DSP 4

EEE324:DigitalSignalProcessing
Dr.KhurramAli
AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering,
COMSATSUniversityIslamabad,LahoreCampus
Week 8: Frequency Analysis
Frequency Analysis of continuous time periodic
signals
Frequency Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

signals
Frequency Analysis of discrete time periodic

signals
Frequency Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

signals
Frequency Analysis
Decompose light into Combine all the colors to

different colors. synthesize the light again
= Proper Mathematical tool

Frequency Analysis
Decompose light into Combine all the colors to
different colors. synthesize the light again
= Proper Mathematical tool
Time Domain
Frequency (sinusoidal)
Signal Fourier components of signal
Analysis
• Periodic • Magnitude of frequency

• CT signal
• Aperiodic components
• Fourier Series
• Fourier Transform
• Periodic • Phase of frequency
• DT signal
• Aperiodic components
Frequency Analysis
Frequency
Analysis
Fourier
synthesis
Fourier
analysis
Signal analysis Signal synthesis
Combine all the constituent
Decompose time domain signal
frequency components of the
into its constituent frequency
signal using inverse Fourier
components using direct Fourier
series/transforms, to synthesize
series/transforms
the original time domain signal
Frequency Analysis
Constituent frequency components
Frequency domain
Time domain signal representation
signals
Fourier Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

signals
Fourier Analysis of discrete time periodic signals
Fourier Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

signals
Continuous time Fourier series
CT Harmonically
CTFS Intuition related complex
exponentials
Dot Product between any

two different signals in
the set is ZERO !
CTFS Intuition
Orthogonal basis
CTFS Intuition
function
3D-Cartesian coordinate system

(x, y, z) forms 3D orthogonal
basis.
Any vector in 3D can be
expressed in terms of (x, y, z)
Orthogonal basis
CTFS Intuition
function
Similarly, e j 2S kFot forms infinite-Dimension orthogonal basis. Any

signal can be expressed in terms of this set.
CTFS: Dirichlet Conditions
Will x(t) be equal to its Fourier series representation at every value of t?

x(t) will be equal to its Fourier series representation at every value of t iff:

CTFS: Summary If x(t) is periodic and satisfies Dirichlet conditions:
Complex Fourier coefficients = ck ck e jTk
For real x(t ), c*k c k

CTFS: Representation
jT k
Complex Fourier coefficients = ck ck e
Magnitude Spectra
Plot of ck as a function of frequency
Phase Spectra
Plot of T k as a function of frequency

jT k
Power Spectra
2
Plot of PX ck as a function of frequency
Remember! Periodic signals are power signals i.e. have infinite energy and finite
power. Power of signal can be computed either in time domain or in frequency
domain. Parseval’s Theorem:
jT k
Magnitude Spectra
Line Spectra or Discrete

Phase Spectra Spectra
Power Spectra
A lot of insight about signal
Fix Tp vary W
Frequency contents
of signal are same
but the power
distribution among
different frequencies
changes
A lot of insight about signal
Vary Tp fix W
Frequency contents
of signal are changed
Discontinuity at W / 2
signals

signals

signals

signals
Continuous time Fourier Transform
Increase Tp fix W
Lines come closer to

each other. Envelope
remains same.
Tp o f
• Spectrum becomes
continuous
• x(t) is no more
periodic
CTFT: Dirichlet Conditions
CTFT: Representation X F X F e j4 F
Magnitude Spectrum
Plot of X F as a function of frequency
Phase Spectrum
Plot of 4 F as a function of frequency

CTFT: Representation X F X F e j4 F
Energy Spectrum
2
Plot of S XX F X F as a function of frequency
Remember! aperiodic signals are energy signals i.e. have finite energy and zero
power. Energy of signal can be computed either in time domain or in frequency
CTFT: Representation
4 F
CT Fourier Transform = X F X F ej
Magnitude Spectrum
Continuous Spectrum
=
Phase Spectrum Envelope of
corresponding
periodic signal’s
Energy Spectrum spectra
CTFT: Representation If x(t) is real
j4 F
X F X F e
X F X F
4 F 4 F
S XX F S XX F
Spectrum of rectangular pulse is

the envelope of the line
spectrum (CTFS coefficients) of
the periodic signal obtained by
periodically repeating the pulse
with period Tp.
• Zero crossing at multiples of 1/tau.

