The Paper4 Nazi 8 & Wermar-Germany & 16 Answer

DEPTH STUDY GERMANY
Paper4 Nazi 8 Questions and Answers & Wermar-Germany 16 questions &

answers
1. How important was the work of Goebbels in the Nazi takeover
in Germany? Explain your answer. IT WAS IMPORTANT,
BECAUSE...He realised the power of publicity...- He joined the
Nazi Party in 1924
- From early on in his political career as a Nazi, he deliberately provoked street
brawls and beer-hall fights at his speeches, aware of the effect of both good and
bad publicity
- Like Hitler, he was a talented speaker and knew how to capture the attention and
support of a crowd
- Because of all this, on the 14th of March 1933, shortly after Hitler became
Chancellor, he was made Minister for People's Enlightenment and
Propaganda. His effective use of propaganda silenced the Nazis enemies...
- He realised that propaganda was essential in spreading the Nazi's message through
the press, radio, film, music, literature, art, rallies, etc.- He also used propoganda to
silence political opponents and 'enemies of he state', so that the German people
could not access and be influenced by anti-Nazi views - Left-
wing/liberal/democratic newspapers were shut down, he created the the 'People's
Receiver', which had a short range to ensure so that people couldn't listen to foreign
radio,
He produced an insidious and invasive stream of propaganda...- This constant
exposure hammered his views into the German people's minds, normalising things
like the superiority of the Aryan race, anti-Semitism, traditional family values, and
the expansion of Germany- Goebbels also created the 'Hitler myth' and a
personality cult around him by portraying him as a fatherly, almost godly figure
and the strong leader that Germany needed. This helped to subliminally convince
the German people that his views were morally right
IT WASN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...Other leaders of the Nazi Party were
more important in the Nazi takeover of Germany...- Hitler was such an excellent
speaker and brought so many new members to the party that he soon replaced
Anton Drexler as the party leader in 1921 after joining in 1919- After the failure of
the Munich Putsch, he introduced the 'hold our noses' tactic, in which the Nazis
planned to destroy the Reichstag from the inside after seeing that violence didn't
work
- Himmler was the leader of the SS, which was essential in the rise of the Nazis, as it
ran the terror state
- For example, the SD, a branch of the SS, collected information on the Nazis'
political opponents, which was then handed over to the Gestapo, another branch,
who captured, interrogated or tortured them
- Röhm was the leader of the SA, which carried out much of the terrorising anti-
Nazi newspaper reporters and disrupting political opponents' meetings. Resentment
of the Treaty of Versailles also played a great role...- Clause 231 of the Treaty was
outrageous in the eyes of most Germans as it blamed them solely for the outbreak
of World War I, which was simply untrue
- The Weimar government, many of whom were Jews due to their
overrepresentation in high-profile jobs such as bankers, lawyers and politicians, had
signed the Treaty after the delegation before them had refused and resigned from
the Paris Peace Conference- This created the 'stab in the back myth' (or
'dolchstosslegende') and meant that the Weimar Republic and Jews would be
always associated with the Treaty- This built-up resentment was only furthered by
Germany's frustration with having been left out of the League of Nations (which
was also heavily associated with the Treaty, as it had been established through it)
- The Nazis capitalised on this widespread anger, promising to undo the shameful
Treaty and overthrow the betraying, 'anti-German' government as well as
preaching against Jews
Ultimately, the Nazis would have never have come to power without the
Depression...
- Before the Depression occurred in 1929, Weimar had been recovering and support
for extremists had dropped
- The economic distress, however, drove the working and middle classes to the
extreme left and right, who promised that they, at least, would bring them a stable
job and food ('arbeit und bröt')
- This is made evident by the surge of support for both the Nazis and the KPD, who
by 1930, were respectively the second and third largest parties in the Reichstag -
The increase in support for communism frightened the upper class, who in turn
funded the Nazis to avoid a communist revolution
2. How significant was Stresemann in the recovery of Germany after 1923?
Explain your answer.
HE WAS SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...He fixed the economy...- Gustav
Stressmann, a skilled economist, became Chancellor in August 1923 and called off
the strike in the Ruhr and sent the workers back to work.- He then introduced the
Rentenmark, later followed by the Reichsmark, as a replacement for the
Papiermark, ending hyperinflation.- He then initiated discussions with the Allies,
leading to the Dawes and later the Young Plan, which halved the amount of
reparations Germany was required to pay, allowed her to pay 1 billion every years
and got the USA to agree to loan her 800 million marks.
He improved Germany's foreign relations...
- His initiative to start discussion with the Allies led to the relationship between
them and Germany improving, opening the door to Germany becoming more
involved in foreign affairs
- In 1925, she signed the Locarno Treaties, in which the borders of Germany were
discussed and Germany agreed to join the League of Nations.- In September 1926,
she joined the League of Nations as a permanent member of the Security Council
- In 1928, she signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, promising not to go to war
This laid the base for Germany's recovery...- With a new, functioning economy,
German industries could start expanding again, and could afford to re-employ many
of those who'd been laid off, leading to Germany reaching her pre-war production.-
It also allowed Germany to begin trading more, especially as her relationship with
other countries had now improved- The signing of the Locarno Treaties led to what
is known as the 'Locarno honeymoon': people all over Europe, including Germany,
began to feel hopeful and optimistic about the future, feeling that there was a real
possibility to change and improve the state of the world- This also led to an increase
in support for Weimar, as people's lives improved and they began to feel prepared to
give this new system a chance
HE WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...The
economic recovery was temporary... page..1
- For one thing, unemployment was still fairly high, with the employment rate
only reached 72% in its peak (allowing the Nazis to easily surpass it, reaching
80% by 1938)
- Although the German economy did recover and begin to prosper after 1923, it was
built entirely on the basis of USA loans, much of which was being spent on
infrastructure, meaning it could not be recovered or refunded
- This made Germany extremely poorly prepared for an economic crisis, as the
USA could recall her loans at any moment, as proved by the infamous Depression
which sent her spiralling back into poverty and brought about the rise of the
Nazis.He didn't deal with extremists...- The Weimar Constitution stated that the
Reichstag should be elected through proportional representation, which meant that
if 30% of people voted for a particular party, it would receive approximately 30%
of the seats in the Reichstag
- Although this system ensured that the wishes of the German population would be
accurately represented, it allowed extremist parties, even with very little support, to
enter the Reichstag
- Extremist groups therefore posed a serious threat to democracy in Weimar, and
even though they were very unpopular from 1923 to 1929, Stresemann should have
dealt with them or altered the Weimar Constitution as their popularity could increase
drastically in the case of an economic crisis
The liberal culture that followed suite to Weimar's recovery shocked many people...
- The combination of economic recovery, the many personal freedoms guaranteed
by the Constitution and the optimistic spirit of the mid to late 1920's allowed
Weimar to develop a liberal, progressive and indulgent culture
- Urban areas of Germany especially adopted an open attitude towards women and
sexuality, becoming centres of the Cabaret movement - However, this excessive
culture shocked and disgusted many Conservatives, traditionalists and rural citizens
of Germany, who thought it to be unwise so soon after such economic hardship
- This drove these groups, further to the right, which, again, would prove to be
problematic later
3. How significant was the Enabling Act in the consolidation of Nazi power
over Germany between 1933 and 1934? Explain your answer.
IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...It made Hitler a legal dictator...- It allowed
the German Cabinet to pass laws without the Reichstag's approval and, although
the President's approval was still theoretically required, Hindenburg was sick, aged
and spending less and less time in the office.- This made Hitler a sort of legal
dictator, capable of passing any law he wished, which was a pick step towards his
ultimate goal of becoming Führer- Decrees could now pass extremely quickly and
be put into action the next day, which would be crucial over the next few months,
in which the Nazis would pass laws in rapid succession so as to avoid anybody
getting the chance to catch onto what they were doing . It allowed him to begin the
'nazification' of the state...
- On the 31st of March 1933, Hitler shut down all state parliaments, which could
pass state-wide laws, ensuring he alone held the power to pass laws - On the 7th
of April, he issued a decree which effectively fired all 'enemies of the state'
(including Jews, communists, and anti-Nazis) from civil service jobs. He would
also make it increasingly difficult for women to work
- He abolished trade unions and replaced them with the DAF, a huge organisation
for all workers to join that set-nation wide hours and wages and banned strikes
- All these changes were the 'Gleichschaltung', or 'nazification' of the state, in
which Germany was gradually transformed into a Nazi state, and were made
possible by the Enabling Act It helped the Nazis secure their power in the
government...
- On the 10th of May 1933, Hitler outlawed the SPD and had its members exiled
from Germany. That same month, on the 24th, he outlawed the KPD and had its
members executed - One by one, opposing political parties were either banned or
absurd into the Nazi Party so that, by July 1933, Germany was a one-party state -
On the 14th of July 1933, Hitler passed a law banning the creation of new parties,
officially destroying democracy and making Germany a single-party state
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...It didn't entirely rid the Nazis of
opposition...
- Ernst Röhm, the leader of the SA, wished to focus more on the 'socialist aspect' of
Nationalist Socialist and carry out a 'brown revolution' in which the Elites' money
would be distributed to the working class - However, the Elites funded the Nazis
and Hitler felt threatened by the 2.5 million men under the command of this man
who others were claiming was planning to overthrow Hitler
- On the night of the 30th of June 1934, known as the Night of the Long Knife, he
