Chapter 5 - Petro - Viewshaleinter

Logging Interpretation Method -
Basic Approaches
Schlumberger Private
Quicklook Log Interpretation with shaly sand formation
Objectives
 How to compute Volume of Shale?
 How to calculate porosity from log reading via formulae
or chartbook?
 How to derive shale corrected porosity via formulae or
chartbook?
 How to perform hydrocarbon corrected porosity via
chartbook?
 How to get Rw?
 How to confirm Rw is correct?
 How to use Archie equation?
 How to estimate net sand/pay?
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• effect of hydrocarbon
• lithology tools
Shale
• shale indicators
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Hydrocarbon correction
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Hydrocarbon pore volume
Log Interpretation
 Interpretation is defined as the action of explaining the

meaning of something
 Log interpretation is the explanation of logs such as ρb,
GR, Resistivity, etc. in terms of well and reservoir
parameters, zones, porosity, oil saturation, etc.
 Log interpretation can provide answers to questions on:
 How much hydrocarbon is in these wells?
 Where is it?
 Is there communication between these reservoirs?
 What is the extent of this reservoir?
Log Interpretation (Cont.)
 Log interpretation can provide

answers to questions on:
 How will it produce?
 Will it require enhanced
recovery techniques?
lithological
sandstone grades
to clay sediment
GAS
OIL
sandstone
WATER pinch out
What Can the Log Measurements Provide?
 Log measurements give:

 Porosity: From porosity tools
 Water Saturation: From a combination of porosity /
lithology tools and Resistivity or Capture Cross-
Section from the TDT tool
 Thickness: From depth measurements
 Position: Markers-correlation
 Lithology: Reservoir/non-reservoir
Early Log Interpretation
 Early resistivity logs were used to find possible

producing zones
 SP was used to define permeable beds, compute Rw
and determine shaliness
 Resistivity was used to determine “Porosity”
 Archie developed the relationship between resistivity,

porosity and saturation
Modern Log Interpretation
LQC
 Consulate the field engineer/client and check the original hardcopy
 Environmental correction (GF: PrePlus)
 Data Editing and Crossplot (GF: WellEdit and UtilityPlots)
Logs in open hole give:
 Porosity
- Quantity, Type and Distribution
 Saturation
 Thickness
 Permeability
 Producibility
 Lithology
 Rick type, Shale content, Shale type and deposition
 Fluid Type
 Fluid Contact
 Etc.
WellSite Interpretation-Quicklook
 This is a schematic representation of the logging measurements
used and the petrophysical parameters determined for
answering the basic questions of wellsite interpretation
Density
Can ? φ Neutron
Sonic
1. Does the formation contain Hydrocarbon?
Clean? GR Rt
SP
2. Quantity Resistivity
3. Recoverable
φ(1-Sw) Rxo
f(Rt,φ)
Qualitative Interpretation
Descriptor Measurement Functional Behavior
Clean/Shaly SP Vshale↑ → SP ↑
GR Vshale↑ → GR ↑
den/neut xplt
Porosity(φ) Density φ↑ → ρb ↓
Neutron φ↑ → φn ↑
Sonic φ↑ → ∆t ↑
Hydrocarbon Rt Sw↑ → Rt ↓
So↑ → Rt ↑
φ ↓ → Rt ↑
Recoverable/ Rxo vs. Rt Rxo=Rt → no
invasion assuming
Moveable (shallow vs.
deep) contrasting fluids.
Rxo/Rt≠Rmf/Rw →
Moved fluid
Interpretation Procedure
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Zoning
Zoning is the first step in any interpretation procedure. During zoning,
the logs are split into intervals of:
 Porous and non-porous rock
 Permeable and non-permeable rock
 Shaly and clean rock
 Good hole conditions and bad hole conditions
 Good logs and bad logs
Typical zoning Tools:
 SP
 GR
 Caliper
 Neutron Density
 Resistivity
 NMR
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Lithology General
 The next major step in the
procedure is lithology Simple
identification. Lithology data
gives information on porosity
and other parameters
 This is an essential step as
from the lithology comes
porosity and other parameters
Dirty
 Lithology of a formation can be
simple or ‘dirty’ or complex.
 Odd minerals can also be
present, such as micas in
sandstones or anhydrites in Complex
carbonates which complicate
the problem further
Lithology Interpretation
 The lithology can be obtained in several ways:

