DANCE
Movements
• A form of art using rhythmic bodily movements
expressing ideas and emotions and accompanied by
music.
• As an art form, it may tell a story, set a mood, or
express an emotion. It is a form of exercise; a
number of people who want to be physically fit turn
to dancing.
• It is also a form of recreation; dances are almost
always a part of parties and other social activities.
• It is also a form of socialization; ballrooms and
dance halls are venues where people socialize,
meet new friends, and form new associations.
Music and dance are allied arts.
Similarities: they are both performing arts, that they
have a temporary or transient nature, and that they are
enjoyed by artists and audience alike. They are also
related to each other in that music is an important
element of dance.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
1. Dancer
the most important element of dance. Since
he is the performer, there won't be a dance without
him. He executes the steps, follows the instructions
of the choreographer, wears the costumes, and
carries the props.
2. Choreography
A choreographer is the dance director. He
does the overall design of the dance, assigns the
steps to be executed by the dancer/s, selects the
costumes and props that go with the dance, and
determines the set designed for the dance.
Geleen Eugenio used to choreograph the
Universal Motion Dancers or UMD and the
"Starstruck" finalists, and Maribeth Bichara did the
choreography for the VIP Dancers. The two are not
only good choreographers but also good dancers. To
be a good choreographer, one must be a good
dancer.
3. Design
Design is the planned organization or pattern
of movements in time and space. It involves the
movements and the positioning of the dancers, and
the steps executed by them. An outstanding dance
performance is always dependent on the design
of the dance. Thus, the dancers of a dance troupe
discuss the design of the dance, together with the
choreographer, before they start their rehearsal.
4. Subject
Subject is the message of the dance. Simply
put, it tells what the dance is about.
For example, the theme of the Ifugao war
dance is the rivalry between two tribes that leads to
an armed conflict. Subjects of the dances differ from
one dance to another.
5.
Movements are classified into steps, gestures,
and facial expressions.
• Steps are the dancers' movements from one
point on stage to another; these include leaps,
turns, rolls, and somersaults.
• Gestures are the movements of their heads,
hands, feet, and other body parts; these include
swaying, head shaking, foot stomping, and
clapping.
• Facial expressions are the movements of their
facial parts, as exemplified by the raising of
eyebrows, pouting of lips, and crumpling of
forehead.
DRAMA OR THEATER
• Drama is a form of art that depicts life's
experiences through the reenactment of events
that take place in the real world or happen in the
mind of the writer. More often than not, it mirrors
life.
• Derived from the Greek word dram meaning to act
or to do,
• It is performed on stage or in front of the camera by
actors and actresses under the supervision of the
director. Like music and dance, drama serves to
inform and entertain. Unlike the other two
performing arts, it serves to persuade because it
can be used as propaganda. It still has other
purposes: to help conserve a country's or
society's legends, to execute its laws, to explore
its problems, to demonstrate its codes, to
ridicule its weaknesses, and to extend its
knowledge.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA/THEATER
1. Direction
The director is the overall in charge of the
dramatic performance. He instructs the actors and
all the people involved in the production from the
production assistants to the cameramen, props
men, effects men, designers, writers, editors,
cinematographers, and so on. He is always present
from the pre-production stage to the post-
production stage of the play. The internationally
acclaimed Lino Brocka epitomizes a good director.
2. Set design
The set designer does the layout of the set. He
determines what to place as backdrop and what to
put on stage. For example, the design for the set of
the play, "New Yorker in Tondo," is a simulation of a
living room of a middle-class family residing in
Tondo, Manila. Set designs are classified into
realistic, abstract, suggestive, or functional.
3. Cinematography
The cinematographer is the person who takes
charge of the photography. He looks for a location
that fits the story and, with the aid of the
cameramen, shoots the scenes forming part of the
 drama. For example, some of the underwater
scenes of the top-rated television series "Dyesebel"
were shot in Palawan.
KINDS OF DRAMA
Tragedy
A tragedy is a drama in which the hero fails to
fulfill his goal or goals. His failure is attributed to his
tragic flaw, a fatal mistake. The protagonist cannot
overcome an inevitable failure although he may show
courage along the way. The narrative ends unhappily for
the hero with whom the viewers sympathize; thus, it is
regarded as a sad-endingstory. However, a tragedy does
not necessarily end with the hero's death. Examples are
the well-loved Theban plays of Sophocles, "Oedipus
Rex" and "Antigone," which are popular tragedies
performed in school theaters and similar venues.
Comedy.
A comedy is a drama in which the hero
succeeds in fulfilling his goal or goals. Sometimes, it is
comic all throughout as a comedy of manners or a
slapstick comedy such that the viewers laugh and laugh
as they watch the performance. There are comedies that
are partially funny or more serious than funny;
nevertheless, they are considered comedies because
they focus on the protagonist who is successful in his
plans. Because the narrative ends happily for the hero,
it is considered a happy- ending story.
Farce.
A farce is a drama written by an author whose
intention is to poke fun at the hero, his subject. The
hero, oftentimes symbolizing a public official or a person
of authority, is rendered ridiculous. The dramatic tone is
satirical.
Melodrama.