• Width of main lobe = 2/tau.
• As pulse duration i.e. tau increases or decreases, the main lobe becomes more
narrower or wider, and we say that more energy is moved to lower or higher
frequencies respectively.
signals

signals

signals

signals
Discrete time Fourier Series
So, only N distinct Fourier coefficients i.e. for k=0,1,2, … , N-1. This range covers the
fundamental frequency range i.e. f goes from 0 to 1. Outside this range, Fourier
coefficients are periodic:
Spectrum of a periodic discrete time signal with period N

is also periodic with period N
DTFS: Representation
jT k
k 0,1, 2,..., N 1
Magnitude Spectrum
Plot of ck as a function of frequency
Phase Spectrum
Plot of T k as a function of frequency

jT k
k 0,1, 2,..., N 1
Power Spectrum
2
Plot of PX ck as a function of frequency
Remember! Periodic signals are power signals i.e. have infinite energy and finite
power. Power of signal can be computed either in time domain or in frequency
jT k
k 0,1, 2,..., N 1
Magnitude Spectrum
Line Periodic Spectrum

Phase Spectrum or Discrete Periodic
Spectrum
Power Spectrum
DTFS: Representation If x(n) is real
Symmetry property:
From periodicity property:
For real x(n), only N/2 Fourier coefficients

completely specify its spectrum. Rest can be
From both: calculated from these N/2 coefficients
signals
signals
signals
signals
Discrete time Fourier Transform
DTFT vs. CTFT
x ¦ vs. ³
x : is aperiodic while Z is periodic
DTFT: Representation X Z X Z e j4 Z
Magnitude Spectrum
Plot of X Z as a function of frequency
Phase Spectrum
Plot of 4 Z as a function of frequency

DTFT: Representation X Z X Z e j4 Z
Energy Spectrum
2
Plot of S XX Z X Z as a function of frequency
Remember! aperiodic signals are energy signals i.e. have finite energy and zero
power. Energy of signal can be computed either in time domain or in frequency
DTFT: Representation
DT Fourier Transform = X Z X Z e j4 Z
Magnitude Spectrum
Continuous Spectrum
but periodic
Phase Spectrum =
Envelope of
corresponding periodic
Energy Spectrum DT signal’s spectra
DTFT: Representation If x(n) is real
j4 Z
X Z X Z e
For real x(n), fundamental
frequency range is further reduced
to:
X Z X Z Cyclic frequency i.e. f goes from 0
to Fs/2 or
4 Z 4 Z
Radian frequency i.e. Small omega
goes from 0 to pi
S XX Z S XX Z
Frequency Analysis
Relationship of DTFT to the Z-
Transform
Relationship of DTFT to the Z-
Transform
Frequency-Domain classification of
Signals: Bandwidth
Frequency-Domain classification of
Signals: Bandwidth
Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain
Signal Properties
Important DTFT Properties
Symmetry
Periodicity
Linearity
Time Shift
Frequency Shift
Frequency Shift
Convolution
Convolution
Modulation
Modulation
End

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EEE324:DigitalSignalProcessing

 Frequency Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time periodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

Decompose light into Combine all the colors to

= Proper Mathematical tool

= Proper Mathematical tool

• Periodic • Magnitude of frequency

 Fourier Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

 Fourier Analysis of discrete time periodic signals

 Fourier Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

Dot Product between any

3D-Cartesian coordinate system

Similarly, e j 2S kFot forms infinite-Dimension orthogonal basis. Any

CTFS: Dirichlet Conditions

Will x(t) be equal to its Fourier series representation at every value of t?

CTFS: Dirichlet Conditions

CTFS: Dirichlet Conditions

Complex Fourier coefficients = ck ck e jTk

For real x(t ), c*k c k

Plot of ck as a function of frequency

Plot of T k as a function of frequency

Line Spectra or Discrete

 Frequency Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time periodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

Lines come closer to

Plot of X F as a function of frequency

Plot of 4 F as a function of frequency

CTFT: Representation If x(t) is real

Spectrum of rectangular pulse is

• Zero crossing at multiples of 1/tau.

 Frequency Analysis of continuous time aperiodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time periodic

 Frequency Analysis of discrete time aperiodic

Spectrum of a periodic discrete time signal with period N

Plot of ck as a function of frequency

Plot of T k as a function of frequency

Line Periodic Spectrum

DTFS: Representation If x(n) is real

From periodicity property:

For real x(n), only N/2 Fourier coefficients

DTFT vs. CTFT

Plot of X Z as a function of frequency

Plot of 4 Z as a function of frequency

DTFT: Representation If x(n) is real

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