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AP Long Test Reviewer
AP Long Test Reviewer
AP Long Test Reviewer
(by Riell)
*Not everything is overviewed, only key parts ayg kog awayi pls
EKONOMIKS
– Isang sangay ng Agham Panlipunan na nag aaral kung paano tugunan ang
pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao gamit ang limitadong pinag-kukunang yaman
– A branch of Social Sciences that deals with satisfying the needs and wants of people
using limited resources.
– Mula ito sa salitang Griyego na oikonomos. Oikos = bahay, Nomos = pamahala.
OPPURTUNITY COST
– Halaga ng bagay na handang ipagpalit sakali ikaw naman ay nakabuo ng desisyon.
– The potential benefits that an individual, investor or business misses out on when
choosing one alternative over another
– “The missed out opportunity” (aww)
– Example: The cost of not playing games for the day because you CHOSE to study first.
(laka diya)
INCENTIVES
– Inaalok ng mga negosyante para maari pang magbago ang desisyon ng mga mamimili.
– Google Definition: something that MOTIVATES one to do something
– Anything that persuade a person to alter their behavior in the desired manner
– Examples: Buy 1 take 1 promos, discounts, gifts for getting a high score, etc.
MARGINAL THINKING
– Sinusuri muna ng isang tao ang karagdagang halaga maging ito ay gastos o pakinabang
na makuha sa pagbuo ng desisyon.
– “Rational people think at the margin” (mindset ba mindset)
– Becoming rational to achieve a SMART DECISION.
– The act of OVERTHINKING your decision.
– Considering how much you value an addition of something; weighing out the pros and
cons.
– Graphical representation:
KAKAPUSAN (SCARCITY)
– Limitasyon sa lahat at naging isa sa panguanahing suliranin pang-ekonomiya.
– The gap between limited resources and theoretically limitless wants.
– Not enough of everything to go around; when a supply of resource cannot meet demand.
– Normally found in NON-RENEWABLE products.
KAKULANGAN (sa iyang gugma ay-) (SHORTAGE)
– Pansamantalang pagkukulang sa supply ng isang produkto.
– Temporary problem.
– The order in the market out doe the supply available for a given time.
– Ito ay pansamantala sapagkat may magagawa pa ang tao upang masolusyonan ito.
– Found in RENEWABLE products. (i.e, rice, crops,)
PINAGKUKUNANG YAMAN
– Tumutukoy sa mga salik ng produksyon bilang mga input at mga tapos na kalakal at
paglilingkod bilang output.
– Yamang likas
o Yamang Lupa
o Yamang Tubig
o Yamang Mineral
– Yamang Tao: ang tao mismo ang nagtratrabaho at nagpapaunlad sa mga yamang likas.
Halimbawa: Guro, Bombero, …
– Yamang Kapital – lahat na bagay ginagamit ng tao upang makabuo ng panibagong
produkto. Ano mang bagay na gawa ng tao na ginagamit upang makukuha ang kanyang
pangangailangan o kagustuhan.
ALLOCATION
– Mekanismo ng pamamahagi ng pinagkukunang-yaman, produkto at serbisyo.
– ASSIGNMENT of available resources to various uses.
– How resources are distributed to the people who desire the resource.
PANGANGAILANGAN
– Kailangan ng tao upang mabuhay
– ESSENTIAL for human survival
KAGUSTUHAN
– Bagay na nakapagpapaligaya sandali
– Things we DESIRE; be it for satisfaction, happiness, whatever
TEORYA NG PANGANGAILANGAN NI MERLOW
– Kaganapan ng tao
– Respeto sa sarili
– Pangangailangang panlipunan
– Seguridad at kaligtasan
– Psychological
SISTEMANG PANG-EKONOMIYA
– Traditional Economy
o Naka ayon sa mga sinaunang pamamaraan at tradisyon ang produksyion.
o Based on customs, history and time-honored beliefs.
o Traditions, customs and beliefs help shape the goods and services the economy
produces.
– Market Economy
o Nakabatay sa kagustuhan ng mga mamimili ang paggawa ng mga
produkto/serbisyo.
o Anyone can sell/ Free entrepreneurship
o Where supply and demand regulate the economy
– Command Economy
o Nakabatay sa kagustuhan ng pamamahalaan.
o Central GOVERMENTAL authority dictates the production permissible and the
prices that may be charged
– Mixed Economy
o Nakabatay sa pamahalaan at pribadong mga-nagmamayari ang paggawa ng
desisyon sa pamilihan.