Self-evaluation no______

Name: John Peter Cyrus B. Lim

Course/section/time BSBA 3-2 MM
Instructor____________________________________________________

1. What is a typhoon?storm surge?

On the other hand, a storm surge is an unnatural and transient rise in sea level that happens along a
shoreline during strong storms like typhoons, hurricanes, or nor'easters. A number of variables, such as
low air pressure, strong onshore winds, and the geography and form of the shoreline, can contribute to
storm surges. Sea levels increase as a result of a tropical cyclone's powerful winds pushing ocean water
toward the coast. Coastal erosion and floods may result from this spike in water levels inundating coastal
regions. One of the most hazardous and damaging features of tropical cyclones are storm surges, which
may seriously endanger people's lives and property as well as seriously destroy coastal infrastructure and
towns.

2. What are the three classifications of tropical cyclones?differentiate

Based on their highest sustained wind speeds, tropical cyclones—also referred to as hurricanes or
typhoons, depending on the region—may be divided into three basic groups. The storm's severity and
possible effects are determined using these classifications. The three categories are shown below, along
with the corresponding ranges of wind speeds and attributes for each:

*The tropical depression- Wind Speed: Up to 38 miles per hour (62 kilometers per hour) of sustained
wind speed is possible.
Features: The weakest type of tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions. They often lack the
powerful winds and well defined structure of bigger cyclones, but they are distinguished by a tight
circulation of low pressure and structured thunderstorm activity. In comparison to bigger cyclones,
tropical depressions usually represent less of a concern, even if they can produce significant rainfall and
localized floods.

*Tropical Storm- Wind Speed: 39 to 73 miles per hour (63 to 118 kilometers per hour) is the maximum
sustained wind speed.
Features: Although they are not yet considered hurricanes or typhoons, tropical storms are stronger and
better structured than tropical depressions. They have more severe thunderstorm activity along with
greater winds and a well defined circulation. Infrastructural destruction, landslides, flooding, and
powerful winds are all possible outcomes of tropical storms. They usually have less of an impact than
typhoons or hurricanes, though.

Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone- Wind Speed: A maximum sustained wind speed of 119 kilometers per hour,
or 74 miles per hour.
Features: The strongest and most destructive types of tropical cyclones are hurricanes, typhoons, and
cyclones. Strong winds, a well-defined circulation, and severe thunderstorm activity centered around a
central eye are characteristics of them. These storms have the potential to wreak enormous destruction,
including deadly storm surges, floods, and landslides, in addition to catastrophic damage to infrastructure,
buildings, and vegetation. Although they go by different names—cyclones in the Indian Ocean and South
Pacific, typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific, and hurricanes in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific—they
are all basically the same event.

3. What is meant by flood? Based on their origin and features, floods may be categorized into many
varieties, such as river floods, flash floods, coastal floods, urban floods, and inland floods.
Minimizing the effects of floods and safeguarding people and property requires the implementation of
effective flood management and preparedness measures, such as early warning systems, floodplain
zoning, building of flood barriers, and land use planning.

4. What are the causes of floods?

A land's inundation can result from a variety of natural and human forces acting alone or in
combination to trigger floods. Following are a few typical causes of floods:

Heavy Rainfall: Prolonged or intense rainfall, particularly in places with inadequate drainage or
where the soil is already wet, can cause floods. Rainfall rates that are higher than the soil's ability to
retain water can cause runoff, which can overrun drainage systems, rivers, and streams and cause
surface flooding.

Snowmelt: Especially in mountainous or high-altitude areas, rapid melting of snow, especially during
higher temperatures or abrupt temperature changes, can cause floods. Floods caused by snowmelt
downstream may result from rising river and stream levels brought on by the melting snow.

Storm Surges: Coastal flooding can result from storm surges, which are brought on by onshore winds
and low air pressure that are linked to tropical storms (hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones). These
storms have the power to force ocean water inland, flooding coastal communities and resulting in
serious harm.

Ice jams: When ice crystals build up and obstruct the passage of rivers or streams, an ice jam
happens. Water may overrun its banks due to this obstacle, resulting in localized flooding upstream
and maybe downstream in the event that the jam releases abruptly.

Flash flooding: Flash floods are sudden, strong floods that happen quickly. They frequently happen as
a result of heavy rain falling quickly over a narrow region or as ice or snow melting quickly. Flash
floods may be especially deadly because of their quick currents and abrupt start.

Urbanization and Land Use Changes: These two factors have the potential to modify natural drainage
patterns and enhance surface runoff. Examples of these changes include the development of
impermeable surfaces (such as pavement and buildings). By decreasing infiltration and raising the
amount and velocity of stormwater runoff, this may make floods in urban areas worse.

