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4-CT FT - Examples
4-CT FT - Examples
4-CT FT - Examples
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0 0
−1 ∞ −1 1
𝑋(𝜔) = 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 |0 = [0 − 1] =
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
Since this Fourier transform is complex valued, to plot it as a function of 𝜔, we express 𝑋(𝜔)
in terms of its magnitude and phase:
1 1
|𝑋(𝜔)| = | |=
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 √𝑎2 + 𝜔 2
𝜔
∢𝑋(𝜔) = − tan−1 ( )
𝑎
Solution I:
∞ 0 ∞
−𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑡 −𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞ 0
0 ∞
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎−𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0
1 0 −1 ∞
𝑋(𝜔) = [ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑗𝜔)𝑡 |−∞ ] + [ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 |0 ]
𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
1 −1
𝑋(𝜔) = [ (1 − 0)] + [ (0 − 1)]
𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
1 1 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔
𝑋(𝜔) = + =
𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 (𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔)(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)
2𝑎
𝐻(𝜔) = = |𝐻(𝜔)|
𝑎2 + 𝜔2
Solution II: We can also solve it using FT Table and its properties
1 1
𝑥(−𝑡) ↔ 𝑋(−𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ↔ 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) ↔ 𝑎−𝑗𝜔
1 1 2𝑎
Therefore, 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| ↔ 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎−𝑗𝜔 = 𝑎2 +𝜔2
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡)
∞ ∞
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞
∞
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔(𝑡=0) = 1
−∞
That is, the unit impulse bas a Fourier transform consisting of equal contributions at
frequencies. #
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡)
𝑋(𝜔) = 1
𝑡 1 − 𝑇1 < 𝑡 < 𝑇1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡( )={
2𝑇1 0 otherwise
∞
𝑋(𝜔) = 𝑃𝜏 (𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
Since 𝑥(𝑡) = 1 for |𝑡| < 𝑇1 , and since it is zero for |𝑡| > 𝑇1,
∞
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑇 −1 𝑇1 −1 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇1 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑇1
𝑋(𝜔) = ∫−𝑇1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 |−𝑇 = 𝑗𝜔 [𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑇1 − 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇1 ] = 𝜔 [ ]
1 1 2𝑗
2 sin(𝑇𝜔1 )
𝑋(𝜔) = [sin(𝑇1 𝜔)] = 2𝑇1 = 2𝑇1 sinc(𝑇1 𝜔)
𝜔 𝑇1 𝜔
Note 1: For this case, the FT is real valued so we can plot it using a single plot.
Note 2: This FT can also be expressed as using normalized sinc function (Oppenheim).
𝑇𝜔
sin(𝑇1 𝜔) sin (𝜋 1 )
𝑋(𝜔) = 2𝑇1 = 2𝑇1 𝜋
𝑇1 𝜔 𝑇1 𝜔
𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝜋𝑥
sinc 𝑐 =
𝜋𝑥
𝑇1 𝜔
Here 𝑥= 𝜋
𝑇1
𝑋(𝜔) = 2𝑇1 sinc ( 𝜔)
𝜋
Example 4.5: Consider the signal 𝑥(𝑡) whose Fourier transform 𝑋(𝜔) is
𝜔 1 −𝑊 <𝜔 <𝑊
𝑋(𝜔) = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡( )={
2𝑊 0 otherwise
1 ∞
𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑋(𝜔)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
1 𝑊 𝑗𝜔𝑡 1 𝑊 1 1 𝑗𝑊𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 1𝑒 𝑑𝜔 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 |−𝑊 = [𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑊𝑡 ]
2𝜋 −𝑊 𝑡 2𝜋 𝑗𝑡
1 1 𝑒 𝑗𝑊𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑊𝑡 1
𝑥(𝑡) = [ ] = sin(𝑊𝑡)
𝜋𝜔 2𝑗 𝜋𝑡
We can express 𝑥(𝑡) as sinc function using its normalized and unnormalized forms
𝑊 sin(𝑊𝑡) 𝑊
𝑥(𝑡) = = sinc(𝑊𝑡) Unnormalized
𝜋 𝑊𝑡 𝜋
𝑊𝑡
𝑊 sin(𝜋 𝜋 ) 𝑊 𝑊
