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San Jose State University * ME MISC Physics Jun 16, 2023 15
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FERANIL, AIENGAIL C. EN
BSABE 2-2 / 202101397

ENSC 27 - SURVEYING
Laboratory Exercise 4
Differential Leveling and Profile Le
(GROUP 3)

Page 1 of 15
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I. Introduction
This paper covers the different methods of levelli
profile levelling. Levelling (or leveling) is a branch of surve
find the elevations of given points with respect to a give
establish points at a given or assumed datum. It is widely
geodetic height, and in construction to measure height diffe
Leveling is the general term applied to any of the various p
points or differences in elevation are determined.

In differential levelling, you find the difference in ele

distance apart. Benchmark is a point in the ground where
given datum (usually in Mean Sea Level), is already kn
distance above or below a referenced datum. It is transfe
through the process of using a leveling instrument to read
point of known elevation and then, on the point of unknow
subtraction are used to calculate the unknown elevations
differential leveling is a very simple process based on the m
from a horizontal line which requires the use of a surveyor
measuring rods ( Rashid Faridi,2020).
Profile leveling, on the other hand, is one of the most
levels and vertical distance measurement for the surveyor. T
of a profile, which is a drawing that shows a vertical cross
the design and construction of roads, curbs, sidewalks,
leveling refers to the process of determining the elevation o
uniform intervals along a continuous line.

II. Objectives
 1. Be familiar with using the engineer's transit.
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2. Determine the elevation of points in the ground.
3. Be able to compute the elevation of points on the gro
4. Create a profile of the site surveyed.

III. Methods

For Differential Levelling

Materials: engineer's transit, tripod, markers, plumb bob,
1. At the site, mark at least three points of unknown elev
2. Locate the benchmark (BM). Start by placing the leve
3. Position the instrument where a clear line of sight of
C... can be seen.
a. If any of the unknown points are not visible
designate a turning point (TP). The turning po
elevation can be determined. They can be us
benchmark) in leveling of the unknown points
b. In setting up the station, place the tripod in a
c. roads and foot traffic then adjust the height at
i. Place the transit atop the tripod then s

ii. Balance the transit by adjusting the t

levels in the upper plate is at the mid
 the upper plate.
HI = BS
the+elevation
ELEV of the line of sight.
Where HI = height of instrument (elevation of the l
iii. Adjust theHome
scope so that theLog spirit
in leve
Join
4. BS = backsight (value read from the
Take the backsight (BS - sight when the leveling ro levelin
elevation) ELEV = elevation
and then of the point (where the le
record this.
5. Using the formula below, compute for the height of
6. Once the HI is computed, place the leveling rod to
your first turning point (TP).
7. Take the foresight (FS - sight when the leveling rod
elevation) and record this.
8. Using the formula below, compute for the elevation o

ELEV = HI − FS

Where HI = height of instrument (elevation of the l

FS = foresight (value read from the leveling
ELEV = elevation of the point (where the le
9. Once the elevation of point A (or the first TP) is deter
the next location where a BS and FS can be taken.
10. Set the instrument up accordingly and repeat steps #
unknown points are taken.

Figure 1. Differential Levelin

For Profile Levelling

Materials: engineer's transit, tripod, markers, plumb bob,

1. Locate site for a planned road project.
2. Mark the start of the line (start of the road) as STA 0+
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station. Mark the other succeeding full and plus statio
 Each full station will be marked every 100 m.
 Each plus station will be marked every 10 m.
 e.g. 0+10, 0+20, 0+30 ... 0+90, 1+00, 1+10, 1

3. Locate the benchmark (BM). Start by placing the leveling

4. Position the instrument where you can get a BS from the B
number of FS from the full and plus stations.
5. Using the formula below, compute for the height of the ins
the elevation of the line of sight.
HI = BS+ ELEV
Where HI = height of instrument (elevation of the line
BS = backsight (value read from the leveling ro
ELEV = elevation of the point (where the level
 6. Once the HI is computed, place the leveling rod at STA 0+
11. Repeat
12. Once
setup.
site
(TP).ofthe
the
steps
elevation
proposed
#4 to #10
ofroad
all
until
the
project
all
stations
of(manual
thehave
stations
or
been
computerized
are
computed,
leveled.
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7. Take the FS then using the formula below, compute for the

ELEV= HI − FS
Where HI = height of instrument (elevation of the line
FS = foresight (value read from the leveling rod
ELEV = elevation of the point (where the level

8. Move the rod to the next station then take FS.

9. Repeat step #7 until all the elevation of the stations that ca
initial setup have been computed.
10. Move the instrument where a Figure 1. Profile
BS (from the BMLeveling
or previou
sighted. The following stations with unknown elevation sh
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IV. Results and Discussion