Deforestation: By decreasing trees' innate capacity to absorb rainwater and control flow, deforestation
can raise the danger of floods. Soil erosion can happen more easily with the absence of trees and
other plants, which can silt rivers and streams and raise the danger of flooding later on.

Modifications to river channels, such as channelization, straightening, or the building of levees and
dams, can alter the water's natural flow and raise the danger of flooding. Although these adjustments
could prevent floods in the short term, they may eventually alter channel capacity, erosion, and
sediment movement, raising the risk of flooding downstream.
 5. What cause the runoff of load on stream
A complicated process driven by a mix of natural elements, land use practices, and human activity is the
discharge of sediment load into streams. Reducing sediment flow and safeguarding stream ecosystems
depend on efficient erosion control techniques, such as preserving vegetative cover, putting soil
conservation techniques into effect, and managing land and water resources appropriately.

6. Name different methods of controlling flood

These methods can be implemented individually or in combination, depending on local conditions,
flood risk factors, and stakeholder preferences. A comprehensive approach to flood management
typically involves a combination of structural and non-structural measures tailored to the specific
needs and challenges of each watershed or flood-prone area.

7. What are the different factors affecting environmental degradation?

Addressing environmental degradation requires concerted efforts to reduce human impacts on the
environment, promote sustainable development practices, conserve natural resources, and mitigate
climate change. This may involve implementing policies and regulations, adopting sustainable
technologies, promoting conservation efforts, raising public awareness, and fostering international
cooperation.

Part II

1. Name and Explain the different methods of dumping garbage.

In order to reduce environmental effects and promote sustainability, appropriate waste management
strategies prioritize trash reduction, reuse, recycling, and safe disposal techniques. In order to reduce trash
creation and adopt appropriate waste management practices, businesses, people, and governments all have
a part to play.

2. What is meant by NIMBY ? NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating
of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. The phrase “not in my backyard,”
shortened to “NIMBY,” seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s.

3. What is Garbology? A interdisciplinary approach including elements from environmental

science, economics, anthropology, sociology, archeology, and trash management is known as
"garbology." Garbology researchers look at a variety of waste streams, such as commercial,
residential, and municipal solid trash, to learn more about material culture, social norms,
consumption patterns, and environmental effects.

4. Explain the three R’s in garbology? Together, the three R's—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—form
the foundation of sustainable waste management practices, guiding individuals, businesses, and
communities toward more responsible consumption and waste reduction strategies. Adopting
these principles can help minimize environmental degradation, conserve natural resources, and
promote a circular economy where materials are reused, recycled, and reintegrated into the
production process, thereby reducing the reliance on finite resources and mitigating the
environmental impacts of waste generation and disposal.
 5. Differentiate gaseous pollutant from particulate pollutants.

Particulate pollution is made up of solid or liquid particles floating in the air, whereas gaseous pollutants
are compounds that exist in the air as gases or vapors. The physical form, origins, and consequences of
the two categories of pollutants are different, yet they may both have detrimental effects on ecosystems,
human health, and the environment. Comprehensive approaches to address gaseous and particle pollution
and lessen their effects on human health and air quality are necessary for effective air quality
management.

6. Enumerate the six gaseous pollutants and explain its effect.

CO, or carbon monoxide- Effect: The main source of carbon monoxide, an odorless and colorless gas, is
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles, factories, and home heating systems. The ability of
blood to deliver oxygen to essential organs and tissues is decreased when carbon monoxide is ingested
because it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Acute exposure to high carbon monoxide
concentrations can result in symptoms including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and disorientation as well
as carbon monoxide poisoning or even death. Long-term exposure to lower carbon monoxide
concentrations can exacerbate pre-existing respiratory disorders and increase the risk of cardiovascular
illnesses.

SO2 (sulfur dioxide)- Effect: Sulfur dioxide is a strong gas that is released when sulfur-containing fossil
fuels, such coal and oil, are burned in power plants, factories, and automobiles. Sulfur dioxide may
combine with other substances in the environment to produce secondary pollutants including sulfuric acid
and fine particulate matter (sulfates). Sulfur dioxide inhalation can irritate the respiratory system and
cause symptoms including wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest, and shortness of breath. Long-term
high sulfur dioxide exposure raises the risk of cardiovascular illnesses and aggravates respiratory ailments
like bronchitis and asthma.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)- Effect: Nitrogen oxides, which include nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen
monoxide (NO), are a class of gases made up of molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. They are created from
burning biomass and burning fossil fuels in power plants, automobiles, and industrial operations.
Nitrogen oxides can react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere to generate
secondary pollutants. They can contribute to the development of fine particulate matter (nitrates) and
ground-level ozone (smog). Nitrogen dioxide exposure can worsen asthma, irritate the respiratory system,
and make one more vulnerable to respiratory infections. Extended exposure to elevated nitrogen dioxide
concentrations can deteriorate cardiovascular conditions, raise the risk of respiratory illnesses, and
compromise lung function.

