ST.

PAUL’S UNIVERISTY
LIMURU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES
CRIM 308-CRIME MAPPING
BCSSLMR129722
CAT 1
29 TH OF FEBRUARY 2024
 Attempt both questions and explain in details with the necessary references
in text and bibliographic listing
1. Discuss the historical development of crime mapping, highlighting key
milestones that have shaped its evolution.(15 Marks)
During the early 19th century, a number of thinks about inspected the dispersion of
wrongdoing in France and Britain.Within the Joined together States, Shaw and McKay's (1942)
seminal think about of adolescent wrongdoing in Chicago made broad utilize of wrongdoing
maps.This inquire about was instrumental in popularizing social disorganization hypothesis
and propelled a number of comparative mapping ventures in Chicago; Philadelphia; Richmond,
Virginia; Cleveland, Ohio; Birmingham, Alabama; Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; and
other cities.Going with these early endeavors in wrongdoing mapping were improvements
within the calling of policing that provided extra openings for wrongdoing mapping.In reality,
one of the most legitimization for the creation of Federal Bureau of Examination was for the
express reason of archiving the degree of wrongdoing within the Joined together States
through the Uniform Wrongdoing Detailing program (Mosher, Miethe, & Phillips, 2002).Amid
this time, numerous organizations started compiling wrongdoing measurements and
conducting examinations of wrongdoing information.Wrongdoing mapping was basically done
utilizing stick maps, which were exceptionally time expending and given as it were a essential
visualization of wrongdoing patterns.

In 1966, the Harvard Lab for Computer Design and Spatial Examination created SYMAP
(Synagraphic Mapping Framework), one of the primary broadly dispersed computerized
mapping program programs.S. Census Bureau started the driven GBFDIME (Geographic Base
Records and Double Free Outline Encoding) project, which was utilized to make digitized street
maps for all cities within the Joined together States amid the 1970 census (Stamp, Chrisman,
Straight to the point, McHaffie, & Pickles, 1997).These propels were essential for the
improvement of GIS programs utilized in wrongdoing mapping.The use of GIS programs for
mapping has been the foremost imperative development within the field of wrongdoing
mapping.To begin with, computers have drastically diminished the time and exertion required
to deliver wrongdoing maps.Given the moderately moo taken a toll and client neighborliness
of many of these program programs, it now not requires a considerable speculation for
organizations that wish to lock in in wrongdoing mapping.

Third, virtual maps are much more adaptable than physical maps, permitting analysts and
wrongdoing investigators to compare the geographic dissemination of wrongdoings against
other characteristics of the region under investigation (e.g. , census bureau data, city arranging
and zoning maps, and maps delivered by other agencies).

Within the mid1970s and early 1980s, a emergency of certainty in conventional police hones
developed taking after the comes about of considers, such as the Kansas City Preventative
Watch test, that proposed that the police were not compelling in combating wrongdoing
(Weisburd & Lum, 2005).Louis, Missouri, the appropriation of computerized wrongdoing
mapping over the United States remained generally moderate.

In spite of the fact that a number of organizations, in specific in bigger locales, got to be early
adopters of computerized wrongdoing mapping innovation, the huge period of development
in computerized wrongdoing mapping did not start until the late 1980s and early 1990s
(Weisburd & Lum, 2005).The rate of adoption of wrongdoing mapping among offices incredibly
expanded as desktop computers got to be cheaper and more effective and GIS software got to
be less demanding to utilize and more capable.The Compstat program, which begun in 1994 in
Unused York City, emphasized crime mapping as a central component to vital police arranging
and made a difference popularize wrongdoing mapping among police offices.With help from
the Office of Community Situated Police Administrations and the National Established of
Equity, a huge number of offices embraced computerized wrongdoing mapping hones.
2. Investigate theories related to crime hotspots, providing an overview of
various typologies associated with crime hotspots. (15 Marks)
A popular method in criminology and law enforcement is called "crime mapping," which
entails analyzing and visualization the spatial patterns of crime episodes. Finding crime
hotspots—areas where crime concentrations are noticeably greater than in other areas—is
one of the core components of crime mapping. A number of ideas, each providing insights into
the underlying dynamics of spatial crime patterns, have been put forth to explain the
emergence and survival of crime hotspots. An overview of the several typologies linked to
crime hotspots is provided below, along with the hypotheses that support them:

Routine Activity Theory: According to this theory, which was put forth by Marcus Felson and
Lawrence Cohen in 1979, crime happens when three factors come together in space and time:
a motivated criminal, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian. This idea states that
places with high rates of criminal activity, desirable targets, and little oversight become
hotspots for crime. Routine Activity Theory typologies centre on locating intersections of these
elements—that is, areas with plenty of foot traffic, little surveillance, and potential for criminal
activity.

Environmental Criminology: This field of study looks at how the social and physical aspects of
an area affect criminal behaviour. A fundamental concept in environmental criminology, crime
pattern theory contends that the temporal and spatial features of the environment have an
impact on crime rather than causing it to occur at random. Environmental criminology
typologies concentrate on pinpointing particular environmental elements—like patterns of
land use, street designs, illumination, and social disarray—that either encourage or discourage
criminal conduct.

Social Disorganization Theory: This theory, which was created in the early 20th century by
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, contends that areas that are socially disorganized and marked
by poverty, unstable housing, and ethnic diversity have higher rates of crime. This hypothesis
holds that places with weak social relationships, little informal social control, and low
collective efficacy are likely to become hotspots for crime. Social Disorganization theory
typologies concentrate on finding areas with high rates of dysfunction and social disorder,
where a lack of social cohesion and efficient social control systems fosters criminal activity.

Concentrated Disadvantage: William Julius Wilson developed the idea of concentrated

disadvantage, focusing on the combined effects of social isolation, racial segregation, and
economic hardship on crime rates. This notion built upon the Social Disorganization Theory.
This viewpoint holds that neighborhoods with concentrated poverty, high unemployment
rates, and restricted access to opportunities and resources tend to have higher rates of crime.
Typologies related to concentrated disadvantage concentrate on pinpointing regions where
people encounter substantial obstacles to social mobility and integration and where there are
several indications of both economic and social deprivation.

Crime Pattern analytic: This method of identifying and analyzing patterns of criminal behaviour
makes use of statistical methods as well as spatial analytic tools. A popular technique in crime
pattern analysis is hot spot analysis, which locates groups of criminal episodes according to
their temporal and physical proximity. Crime pattern analysis typologies concentrate on
categorizing hotspots based on their temporal and spatial properties, such as displacement
hotspots (locations where crime shifts after intervention efforts), emerging hotspots (recently
developed crime clusters), and persistent hotspots (long-term concentrations of crime).

To sum up, ideas concerning crime hotspots provide important insights into the fundamental
dynamics of spatial crime patterns, assisting scholars and professionals in comprehending why
specific regions have greater than average rates of criminal activity. Law enforcement
organizations and legislators can create focused interventions and preventive measures to
successfully fight crime and improve public safety by locating and evaluating crime hotspots.