7_3679_APCalc_06Chapter3B 10/3/08 4:22 PM Page 148

148 AP Calculus

Answer Key
1. E 22. A 42. D 62. D 82. B
2. A 23. D 43. C 63. E 83. C
3. B 24. B 44. B 64. C 84. D
4. B 25. A 45. C 65. A 85. B
5. E 26. E 46. E 66. D 86. D
6. D 27. E 47. D 67. E 87. B
7. A 28. A 48. C 68. C 88. D
8. D 29. D 49. B 69. E 89. C
9. C 30. E 50. C 70. B 90. B
10. E 31. D 51. A 71. D 91. E
11. A 32. D 52. D 72. C 92. B
12. D 33. E 53. E 73. A 93. D
13. D 34. B 54. C 74. B 94. E
14. C 35. C 55. B 75. E 95. A
15. A 36. B 56. B 76. C 96. E
16. A 37. B 57. E 77. C 97. E
17. C 38. B 58. D 78. E 98. D
18. E 39. E 59. C 79. A 99. B
19. B 40. A 60. A 80. A 100. C
20. C 41. B 61. B 81. B 101. D
21. D

Answers Explained
Many of the explanations provided include intermediate steps that would normally be
reached on the way to a final algebraically simplified result. You may not need to reach
the final answer.
NOTE: the formulas or rules cited in parentheses in the explanations are given on
pages 113 and 114.

1. (E) By the Product Rule, (5),

y" = x5(tan x)" + (x5)" (tan x).

2. (A) By the Quotient Rule, (6),

(3 x + 1)( -1) - (2 - x )(3) 7
y¢ = =- .
(3 x + 1) 2
(3 x + 1)2

3. (B) Since y = (3 – 2x)1/2, by the Power Rule, (3),

1 1
y′ = (3 − 3 x ) −1 2 • ( −2) = − .
2 3 − 2x

4. (B) Since y = 2(5 x + 1) −3 , y ′ = − 6(5 x + 1)− 4 (5).

5. (E) y′ = 3( )x
2
3
−1 3
−4( )x
1
2
–1/2

1 1
6. (D) Rewrite: y = 2 x 1 2 − x 1 2 , so y ′ = x −1 2 + x −3 2 .
2 4
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Differentiation 149

1
7. (A) Rewrite: y = (x 2 + 2x – 1)1/2; then y = 2 (x2 + 2x – 1)–1/2(2x + 2)

8. (D) Use the Quotient Rule:

2.x cos x − x 2 (− sin x )
y′ =
cos 2 x
9. (C) Since
y = ln e x - ln(e x - 1)
= x - ln(e x - 1),
then
ex ex − 1 − ex 1
y′ = 1 − = =− x .
e −1
x
e −1
x
e −1

1
10. (E) Use formula (18): y" = 2
x2 .
1+
4
11. (A) Use formulas (13), (11), and (9):
sec x tan x + sec 2 x sec x (tan x + sec x )
y′ = = .
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
12. (D) By the Quotient Rule,
(e x + e − x )(e x + e – x ) − (e x − e − x )(e x − e − x )
y′ =
(e x + e − x )2
(e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x ) − (e 2 x − 2 + e −2 x ) 4
= = x .
(e + e )
x −x 2
(e + e − x )2
1
13. (D) Since y = ln (x 2 + 1),
2
1 2x
y′ = • .
2 x2 + 1

 1  1′    1
14. (C) y " = sin" · = cos 1 ·  − 2 
 x  x  x x

1 1
15. (A) Since y = csc 2x, y" = (–csc 2x cot 2x • 2).
2 2

16. (A) y ′ = e − x ( −2 sin 2 x ) + cos 2 x ( − e − x ).

17. (C) y" = (2 sec x)(sec x tan x)

x (3 ln 2 x )
18. (E) y" = + ln3 x. The correct answer is 3 ln2 x + ln3 x.
x

(1 − x 2 )(2 x ) − (1 + x 2 )( −2 x )
19. (B) y" = .
(1 − x 2 )2

1 1 • ( −2 x )
20. (C) y" = − .
1− x 2
2 1 − x2
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150 AP Calculus

; then 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 y′ = 0; y′ = −3 x 2 .
2
dy
21. (D) Let y" be
dx −3 y
1 − sin( x + y)
22. (A) 1 – sin (x + y)(1 + y") = 0; = y".
sin( x + y)

cos x
23. (D) cos x + sin y • y" = 0; y" = − .
sin y

24. (B) 6 x − 2( xy ′ + y) + 10 yy ′ = 0; y ′(10 y − 2 x ) = 2 y − 6 x.

dy dy / dt 6t 2
25. (A) = =
dx dx / dt 2t

26. (E) f "(x) = 4x 3 – 12x 2 + 8x = 4x(x – 1)(x – 2).

