1) What are the key features of Java?

Answer: Java is known for its platform independence, object-oriented nature, automatic memory
management (garbage collection), strong type system, and rich standard library. It also supports
multithreading, exception handling, and dynamic loading of classes.

2) Explain the difference between == and .equals() in Java.

Answer: The == operator checks if two object references point to the same memory location, i.e., if
they refer to the same object. The .equals() method, on the other hand, is used to compare the
contents or values of two objects. It is often overridden in classes to provide custom equality
comparison logic.

3) What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class in Java?

Answer: An interface is a contract that defines a set of methods without any implementation, while
an abstract class is a class that may contain abstract methods (methods without a body) as well as
concrete methods. Interfaces support multiple inheritance, while classes can only inherit from one
abstract class.

4) What is the significance of the "static" keyword in Java?

Answer: The "static" keyword in Java is used to declare members (fields and methods) that belong
to the class itself rather than to instances of the class. Static members are shared across all instances
of the class and can be accessed without creating an instance of the class.

5) Explain the concept of method overloading in Java.

Answer: Method overloading in Java allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name
but different parameter lists. The compiler determines which method to call based on the number
and types of arguments passed to the method.

6) Discuss the principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and how Java implements
them.

Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principles include encapsulation, inheritance, and

polymorphism. Java supports these principles by providing features like classes and objects for
encapsulation, inheritance through class hierarchy, and polymorphism through method overriding
and method overloading.

7) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java?

Answer: ArrayList and LinkedList are both implementations of the List interface in Java. ArrayList is
backed by an array and provides fast random access but slower insertion and deletion of elements,
while LinkedList is backed by a doubly linked list and provides fast insertion and deletion but slower
random access.

8) Discuss your experience with multithreading in Java, including synchronization techniques

and thread safety.

Answer: Multithreading in Java allows for concurrent execution of multiple threads within the same
process. I've used techniques like synchronized blocks, locks, and atomic variables to ensure thread
safety and prevent race conditions when accessing shared resources. I've also implemented thread
pools and used higher-level concurrency utilities like Executors and Concurrent collections for
efficient thread management and coordination.

9) Explain the concept of exception handling in Java and discuss best practices for handling
exceptions.

Answer: Exception handling in Java allows developers to gracefully handle errors and unexpected
conditions that may occur during program execution. I use try-catch blocks to catch exceptions and
handle them appropriately, and finally blocks to release resources. I also follow best practices like
logging exceptions, throwing meaningful and informative exceptions, and avoiding swallowing
exceptions without proper handling.

10) What is the difference between "final", "finally", and "finalize" in Java?

Answer:

"final" is a keyword used to declare constants, prevent method overriding, or make a class
immutable.

"finally" is a block used in exception handling to execute cleanup code that should always run,
regardless of whether an exception occurs or not.

"finalize" is a method called by the garbage collector before reclaiming an object's memory. It's
rarely used as its execution timing is not guaranteed.

11) Discuss your experience with Java Generics and how they improve type safety and code
reusability.

Answer: Java Generics allow for the creation of parameterized types, enabling classes and methods
to operate on objects of various types while providing compile-time type safety. I've used generics
extensively to write reusable and type-safe code, avoiding the need for explicit type casting and
improving code clarity and maintainability.

12) Explain the concept of Java Streams and how they facilitate functional-style programming
in Java.

Answer: Java Streams provide a powerful way to process collections of objects in a functional-style
manner. They allow for operations like filtering, mapping, reducing, and aggregating elements in a
declarative and concise way. I've used Streams to write expressive and efficient code for data
processing and manipulation, leveraging lambda expressions and method references for functional
programming paradigms.

13) Discuss your experience with Java concurrency utilities like Executors, Callable, and
Future.

Answer: Java concurrency utilities provide higher-level abstractions for managing concurrent tasks
and coordinating thread execution. I've used Executors to create and manage thread pools, Callable
to define tasks that return results, and Future to obtain the results of asynchronous computations.
These utilities enable efficient and scalable concurrency management in Java applications, improving
performance and resource utilization.
 14) What are design patterns, and can you discuss some commonly used design patterns in
Java?

Answer: Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems. Some
commonly used design patterns in Java include:

Singleton: Ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

Factory: Creates objects without exposing the instantiation logic to the client and refers to the newly
created object using a common interface.

Observer: Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes
state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically