically
earth. Because of this force an object
of the when we throw any object
downwards on the earth. Similarity
reduces its
this force tries to pull it down and
vertically upward
sometime it becomes zero
& object starts moving
velocity after
center of the earth under
the
downward towards the
vertically
influence of this force.
8) What is acceleration due to
gravity?
An:
The acceleration produced in body due to gravitational force ofthe
carth is called acccleration due to gravity. It is denoted by g the
acceleration due to gravity is directed towards the center of the
earth. (Vertically downward)
9)
9) Find the value of g on the surface ofthe earth or show a
G depends upon mass & radius of the earth.

of
An: For object of mass m situated at distance r frohe center

Science
an

the earth the gravitational force acting onitis

ouOI:
the factors
10) Explain how theralue of g varies? Or explain
with whicbehe value ofg varies?
An: 7,
Change along the surface of the earth: The value of g
is
i.
i.
earth because of
not same everywhere on the surface of the
R a
the shape of the earth. The shape of the earth is not exactly
sphericaltherefore the distance of the objects on the surface
of the earth from its center deferens from place to place.
Earth bulges at the equator & is flatter at the poles.
Therefore its radius is largest at the equator and smallest at
 the poles. The value ofg is thus highest at the pole
(9.832m/s) at the equator.
ii. Change with height: As go above the surfaceof
we

the earth. The value of r increases. Therefore value of g

in the height the
decreases. For small and for large change
change in the value of g is large.
i. Change with depth: The value of g changes y e go
of earth)decreases
inside the earth. The value of r (radius
should)increase as
and one would think that the value of g
exerts
formula but the part of thê eartwhich
per the
force on the object álso deereases means the
gravitational
As a combine result
of change in
value of m also decreases.

ence
inside the
as we go deep
r and m the value of g decreases
earth.

the value ofg is zero at the center of the earth?

11) Explain why center of
An: The accelerationdue to gravity is directed towards the
formula
The Earth acdordimgto the
Gggm
the earth & radius of the
The yalue ofg depends on mass of
mass of the earth is
concentrated at its center but the
earth The
value of g
TAdud of the earth is zero at its center. Therefore the
becomes zero at its center.
 and weight.
Distinguish between nmass

No weight
No Mass
Mass is the amountof I. Weightis the gravitational
on
force of the earth acting
matter present in the
theobject.
object. i . Weight is vector
quantiky.
Mass is scalar quantity.
11.
ii. The weight of thie obfect
value of mass does changes fromplaeé to
i . The to
not change from place
constant. place Asaliue of gto
place. Itremains changasfrom place
place.
weight is
is kg iv. The SYunitof CGS unit is
iv. The SI unit ofmass Newton (n)
&
iv. (g)
and CGS unitis gram
dyne.

of
Explain free fall: ofthe force
the i n f l u e n c e
13) object movés
under
W h e n e v e r on
An: be in a free fall.
alone Itispaidto
at
Gravity from our hand the only force
stone
réleasothe earth and the
Ex When we force of the
gravitational free
that's acts
on it is the Thus it is
free fall. In a
in a
its
influence. due
stone fallsader & goes on increasing
is zero
velocity of the object free fall
fall intjal of the earth. During
due to gravity and
aeeleration motion of object
tothe force due to
air opposes the
fall is
thefrietional Thus true free
on the object.
force also acts
tbe buoyant
only in
vacuum.

possible
 Will the mass and weight ofan object on the earth be same
as their values on mars Why?
An
Te nas ofthe odjat m the eartd & on the nars will be sane
it does not
wause a s ot the odject ahvays remains constant
change thum place o place.
B a t weight of the ohjovt wil not remain same on the eath o n
the mars brause weight ot the object depends on the
of on
elerntin due to gravity (g) ot the planet. The vafte g
ferent mass
àttrnt planets is diteront as every plape has de
and radus Theretore weight of the ohierts isditterent planets

15) What is escape velocity?

When the object is moving in unard direction with velocity
initial
An downward pull by
due to which the objeet is abie y ovencome the
will not tal back on
the earth & can escape the barth forever and
the earth. This velgeir i_ called escape velocity.

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