A. Differential Levelling

STA BM BS HI FS
A 341.5 m 2.79 m 344.29 0.04
B 341.5 m 2.11 m 343.61 0.685
C 337.5 m 2.925 m 340.425 0.18

Table 1. Record of Data Collected for Differential

Height of Instrument (HI)
HI A = BM A + BS A = 341.5 m+ 2.79 m= 344.29 m
HI B = BM B+ BS B= 341.5m +2.11m= 343.61 m
HI C = BM C + BSC = 337.5 m+2.925 m= 340.425 m
Elevation (ELEV)
ELEV A= HI A − FS A = 344.29 - 0.04 m= 344.25 m
 ELEV
the transit
fore sight
Difficulties
inwas
point = AHI
Bplaced
onas FS Bas
−well
Breading
where = 343.61
from
in m - 0.685
thebalancing
ground
levellingcan
the m=
was 342.925
transit
only
also seem
bewhich
enco
transit where they can now see the levelling rod
Home clearly.
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ELEV = HI
furthermore difficulties
B
− FS =
B in reading
B
340.425 0.18 m= 340.245
the data from the transit fom
m -

Each line is measured independently during different

much higher or lower each line's points are from one anothe
the same elevation, this enables precise measurements of t
points on each line.

In this activity, a known benchmark was assigned to

and in order to get the elevation, height of instrument (HI
benchmark of points A and B have the same data with 341.5
m.
To identify the elevation (ELEV) of point A, the transit
and the benchmark. Then by reading the back sight, given
height of the instrument can be calculated resulting to 3
afterwards, and by using the calculated height of instru
determined. HI of point A was 344.25 m.
The observers finished the process on repeat until
point A to point C. For point B the height of instrument an
342.925 m, respectively. Whereas for point C, 340.425 m a
instrument and elevation, respectively.
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A. Nonetheless, the observers got all the desired information

they can.
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B. Profile Levelling

STA BS HI FS IFS
BM
BM0+30
0+25
2
0+35
1 1.304
1.269 340.705
341.769 1.6
1.7
1.74
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0+40
0+00 1.54
1.6
0+45
0+05 1.3
1.87
0+50
0+10 1.3
2.10
0+55
0+15 1.1
2.36
0+60
0+20 0.955
2.58
BM 3 1.716 341.031
0+65 1.34
0+70 1.0
0+75 0.88
0+80 0.67
0+85 0.665
BM 4 1.728 342.332
0+90 1.34
0+95 1.1
1+00 0.8
1+05 0.6
1+10 0.3
1+15 0.13
BM 5 1.75 343.702
1+20 1.25
1+25 1.0
1+30 0.8
1+35 0.6
1+40 0.5
1+45 0.4
1+50 0.34
1+55 0.27
1+60 0.1
1+65 0.12

Table 2. Record of Data Collected for Profile Le

Benchmark 1 (BM 1)
 Height of Instrument (HI)
 HI BM1= BSBM1 + ELEV
Home BM 1= 1.269+ 340.5=
Log in 341.7
Join

 Elevation (ELEV)
ELEV0 +00= HI BM1− FS 0 +00= 341.769− 1.69= 34

ELEV0 +05= HI BM1− FS 0 +05= 341.769 − 1.875= 3

ELEV0 +10= HI BM1− FS 0 +10= 341.769 − 2.105= 3

ELEV0 +15= HI BM1− FS 0 +15= 341.769 − 2.368= 3

ELEV0 +20= HI BM1− FS 0 +20= 341.769 − 2.58= 33

Benchmark 2 (BM 2)

 Height of Instrument (HI)

Benchmark 3 (BM
ELEV3)0BM
HI +60
2
= HI
BS BM2
BM 2
−+ FS 0 +60
ELEV = 340.705− 0.955= 3
BM 2= 1.304+339.401
 Height of Instrument (HI) Home Log in Join

 Elevation
HI (ELEV)
= BS + ELEV = 1.716+ 339.565= 34
BM3 BM3 BM 3
 Elevation (ELEV)
ELEV0 +25 = HI BM2− FS 0+25= 340.705 − 1.65=
ELEV
ELEV00 +65 =
= HI
HI BM3 −
− FS
FS 00 +65 =
= 341.281
340.705 −
− 1.345=
1.79= 333
+30 BM2 +30