organised a purge amongst the high-ranking leaders of the SA and had around 200
of them, including Röhm, killed - This proves that Hitler still felt a significant
threat to his power after having used the Enabling Act to make Germany a single-
party state, proving that it wasn't total in its consolidation of Nazi power
It didn't change that much for the Nazis as they'd already been working without the
Reichstag...
- On the 27th of February 1933, the confession of a Dutch communist to having lit
Reichstag building afire spread chaos and panic throughout Germany, as many
citizens, particularly those of the middle class, were terrified of a communist
revolution.
- Hitler took advantage of this fear and, claiming that the fire was proof of a real
communist threat to the state, convinced Hindenburg to make use of Article 48,
which allowed him to pass laws in the case of an 'emergency'
- A decree suspending all civil liberties was issued, prohibiting freedom of speech
and movement and allowing the police (around 60% of which was under Nazi
control) to arrest anybody 'disrupting the peace' or 'posing a threat'- It was this way
that Hitler arrested many Jews and anti-Nazi politicians and journalists, proving
that the 'Gleichschaltung' process had already begun before the Enabling Act, and
that all it really did was make it more legal . The fact that the Enabling Act
managed to pass as a law...
- Hitler had already promised conservative right-wing parties that they would be
given a role in his new conservative, anti-democracy Nazi state. - On the day of the
vote for the passing of the decree, he positioned the SS and SA around the Kroll
Opera House, where the voting was taking place, to intimidate and scare opposing
parties
- As a result, the decree ended up passing 441 votes to 94, the Social Democrats
being the only party daring to oppose the Nazis (even though none of the parties
had yet been outlawed)
- This shows the extent of the control the Nazis already had over the Reichstag -
they could manipulate them into doing whatever they Page..2
wanted, even voting themselves into extinction, proving that the Enabling Act only
legalised and facilitated the Nazis' doings
4. How significant was the Depression as a cause of the Nazis' rise to power?
IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...It highlighted the Weimar Republic's
weaknesses...
- Although Weimar's economy had been relatively stable from 1923 to 1929, it
was running primarily on USA's loans, making it poorly prepared for an
economic crisis
- This became evident once the Depression hit and America reclaimed their loans,
forcing companies to shut down or downsize and putting millions out of work
- This caused dissatisfaction with the Weimar government to increase to a level
above that in 1919, as many people felt angry and cheated by the apparent
prosperity of Germany in the mid 1920's and began wanting to overthrow it once
again.It made people desperate...- As millions were put out of work by the
Depression, families became impoverished and unable to buy food, with children
dying of starvation
- This dire situation forced even supporters of Weimar to start looking at other,
often extremist, parties that would completely reform the country, in hopes that
they would bring them more job opportunities - The Nazis knew this and
capitalised on it, promising 'arbeit und bröt' should they be put into power, as well
as the prevention of a communist revolution, particularly to the middle class, who
feared that the little belongings they had would be lost under a communist rule.
Support for the Nazis before it had been minimal...
- Germany was relatively stable from 1923, when Stresemann introduced the new
currency, to 1929, which meant there was increased support for Weimar and
decreased support for extremists - By 1928, the Nazis held a mere 12 seats in the
Reichstag - However, as soon as the Depression hit, support for the Nazis hugely
increased and, by July 1932, they were the largest party in the Reichstag
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Much of the support for the Nazis
stemmed in resentment of the Treaty of Versailles and of Weimar... - Due to Clause
231 and the 'diktat' of its conditions, almost all Germans agreed that the Treaty was
unfair
- The Weimar government signed it after the delegation before them had refused to
(and quit the Paris Peace Conference), resulting in the 'stab in the back myth', or
'dolchstosslegende', in which Germans believed the Weimar politicians had
betrayed them to conspire with the Allies - This long-lasting association of the
Weimar Republic with the Treaty of Versailles, as well as its liberal culture which
shocked and disgusted many conservatives and rural citizens, drove people to the
Nazis, who promised to undo the shameful Treaty and destroy Weimar and its
culture. The Nazis couldn't have risen to power without the changes made to the
party in the 1920's...
- This is proven by their attempt to seize power on the 8th of November 1923,
when they captured a Beer Hall and planned to march to Berlin the next day, but
failed after coming face to face with the police, which resulted in the death of 16
Nazis
- Hitler realised that they would have to destroy Weimar from the inside, resulting
in them adopting the 'hold our noses' strategy to infiltrate the Reichstag - The party
began producing more propoganda, much of which focused more on Hitler rather
than the party itself, which would later generate extra support for them as people
(especially women) were attracted to the strong personality and charisma he
advertised. It was the decisions of Von Papen, Von Schleider and Hindenburg that
ultimately put Hitler and the Nazis in a position of power... - By July 1932, the Nazi
Party had become the biggest in the Reichstag and used this to paralyse it by
walking out of meetings, forcing a re-election to be held - After Brüning resigned
as Chancellor, Hindenburg appointed Von Papen, who failed to get the Reichstag
working, leading to Hindenburg appointing Von Schleider
- This frustrated Von Papen, who met secretly with Hitler and was promised the
position of vice-Chancellor under him.
- When Von Schleider also failed to get the Reichstag working, Von Papen
encouraged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, underestimating him and
thinking he would be easy to control once he realised how difficult the position
was
5. How important was the Treaty of Versailles as a cause of dissatisfaction
with the Weimar Republic to 1932? Explain your answer…IT WAS
IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...It was unfair...
- Although World War I had technically ended in an armistice, Germany felt she
was being treated as though she had lost the war- She wasn't involved at all in the
drafting of the Treaty, and that its conditions were forced upon her, making
Germans view it as a 'diktat'
- Clause 231 stated that Germany alone was responsible for World War I, which
was simply untrue and only an excuse to unload the harsh conditions onto her. -
Equally, the Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations, which
Germany was banned from entering, only furthering the feelings of resentment
and distrust towards the Treaty and, thus, towards Weimar
It caused economic problems... - Germany was already weak from the war and
Britain's naval blockade which prevented her from trading with the rest of the
world
- Not only did Treaty force her to pay £6.6 billion in reparations, but it also
stripped her of a lot of land, some of which played a big part in the economy
(Rhineland and Saarland were the main areas of German resources), limited her
army to 100'000 men, putting over 2 million men out of a job (including factory
workers), forbid conscription and confiscated her overseas empire and colonies
- The German economy suffered terribly; people were starving to death under the
Weimar Republic, and so, understandably, many were dissatisfied with it, as
proven by the regular uprisings and Putsches throughout 1919 to 1923
- Even though the economy did recover after 1923, the Weimar Republic never
managed to prepare the state for an economic crisis as it ran on USA's loans
It caused the 'stab in the back myth'...- The provisional Weimar government had
signed the Treaty after the delegation before them had refused and resigned from the
Paris Peace Conference
- This meant that the Weimar Republic would always be associated with it, along
with all of the injustice and economic suffering it caused- On top of that, it created
the 'dolchstosslegende', or 'stab in the back myth', in which Germans believed that
the Weimar government had conspired with the Allies to betray their own people,
as they didn't consider it truly German itself- After all, Weimar was originally set
up as a provisional government by the Allies, and thus further resented as a
symbol of Allied power
IT WASN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...Another cause for dissatisfaction with the
Weimar Republic was its liberal culture...- The Page..3
Weimar Constitution was already progressive, as it included many civil liberties
such as the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, etc., and
allowed everybody, including women, over 20 to vote .- After 1923, as the
economy recovered, urban areas of Germany and cities, most notably Berlin, began
to develop into centres of the Cabaret movement
- However, this liberal culture shocked conservatives, traditionalists and people
living in rural areas, as they couldn't believe the excessiveness that people were
indulging in so soon after the economic hardships they'd suffered.
The Depression magnified dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic...- Although she
hadn't completely recovered from the sanctions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles,
Germany was nevertheless much more stable after 1923 leading up to 1929
- The economic stability (and, therefore, increased employment) increased
support for Weimar while it decreased support for extremists. - Germany's
foreign policy and international relations were also improved, as she signed the
Dawes and Young Plans, lowering reparations, and joined the League, thus
decreasing frustration with the Treaty.
- It was only after the Depression that support for Weimar began to drop rapidly
again, as people turned to parties promising a change of system that would fix the
economy (e.g.: the Nazis, the KPD)
It wasn't important enough to bring down the Weimar Republic on its own...
- Outrage about the Treaty of Versailles was at its highest point from 1919 to 1923,
as proven by the higher number uprisings and Putsches in those years- However,
none of these were successful in overthrowing the government, and this was often
due to more than just luck
- The Kapp Putsch, for example, was an attempted coup by decommissioned
soldiers known as the Freikorps that took place in Berlin on the 12th of March
1920. The Reichstag fled the city and ordered the civilians to strike, which they
did, putting all public transport, water, gas and power supplies and postal services
out of order- This shows that German civilians were fairly prepared to co-operate
with the Weimar Republic, even in 1920, so soon after the singing of the Treaty of
Versailles, proving it could not have been that big of a source of dissatisfaction
6. How significant was the Ruhr Crisis of 1923 to the eventual downfall of
the Weimar Republic? Explain your answer. IT WAS SIGNIFICANT,