A melodrama is a drama that focuses not on the
protagonist, but on the action or the situation. It is
characterized by a sentimental love story, sensational
actions, extravagant emotions, and a happy ending.
Most of Sharon Cuneta's films are melodramatic.
Religious Play.
A religious play is a drama that serves to
reenact a biblical event or to teach a truth or truths
pertaining to a certain religion. Examples of religious
plays are mystery plays, miracle plays, morality plays,
and passion play (cenaculo). Mel Gibson's "The
Passion of the Christ" is a good example of this type.
Historical Play.
Just like a religious play, a historical play serves
to reenact a historical event that plays an important
role on the lives of the viewers.
Examples of this are "Rizal the Movie" "Rizal sa
Dapitan," "Macario Sacay" and "General Luna."
Musical Play.
Also known as an opera, a musical play is an art
form that combines music and drama. Dealing with any
subject, it differs from other plays in as much as the
performers do not say their lines, but sing them. The
performers here must not only be good actors, but also
be good singers.
Instrumental media pertain to the different instruments
played by musicians. Most of these instruments form
part of the orchestra. Based on how their sounds are
produced, they are classified into string or stringed,
wind, percussion, and keyboard instruments.
String or stringed instruments, as their name suggests,
have strings which are either plucked or bowed. The
plucked strings are guitars, ukuleles, banjos, mandolins,
harps, and the erstwhile lyres while the bowed strings
are violins, violas, violincellos or cellos, and double
basses or contrabasses.
Drama
• A stage play is a drama performed on stage; the
actors perform live before an audience. Examples
are "New Yorker in Tondo" and "The World Is an
Apple."
• A radio play is a drama aired over the radio; the
actors perform live in the studio but not before an
audience. Examples are "Beinte Cuatro Oras" and
"Ito ang Inyong Tiya Dely."
• A television play is a drama shown on television;
the play is taped days before it is presented to the
public. Examples are "Magpakailanman" and
"Maalaala Mo Kaya."
• Lastly, a movie or a film is a drama shown on the
wide screen; the film is shot months before it is
presented to the public. Examples are "Rizal the
Movie" and "Muro Ami."
During the ancient times, man's primary concern was
survival. In the early stages of men's development
(hunting and food-gathering), his first encounters were
with animals and plants. Because of this constant
contact with and their interest in these living organisms,
it was inevitable for them to paint these things they
needed to survive. In fact, the earliest paintings
discovered in several caves in Europe were those of
animals. Even now, a number of painters prefer
animals and plants, specifically flowering plants, as
subjects for their paintings.
Painting
• Oil painting is done with the use of ground pigments
(from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter, etc.)
mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner.
Many painters prefer oil as a medium because oil
paintings are long-lasting, slow in drying, easy to
handle and manipulate texturally, and capable of
being corrected.
o Oil paints are applied in either of two ways: the
direct method, in which the paints are opaque
and once they are applied on the surface, they
dry up and give the finished product its final
appearance;
o and the indirect method, in which the paints
are transparent and they are applied in many
 thin layers or coatings. Richness in the opacity
of light and depth of shadow are some of its
good effects.
Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a
vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall.
Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors
remaining vibrant and its surface maintaining a hard
luster, encaustic is not a popular medium among
painters because it is difficult to manipulate. The ancient
Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adorned their
sculptures and walls with encaustic paintings.
Oil and fresco used to be the favorite mediums of great
painters in the second half of the last millennium. With
recent developments, painters have turned to acrylic
and poster colors, which are readily available in book
stores and department stores.
Architecture
The mediums used in architecture are classified into
light and heavy materials.
Light materials include paper, nipa, bamboo, and
other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa
huts and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The
advantage of these materials is that they allow for good
ventilation, but their disadvantage is that they are not
resistant to fire and other natural elements. Thus,
houses made of light materials, especially those in
squatter or slum areas, are described as fire hazards.
• Derived from the French word dada meaning
hobby horse.
• Started as protest art movement composed of
painters and writers whose desire was to
revolutionize the outworn art traditions.
6. Expressionism
• Emotional realism.
• It is presenting the real-life subject with the
intention to express emotions, pathos, chaos,
fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy.
• Is a style of modern painting which puts stress
on intense color, agitated brushwork and violent
imagery to express painful emotions.
7. Surrealism
• Beyond realism. It is presenting the subject as
if the subject does not form part of the real
word but belongs to the world of dreams and
fantasy.
• Influence by Sigmund Freud, the Father of
Psychoanalysis

Methods of presenting the subjects

1. Symbolism
• Symbolism is presenting the subject
symbolically, that is, the artist show his subject
as it appears in real life, but he intends to let it
represent something.
2. Realism
• Also termed Naturalism, realism is the method
of presenting subjects as they appear in real life.
If an apple is the subject, it is shown as with
either red or green color.
3. Abstractionism:
• Abstract (verb) to draw away. Drawing away
from realism.
• The product is a departure from what is present
in real life.
• Distortion, mangling, elongation, and cubism
4. Fauvism
• It is presenting the real life subject with the use
of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy and
pleasure.
• Is optimistic realism.
• The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple
and the like instead of blue, black, gray, green
and brown.
5. Dadaism
• Shocking realism
• It is presenting real life subject with the intention
to shock the audience though the exposition of
the evils in society.