 From the cuttings (depth problems)
 From local knowledge (good during development)
 From the known depositional environment (good in general basis)
 From a log Quicklook (good starting point)
 From individual log readings (difficult if there are no areas of zero
porosity)
 From crossplots (the best method)
Lithology: Logging Tools
 All tools react to lithology – usually in conjunction with the porosity
 Major lithology tools are:
 Neutron – reacts to fluid and matrix
 Density – reacts to matrix and fluid
 NOTE: Density also has the PEF curve, reliable when no barite in
mud
- pef sand ~ 2
- pef limestone, salt, anhydrite ~5
- pef dolomite, clay ~ 3
 Sonic – reacts to a mixture of matrix and fluid, complicated by
seeing only primary porosity
 NGT- identifies shale types and special minerals (K Th, U)
 ECS – geochemical logging, identifies
- Si, Ca, Fe, S
From these sources mineralogy can be computed

Crossplots
 A “two-dimensional” way of
looking at logs
 Combines properties from both
measurements, thus eliminating
ambiguities
 The most common crossplot is
the Density-Neutron
 Virtually any log can be plotted
against another
 A standard crossplot is a frequency
plot with points plotted as their
frequency
Crossplots
 A third dimension is added in a z-axis

plot which uses something like colour
classes or numbers to include
another measurement
 3D plots are also routinely available

Mono-mineral Model
ρ b = ρ mf φ + ρ ma (1 − φ )
 Formation Model:
 Water-bearing, mono-mineral.
φ n = φ mf φ + φ ma (1 − φ )
 This formation can be described by the density tool
and the neutron tool
 For limestone φnma=0. And for sand φnma=0.04

(limestone matrix)
Mono-Mineral Cross Plot
 The plot is a straight line from

the matrix point to the 100%
porosity, water point. It is
scaled in porosity.
chart book slide

Neutron Density Cross Plots
 This crossplot has ρb
plotted against the
corrected neutron porosity
 Fluid density in this plot is
1.0 g/cm3
 Two knowns
(RHOB, TNPH)
Porosity=28
 Can compute RHOG=2.81 gm/cc
two unknowns
(porosity, grain density)
 If two minerals present

grain density will be
volume-weighted average
of each mineral
Crossplot Interpretation: 2 Axis Plot
Hydrocarbon
and shale trends
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Shale Index: Gamma Ray
(For paper log quicklook)
Shale Index : SP
Shale Index : Sonic
Shale Index : Neutron
Shale Index : Neutron-Density
rhog min.(clean line)
A
Point ‘A’ is
~65% sand
rhog max.(shale line)
and 35% clay,
(assuming
shaly sand
reservoir)
Shale Index
Transforming shale index to Shale Volume: Vsh
(for paper log quicklook)
Included
for
information
only!
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Clean Sand Formation Porosity:
Sonic
ΔT = (1-Φs) * ΔTma + Φs * ΔTf
(ΔT – ΔTma) ∆t log − ∆t ma
Φs = ---------------- or φ =C
(ΔTf – ΔTma) ∆t log
For ΔTma:
Sandstone: 55.5 – 51.3 us/ft
Limestone : 47.6 – 43.5 us/ft
Dolomite : 43.5 – 38.5 us/ft
Density
ρb = (1-Φd) * ρma + Φd * ρf
ρ ma − ρb
φD =
ρ ma − ρ f
ρ
For ma:
Sandstone: 2.65 g/cc
Limestone : 2.71 g/cc
Dolomite : 2.87 g/cc
Neutron Matrix Correction (Chart)
NPHI = (1-Φn) * NPHIma + Φn * NPHIf
(NPHI – NPHIma)
Φn = ---------------- (Chart Por-13b)
(NPHIf – NPHIma)
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Define Formation Factor ‘F’
(rarely used)
 Rw = resistivity of water in the pore space
 Ro = resistivity of a rock totally filled with water
 F: Formation Factor
R0
F=
Rw
Archie Saturation Equation
Rt is proportional to water resistivity Rw
Rt is inversely proportional to water volume φ .Sw

Rt ~ Rw
So ------
φ .Sw
Rt = a.Rw
Laboratory studies in clean formation show ------
φ m.Swn
a Rw
S
n
Re-arranging: = m
w
φ Rt ‘Archie’ equation
Archie’s Equation
Empirical constant
a Rw
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
formation water,
Sw = n
Ω-m
φ
Water m Cementation
Rt
saturation, exponent
fraction (usually near 2)
Saturation
exponent
(also usually Resistivity of
near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, Ω-m
Archie Saturation Equation
 Sw – water saturation
a Rw
S
n
 a – constant (~1)
= m
 Rw – formation water w
φ Rt
resistivity
 φ - porosity
 Undisturbed formation
resistivity
 m – ‘cementation’ exponent
(~2)
 n – ‘saturation’ exponent (~2)
Invaded Zone Saturation
 The same method can be applied to the invaded zone. The
porosity is identical, the lithology is assumed to be the same,
hence the constants a,n,m are the same
 The changes are the resistivities which are now Rxo and Rmf
 Rmf is measured usually on surface and Rxo is measured by the
MSFL tool
 The equation is then:
n aR mf
Sxo = m
φ R xo
Alternative Saturation Determination
 Dividing for Sxo and Sw, with n set to 2 1
Sw  R xo R t 2
= 
Sxo  R mf R w 
 Observations suggest:
1
Sxo ≈ Sw 5
 Hence 5
 R xo R t 8
Sw =  
 R mf R w 
 Providing a quick look saturation answer when the porosity is not
available
Archie Parameters
 Rw = resistivity of connate water
 m = “cementation factor”, set to 2 in the simple case,
>2 in poorly connected moldic formation
<2 in fractured formation
 n = “saturation exponent”, set to 2 in the simple case,

higher in oil wet rocks, lower in water wet rocks
 a = constant, set to 1 in limestones, 0.8 in sandstones

Saturation Equations
 There are large number of saturation equations, such as:
1 1
Sw =  Vcl  *
 Indonesia Equation
1 −
Vcl
2

 φe Rt
Rcl
+ Rw
2
1 V φ  n
2 1.4 m
Included
= + e
 Sw
cl
for
 Nigeria Equation
Rt  Rcl aRw  information
only!
1 Sw2 BQv Sw
 Waxman-Smiths Equation = * +
Rt F Rw F*
 Dual-Water Equation
Ct =
φ t S 
m n
wt
C +
Swb
(C − C )

a  w wb 
w
Swt
 All reduce to Archie’s equation when there is no shale
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Rw Determination
• Rw from SP
• Rw from porosity and resistivity (wet zone)
Rw=(Φm)*Rt
• Rw from resistivity only (wet zone)
Rt*Rmf
Rw = --------------
Rxo
• Rw from client (water chemical analysis)
All the Rw from different sources should be in consistent.

Rmf and Rw
•Rmf and Rw should be corrected by temperature (BHT).
•Chart Gen-9
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Por-5: Density Porosity
38 p.u in SS
2.04 g/cc
If needed: Φdcor=Φ d –Φdsh * Vsh

Por-13b: Neutron Porosity
12 p.u
in SS
8 p.u in LS
if needed Φncor= Φn –Φnsh * Vsh

CP-9: Hydrocarbon correction
for N-D crossplot porosity
38 p.u
32.2p.u
Sxo=50%
12 p.u
ΔΦ= -1.6 p.u
Φ2= Φ1+ ΔΦ
Φ1=32.2 Φ2= 30.6
Hydrocarbon corrected porosity = 30.6
Shaly Sand Formation Workflow (Density-Neutron)
Φd Φn
Φdcor=Φ d –Φdsh * Vsh
Φdcorr Φdcorr correct each for shale
Φncor=Φ n –Φnsh * Vsh
Use CP-9 Φ1 shale corrected porosity
a*Rmf
work out Shr, needed
for hydrocarbon corr.
Shr=1-Sxo Use Sxo2 = ------------
Φ12 *Rxo
CP-9 ΔΦ
1 1 Φ2=Φ1+ ΔΦ Hydrocarbon corrected porosity

Sw =  Vcl  *
1−
Vcl
2

 φe Rt
Rcl
+ Rw Sw Shale corrected saturation
Introduction
Zoning
Lithology
• crossplots
• lithology tools
Shale
Porosity
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Saturation
• clean zones
• shaly zones
Rw determination
Permeability
Net sand/pay
Permeability
 Permeability is an inherent property of the reservoir
 It is a dynamic property associated with fluid movement
 It cannot be simply related to porosity, a low porosity carbinate
may have a “high” effective permeability due to extensive
fractures
 Formulae linking permeability and porosity have been around
for a long time
 The first, in 1927, linked porosity and grain surface area:
K= φ**3/5*Sg**2*(1-φ)**2
Usually written:
K=A* φ**3/S**2
Where φ is the porosity, S is the surface area of the grains
and A an empirical constant
Permeability Equations
 The surface area of the grains is difficult to find from logs
 The equations linking permeability to porosity employed studies
which linked the surface area to the irreducible water saturation
Swirr, such as:
K**(1/2)= φ**2.25/Swirr
 Swirr is difficult to estimate from logs, except in a pay zone which is

producing dry hydrocarbon
 A more general equation using the volume of irreducible water
(Bvwirr= φ*Swirr) was revised:
K**(1/2)= 10000* φ**2*(φt-Bvwirr)/BVwirr

Permeability Equation (continued)
 These equations are empirical and work well in some places

 Difficulties are:
 Shaly formation (more than 25%)
 Low permeability
 Finding the irreducible water parameter
 It is also assumed that:
 The permeability is due to intergranular, primary porosity
 The formation is water wet
 The equations are usually only applicable to sandstones as carbonate rocks
have complex poro-perm systems
Permeability and Logs
 Most tools react to permeability
 The SP is a permeability indicator, it would not exist if there
was no permeability
 The separation of shallow, medium and deep resistivity curves
indicates invasion, which can only happen in permeable
zones
 The microlog curves react to the presence of mud cake, which
only occurs in front of permeable formations
 Some tools can be linked to the permeability in a direct
fashion
 These are sonic (Stonley wave), Geochemical and RFT/MDT
pressure tests and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. None of
these tools is a pure “permeability” tool. Each measures a
property that allows a computation of permeability. In general
the best indicators are MDT mobility and CMR permeability.

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Logging Interpretation Method -

 Interpretation is defined as the action of explaining the

 Log interpretation can provide

 Log measurements give:

 Early resistivity logs were used to find possible

 Resistivity was used to determine “Porosity”

 Archie developed the relationship between resistivity,

 The lithology can be obtained in several ways:

From these sources mineralogy can be computed

 A third dimension is added in a z-axis

 3D plots are also routinely available

 For limestone φnma=0. And for sand φnma=0.04

 The plot is a straight line from

chart book slide

 If two minerals present

rhog min.(clean line)

(for paper log quicklook)

ΔT = (1-Φs) * ΔTma + Φs * ΔTf

NPHI = (1-Φn) * NPHIma + Φn * NPHIf

Rt is proportional to water resistivity Rw

Rt is inversely proportional to water volume φ .Sw

 The equation is then:

 Rw = resistivity of connate water

 m = “cementation factor”, set to 2 in the simple case,

 n = “saturation exponent”, set to 2 in the simple case,

 a = constant, set to 1 in limestones, 0.8 in sandstones

• Rw from porosity and resistivity (wet zone)

All the Rw from different sources should be in consistent.

•Rmf and Rw should be corrected by temperature (BHT).

If needed: Φdcor=Φ d –Φdsh * Vsh

if needed Φncor= Φn –Φnsh * Vsh

1 1 Φ2=Φ1+ ΔΦ Hydrocarbon corrected porosity

 Swirr is difficult to estimate from logs, except in a pay zone which is

K**(1/2)= 10000* φ**2*(φt-Bvwirr)/BVwirr

 These equations are empirical and work well in some places

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