ELEV
ELEV00 +70 =
= HI
HI BM3 −
− FS
FS 00 +70 =
= 341.281−
340.705 − 1.09=
1.745=343
+35 BM2 +35

ELEV
ELEV00 +75 =
= HI
HI BM3− − FS
FS 0+75 == 341.281
340.705−− 0.881=
1.545 = 33
+40 BM 2 0 +40

ELEV
ELEV00 +80 =
= HI
HI BM3 −
− FS
FS 0+80 =
= 341.281−
340.705− 0.677=
1.39 = 333
+45 BM 2 0+45

ELEV
ELEV00 +85 =
= HI
HI BM3 −− FS
FS 00+85 = 341.281−
= 340.705 − 0.665=
1.39= 333
+50 BM2 +50

ELEV
Benchmark 4 (BM 4)0 +55= HI BM2− FS 0 +55= 340.705 − 1.14 = 33
 Height of Instrument (HI)
HI BM4 = BSBM 4 + ELEVBM 4 = 1.728+340.604 = 34
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 Elevation (ELEV)
ELEV0 +90= HI BM 4− FS 0+90= 342.332− 1.342 = 3

ELEV0 +95= HI BM 4− FS0 +95= 342.332− 1.14 = 34

ELEV1+ 00= HI BM 4 − FS1 +00= 342.332− 0.89= 34

ELEV1+ 05= HI BM 4 − FS 1+05 = 342.332− 0.65= 34

ELEV1+ 10= HI BM 4 − FS 1+10= 342.332 − 0.38= 34

ELEV1+ 15= HI BM 4 − FS1 +15= 342.332− 0.13= 34

Benchmark 5 (BM 5)
 Height of Instrument (HI)
HI BM5= BSBM5 + ELEVBM 5= 1.75+341.952= 343
 Elevation (ELEV)

ELEV1+ 20= HI BM 5− FS 1+20= 343.702− 1.255= 3

ELEV1+ 25= HI BM 5− FS 1 +25= 343.702− 1.02= 34

ELEV1+ 30= HI BM 5− FS 1 +30= 343.702− 0.81 = 34

profile
the
usesobservers
augmented
levelling.
used
reality
Besides
an app
tothe
show
called geo
engineer's
geographicalapp,
transit,
locations
tripod,
whichmarkers,
just
is a like
geoph
pl
a
ELEV1+ 35= HI BM 5−Home
FS 1 +35= 343.702− 0.616=
Log in Join 3

ELEV1+ 40= HI BM5 − FS 1+40= 343.702− 0.53= 34

ELEV1+ 45= HI BM5− FS 1 +45= 343.702 − 0.44 = 34

ELEV1+ 50= HI BM 5− FS 1 +50= 343.702− 0.349= 3

ELEV1+ 55= HI BM 5− FS 1 +55= 343.702− 0.275= 3

ELEV1+ 60= HI BM 5− FS 1 +60= 343.702− 0.19 = 34

ELEV1+ 65= HI BM 5− FS 1 +65= 343.702− 0.12 = 34

Figure 1. Visual representation of t

Profiling applies the same fundamentals as differential le

also need to get the backsight and foresight. Different locations w
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used this app to measure the back sight from the bench
sights. With 5-meter intervals (0+00, 0+05, 0+10, .... ,1+65)
165 meters starting at the STA 0+00. They began reading th
and the intermediate fore sights after establishing the ben
provided by the geo app. Total of five (5) benchmarks were m
Calculating the height of the instrument or the eleva
adding the back sight and the elevation at which the leveli
height of the instrument is calculated, the levelling rod was
(TP) or at STA 0+00 and by reading the foresight and us
instrument, elevation of the line STA 0+00 can now be calcu
The observers finished the process on repeat until
the first benchmark to the last benchmark with their cor
above).
Furthermore, the observers did not come across
conducting the activity. They managed to survey the are effe

V. Questions

For Differential Levelling:

1. What is the importance of knowing the elevation

Elevation refers to the height above or belo

point. It can either be carried out as a standalone pro
and more in-depth measured building survey wh
information, floor, and roof plans as well as sections.

The elevations can be used by architec

modifications to the fabric of the building or for reco
buildings or heritage schemes, as well as for cross r
built surveys on new developments.
 In engineering, elevation is used to determi
type of materials to beHomeused. Elevation playsJoina
Log in
influences climate, as well as where and how people
a particular place can help predict and prevent disast

Determining or establishing elevations is, at t

of the field engineer. Elevations are needed to s
footings, anchor bolts, slabs, decks, sidewalks, cu
located on the project requires elevation. Differentia
determine or establish those elevations. (Vijayaraja,

2. Complete the table below.

STA BS HI
BM 1.256 128.389 m
TP1 1.116 127.619 m
TP2 1.228 127.32 m
A 1.189 126.263 m