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑊𝑡 = sinc ( 𝜋 𝑡) normalized
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡( ) ↔ 2𝑇1 sinc(𝑇1 𝜔)
2𝑇1
𝑊 𝜔
sinc(𝑊𝑡) ↔ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝜋 2𝑊
∞ 𝑘
2𝑇1
𝑎0 =
𝑇
sin(𝑘𝜔0 𝑇1 )
𝑎𝑘 =
𝜋𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
2𝑇1
𝑎0 =
𝑇
sin(𝑘𝜔0 𝑇1 )
𝑎𝑘 =
𝜋𝑘
For 𝑇 = 4𝑇1
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝜔0 = = 4𝑇 𝜔0 𝑇1 =
𝑇 1 2
2𝑇1 2𝑇1
2𝜋𝑎0 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 =𝜋
𝑇 4𝑇1
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
2𝜋𝑎𝑘 = 2𝜋 𝑘𝜋 [sin(𝑘 2 )] = 𝑘 [sin(𝑘 2 )] 𝑘≠0
2 𝜋
2𝜋𝑎𝑘 = 𝑘 [sin(𝑘 2 )] = 0 For 𝑘 even and 𝑘 ≠ 0
𝜋
Also, sin(𝑘 2 ) alternates between ±1 for successive odd values of 𝑘. Therefore in this case
2 𝜋 2
2𝜋𝑎𝑘 = 𝑘 sin(𝑘 2 ) alternates between ± 𝑘 for successive odd values of 𝑘
1 1 1
𝑎1 = 𝑎−1 = 𝜋 𝑎3 = 𝑎−3 = − 3𝜋 𝑎5 = 𝑎−5 = 5𝜋
2 2
2𝜋𝑎1 = 2𝜋𝑎−1 = 2 2𝜋𝑎3 = 2𝜋𝑎−3 = − 3 2𝜋𝑎5 = 2𝜋𝑎−5 = 5
𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝜔0 𝑡
1
Recall the Euler formula cos 𝜔0 𝑡 = 2 [𝑒 𝑗𝜔0𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ]
1 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
1𝑒 𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
1𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )
Therefore,
1
cos 𝜔0 𝑡 ⟺ 2 [2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) + 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]
𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑋(𝜔)
Example 4.7 (b): Find the Fourier transforms of the everlasting sinusoid cos 𝜔0 𝑡.
𝑥(𝑡) = sin 𝜔0 𝑡
1
Recall the Euler formula sin 𝜔0 𝑡 = 2𝑗 [𝑒 𝑗𝜔0𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ]
1 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
1𝑒 𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
1𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0𝑡 ⟺ 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )
Therefore,
1
sin 𝜔0 𝑡 ⟺ 2𝑗 [2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) − 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]
π
sin 𝜔0 𝑡 ⟺ [𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) − 𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]
𝑗
Example 4.8: Fourier transform of a periodic signal
∞ 𝑘
We know that the Fourier series expansion of the periodic impulse train is
1
∑∞ ∞
−∞ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇0 ) = ∑−∞ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
with 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑇
∞ 𝑘
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 ↔ 2𝜋 ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘𝜔0 ) = 𝑋(𝜔)
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
𝑘 𝑘
2𝜋
𝑋(𝜔) = 2𝜋 ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘𝜔0 ) = ∑ 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘𝜔0 )
𝑇
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
2𝜋
𝜔0 =
𝑇
We can decompose the above signal using linearity and time shifting properties.
1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥 (𝑡 − 2.5) + 𝑥2 (𝑡 − 2.5)
2 1
1 1
𝑥1 (𝑡) ↔ 1sinc ( 𝜔) = sinc ( 𝜔)
2 2
3 3
𝑥2 (𝑡) ↔ 3sinc ( 𝜔) = 3 sinc ( 𝜔)
2 2
1
𝑥1 (𝑡 − 2.5) ↔ sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔
2
3
𝑥2 (𝑡 − 2.5) ↔ 3 sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔
2
1 1 1 3
𝑥1 (𝑡 − 2.5) + 𝑥2 (𝑡 − 2.5) ↔ sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔 + 3 sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔
2 2 2 2
1 1 3
𝑋(𝜔) = sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔 + 3 sinc ( 𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔
2 2 2
𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔 1 3
𝑋(𝜔) = [sinc ( 𝜔) + 6 sinc ( 𝜔)]
2 2 2
Example 4.11: Determine the Fourier transform 𝑋(𝜔) of the unit step 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡), using
integration property.
