REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME

UNDERTAKEN AT
NIGERIAN ARMY SPECIAL RETROFITTING AND REPAIR WORKSHOP, OJO
MILITARY CANTONMENT, OJO, LAGOS STATE.

BY

NYARO PETER NKENAH

REGISTRATION NUMBER: U17ME1043

JUNE
TO
NOVEMBER, 2023

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

JANUARY, 2024

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng.)

DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ii
 CERTIFICATION
I, NYARO PETER NKENAH, with the registration number U17ME1043, hereby certify that this
industrial training report was compiled by me in accordance to the requirements of the Students
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) as a summary of my experience during the period of
my training (JUNE 2023- NOVEMBER 2023) at the Nigerian Army Special Retrofitting and
Repair Workshop (NASRRW), Ojo Military Cantonment, Ojo, Lagos State.

__________________________________ ________________________

Student Signature/Date
(NYARO PETER NKENAH)

__________________________________ ________________________
Institution-based Supervisor Signature/Date
(Engr. U HASSAN)

__________________________________ ________________________

Department SIWES Coordinator Signature/Date

(Engr Dr. I.ILIYASU)

__________________________________ ________________________

Head of Department Signature/Date

(Dr. M.O AFOLAYAN)
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to GOD Almighty, the ultimate source of my joy, energy, and existence. This
project is dedicated to my loving parents, Rtd. Col. NA Nyaro and Mrs. Celina Nyaro, whose
unwavering support and encouragement have been my guiding light. Your belief in me has fueled
my determination and inspired me to pursue my dreams. Thank you for always being there,
cheering me on every step of the way.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude to the Almighty GOD, for guiding me through and enabling the successful
completion of my SIWES program.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to my parents, Rtd. Col. NA Nyaro and Mrs. Celina Nyaro, for their
constant love and support. I cherish and love you both dearly. Also, to my siblings, Jimmy, Faith,
Victoria and Sharon, I’m grateful and I love you all.
I extend my thanks to the Industrial Training Fund for their foresight in establishing this program.
Additionally, I am grateful to the management of the Nigerian Army Special Retrofitting and
Repair Workshop (NASRRW), Ojo, Lagos, for accepting me into the institution for my training. I
sincerely appreciate the entire workshop management, from the Commander, Lt. Col. AM Sunday,
the Administrative Staffs, Corporal Mohammed, SSgt. Timothy, Sgt. Donatus, SSgt. Odogwu, the
Chief Engineer, Mr. Emmanuel Chiezukwa, and the technicians, Echefu Monday and Ernest
Nwogbala to my fellow interns, Godswill, Nelson, Frank, Joel and others. Your guidance, support,
and the opportunity to showcase my abilities are truly valued. You are exceptional individuals who
bring joy and inspiration into my life and the lives of others.
To all, I extend my sincere gratitude. Thank you for everything; I am deeply appreciative.
 ABSTRACT
The student industrial work experience scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria
was aimed at exposing students of higher institutions to acquire industrial skills and practical
experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the students for the industrial
work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is based on the
experiences gained during my six months of industrial training at the Nigerian Army Special
Retrofitting and Repair Workshop (NASRRW), Ojo Military Cantonment, Lagos State. I was
opportune to work in multiple workshops and laboratories which included: Alignment laboratory,
Mechanical workshop, painting workshop, welding and fabrication workshop and electrical
workshops. These laboratories and workshops have exposed me to the safety precautions, technical
skills such as; design, fabrication, and machining. Hence, this report describes the activities and
experiences I gained during the period of the training. Also, it states the problems and challenges
encountered and gives suggestions for the improvement of the scheme.
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program aimed at equipping
university and tertiary institution students with the necessary skills for their future roles in industry
post-graduation. It serves as a structured initiative to align students' career objectives with practical
experiences, fostering the development of their occupational competencies (Mafe, 2009).

SIWES is an integral component of the academic standards set for Nigerian universities, intended to
bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application by providing exposure to
various industries, laboratories, and research institutes (Musa, 2009).

The establishment of SIWES was prompted by concerns from industrialists and employers
regarding the lack of practical skills among Nigerian university graduates, leading to a mismatch
between academic education and industry requirements. The Industrial Training Funds (ITF)
initiated the scheme in 1973, recognizing the need to address this gap.

ITF, a federal organization established by Decree 47 of 1971, is mandated to promote skill

acquisition in industries and commerce to develop a competent indigenous workforce capable of
meeting industry demands.

The introduction of SIWES was further propelled by the Federal Government's directive for
students to gain practical knowledge in industrial settings, preparing them for the challenges of
professional life and enabling them to access advanced industrial equipment beyond universities'
means.

The program operates on a tripartite basis, engaging students, universities, and employers of labor.
Funding for the scheme is provided by the Federal Government of Nigeria, with coordination
shared between the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission
(NUC) (Musa, 2009).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

The primary objective is to offer Nigerian tertiary institution students an opportunity to gain
practical industrial skills and experience relevant to their fields of study.

To familiarize students with various work methods and techniques for operating equipment and
machinery that might not be accessible within their academic institutions.

To afford students the chance to apply their theoretical knowledge in real-world work
environments, thus effectively closing the disparity between theory and practical application.

To equip students with the necessary work ethics and familiarize them with potential work
scenarios they are expected to encounter upon graduating.