B 1.070 125.316 m
TP3 1.831 124.491 m
C N/A N/A

Table 3 . Data of the computed Height of instrumen

 HI BTP3 B TP 3
= =BSBS ELEV
++ELEV B
+ ELEV 1.189m m+ 122.66
m+124.246
3 = 1.831
= 1.070
TP +124.074 m= m
m= 1
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Computation for Height of Instrument (HI)
Computation for Elevation (ELEV)
HI BM = BS BM + ELEV BM = 1.256m+127.33=
ELEV TP 1= HI BM − FS TP1 = 128.389 m− 1.886
HI TP1 = BS TP 1+ ELEV TP 1 = 1.116 m+ 127.503
ELEV TP 2= HI TP 1 − FSTP 2= 127.619 m− 1.527
HI TP2 = BS TP 2 + ELEV TP 2 = 1.228 m+ 125.092
ELEV A = HI TP 2− FS A = 127.32 m− 2.246m=
A A A
ELEV B= HI A − FS B= 126.263 m− 2.017 m=
ELEV TP 3= HI B− FS TP 3= 125.316m− 2.656 m
ELEV C = HI TP 3− FS C = 124.491 m− 2.765 m

For Profile Levelling:

1. Where are the possible applications of profile surveying ca

How and why are they important?

Profile levelling is an application of the pro

agricultural engineering. This technique helps in determin
also facilitates the calculation of soil moisture content,
scheduling. Basically, it consists of three parts: measurin
data set. The measurement equipment includes GPS and
devices are connected with computers using wireless com
software calculates the slope from different measuremen
that help in calculating the slope over a certain area acc
without any human intervention. Data sets include images
other information related to surface top.

In conclusion, profile leveling is a critical metho

must utilize to accurately analyze and plan for the optima
reasons. Using this knowledge, farmers and other agri
decide how to best utilize their land to grow healthful and
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VI. Conclusion
Leveling is the process of determining the e
below the surface of the earth. Many different t
depending on the desired results. Differential and p
methods that are very useful for agricultural and hor
useful for planning and layout of projects. For plann
provide the information needed to develop the maps,
to lay out buildings, roads, drains, etc. They can a
used to establish the boundaries, lines, and elevati
structures. Differential and profile leveling rank next
in importance as a surveying technique.

Finally, when we exposed ourselves to chall

were able to develop our skills and be just as com
Appendix
VIII. A. Tables ofthe
Appendix
understanding theideas
data is
gathered from differential
not enough; we also nee an
STA BM BS
Home HI Log in FS
Join
though perfection is impossible, we may assume tha
A 341.5 m 2.79 m 344.29 0.04
us. I learned this throughout the laboratory, especiall
B 341.5 m 2.11 m 343.61 0.685
C
VII. Reference 337.5 m 2.925 m 340.425 0.18

 Differential
Table 1 . levelling.
Record ofRashid's Blog: Anfor
Data Collected Educational
DifferentialP
December 13, 2022, from https://rashidfaridi.com/202
levelling/#:~:text=Differential%20leveling%20is%20a
STA%20a%20referenced%20datum.
BS HI FS IFS
 Kavanagh, B. and Mastin, T. 2009. Surveying. Ninth
BM1 La putt, JP.1.269 341.769 Surveying. Third Editio
2007. Elementary
0+00
Vijayaraja. (2013, December 19). Differential leveling1.6
0+05
Retrieved December 12, 2022, from 1.87
https://buildcivil.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/differenti
0+10 2.10
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0+15 2.36
0+20 2.58
BM 2 1.304 340.705
0+25 1.6
0+30 1.7
0+35 1.74
0+40 1.54
0+45 1.3
0+50 1.3
0+55 1.1
0+60 0.955
BM 3 1.716 341.031
0+65 1.34
0+70 1.0
0+75 0.88
0+80 0.67
0+85 0.665
BM 4 1.728 342.332
0+90 1.34
0+95 1.1
1+00 0.8
1+05 0.6
1+10 0.3
1+15 0.13
BM 5 1.75 343.702
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1+20 1.25
1+25 1.0
1+30 0.8
1+35 0.6
1+40 0.5
1+45 0.4
1+50 0.34
1+55 0.27
1+60 0.1
1+65 0.12

Table 2 . Record of Data Collected for Profile Level

STA BS HI
BM 1.256 128.389 m
TP1 1.116 127.619 m
TP2 1.228 127.32 m
A 1.189 126.263 m
B 1.070 125.316 m
TP3 1.831 124.491 m
C N/A N/A

Table 3 . Data of the computed Height of instrument and E

Appendix B. Figure/s from the profile levelling
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Figure 1. Visual representation of the

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 Image 1 & 2. Setting up the tripo
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Appendix C. Documentation

Image 3. Balancing of the transi

Image 3 & 4. Reading of backsight and f

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