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑔(𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞
𝐺(𝜔) = 1 𝐺(0) = 1
1
𝑋(𝜔) = + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑢(𝑡) ↔ + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
Example 4.12: Determine the Fourier transform 𝑋(𝜔) for the signal 𝑥(𝑡) displayed in Figure
using differentiation property.
𝑑
Taking derivative, we obtain the time domain signal 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = Π ( ) − 𝛿(𝑡 + 1) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡 𝑡 𝜏
Using FT of Π ( ) Π ( ) ↔ 𝜏sinc ( 𝜔)
𝜏 𝜏 2
𝑡 2
Π ( ) ↔ 2sinc ( 𝜔) = 2sinc(𝜔)
2 2
𝑑 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = Π ( ) − 𝛿(𝑡 + 1) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑗𝜔𝑋(𝜔) = sinc ( 𝜔) − 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
2
1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑋(𝜔) = 2sinc(𝜔) −
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
1 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑋(𝜔) = 2sinc(𝜔) −
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔 2
2 2
𝑋(𝜔) = sinc(𝜔) − cos(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
Example 4.13: Using the duality (symmetry) property, find the Fourier transform 𝐺(𝜔) of the
signal
2
𝑔(𝑡) =
1 + 𝑡2
From FT table, we have a Fourier transform pair in which the Fourier transform, as a function
of , had 𝜔a form similar to that of the signal 𝑔(𝑡).
2𝑏
𝑒 −𝑏|𝑡| ↔
𝑏2 + 𝜔2
For 𝑏 = 1
2
𝑒 −|𝑡| ↔
1 + 𝜔2
2
↔ 2𝜋𝑒 −|−𝜔| = 2𝜋𝑒 −|𝜔|
1 + 𝑡2
Example 4. 14: For each of the Fourier transforms shown in Figure, evaluate the following
time-domain expressions using Parseval’s theorem.
∞
𝐸 = ∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡
−∞
Parseval’s theorem:
∞
1 ∞
𝐸=∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔
−∞ 2𝜋 −∞
1 ∞
𝐸= ∫ |𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
∞
The integral ∫−∞|𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 is area under the curve |𝑋(𝜔)|2
2
1 2 √𝜋 2
𝐸= [((√𝜋) × 0.5) + (( ) × 1) + ((√𝜋) × 0.5)]
2𝜋 2
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐸= [( ) + ( ) + ( )]
2𝜋 2 4 2
1 2𝜋 + 𝜋 + 2𝜋 1 5𝜋 5
𝐸= [ ]= [ ]=
2𝜋 4 2𝜋 4 8
For Signal (b)
1 ∞
𝐸= ∫ |𝑋(𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
1 ∞
𝐸= ∫ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)𝑋 ∗ (𝑗𝜔)𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
0 1
1
𝐸= [∫ (−𝑗√𝜋)(𝑗√𝜋)𝑑𝜔 + ∫ (𝑗√𝜋)(−𝑗√𝜋)𝑑𝜔]
2𝜋 −1 0
0 1 0 1
1 1
𝐸= [∫ −𝑗 2 𝜋𝑑𝜔 + ∫ −𝑗 2 𝜋𝑑𝜔] = [∫ 𝜋𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 𝜋𝑑𝜔]
2𝜋 −1 0 2𝜋 −1 0
0 1
𝜋 1 1
= [∫ 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 𝑑𝜔] = [𝜔|0−1 + 𝜔|10 ] = [0 + 1 + 1 − 0] = 1
2𝜋 −1 0 2 2
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
Find output 𝑦(𝑡) for the input 𝑥(𝑡) using Convolution property.