BECAUSE...It caused hyperinflation...
- After Germany faulted on paying its reparations in 1922, French and Belgian
troops invaded the Ruhr on the 11th of January 1923 to take what was owed to
them by force, which was legal according to the Treaty of Versailles
- In response, the Weimar government called for 'passive resistance', asking the
workers to go on strike. However, this meant that the government had to pay their
workers to stay at home and not to do work, which furthered the existing strain on
the economy
- The government needed money, so it printed it, causing prices to rise, leading
them to print more money... they became stuck in a harmful cycle, known as
hyperinflation, which caused the economy to spiral out of control
- Savings, pensions, and debts were wiped out.After that, the economy was never
truly fixed...
- When Stresemann became Chancellor in August 1923, he called off passive
resistance, introduced the Rentenmark, later followed by the Reichsmark, to replace
the worthless Papiermark, and initiated discussions with the Allies
- These discussions led to the Dawes Plan, in which it was agreed that foreign
troops should leave the Ruhr, Germany's reparations was to be lowered (almost
halved!), and that the USA would loan her 800 million marks
- Although Stresemann's efforts were successful in the short term, allowing the
Weimar Republic to recover and prosper from 1923 to 1929, the economy was built
entirely upon the USA's loans which could be recalled at any moment, making it
extremely weak
- The situation was worsened by the fact that much of the loans were being
used in infrastructure, meaning they could not be recovered or refunded
This was what made the Depression so bad in Germany...
- When the Wall Street stock market crashed on October 29th 1929, the world was
plunged into the Great Depression.- The depression hit Germany particularly hard,
as the USA, where the crash had taken place, suddenly recalled their loans, causing
further damage to the economy
- Production was crippled, businesses and companies shut down or downsized and
millions were put out of work
- Much of the German population turned to extremist parties in both the right,
like the Nazis, and the left, like the KPD, as their promises of completely
revolutionising the state seemed like the only option to end the economic
suffering.
- Equally, the Depression revealed that the Weimar Republic, which many had
been willing to give a chance to succeed in the mid to late 1920's, had failed to
prepare the state for an economic disaster
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...
Weimar's signing of the Treaty of Versailles meant that its downfall was arguably
inevitable...
- Many aspects of the Treaty of Versailles frustrated Germans. This included their
exclusion from its drafting the forcing of its conditions upon, leading them to see
it as a 'diktat'; clause 231, which stated that Germany alone was responsible for
World War I, was simply untrue and only an excuse to unload the harsh
conditions onto her; and finally, the £6.6 billion charged in reparations, when
Germany was already weak from the war
- The Weimar government's signing of the Treaty after the delegation preceding her
had refused to and resigned not only meant that it would always be associated with
the Treaty, but also caused the 'dolchstosslegende', or 'stab in the back myth', in
which people believed that Weimar had conspired with the Allies against its own
German people
- The Nazis capitalised on this frustration, preaching that the cowardliness and
hypocrisy of the left-wing politicians of Weimar had caused all of Germany's
problems, and promised that they would destroy the Treaty of Versailles,
overthrow Weimar and restore German pride
There were also flaws with the design of the
Weimar Constitution... page..4
The President of the Republic, who was to be elected every 7 years, was given too
much power: he could dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections at will, and
even use Article 48 of the Constitution to rule without it in the event of an
'emergency'
- The Reichstag was elected via proportional representation, meaning that if
30% of people voted for a particular party, it would receive approximately 30%
of the seats in the Reichstag
- Although this system ensured that the wishes of the German population would be
accurately represented, it allowed extremist parties (like the Nazis), even with very
little support, to enter the Reichstag
- It was through this loophole of sorts that allowed the Nazis to repeatedly
paralyse the Reichstag throughout the early 1930's by simply walking out of
meetings, causing a re-election
Arguably, the economy may have been able to recover from hyperinflation had the
Depression not occurred...
- By 1928, the employment rate had risen to 72%, pre-war production had been
reached and the Nazis held a mere 12 seats in the Reichstag - Had the Depression
never occurred, Germany may have been able to generate enough money to pay
back her loans to the USA and from there on starting anew
7. How significant were economic problems and crises as causes of the
instability and eventual downfall of the Weimar Republic? Explain your