4
27. (E) f "(x) = 8x –1/2; f !(x) = –4x –3/2 = – 43 2 ; f !(4) = – .
x 8

3 −3
28. (A) f(x) = 3 ln x; f "(x) = ; f !(x) = . Replace x by 3.
x x2

x y − xy ′
29. (D) 2 x + 2 yy ′ = 0; y ′ = − ; y ′′ = − y 2 . At (0,5), y ′′ = − 5 − 0 .
y 25

dy 4 t 3 − 6t 2 d2y 4t − 3
30. (E) = = 2t 2 – 3t (t 0); = . Replace t by 1.
dx 2t dx 2 2t

51.002 − 51 5.016 − 5
31. (D) f "(1) ! = .
0.002 0.002

32. (D) y" = e x • 1 + ex(x – 1) = xe x;

y ! = xe x + e x and y !(0) = 0 • 1 + 1 = 1.

33. (E) When simplified, dy = cos θ + sin θ .

dx cos θ − sin θ

34. (B) Since (if sin t 0)

dy dx
= −2 sin 2t = − 4 sin t cos t and = − sin t,
dt dt
dy
then = 4 cos t. Thus:
dx
d2y 4 sin t
=− .
dx 2
− sin t

BC ONLY NOTE: Since each of the limits in Questions 35–39 yields an indeterminate form of the type
0
0
, we can apply L’Hôpital’s Rule in each case, getting identical answers.

35. (C) The given limit is the derivative of f(x) = x 6 at x = 1.

36. (B) The given limit is the definition for f "(8), where f ( x ) = 3 x ;
1
f ′( x ) = .
3x 2 3
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Differentiation 151

37. (B) The given limit is f "(e), where f(x) = ln x.

38. (B) The given limit is the derivative of f(x) = cos x at x = 0; f "(x) = – sin x.
2
39. (E) Since f "(x) = , f "(0) is not defined; f "(x) must be defined on (–8,8).
3 x1 3

40. (A) Note that f(0) = f ( 3 ) = 0 and that f "(x) exists on the given interval. By
the MVT, there is a number, c, in the interval such that f ′(c) = 0. If c = 1,
then 6c2 – 6 = 0. (–1 is not in the interval.)
1 1 1
41. (B) Since the inverse, h, of f(x) = is h(x) = , then h"(x) = – 2 . Replace x
x x x
by 3.
ex
42. (D) After 50(!) applications of L’Hôpital’s Rule we get lim , which “equals”
x→∞ 50!
. A perfunctory examination of the limit, however, shows immediately that
ex
the answer is . In fact, lim n for any positive integer n, no matter how
x→∞ x
large, is .

43. (C) cos( xy)( xy ′ + y) = 1; x cos( xy) y ′ = 1 − y cos( xy);

1 − y cos( xy)
y′ = .
x cos( xy)
0
NOTE: In Questions 44–48 the limits are all indeterminate forms of the type . We have
0
therefore applied L’Hôpital’s Rule in each one. The indeterminacy can also be resolved by
sin a
introducing , which approaches 1 as a approaches 0. The latter technique is presented
a
in square brackets.
sin 2x 2 cos 2 x 2 •1
44. (B) lim = lim = = 2.
x→0 x x→0 1 1
 sin x 
[Using sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x yields lim 2  x  cos x = 2 • 1 • 1 = 2.]
x→0

sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x 3 •1 3
45. (C) lim = lim = = .
x→0 sin 4 x x→0 4 cos 4 x 4 •1 4
sin 3 x 4x 3
[We rewrite sin 3 x as • • . As x Æ 0, so do 3x and 4x; the frac-
sin 4 x 3x sin 4 x 4
3
tion approaches 1 • 1 • .]
4