Solution:
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝑋(𝜔)𝐻(𝜔)
𝛿(𝑡) ↔ 1
Taking Inverse Fourier transform on both sides and by using the time shifting property
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ↔ 𝑋(𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
Solution:
For a differentiator, the input 𝑥(𝑡) and the output 𝑦(𝑡) are related by
𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔𝑋(𝜔)
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔
Example 4. 17: Consider an LTI system whose impulse response is ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡).
Solution:
1
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) ↔ 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) +
𝑗𝜔
1
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) +
𝑗𝜔
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝐻(𝜔)𝑋(𝜔)
1
𝑌(𝜔) = [𝜋𝛿(𝜔) + ]𝑋(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)𝑋(𝜔) + 𝑋(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)𝑋(0) + 𝑋(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
Now comparing with the equation of integration property and taking FT on both sides
𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞
1
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)𝑋(0) + 𝑋(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
Example 4. 19: Consider the response of an LTI system with impulse response
Find the output 𝑦(𝑡) by using property of multiplication in frequency domain in instead of
direct convolution.
Solution:
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝐻(𝜔)𝑋(𝜔)
1
𝐻(𝜔) =
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
1
𝑋(𝜔) =
𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔
1
𝑌(𝜔) =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔)
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔
1 1
𝐴 = [(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑌(𝜔)]|𝑎=−𝑗𝜔 = [(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔) ]| =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) 𝑎=−𝑗𝜔 𝑏 − 𝑎
1 1
𝐵 = [(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑌(𝜔)]|𝑏=−𝑗𝜔 = [(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) ]| = = −𝐴
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) 𝑎=−𝑗𝜔 𝑎 − 𝑏
1 −1
1 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑌(𝜔) = = + −𝑎
𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔
1 1 −1
𝑌(𝜔) = [ + ]
𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔
1
𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)]
𝑏−𝑎
Special Case: If 𝑎 = 𝑏
1 1
𝑌(𝜔) = =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)(𝑏 + 𝑗𝜔) (𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2
𝑑 1 1
We can recognize that 𝑗 𝑑𝜔 [𝑎+𝑗𝜔] = (𝑎+𝑗𝜔)2
𝑑
Therefore, we can apply the dual of differentiation property 𝑡𝑥(𝑡) ↔ 𝑗 𝑑𝜔 𝑋(𝜔)
1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ↔
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
𝑑 1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ↔ 𝑗 [ ]
𝑑𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
𝑑 −𝑗
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)−1 = −𝑗(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)−2 =
𝑑𝜔 (𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2
−𝑗 1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ↔ 𝑗 =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2 (𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2
Example 4.24:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑎𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
1 1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = =
𝑎0 (𝑗𝜔)0 + 𝑎1 (𝑗𝜔)1 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
Example 4.25:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
+4 + 3𝑦(𝑡) = + 2𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 + 𝑗𝜔 2 + 𝑗𝜔
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = 2 2
=
3 + 4𝑗𝜔 + 𝑗 𝜔 (1 + 𝑗𝜔)(3 + 𝑗𝜔)
2 + 𝑗𝜔 1⁄2 1⁄3
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = = +
(1 + 𝑗𝜔)(3 + 𝑗𝜔) (1 + 𝑗𝜔) (3 + 𝑗𝜔)
1 −𝑡 1
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
2 2
Example 4.26: Consider the system of Example 4.25, and suppose that the input is
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑌(𝑗𝜔) = 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
1
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) =
𝑗𝜔 + 1
𝑗𝜔 + 2 1
𝑌(𝑗𝜔) = [ ][ ]
(𝑗𝜔 + 1)(𝑗𝜔 + 3) 𝑗𝜔 + 1
𝑗𝜔 + 2
𝑌(𝑗𝜔) =
(𝑗𝜔 + 1)2 (𝑗𝜔 + 3)
1 1 1
𝐴11 = 4 𝐴12 = 2 𝐴21 = − 4
1 1 1
−
𝑌(𝑗𝜔) = 4 + 2 + 4
𝑗𝜔 + 1 (𝑗𝜔 + 1)2 𝑗𝜔 + 3
1 −𝑡 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
4 4 4
1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = [ 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡)
4 4 4