answer.
THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Germany's economy was already weak
when the Weimar Republic was set up...- Germany's economy was already weak
from the World War I and the British blockade of her access to sea, which had halted
all of her trade and caused thousands of citizens starve to death
- She was then charged £6.6 billion in reparations by the Treaty of Versailles, as
well as stripped of some of her economically important land (the Rhineland and the
Saarland were Germany's main areas of resources) and forced to downsize her
army to 100'000 men, causing millions to lose their job in both the army and
factories
- It was this ruined economy that the Weimar Republic was built upon, leading
to its first few years of existence being incredibly unstable, littered with
uprisings and coups of all sorts
Hyperinflation also severely destabilised Weimar, and was never truly solved...
- When Stresemann became Chancellor in August 1923, he called off passive
resistance, introduced the Rentenmark, later followed by the Reichsmark, to replace
the worthless Papiermark, and initiated discussions with the Allies
- These discussions led to the Dawes Plan, in which it was agreed that foreign
troops should leave the Ruhr, Germany's reparations was to be lowered (almost
halved!), and that the USA would loan her 800 million marks
- Although Stresemann's efforts were successful in the short term, allowing the
Weimar Republic to recover and prosper from 1923 to 1929, the economy was
built entirely upon the USA's loans which could be recalled at any moment,
making it extremely weak
- The situation was worsened by the fact that much of the loans were being
used in infrastructure, meaning they could not be recovered or refunded
Finally, it was the Depression that truly destroyed the Weimar Republic...
- The weak and vulnerable economy's inability to cope with an economic disaster
was demonstrated when the Depression caused the USA to recall its loans from an
already suffering Germany
- Production was crippled, businesses and companies shut down or downsized
and millions were put out of work..- Much of the German population turned to
extremist parties in both the right, like the Nazis, and the left, like the KPD, as
their promises of completely revolutionising the state seemed like the only
option to end the economic suffering
- This lead to the Nazis witnessing an incredible surge of support, going from a
mere 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1928 to being the largest party in it by July 1932.
Hitler used this newfound power to manipulate Hindenburg into making him
Chancellor, from where he managed to pass the Enabling Act, destroying the
Reichstag, and become Führer
THEY WEREN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Weimar's signing of the Treaty of
Versailles frustrated many people...- Many aspects of the Treaty of Versailles
frustrated Germans. This included their exclusion from its drafting the forcing of its
conditions upon, leading them to see it as a 'diktat'; clause 231, which stated that
Germany alone was responsible for World War I, was simply untrue and only an
excuse to unload the harsh conditions onto her; and finally, the £6.6 billion charged
in reparations, when Germany was already weak from the war- The Weimar
government's signing of the Treaty after the delegation preceding her had refused to
and resigned not only meant that it would always be associated with the Treaty, but
also caused the 'dolchstosslegende', or 'stab in the back myth', in which people
believed that Weimar had conspired with the Allies against its own German people
- The Nazis capitalised on this frustration, preaching that the cowardliness and
hypocrisy of the left-wing politicians of Weimar had caused all of Germany's
problems, and promised that they would destroy the Treaty of Versailles,
overthrow Weimar and restore German pride
Equally, many were disgusted by Weimar's liberal culture...
- The combination of economic recovery, the many personal freedoms guaranteed
by the Constitution and the optimistic spirit of the mid to late 1920's allowed
Weimar to develop a liberal, progressive and indulgent culture
- Urban areas of Germany especially adopted an open attitude towards women
and sexuality, becoming centres of the Cabaret movement
- However, this excessive culture shocked and disgusted many Conservatives,
traditionalists and rural citizens of Germany, who thought it to be unwise so
soon after such economic hardship
- This drove these groups, further to the right, such as the Nazis, who promised to
destroy this shameful, 'un-German' culture..There were also flaws with the design
of the Weimar Constitution...
- The President of the Republic, who was to be elected every 7 years, was given too
much power: he could dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections at will, and
even use Article 48 of the Constitution to rule without it in the event of an
'emergency'
page…5
- The Reichstag was elected via proportional representation, meaning that if 30%
of people voted for a particular party, it would receive approximately 30% of the
seats in the Reichstag.- Although this system ensured that the wishes of the
German population would be accurately represented, it allowed extremist parties
(like the Nazis), even with very little support, to enter the Reichstag
- It was through this loophole of sorts that allowed the Nazis to repeatedly paralyse
the Reichstag throughout the early 1930's by simply walking out of meetings,
causing a re-election, eventually leading to Hitler being elected as Chancellor as
every other man put in the position had failed to get the Reichstag working
8. How important was violence in consolidating Hitler's power after he became
Chancellor in 1933? Explain your answer.
IT WASN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...The Enabling Act allowed him to begin
the 'nazification' of the state, legally...- On the 31st of March, he shut down state
parliaments, centralising power
- On the 7th of April, he issued a decree that fired 'enemies of the state' from civil
service jobs (Jews, communists and, gradually, women)- On the 2nd of May, he
abolished trade unions
He also secured the power of the Nazis in the Reichstag... He genuinely earned the
support of people through his policies...- Treaty of Versailles- Economic recovery
IT WAS IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...He took advantage of the Reichstag Fire...-
Dutch communist claimed to have started it- Hitler convinces Hindenburg to issue
emergency decree suspending civil liberties
- This allowed his to arrest 4000 communists, which would mean they later wouldn't
be able to vote on the Enabling Act.The SA were used in violence and intimidating
other parties...
- They, and the SS, were positioned around the Reichstag
during the vote on the Enabling Act Finally, the Night of
the Long Knives truly consolidated his power...
- Röhm wanted a 'brown revolution', in which the Elites' money would be distributed
to the working class
- He also wished to absorb the army into the much larger, over 4 million men SA
- It consolidated the loyalty of the Elites, the army and the SS to him
9. How significant were changes made by Hitler to the Nazi Party during the
1920s? Explain your answer.
THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...He introduced the "hold our noses"
method...
- After the failed Munich Putsch, Hitler realised that violence and force wouldn't
work against the Weimar Republic - He decided that The Nazi Party would be
patient and enter the Reichstag as a democratic party before destroying it from the
inside
- This saved the Nazis from destruction and was obviously extremely effective, as
through it he became Chancellor of the Weimar Republic and, eventually, Führer
He focused the Nazi Party more on himself...
- During his imprisonment in 1924, Hitler wrote and published his book, 'Mein
Kampf', which mixed elements of autobiography (he recounts his childhood and
his days as a WWI soldier) and ideology
- This was the beginning of the future heavy association of the Nazi Party with
Hitler; more so than being just its leader, he would be portrayed as the spirit and
soul of the party, and a lot of propoganda would focus on him
- By building and advertising his personality and charisma, the 'Hitler myth' was
created, which would later generate extra support (especially from women, many of
whom saw him as the ideal Nazi man) and make him a godly figure to German
citizens, making his ideology seem right.He made changes to the structure of the
Party...- He appointed Goebbels, who joined in 1924, as Chief of Propaganda, who
began
- He grew the SA to enormous sizes and began to use them in terror tactics,
such as disrupting political opponents' meetings or throwing bricks through the
windows of anti-Nazi newspaper reporters' houses
- He got Göring, a WWI veteran and fighter pilot, used his celebrity status to
recruit Elites to the Nazi Party, bringing in funding, which allowed more
propoganda to be produced and the SA to be expanded further
THEY WEREN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...
The fundamental aims and ideology of the party remained the same...
- They still wished to overthrow the Weimar Republic, discredit and destroy the
Treaty of Versailles, and bring back the German pride that existed during the
empiric days
- They still believed that Jews were responsible for their defeat in WWI, had
conspired with the Allies against the German people, and were generally lesser,
'undesirable' people, as disabled people, slavs, homosexuals, etc.
- They still believed in traditional family values, meaning that the women should
stay at home and care for the children while the man works for his family
Other party members also made significant changes...
- Although Hitler appointed him, it was Goebbels himself who realised the power
of propoganda and began using it in a variety of forms to make sure all Germans,
no matter their class, could know of their message
- Although the SA, under the power of Röhm (and other commanders at some
points), did grow, the SS, which reported directly to Hitler, was still relatively
small by 1929, meaning that the large majority of men that were working for the
Nazis weren't totally in their control just yet (this would only happen in 1934, after
the Night of the Long Knives)
The Nazi Party still didn't come to power until the 1930's...
- Although the changes made to the party in the 1920's were no doubt helpful when
the time came, they still weren't significant enough to bring success to the Nazis on
their own
- Indeed, before 1929, support for the Nazis was very limited: in 1928, they held only
12 seats in the Reichstag
- This proves that it was ultimately the Depression that brought the Nazis into
power, which perhaps could have been achieved without the changes to the party in
the 1920's anyway, as many people only voted for them because they promised to
bring 'arbeit und bröt' in those times of economic suffering ……page..6
10. How significant was political disorder in causing the weakness of the
Weimar Republic in its early years? Explain your answer.
IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Workers' soviets, Spartacists and Bavarian
Republic; faced with the threat of disbandment of the Freikorps, Luttwitz and Kapp
Putsch in 1920; army would not support the government; forced to leave Berlin;
Organisation Consul assassinations including Erzbertger and Rathenau; disorder of
Communists and SA on the streets; Munich Putsch in 1923, significant because of
army leaders von Seeckt, von Lossow, Ludendorff; Red rising in the Ruhr;
November Criminals and 'stab in the back', etc.
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...
Other issues more significant; territorial losses in Treaty of Versailles and
reparations; resentment of 'war guilt' and November Criminals; Constitution and
proportional representation weakening government stability; conservatism favoured
monarchy, suspicious democracy; other institutions such as judiciary, police, anti-
Republican, thus unreliable; occupation of the Ruhr and hyperinflation; DNVP
share of vote at 19% in 1924; not allowed into League of Nations until 1926 -
international isolation. Could argue that success was quite considerable in face of
the above difficulties; use of the Freikorps against Spartacists, Bavaria and KPD led
Berlin strikes in 1919; worker support in Berlin against Kapp Putsch; Nazis only
significant in Bavaria, Stresemann, etc. (DO NOT accept Wall St Crash or Young
Plan - 1929.)
11. How important were reparations as a cause of the problems of the Weimar
government between 1919 and 1924? Explain your answer.

THEY WERE IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...£6600m cost claimed to be too high for
Germany: Ebert and colleagues seen as the 'November Criminals'; War Guilt
resented; contributed to the opposition in the army - Kapp Putsch; occupation of the
Ruhr and hyperinflation; led to opportunities for Nazis to exploit - Munich Putsch,
etc.
THEY WEREN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...The annual payment set in 1921
was only 2% of output. Other problems more important; resentment of the
Armistice, Ludendorf and Hindenburg's disloyalty; territorial losses in Treaty of
Versailles, Diktat seen as unjustified; conservatism favoured monarchy, suspicious
of democracy. Constitution and proportional representation weakened government
stability; Emergency powers (Article 48) caused weakness - used 136 times by
Ebert; Communist uprisings - Kiel Mutiny, Spartacists and Bavarian Republic;
Munich Putsch was more from resentment of intended dissolution of Freikorps;
Stresemann, Dawes Plan and Rentenmark resulted from reparations and went some
way to stabilising Germany and thus were a positive outcome rather than a
'problem'. Candidates could use isolation from international community - not
allowed to join League of Nations, etc.
12. How important was the economic crisis after 1929 as a reason for Hitler
becoming dictator by 1934? Explain your answer. IT WAS IMPORTANT,
BECAUSE...America called in reparation debts; effect on capitalists/middle class -
banks and exports collapse; about 30% of workforce unemployed by 1932;
Bruning cut expenditure and welfare benefits, Nazis organised soup kitchens and
shelters; public's fears of return to hyperinflation, able to intensify electioneering
against Versailles; increased stress on 'Socialist' aims against Communists;
economic promises - 55% of new Nazi members were from the unemployed
between 1930-33; increase in vote 1930-33; June 1933 Schacht's programme of
public works to create jobs, National Labour Service; unemployment fell from 6
million to 2.5 million in 18 months; agricultural reforms strengthened farmers'
support etc.
IT WASN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...
Weaknesses of coalition governments; strength of Nazi organisation; by 1932
Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag; Hindenburg using Article 48 from
1930 laid groundwork; von Papen and von Schleicher rivalry misjudged Hitler;
strengths as Chancellor; fears of Communism, a constant focus of Nazi
electioneering and propaganda, further increased support from industrialists/middle
class; Nazi exploitation of the Reichstag Fire; Communists still gained 81 seats in
March 1933 election; press ban; intimidation in Reichstag led to the Enabling Act;
about 10 000 arrests; Night of the Long Knives. Death of Hindenburg - Hitler now
Fuhrer etc.
13. How significant were Röhm and the SA in the development of the Nazi Party
to 1934? Explain your answer.
THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Rohm, army links, member of the
Freikorps 1919 and GWP; loyal to Hitler; founding member of the SA; populist,
anti-capitalist, revolutionary aims; reflected more working class
membership/appeal; drew recruits especially from unemployed/ex-Freikorps; SA
major role in political battles on the streets, especially against Communists, and
terrorising Jews; membership of SA under Rohm rose from 70 000 in 1931 to 170
000 by 1933 and about three million by 1934; Rohm suspicious of Hitler's links to
business; wanted a 'second revolution' after Enabling Act, and integration of SA
and army under his command; Night of the Long Knives major effects on SA etc.
After Beer Hall Putsch SA banned; Rohm fled to Bolivia in 1925, only recalled by
Hitler in 1931; homosexuality scandal; rivalry with others such as Goering and
Himmler; other leaders more influential - Drexler as founder; Hitler leader by 1921;
named NSDAP, Munich Putsch, Mein Kampf, Aryan supremacy, adoption of legal
means; Goering; Goebbels in charge of Party propaganda machine from 1931;
image - uniforms, swastika, rallies, Hitler Youth; 'socialist' programme became
more nationalist; hierarchical Party structure; weaknesses of other political
parties/leaders; 25 Point Programme; hyperinflation; Depression etc.
14. How significant was the Night of the Long Knives in securing Hitler's control
of Germany? Explain your answer.
IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Removed internal threat of Rohm and SA -
approx. four million members of SA by 1934; gained support of German Generals
of the Reichswehr who were threatened by the size of the SA and Rohm's plans to
merge the army with the SA to create a 'People's Militia' - after death of
Hindenburg, armed forces swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler August 1934; Page..7
demonstrated Hitler's ruthlessness to the nation, the Nazi Party and opposition; made
other top Nazis (e.g. Goering, Himmler and Goebbels) 'bloody' their hands; allowed
Hitler to remove other non-SA opposition e.g. von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser
(Nazi political rival); Hindenburg threatened to declare Martial Law after SA
uprising in Berlin - congratulated Hitler after the purge etc.
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Other more significant factors: Nazis
had been the largest party in the Reichstag since July 1932 - by March 1933 had
44% of the seats; Reichstag Fire Feb 1933 led to emergency powers for Hitler to
deal with communist threat - 3000 KPD members arrested and sent to Dachau;
Enabling Act March 1933 - Hitler gains dictatorial powers - led to control over
police, courts; trade unions banned and DAF formed to control workers; all other
political parties banned (one-party state); Concordat with Catholic Church; Nazi
control of all forms of media and constant Nazi propaganda (Goebbels as Minister
of Propaganda and Enlightenment); use of SA violence and intimidation; SS and
Gestapo; fear of concentration camps etc.
15. How important was the Treaty of Versailles in causing the domestic
problems of the Weimar Republic to 1929? Explain your answer.