1 − cos x sin x
46. (E) lim = lim = 0.
x→0 x x→0 1

x
[We can replace 1 – cos x by 2 sin2 , getting
2

x x  sin x 
2 sin 2 sin 2 x  
lim 2 = lim x
2 = lim sin  x 2  = 0 • 1.]
x→0 x x→0 x→0 2  
2  2 
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152 AP Calculus

tan πx (sec2 π x ) • π
47. (D) lim = lim =1• = .
x→0 x x→0 1

tan π x sin π x sin π x 1

[ = = • • ; as x (or x) approaches 0, the original
x x cos π x π x cos x
1
fraction approaches • 1 • = .]
1

48. (C) The limit is easiest to obtain here if we rewrite:

1 sin (1 x )
lim x 2 sin = lim x = •1= .
x→∞ x x→∞ (1 x )

49. (B) Since x – 3 = 2 sin t and y + 1 = 2 cos t,

(x – 3) 2 + (y + 1) 2 = 4.

This is the equation of a circle with center at (3,–1) and radius 2. In the
domain given, – # t # , the entire circle is traced by a particle moving
counterclockwise, starting from and returning to (3, –3).

50. (C) Use L’Hôpital’s Rule; then

sec x - cos x sec x tan x + sin x
lim 2
= lim
xÆ 0 x xÆ 0 2x
sec x + sec x tan 2 x + cos x 1 + 1 • 0 + 1
3

= lim = = 1.
xÆ 0 2 2
dy
dy dt sin t
51. (A) = dx
= .
dx 1 − cos t
dt
dy
dy dθ 3 sin 2 θ cos θ
52. (D) = = .
dx dx −3 cos2 θ sin θ
dθ

dy
dy dt 1 − e−t
53. (E) = = = et – 1.
dx dx e−t
dt

dx 1
54. (C) Since dy = 1 and = , then
dt 1− t dt (1 − t )2

dy 1
= 1- t = .
dx x

55. (B) ( f + 2 g)′ (3) = f ′(3) + 2 g ′(3) = 4 + 2( −1)

56. (B) ( f • g)′ (2) = f (2) • g ′(2) + g(2) • f ′(2) = 5( −2) + 1(3)
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Differentiation 153

 1′ 1
57. (E)   (1) = −1 • • g ′(1) = −1 • 1 (−3)
 g [ g(1)]2 2
3
1 1
58. (D) ( f )′ (3) = [ f (3)]−1 2 • f ′(3) = (10 −1 2 ) • 4
2 2

 f ′ g( 0 ) • f ′ ( 0 ) − f ( 0 ) • g ′ ( 0 ) 5(1) − 2( −4)
59. (C)   (0) = =
 g [ g(0)]2 52

60. (A) M ′(1) = f ′( g(1)) • g ′(1) = f ′(3)g ′(1) = 4( −3)

61. (B) [ f ( x 3 )]′ = f ′( x 3 ) • 3 x 2 , so P ′(1) = f ′(13 ) • 3 • 12 = 2 • 3 .

62. (D) f(S(x)) = x implies that f ′( S( x ) • S ′( x ) = 1 , so

1 1 1
S ′(3) = = = .
f ′( S(3)) f ′( f (3)) f ′(1)
−1

63. (E) Since g"(a) exists, g is differentiable and thus continuous; g"(a) > 0.
64. (C) Near a vertical asymptote the slopes must approach ± .
65. (A) There is only one horizontal tangent.
66. (D) Use the symmetric difference quotient; then
f (1.6) − f (1.4)
f ′(1.5) ≈ = 8 .
1.6 − 1.4 0.2
67. (E) Since the water level rises more slowly as the cone fills, the rate of depth
change is decreasing, as in (C) and (E). However, at every instant the por-
tion of the cone containing water is similar to the entire cone; the volume
is proportional to the cube of the depth of the water. The rate of change of
depth (the derivative) is therefore not linear, as in (C).
68. (C) The only horizontal tangent is at x = 4. Note that f "(1) does not exist.

69. (E) The graph has corners at x = 1 and x = 2; the tangent line is vertical at x = 6.

70. (B) Consider triangle ABC: AB = 1; radius AC = 2; thus, BC = 3 and AC has

m = – 3 . The tangent line is perpendicular to the radius.
A B

C
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154 AP Calculus

71. (D) The graph of y = x + cos x is shown in window [–5,5] ¥ [–6,6]. The average
rate of change is represented by the slope of secant segment AB . There
appear to be 3 points at which tangent lines are parallel to AB .

f (2) − f (1.98) 4.00 − 4.10

72. (C) f "(2) ! =
2 − 1.98 0.02

73. (A) Since an estimate of the answer for Question 72 is f ¢(2) ª –5, then
( f −1 )′ (4) = f ′1(2) ≈
1
−5
= −0.2.