Ozone (O3)- Effect: When nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combine
chemically in the presence of sunlight, ground-level ozone is created. This is a secondary pollutant. One
of the main causes of pollution is ozone, which is harmful to respiratory health. Shortness of breath,
coughing, throat irritation, and inflammation of the airways can all result from inhaling ozone, especially
in susceptible groups like children, the elderly, and those with underlying respiratory disorders like
asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-term high ozone exposure can worsen
respiratory symptoms, impair lung function, and increase hospitalizations for respiratory diseases.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)- Effect: Particulate matter (PM) consists of solid or liquid particles
suspended in the air, including fine particles (PM2.5) with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less and
coarse particles (PM10) with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. PM is emitted directly from sources
such as vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, construction activities, and wildfires, as well as formed
indirectly through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Inhalation of particulate matter can penetrate
deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing a range of adverse health effects. Fine particles
(PM2.5) are of particular concern due to their ability to bypass the body's defenses and reach the alveoli
of the lungs, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, exacerbation of asthma, decreased lung
function, and increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and premature death.

Organic Volatile Compounds (VOCs)- Effect: At ambient temperature, a wide range of organic molecules
known as volatile organic compounds readily evaporate into the atmosphere. They come from a variety of
sources, including consumer goods, industrial operations, solvents, paints, and vehicle exhaust. When
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combine in the presence of sunlight,
ground-level ozone (smog) is created, along with fine particulate matter. VOC exposure can aggravate
asthma symptoms, as well as induce headaches, nausea, dizziness, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and
throat. Extended exposure to certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such formaldehyde, toluene, and
benzene may raise the risk of neurological consequences, liver and kidney damage, and cancer.

7. Name some organic pollutants? Inorganic pollutants?

inorganic-salt,slit,calcium,mercury,plastic

organic-plants leave,sewage,rot food, rot meat, dead body parts

8. What are the causes of water pollution?

A complex and multidimensional problem, water contamination is brought on by a confluence of natural
events, industrial operations, agricultural practices, and human activity. In order to reduce pollutant
sources, safeguard water quality, and guarantee the sustainable use of water resources, addressing water
pollution necessitates comprehensive policies, legislation, and management techniques.

9. Explain the different sources of water pollution.

There are many different sources of water contamination, including both natural and human-caused
processes. Creating efficient management and mitigation plans requires an understanding of the many
sources of water pollution. These are the primary causes of contaminated water.

10. What are toxic chemicals ? give example and its effect

Toxicity is a general term used to indicate adverse effects produced by poisons. These adverse effects can
range from slight symptoms like headaches or nausea, to severe symptoms like coma and convulsions and
death.

11. Define

a. Dinoflagellates- The phylum Dinoflagellata is home to the varied group of single-celled creatures
known as dinoflagellates. Their natural habitats are aquatic ones, which include freshwater and
marine ecosystems. The distinctive structure of dinoflagellates is typified by the presence of two
flagella, or whip-like extensions, which facilitate underwater mobility.

b. Pyrodinium Bahamense- A species of dinoflagellate, or single-celled marine creature,

Pyrodinium bahamense is a member of the phylum Dinoflagellata. It is well-known for its
capacity to produce "red tides," or harmful algal blooms (HABs), which may have profound
effects on the environment and the economy.
 c. Teratogenic- If exposure to teratogenic drugs or agents occurs during pregnancy, it may disrupt
normal fetal development and raise the chance of birth abnormalities. To reduce threats to the
health of the fetus and guarantee a successful pregnancy, pregnant women must abstain from
recognized teratogens and obtain the proper prenatal care.

d. Mutagenic- The word "mutagenic" describes chemicals or agents that have the capacity to alter or
create mutations in cells' DNA, or genetic material. These materials are referred to as mutagens.
Mutagens have the ability to cause point mutations, deletions, insertions, and rearrangements in
the DNA sequence, among other sequence modifications. These changes can have deleterious
impacts on an organism's genetic makeup.