IT WAS IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...War Guilt Clause led to humiliation and
resentment - especially ex-soldiers and Generals; 'stab in the back myth';
reparations of £6.6 billion led to economic hardship - Germany's failure to pay led
to Ruhr invasion in 1923 (France not happy with Versailles Settlement) and
subsequent hyperinflation; German territorial losses - 13% of land lost to Poland,
Denmark, Belgium, France and Lithuania - led to displaced German families;
overseas territories lost - German status a world power decreased, helped right-
wing extremist parties gain support; military terms of Treaty - 100 000 soldiers, 15
000 sailors, six battleships, no U- boats, tanks or air force, no conscription and
demilitarised Rhineland left Germany weak and defenceless; unemployed soldiers
led to freikorps growth - 1920 Kapp Putsch and 1923 Munich Putsch etc.
Germany already bankrupt at the end of the First World War - Naval Blockade etc.;
left - wing extremism already causing civil unrest before Versailles e.g. Spartacists
in 1919; new Weimar Constitution gave emergency powers to President which
weakened democracy; Reichstag was weak due to coalitions and proportional
representation; Stresemann dealt with economic problems caused by Versailles
- Dawes Plan, 1924 gave loans from USA (led to problems in 1929 after Wall
Street Crash), Young Plan, 1929; he ended hyperinflation and introduced new
currency - rentenmark; Locarno Treaty, 1925 and Germany joins League of
Nations in 1926 etc.
Paper4 Nazi Questions and Answers
1. How important was the Nazis' use of culture and the mass media as
means of controlling the German people? Explain your answer.
IT WAS IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...Mass media was used as a means of
propaganda...
- Anti-Nazi, left-wing, liberal and democratic newspapers were shut down and the
Nazis owned 67% of news publishings by 1939- Goebbels created the 'People's
Receiver', a cheap radio with short range that not only ensured that people of all
social classes and wealth could listen to Hitler's regular broadcasts, but also that
they were unable to listen to foreign radio
- The Nazis were one of the first political parties to make use of film, such as 'The
Triumph of the Will', a documentation of the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. - Book
burnings began to take place from 1933 onwards, replacing books that went against
Nazi values or broke their portrayal of war (such as 'All Quiet on the Western
Front'). Instead, books like 'Michael', a glorified, nationalistic tale of a World War I
soldier written by Goebbels published in 1929, were spread
- Culture was equally used as proof of the righteousness of Nazis; for example, the
German tradition and culture of spending time in nature was a big part of the Hitler
Youth, which organised camping trips away from home in nature- In this way, the
Nazis not only used culture as a means of promoting their values but also as a
means of justifying it; Nazism must obviously be Germany's destiny as it fit in with
its long-standing traditions and culture. This indoctrinated Nazi values into the
minds of the German people...
- The German people were surrounded and constantly exposed to Nazi values through
their insidious and invasive use of mass media
- This complete immersion allowed Nazi values to be normalised in their eyes, as it
seemed that there existed no other party, no other opinions than those of the Nazis -
It even indoctrinated Nazi values into their minds, as, seeing as it was so constantly
reported on, it must be fundamentally right, allowing the Nazis to capture and
control the minds the people. The German people also had no access to undesirable,
'anti-Nazi' content...- The shutting down of left-wing newspapers, the 'People's
Receiver'' short range and the book burnings were all methods of preventing them
from being able to access undesirable, 'anti-Nazi' content.- This included Jewish
and foreign-produced media, as well as anything advocating women's rights, racial
equality, or protesting the Nazis- Reading, listening or watching any of this kind of
content would break the image that Nazism was the only choice, as well as possibly
influence the public into different opinions and states of minds, breaking the easily-
controlled mould the Nazis wanted them to fit into
The terror state also ensured the co-operation of the German people...- The SS
played a huge role in building the terror state, as its different branches co-ordinated
in a way that no 'enemy of the state', such as an opposing politician or anti-Nazi
journalist, could escape from punishment- The SD, a plain-clothed intelligence
core, would gather information that would then be handed over to the Gestapo, a
second police that captured, interrogated, tortured and sent suspects to
concentration camps, which were run by the Death's Heads unit.- Finally, the Nazi
takeover of the judicial system by establishing of the 'People's Court' in 1934 saw
the number of executable deaths rise from 3 to 46, including telling jokes about
Hitler, and meant that the Nazis completely controlled everything from the
identifying to the capturing to the sentencing to the imprisonment of a 'criminal'
Economic recovery was crucial in gaining the support of the German people...
- During the Depression, the Nazis had garnered much of the support that brought
them into power by promising 'arbeit und bröt', or work and bread, to the German
people; it was therefore crucial that, in order to cement their popularity, they
deliver on their promise
- This was achieved by the establishment of the RAD and the DAF, which
allowed Hitler to set wages lower than they had been previously, which meant
money was being more equally distributed (more receive less instead of less
receive more)
page..8
- Hitler also began to rearm secretly in 1934, which caused the reemployment of
hundreds of thousands of factory workers, engineers, and soldiers because of the
reintroduction of conscription (the army increased from 100'000 men to over 1.4
million by 1939)
- This caused the employment rate to shoot up from 44% in 1933, before Hitler
became Führer, to 80% by 1938 (which was more than Weimar, who employed
72% of people in its peak in 1928)
The support of the people was essential in keeping control over them...
- The country was organised into a system that allowed total control over the
people, the largest unit being a 'Gaue' (region), led by a Gauleiters, and the
smallest unit being a 'Blöcke (block), led by a Block Leader
- These Block Leaders were average, Nazi-supporting citizens that reported
information about their neighbours to the Nazis, allowing any suspicious activity
such as a mother not allowing her child to join the Hitler Youth to be recorded and
acted on
- It was therefore essential that at least a handful of the population truly supported
the Nazis rather than just tolerated them, as this fuelled the terror state and
allowed total control over the population
2. How important was popular support in explaining the continuation of the Nazi
regime to 1945? Explain your answer.
Arguably, the terror state kept people in line whether they supported the Nazis or
not... - The SS played a huge role in building the terror state, as its different
branches co-ordinated in a way that no 'enemy of the state', such as an opposing
politician or anti-Nazi journalist, could escape from punishment.- The SD, a plain-
clothed intelligence core, would gather information that would then be handed over
to the Gestapo, a second police that captured, interrogated, tortured and sent
suspects to concentration camps, which were run by the Death's Heads unit
- Finally, the Nazi takeover of the judicial system by establishing of the 'People's
Court' in 1934 saw the number of executable deaths rise from 3 to 46, including
telling jokes about Hitler, and meant that the Nazis completely controlled
everything from the identifying to the capturing to the sentencing to the
imprisonment of a 'criminal'. The Nazis' effective use of mass media also helped to
control them...- Anti-Nazi, left-wing, liberal and democratic newspapers were shut
down and the Nazis owned 67% of news publishings by 1939- Goebbels created
the 'People's Receiver', a cheap radio with short range that not only ensured that
people of all social classes and wealth could listen to Hitler's regular broadcasts,
but also that they were unable to listen to foreign radio
- The Nazis were one of the first political parties to make use of film, such as 'The
Triumph of the Will', a documentation of the 1934 Nuremberg Rally..- Book
burnings began to take place from 1933 onwards, replacing books that went against
Nazi values or broke their portrayal of war (such as 'All Quiet on the Western
Front'). Instead, books like 'Michael', a glorified, nationalistic tale of a World War I
soldier written by Goebbels published in 1929, were spread.
This constant stream of propaganda indoctrinated Nazi values in the minds of the
German people...
- Goebbels, who was made Minister of Propaganda and Enlightenment in 1933,
understood the importance of propaganda in spreading the Nazis' message and
silencing opposition - He realised that this constant exposure to Nazi values would
cause them to become normalised in the minds of the German people, especially as
all other opinions that risked influencing them were gotten rid of
- He also used propaganda to create the 'Hitler myth', by focussing on Hitler and
portraying him as, more so than the simple leader of the Nazi Party, a strong yet
charismatic, almost godly figure that was the saviour German needed
- This helped to further indoctrinate Nazism in the minds of the German people, as
Hitler came first and his views and ideology, which must unquestionably be morally
right, came second.
IT WAS IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...
The terror state required the co-operation of the people...- Although the SS
provided a skeletal structure of the terror state, the support of the German people
was essential for it to be able to function to its full extent.- This would allow total
and constant control over the population, as even the slightest negative remark
about Hitler in a café would be reported by someone sat nearby to the Gestapo,
leading to imprisonment.- The support of the German people was also a vital part
of the system into which the country was organised, the largest unit being a 'Gaue'
(region), led by a Gauleiters, and the smallest unit being a 'Blöcke (block), led by a
Block Leader
- These Block Leaders were average, Nazi-supporting citizens that reported
information about their neighbours to the Nazis, allowing any suspicious activity
such as a mother not allowing her child to join the Hitler Youth to be recorded and
acted on
Many of the Nazis' policies were successful...- The Nazis' miraculous
transformation of the economy generated incredible support after Weimar had
failed for so long to prepare it for the Depression.
receive more)
million by 1939)
72% of people in its peak in 1928)- Many of the Nazis' policies were already