74. (B) When x = 3 on g –1, y = 3 on the original half-parabola. 3 = x2 – 8x + 10 at

x = 1 (and at x = 7, but that value is not in the given domain).
1 1 1
g ′(3) = = = − .
y ′(1) 2x − 8 x =1 6

75. (E) f satisfies Rolle’s Theorem on [2,10].

76. (C) The diagrams show secant lines (whose slope is the difference quotient)
with greater slopes than the tangent line. In both cases, f is concave
upward.
f

a a+h a a+h
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Differentiation 155

77. (C) (f ° g)! at x = 3 equals f !(g(3)) • g!(3) equals cos u (at u = 0) times 2x
(at x = 3) = 1 • 6 = 6.

−x −1
78. (E) Here f !(x) equals .
( x − 1)2

dy 2
dy 2 2
79. (A) = dx . Since y2 = x2 + 1, dy 2 = 2 x .
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2x
dx

dy
dy dx 2x +1
80. (A) = = 1 .
1  1 
d d
1− x  1− x  (1 − x )2
dx
1
81. (B) Note that f(g(x)) = .
x +1

82. (B) Sketch the graph of f (x) = 1 – !x!; note that f (–1) = f(1) = 0 and that f is
continuous on [–1,1]. Only (B) holds.
1
83. (C) Since f !(x) = 6x2 – 3, therefore h!(x) = 6 x 2 − 3 ; also, f (x), or 2x3 – 3x,
1
equals –1, by observation, for x = 1. So h!(–1) or 6 x 2 − 3 (when x = 1)
1 1
equals = .
6−3 3

84. (D) ( f −1 )′ (2) = f ′1(1) =

1
3
.

1 1 1
85. (B) Since f (0) = 5, g ′(5) = = = .
f ′( 0 ) 3x 2 − 6 x + 8 x=0 8

86. (D) The given limit is the derivative of g(x) at x = 0.

87. (B) The tangent line appears to contain (3,–2.6) and (4,–1.8).

88. (D) f !(x) is least at the point of inflection of the curve, at about 0.7.

89. (C) 5 2.03 − 51.97

≈ 40.25158
2.03 − 1.97

4 0.08 − 4 −0.08
90. (B) By calculator, f !(0) = 1.386294805 and = 1.3891 . . . .
0.16
4 0.001 − 4 −0.001
91. (E) Now = 1.386294805.
0.002
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156 AP Calculus

92. (B) Note that any line determined by two points equidistant from the origin will
necessarily be horizontal.

• •

–h h

d
93. (D) Note that f (h( x )) = f ′(h( x )) • h ′( x ) = g(h( x )) • h ′( x ) = g(sin x ) • cos x.
dx

94. (E) Since f(x) = 3x – x3, then f "(x) = 3x ln 3 – 3x2. Furthermore, f is continuous on
[0,3] and f " is differentiable on (0,3), so the MVT applies. We therefore seek
f (3) − f (0) 1 1
c such that f "(c) = = − . Solving 3x ln x – 3x2 = – with a
3 3 3
calculator, we find that c may be either 1.244 or 2.727. These values are
the x-coordinates of points on the graph of f (x) at which the tangents
are parallel to the secant through points (0,1) and (3,0) on the curve.

95. (A) The line segment passes through (1,–3) and (2,–4).
f ′(x)

x
–6 –5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Use the graph of f "(x), shown above, for Questions 96–99.

96. (E) f "(x) = 0 when the slope of f(x) is 0; that is, when the graph of f is a
horizontal segment.

97. (E) The graph of f "(x) jumps at each corner of the graph of f (x), namely,
at x equal to –3, –1, 1, 2, and 5.
3
98. (D) On the interval (–6,–3), f(x) = (x + 5).
2
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Differentiation 157

99. (B) Verify that all choices but (B) are true. The graph of f "(x) has five (not
four) jump discontinuities.
f (0.20) − f (0.10)
100. (C) The best approximation to f "(0.10) is .
0.20 − 0.10

101. (D) y

B
•
f

A
•

x
a b

The average rate of change is represented by the slope of secant segment AB .

There appear to be 3 points at which the tangent lines are parallel to AB .
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