e. Hard water- A high concentration of dissolved minerals, mostly calcium and magnesium ions
together with other ions like bicarbonates, sulfates, and chlorides, is what is known as hard water.
The concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalents, which is commonly stated in
milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm), is used to quantify the hardness of water.
Hard water is typically found in areas where mineral-rich geological formations, such as
dolomite, gypsum, and limestone, are in contact with groundwater sources.

f. Flocculation- Through the creation of bigger floc particles and their subsequent settling,
flocculation is a crucial process in wastewater treatment and water treatment systems that aids in
the removal of suspended particles and contaminants from water. Flocculation aids in the creation
of clean, clear, and safe water for a variety of uses, including drinking, sanitation, industrial, and
environmental applications by encouraging the aggregation and sedimentation of suspended
materials.

g. Refuse- Effective waste management is crucial to minimizing pollution to the environment,

protecting natural resources, and lowering the total impact of trash on ecosystems and public
health. Waste reduction, recycling, composting, waste-to-energy conversion, landfilling, and
hazardous waste management are some of the refuse management strategies. Communities may
reduce the negative effects of garbage while encouraging resource conservation and
environmental sustainability by putting sustainable waste management strategies into place.

Topic Output

1. Project Making.

Make or design a unique Recycled Product”

the ReCorked Coffee Table offers a stylish and sustainable furniture option that celebrates creativity,
craftsmanship, and environmental responsibility. It serves as a tangible reminder of the potential of
recycled materials to transform into functional and beautiful products.

2. Make a narrative report on the different typhoons that occur recently in the country.
The Southeast Asian archipelago of the Philippines is particularly vulnerable to tropical
cyclones, sometimes referred to as typhoons. Strong winds, copious amounts of rain, storm
surges, and flooding are all brought on by these storms, which severely harm livelihoods, crops,
and infrastructure. The nation has recently had a number of terrible typhoons, each of which had
a profound effect on the impacted populations.

Typhoon Goni, sometimes referred to as Rolly locally, made landfall in the Philippines in
November 2020, with the Bicol Region and portions of Luzon being notably affected. The year's
strongest typhoon, Goni, caused extensive damage with gusts of over 300 kmph and heavy rains
that led to landslides, flash floods, and general destruction. Food security issues were made
worse in the impacted areas by the destruction of thousands of dwellings and the eradication of
agricultural crops. In addition to causing widespread power outages and disrupting
communication networks, the storm made it difficult to obtain vital services and facilitate relief
operations.

Typhoon Vamco, also called Ulysses locally, made landfall in the Philippines in November
2020, shortly after Typhoon Goni. It caused extensive flooding and devastation throughout
Luzon, especially in Metro Manila and the neighboring provinces. Flooding in low-lying regions
and river basins was exacerbated by Vamco's high winds and heavy rains. The deluge of rain
caused rivers and dams to overflow, setting records for water levels and causing widespread
flooding in both rural and urban areas. Many of the thousands of evacuated inhabitants sought
safety in evacuation centers, where they encountered issues including congestion, poor
sanitation, and restricted access to amenities for hygiene and clean water.

Typhoon Rai, also referred to as Odette locally, made landfall in the Visayas and Mindanao areas
in December 2021, resulting in extensive destruction and fatalities. Rai caused damage to houses,
infrastructure, and agricultural areas with her devastating winds, torrential rains, and storm
surges. As it ripped across the country's center and south, the typhoon destroyed everything in its
path, uprooting hundreds of people and upsetting livelihoods. Typhoon Rai's effects exacerbated
the difficulties already experienced by areas getting over a prior typhoon and the continuing
COVID-19 epidemic.

Typhoons that approach the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) are given local names by
the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
During actions related to preparedness and response for disasters, these designations are used for
identification and communication. National and local government entities, volunteer groups, and
humanitarian organizations work together to organize efforts to evacuate vulnerable people, offer
emergency aid, and carry out search and rescue activities in the event of a typhoon. Nevertheless,
obstacles including scarce resources, logistical limitations, and geographic barriers can make
response operations more difficult, emphasizing the need for improved readiness and risk
mitigation strategies.

The Philippines' susceptibility to natural catastrophes is highlighted by the recent occurrence of

strong typhoons, underscoring the urgent need for robust infrastructure, sustainable development
methods, and efficient disaster management techniques. Typhoon damage must be addressed
through a multi-sectoral strategy that includes funding for early warning systems, catastrophe
preparedness, risk mitigation, and climate change adaptation programs. The Philippines can
lessen the negative effects of typhoons and create a more sustainable and disaster-resilient future
for all of its residents by putting a priority on resilience and community empowerment.