incredibly successful: the destruction of the Treaty of Versailles, so widely hated
throughout Germany, the overthrowing of the Weimar government, which had
repeatedly failed to prove itself a worthy system and under which there had been a
lot of suffering, and the restoration of German pride.- The most popular policy of
theirs was the miraculous recovery of the economy and increased employment
through large organisation like the RAD, which offered unemployed men the
chance to work on massive construction projects for 6 months, building highways
('autobahns'), chopping down forests, etc. and the DAF, which set state-wide hours,
wages and rules (no trade unions and no strikes), and the army..-This general
support led to the German people condoning the more unpleasant parts of Nazi
doctrine...- As many of the German people's lives had improved so greatly under
the Nazis, most were prepared to condone or simply Page…9
ignore the more unpleasant parts of their doctrine.- Although people realised that
Jews were being transported out of the country, they remained silent on the subject
as they knew that speaking out would only result in joining them in the
concentration camps
- This shows that the popular support was essential for the Nazis to be able to carry
out the purification of the state to create a stronger, Aryan Germany, one of the core
parts of their ideology
3. How significant were Nazi economic policies in gaining the support of the
German people? Explain your answer.
THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Keeping their 'arbeit und bröt' promise
was crucial in cementing their popularity...
- Even though, as previously discussed, it was very hard to oppose the Nazis once
they were in power, the terror state hugely depended on the co-operation of the
German people, as shown by block leaders, making it vital that they not only accept
Nazism but support it
- It was therefore vital that they keep their promise to bring 'arbeit und bröt', or work
and bread, in times of great economic suffering, such as during the Depression. -
The promise was fulfilled as the Nazis increased employment rates up to 80% by
1938 (which exceeded the 72% Weimar employed at its peak in 1928), so much of
the German population were willing to co-operate with them if it meant the state
would remain economically stable.--Large organisation gave men a sense of
purpose...
- The DAF, established in 1933, was a huge state-wide organisation that set
worker's hours, wages and rules (no trade unions and no strikes) - The RAD
offered unemployed men the chance to work on massive construction projects for
6 months, building highways ('autobahns'), chopping down forests, etc. - Not only
did these organisations employ men, but they gave them the sense of worth and
purpose which they craved. At the same time, they ensured the population was
completely under their control and prepared them for war-time conditions, making
them a win-win-win for the Nazis
Economic recovery and stability was crucial for autarky...
- The ultimate end goal for the Nazis was to achieve autarky, in which Germany
would become entirely self-sufficient and would not depend on any other state for
crops, goods (such as oil and weapons) or skills (such as soldiers or engineers)
- This would prepare the state for a war of conquest, and would avoid it being
defeated by a blockade like it had in WWI, when the British blockaded their
trade--- This gained further support for the Nazis as many still remembered the
horrifying conditions and large-scale starvation that the blockade in WWI had
caused, and wanted to avoid history repeating itself by all means
- Autarky may also have cemented the nationalists' support for the Nazis, as
making her into a self-sufficient state would prove how great and superior
Germany was
THEY WEREN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Propaganda and the media were
also used to gain the people's support...
- Once in power, the Nazis extended their use of propaganda to cover as many
aspects of life as possible, especially present in the mass media which they took
over - This included press (they owned 67% of newspapers by 1939), radio
(Goebbels introduced the 'People's Receiver', which ensured all social classes
would hear Hitler's frequent broadcasts), film, music, literature (he wrote
'Michael', the story of a nationalist German who exposes by Jewish traitors and
organised book burnings), art, rallies and even the 1936 Olympics..- This
insidious and invasive stream of propaganda ensured that Nazis values were
indoctrinated in the German people's minds, so much so that they seemed normal
or even right
- A large part of propaganda focused on Hitler, portraying him as an almost
godly figure and creating the 'Hitler myth', which furthered the idea that his
beliefs were fundamentally right
The Nazis' policies towards women and youth were equally significant...
- The Nazis knew that by controlling the women who would raise and shape their
children's views, they controlled the youth, and that by controlling the youth who
would grow up and continue to uphold the Nazi state, they controlled the future
- They therefore payed special attention to women and youth.- Women were
regularly depicted in propaganda, encouraging them to choose a 'right', Aryan
husband with whom they should create many children, for which they could be
rewarded with a 'Motherhood Cross'..- Youth were encouraged to join the Hitler
Youth, in which they took part in gendered activities which introduced them to their
future roles in society.- These policies were obviously extremely successful, as over
3 million crosses were awarded and 82% of the youth had joined the Hitler Youth
by 1939, many of whom proudly wore their uniforms to school
The terror state made it hard to oppose the Nazis anyway...
- Before even becoming Führer, Hitler had used the Enabling Act to first ban
the SPD, followed by the KPD, then slowly either banning or absorbing other
parties before finally making the creation of new parties illegal
- SPD members were exiled while KPD members were executed, getting rid of all
main opposing politicians
- The establishing of the People's Court in 1934 increased the number of executable
crimes from 3 to 46, including making a joke or the slightest negative remark about
Hitler- The co-ordinating branches of the SS kept the population in check, as well
as block leaders, who were regular German citizens that kept notes on their
neighbours' activities, which were then given to the SS.
4. How significant were Nazi policies towards women and young people in
gaining the support of the German people? Explain your answer.
THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...
The policies towards women and young people generated incredible support...
- The Motherhood Cross, introduced in 1939 as an award for exemplary mothers to
4 or more children, was awarded over 3 million times.- The National Socialist
Women's Bureau (NSF), the women's parallel institution to the Nazi Party (since
they were forbidden from joining the actual party), amassed about 2.3 million
members
- The Hitler Youth was extremely popular, with 82% of the youth being signed up
to it by 1939 and children regularly wearing their uniforms to school.The policies
towards women also grew support amongst men...
- More conservative, traditionalist men were shocked and outraged with the liberal
attitude that the Weimar Republic had bred towards women, which had driven them
further to the right.
page…10
- Furthermore, by encouraging women to stay at home and look after the children,
men were given more job opportunities and a stronger sense of purpose. Women
were also excluded from employment statistics, enhancing the Nazis' increase of
the employment rate.- A sense of camaraderie and brotherhood grew in large
organisations like the RAD, which offered six months of service to unemployed
men building motorways ('autobahns) or cutting down forests, and the DAF, to
which all workers were forced to sign up to so that their wages and hours could be
controlled and rules could be set (such as the banning of strikes)
- Additionally, this feeling, as well as the rough conditions the men were faced
with, were similar to that of an army, thus preparing them for wartime on top of
everything else..By controlling women and children, they controlled the future...
- The Nazis understood that by controlling children and women, the biggest
influence of children during the first, most vulnerable few years of their life, they
controlled the future..- The Hitler Youth, separated into four different groups (boys
10-14, girls 10-14, boys 14-18, girls 14-18) so that the activities it offered were
gendered, immersed the youth in Nazi values early on
- This ensured they would grow up and not only fit easily into their societal role
(girls would only know how to be mothers while men were prepared for hard
physical labour and army service), but also have a firmly-rooted belief in Nazi
values, thus allowing them to carry on the rule of the Third Reich.
Some policies towards women and the youth did not garner support...- Although
opposition was limited in Nazi Germany, the vast majority of it came from young
people: the 'White Rose', the 'Swing Youth' and the "Edelweiss Pirates' were all
protest organisations compromised entirely of young people (early 20's or
younger)- The fact that Hitler felt it was necessary to make joining the Hitler Youth
compulsory in 1939 shows he wasn't satisfied with the results that had been
wielded from simple willingness to join; its popularity also began to drop as
facilities began to close down due to shortages and air raids.
- As the war progressed, skills became increasingly in demand and women began
being encouraged to work in the Red Cross and in light industry. By 1943, it had
become compulsory for all women to be drafted into the labour force; however,
due to the contradictions of these new policies with Nazi values that they had
been fed for so long, many were not
Economic recovery was more significant in gaining support...
- During the Depression, the Nazis had garnered much of the support that brought
them into power by promising 'arbeit und bröt', or work and bread, to the German
people; it was therefore crucial that, in order to cement their popularity, they
deliver on their promise
receive more)
million by 1939)
72% of people in its peak in 1928) .Arguably, the German people's support wasn't
even entirely necessary thanks to the terror state...- The SS played a huge role in
building the terror state, as its different branches co-ordinated in a way that no
'enemy of the state', such as an opposing politician or anti-Nazi journalist, could
escape from punishment
- The SD, a plain-clothed intelligence core, would gather information that would
then be handed over to the Gestapo, a second police that captured, interrogated,
tortured and sent suspects to concentration camps, which were run by the Death's
Heads unit
- Finally, the Nazi takeover of the judicial system by establishing of the 'People's
Court' in 1934 saw the number of executable deaths rise from 3 to 46, including
telling jokes about Hitler, and meant that the Nazis completely controlled everything
from the identifying to the capturing to the sentencing to the imprisonment of a
'criminal'
5. How significant was the war of 1939-45 in changing life in Nazi Germany?
IT WASN'T SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...Propaganda was still heavily
produced...- Although it may seem like propaganda wasn't an 'essential' and that its
production would be halted to prioritise other things, it was in fact continued
during war-time- On top of the usual stream of Nazi value-enforcing and Hitler-
championing propaganda, it now also served to encourage the German citizens to
donate their clothes and to reassure them that the war was going well.- Mass media
was still controlled as well, with movie theatres continuing to show films that
represented Nazi values. Germany remained a terror state...- The SS and its co-
ordinating branches still worked together to keep the German population in line,
and a joke at Hitler's expense was still an executable crime.
- Their unwavering efficacy was proved in their dealing with the White Rose, an
anti-Nazi opposition group that began distributing pamphlets in June 1942.- By
February 1943, the group had been captured and every single one of its members
were either imprisoned or executed.- Money continued to be used in the upkeep of
concentration camps, ran by the Death's Heads, and the transportation of Jews and
other 'asocials'.Racial policies were still very important...- The money spent in the
upkeep of concentration camps was proof that the discrimination of Jews and
'asocials' remained just as much of a focus during the early years of war, before
becoming even more of a priority in 1942, when the Final Solution.- As soldiers
advanced into new territory, they would stop to execute any Jewish citizens that
they could find.- Aktion T4, or the 'purification of the state' from gypsies, the
disabled (mentally and physically), criminals, beggars, alcoholics, prostitutes,
homosexuals, and any other group that didn't fit in with Nazi values continued to be
carried out until 1941, when it was only slowed down due to opposition from the
church.- However, even then, it was still carried out in secret IT WAS
SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE...It took away some of the middle class privileges...-
As the war progressed, money began to be focused onto optimising factory
production of food and weapons and training and transporting soldiers.- The
increasing economic strain caused German civilians, to lose some of their
'privileges', particularly the middle class as the working class hadn't benefited much
of them before anyways and the Elites could generally afford to keep up their lavish
lifestyles.- Production of clothes (specifically fur and other warm materials),
magazines, sweets and hair dye (due to the peroxide which could be used in
explosives) decreased and was even halted.- Post offices closed for citizens and
only post concerning the concentration camps and holocaust still circulated.- Food
and clothes began to rationed as well, and hot water was only available two days a
week.
page..11
It changed the roles of women...- As skills were increasingly in demand, women
began working in the Red Cross and in light industry, causing the birth rate to
slightly decline (this was also due to declining health due to food shortages and
bombings)
- By 1943, it became compulsory for all women to be drafted into the labour force,
however many did not.- To many, it was confusing to be asked to start working
after years of having being encouraged and even forced to stay at home for so long;
it broke the social contract of the Nazi state and went against one of the Nazis' core
principals, proving that the state and its fundamentals were beginning to break
down.It was only after 1942 that the state really began to change...- In 1942, the
Final Solution was put into place, meaning that money wasn't only being focussed
on the war itself but equally on the extermination of Jews (including the optimising
of camps, their transportation, the gas, etc.)- Rations were decreased, for example, a
person who was allowed 700 grams of meat a week in 1939 was only given 250
grams of meat per week by 1945.- It was also around this time that Allied air raids
and bombings began to affect civilians, as although the bombs were supposed to be
aimed at factories, ports and war industries, their technique was inaccurate and
around 50% of them fell onto cities.- This resulted in the death of an estimated 3.5
million civilians
6. How important was propaganda in enabling the Nazis to control
Germany after 1934? Explain your answer. IT WAS IMPORTANT,
BECAUSE...
Goebbels appointed Minister for Propaganda in 1933 - effective control of all forms
of media and communication; May 1933 Goebbels organises a public book burning
of un- German texts; loyalty to Hitler promoted in literature, film (The Triumph of
the Will, 1935), theatre, posters; newspapers all controlled by Nazi Party - no free
press to oppose the regime; radio stations under Nazi control
- regular speeches from Hitler everywhere including the streets through
loudspeakers; "The People's Receiver" made available - cheap, by 1939 70% of
German households had them, etc.
Nazi economic "Miracle" saw huge drop in unemployment; effective opposition
wiped-out (trade unions, political parties, etc.); SA under control and German
Army backing Hitler; SA and SS violence; Gestapo used to hunt out political
enemies; informers; Nazi controlled courts and judges; use of concentration camps;
many Germans supported the regime or kept opposition private; Hitler Youth
indoctrination; school curriculum promoted loyalty to Hitler, etc.
How important were women in German society under the Nazis? Explain your
answer.
Women played an extremely big role in Germany and, although it was regarded as a
fundamentally different role than that of men, equal in their importance. However,
this role, defined by the slogan 'Kinder, Küche, Kirche' (or children, cooking, and
church, despite religion not being an important part of Nazism) that women adopted
was very limited and restrictive.
THEY WERE IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...They had to follow traditional family
values
- A big part of Nazism was traditional family values. This meant that the man was
supposed to go out and work to support his family while his woman stayed at
home, making it her responsibility to manage the household
- This included cooking, cleaning, sowing clothes, and everything else to keep the
home as warm and welcoming as possible for their husband when he came home
- Women were encouraged to be thrifty and 'recycle' clothes, which, although
being the extent of their dealing with money and savings, showed that they
nevertheless were somewhat involved in the household finances
The main role of women was to produce as many babies as possible...
- The ideal Nazi woman was Aryan, tall, thin yet robust, as this was considered
the desired physical form for producing healthy children. She was represented
by Gertrud Sholtz-Klink, the leader of the National Socialist Women's Bureau
(NSF)
- Women were encouraged to find and marry a proper Aryan German man, to
whom they would remain loyal and produce as many babies as possible with.
This is proved by the banning of divorce, contraception and abortion under Nazi
power
- The woman would then stay at home and nurse, raise and care for her children
- Women who could not find a husband or who 'passionately duty-bound' could
take part in the SS Lebensborn, a program in which acceptable women produced
children for high-ranking SS officers that would be raised and destined for the SS
themselves
This meant that the future of Nazi Germany was in the women's hands...
- As a child's father was at work throughout the day, its mother was its biggest (and
pretty much only) influence throughout the first years of its life.- It was therefore
women's duty to teach their children Nazi values, sign them up to the Hitler Youth
and send them to their camps.- More than a simple choice, producing fit, Aryan,
Nazi children became an obligation for women, as they would grow up to define
the future of the Third Reich.
- In this way, the entire life of a woman should
be dedicated to serving others THEY
WEREN'T IMPORTANT, BECAUSE...
They weren't allowed to be involved in politics...
- Even though women played a huge role in the Nazis' rise to power, the party itself
banned women from entering it
- Instead, a parallel institution called the National Socialist Women's Bureau (NSF)
was set up for women to join, which did very little politically, and was really a way
to immerse women in Nazi values
- In all, although women's political power had been useful in the Nazis' rise to
power, once they were in power, they did all they could to make sure women had
absolutely no political power whatsoever left
They weren't allowed to keep their jobs...
- The Nazis believed women to be less intellectual than men, and that engaging
in work would cause harm to their reproductive system
- After the Nazis came to power in 1934, women were fired from all jobs in the state
civil service
- By 1936, no more women worked in high-profile
jobs such as lawyers and doctors page..12
- Women were also discouraged from pursuing higher, university-level education,
and the syllabuses they followed earlier on were changed as well: while boys
were taught history, geography, science, and a bigger variety of subjects, girls
took domestics and eugenics classes, already limiting them to their future roles
Finally, women weren't allowed in the military or the SS...
- The Hitler Youth, as with schools, was separated by gender (more specifically,
boys 10-14, boys 14-18, girls 10-14, girls 14-18) so that each group could do
appropriate activities
- Therefore, from early on, while boys learned how to handle weaponry and
practised military drills in the Hitler Youth, girls were taught domestics and
practised folk dancing
- By the later half in the war, women began to work in the Red Cross, in light
industry and in communications operators for the army, but they were never
allowed to enrol in the army or be apart of the SS
- This shows that the importance of women in Nazi Germany was extremely
limited, as they didn't play any significant part in two of the biggest aspects of
Nazism that were terror and expansionism
7. How significant was youth policy in enabling the Nazis to control Germany?
Explain your answer
IT WAS, BECAUSE...Nazi organisation for the young began in 1922, second
oldest Nazi organisation, named Hitler Youth in 1925; von Shirach Nazi Youth
Leader from 1933-1940; had 7.3m members by 1939, compulsory for German
citizens aged 10-18 after 1936; military organisation and training; League of
German Maidens; used youth to break up other youth groups; spy on teachers and
parents; ministry of Education and Science took over from Lander-based control of
schools; National Socialist Teachers' League membership essential; constant in-
school indoctrination of Aryan superiority; glorification of German consciousness
and Nazi ideals and objectives; women rewarded for more births. On the whole
control by indoctrination and production of soldiers.
IT WASN'T, BECAUSE...Other aspects more significant in control of Germany -
use of Enabling Act - loyalty of the army/SA/ SS/ Gestapo; popular
support/sympathy for Nazi aims; middle class, farmers, industrialists, Labour Front;
effective propaganda machine; control of religion. Limited importance of young
resistance groups e.g. Catholic Youth, Swing Movement, and Edelweiss Pirates etc.
8. How significant was the Enabling Act in the consolidation of Nazi power
over Germany between 1933 and 1934? Explain your answer. (Essay
exemplar)
The Enabling Act was passed on March 24th 1933. Within this Act Hitler basically
made himself legal dictator. In this essay I will be explaining how significant the
Enabling Act was in the consolidation of Nazi power over Germany (Ge) between
1933 and 1934. I believe it was a very significant because, it meant Hitler could
expel the other political parties, deal with rivalry within his own party all while not
having an absolute majority in the Reichstag. On the other hand, Hitler becoming
Chancellor, the Reichstag fire and March elections and The Night of the Long
Knives also allowed the Nazis to consolidate their power quite significantly.
…To begin with, the Enabling Act was significant as it allowed Hitler to remove
his political enemies. Before the Act he intimidated the Right and Zentrum parties
to vote for it. He forcefully persuades the parties and then uses their votes to allow
him to either ban or control their parties. This meant that he could suppress their
outrages or disapprovals, as he was capable of making his own decisions for a
better Ge without using the system of democracy. This made the public believe that
his opinions were accepted by the others and that there was therefore no reason to
question them. Hitler began by banning the Communist and SPD parties in Ge so
that he would have little to no political opposition within Ge. Later on, all political
parties were banned, making Ge a one-party state. He also used the Act to prevent
other political parties being created, especially so that the newly banned parties
couldn't reform and oppose him.
The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to make all of Ge's political decisions without being
opposed or challenged.
….Another reason that the Enabling Act was significant is because it allowed Hitler
to be secure in his position. As he was secure he was then able to deal with rivalry
within his own party. An example of this is that Röhm desired a "brown revolution"
in which he would introduce heavy taxes on the rich and nationalize businesses.
This was the opposite of what Hitler wanted as this would anger his elite allies,
who had funded and supported him throughout his party's journey to power. It
would also make Röhm very popular as this would increase the benefits the state
could offer to the people, while taking away the wealth from the rich and
distributing it throughout society. If Röhm became popular people might prefer him
as a representative of the Nazi party, and because of his popularity Hitler could lose
his power. In order to prevent this Hitler forced Röhm to step down as the leader of
the SA and then merged them with the Ge army. This shows how the Enabling Act
allowed Hitler to modify his party to preserve his position, and why it was simply
so significant.
…..Finally, the Enabling Act was significant because it allowed Hitler to pass
legislation without the Nazis having an absolute majority in the Reichstag. Without
the Enabling Act the Nazis would have never been able to continue their rise to
power, as it is possible they would have never obtained an absolute majority. This
is because at the end of the day, the majority of Germans didn't vote Nazi.
Although they were the biggest party in the Reichstag they would always have had
to agree with Von Papen or another party and remain a collocative government. We
know for a fact that the other parties in the Reichstag would have never agreed to
the absurd laws and regulations which the Nazis put in place. For example, they
would have never agreed to ban certain political parties and prevent new ones from
being created as this would be undemocratic and go against Weimar's constitution.
Another example, is that the other political parties would have never abolished
trade unions, or supported Hitler's decisions to close all state parliaments. It is very
clear that without the Enabling Act the Nazis would have never been able to pass
the main pieces of legislation that were fundamental in order to make Ge a Nazi
state.
……However, Hitler being appointed Chancellor in January 1933 was also very
significant to the consolidation of Nazi power. Because Hitler was appointed he
was able to begin implying policies to make Ge strong and powerful again. This
meant of course that the people would continue to believe in the Nazis and their
party if they could begin to make things better for the people. Yes, he had to work
in a coalition with Von Papen as his vice Chancellor, but this was much better for
the Nazis, then not being able to act at all. Page…13
Of course, Hitler detested the idea of having to work with Von Papen, he realized he
simply had no choice at the time. It would have been impossible for The Enabling
Act to be passed if Hitler had not been appointed Chancellor as he simply wouldn't
have had the political power or influence over the Reichstag and Hindenburg to do
so. Despite his intimidation and support from the SA and the SS, without being
Chancellor, The Nazis wouldn't have been able to pass the required legislation that
would make their Nazi State.
Therefore, Hitler being appointed Chancellor is more significant than the Enabling
Act as it would have never been possible if Hitler hadn't been Chancellor.
….We must also consider that the Reichstag Fire and the March elections were also
very significant in the consolidation of Nazi power. The Reichstag Fire caused
panic and chaos among the people and when a Dutch Communist confessed to
having started the fire many Germans began to fear Communism and consider it a
real threat. This of course helped the Nazi consolidation of power greatly as more
people suddenly began believing what the Nazis had to say about this evil threat
and support them. This incident helped the Nazis to pass a decree which suspended
all civil liberties, which was very important as the people no longer had their
freedom of speech, and could be easily controlled and their beliefs confined by the
Nazis. Shortly after the Fire and decree the Nazis held the Reichstag elections. The
Nazis did quite well in these elections obtaining 288 seats. This is probably due to
the Reichstag fire which resulted in a mass decrease of support for the Communist
party and an increase for the Nazis as they dealt with the situation very effectively.
The Reichstag Fire decree also helped greatly as it prohibited other political parties
from having a very effective campaign. This was because if they were seen as a
threat to the Nazis in any way they could simply be arrested or their campaigns
destroyed as they no longer had the majority of their civil liberties. Without the
Reichstag Fire, the decree and the elections it would have been very difficult for
the Nazis to consolidate their power as people could have more easily contradicted
or opposed them.
….Another great significance in the consolidation of Nazi power was the Night of
the Long Knives. The Night of the Long Knives was basically a Nazi purge in
which Hitler turned to his internal rivals. His opposition or challenges were mainly
within the SA, and that is what the purge mainly focuses on, as 200 high-ranking
SA men were taken to Munich and murdered in one night. This immediately
eliminated any threat of someone standing up to Hitler or contradicting him. This
was because The Night of the Long Knives showed the Army and the SS that he
was on their side and truly needed them to succeed. It was well know that Himmler,
the head of the SS, hated Rohm, and desired deeply to replace the SA's role in Ge
society. The Army also hated the SA as they were untrained and unqualified to be
taking such a fundamental part in the protection of Ge. They feared the SA being
integrated all at once into the army, or worse Rohm taking over. These fears and
disputes were quickly silenced by the Night of the Long Knives as it showed them
Hitler cared and cherished them more, and they were clearly much more essential to
his plan. Hitler was also able to seized the opportunity to deal with other rivals as
well, for example Von Schleider, but these deaths weren't as numerous. The Night
of the Long Knives was very significant as it allowed Hitler to gain the Army's and
SS's trust and support.
….To summarize, the Enabling Act was very significant because it allowed Hitler
to remove his political opponents while securing his own position within his own
party. It is amazing that he was able to accomplish this as the Enabling Act was
passed while the Nazis didn't have an absolute majority in the Reichstag. But we
must also consider that without Hitler being appointed Chancellor, this would have
never been possible. The Reichstag Fire and Elections were also very significant as
they prohibited other political parties from campaigning effectively, while ensuring
the Communists lost a great deal of support. This is shown in the election results.
But of course, without the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler could have never
gained the SS's and the Army's support and trust. I feel that the Enabling Act was
very significant, but would have been useless without Hitler being Chancellor, the
Reichstag Fire and Elections and the Night of the Long Knives.

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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY

Paper4 Nazi 8 Questions and Answers & Wermar-Germany 16 questions &

the Weimar Republic? Explain your answer. IT WAS SIGNIFICANT,

instability and eventual downfall of the Weimar Republic? Explain your

government between 1919 and 1924? Explain your answer.

problems of the Weimar Republic to 1929? Explain your answer.

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The Paper4 Nazi 8 &amp; Wermar-Germany &amp; 16 Answer

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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY

Paper4 Nazi 8 Questions and Answers & Wermar-Germany 16 questions &

the Weimar Republic? Explain your answer. IT WAS SIGNIFICANT,

instability and eventual downfall of the Weimar Republic? Explain your

government between 1919 and 1924? Explain your answer.

problems of the Weimar Republic to 1929? Explain your answer.

You might also like

The Paper4 Nazi 8 & Wermar-Germany & 16 Answer

The Paper4 Nazi 8 & Wermar-Germany & 16 Answer

The Paper4 Nazi 8 & Wermar-Germany & 16 Answer