To facilitate a smoother transition for students from their academic institutions to the labor
market/industries, thereby improving their prospects for job placement after graduation.

To enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of preparing
graduates for employment in industries. The industrial training period lasted for six months, all of
which I was attached to the Nigerian Army Special Retrofitting and Repair Workshop (NASRRW),
Ojo Military Cantonment, Lagos State which is a facility under the Nigerian Army Electrical and
Mechanical Engineers (NAEME) Corps.
 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION

Nigerian Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (NAEME) is responsible for the
maintenance of electrical, mechanical, electronic, optical and electro-medical equipment of the
NA. The Corps also provides technical advice to commanders at all levels. In order to fulfill its
roles, NAEME carries out pre-procurement tests and trials to determine the suitability of
equipment to be introduced into the Nigerian Army. It also conducts pre-delivery inspection of
equipment to certify their conformity with laid down standards and adherence to technical
aspects of contractual agreement. NAEME also carries out repairs of unserviceable equipment
and scaling for scientific forecast and mechanical engineering regulations as well as research and
development to keep abreast with technological developments relevant to the military. NAEME
is headed by the Commander Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (CCEME).

2.2 VISION

To be the premier provider of electrical and mechanical engineering solutions within the
Nigerian Army, ensuring the highest standards of maintenance, repair, and support to enable
operational readiness, effectiveness, and success in all missions.

2.3 MISSION

The mission of the Nigerian Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (NAEME) Corps is to
provide superior electrical and mechanical engineering support to the Nigerian Army, ensuring
the operational readiness, sustainability, and effectiveness of its equipment. Through proactive
maintenance, rapid repair, and innovative solutions, we enable the army to fulfill its mandate of
defending the nation's sovereignty, safeguarding its citizens, and promoting regional peace and
stability. We are committed to professionalism, excellence, and continuous improvement in all
aspects of our operations, contributing to the success of military missions and the safety of our
personnel.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 BASIC TOOLS FOUND IN WORKSHOP

In an automobile workshop, certain fundamental tools are essential for carrying out work with
effectiveness and efficiency. These tools streamline tasks and enhance productivity for
mechanics or technicians. Below are some of the basic tools commonly found in a mechanic
workshop:

1. Hammer: A crucial tool featuring a heavy metal head affixed at a right angle to a handle.
Within a workshop setting, hammers serve the purpose of removing or reinstalling various
mechanical components into position. Available in a range of sizes from small to large, hammers
play a vital role in facilitating workshop tasks.

2. Screwdriver: An essential tool utilized for turning screws, available in both manual and
powered variations. Screwdrivers come in diverse shapes and sizes, proving invaluable for
loosening screwed parts within a workshop environment. Among the most frequently used types
are flat-head and star-head screwdrivers.

3. Pry Bar: A lever constructed from a metal bar featuring a singular curved end and flattened
points, intended for exerting force to separate objects or to gain mechanical advantage when
lifting. Available in various sizes ranging from small to large, pry bars are versatile tools in the
workshop.

5. Wrench (Spanner): A crucial tool employed for providing grip and mechanical leverage to
apply torque for turning objects, typically rotary fasteners such as nuts and bolts, or to prevent
them from turning. Among the most widely utilized tools in a mechanical workshop, the wrench
is indispensable for loosening or tightening bolts and nuts. Available in various shapes and sizes,
including flat head, ring head, and combinations thereof, ranging from 3mm to 38mm to
accommodate different applications, from light vehicles to trucks.

6. Pliers: Hand tools designed for securely gripping objects. Pliers are available in various sizes
and are versatile, aiding in a range of tasks. These tasks include refitting and removing circular
keys (pin pliers), cutting cables (cutting pliers), and holding bolts, nuts, among other uses.
7. Ratchet and Socket Sets: These tools represent a different type of wrench utilizing a closed
socket design instead of the conventional open wrench/spanner. They are employed to turn
fasteners, typically nuts or bolts, with greater torque requirements. This prevents potential
damage to either the wrench or the fastener head. Ratchet and socket sets are essential for
loosening and tightening nuts and bolts effectively. They are available in sizes ranging from
3mm to 38mm, suitable for light-weight trucks and vehicles.

8. Flashlight: An essential tool in the workshop, flashlights play a crucial role in illuminating
tight spaces, particularly for inspecting parts. Their ability to provide focused light aids in
detailed examination and troubleshooting tasks.

9. Oil Filter Wrench: A specialized tool primarily employed for loosening oil filters from the
engine block. Also known as filter chains or belts, these tools are designed specifically for this
task, facilitating the removal of oil filters with ease and efficiency.

10. Plug Spanner: Another specialized tool designed for loosening and tightening spark plugs.
Available in various sizes, plug spanners are tailored specifically for this task, allowing for the
proper maintenance and adjustment of spark plugs with precision and ease.

11. Jack and Jack Stand: The jack serves as a crucial tool for lifting heavy components of a car or
the entire vehicle itself, making it indispensable in a workshop. Conversely, the jack stand is
utilized to securely hold heavy components in place, providing support in situations where the
jack is being used elsewhere or as a safety measure in the event of jack failure during use.
Various types of jacks are employed in workshops, ranging from screw jacks to hydraulic-
powered scissors jacks.

3.2 HOW THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINE WORK

An internal combustion engine (IC engine), also referred to as an IC engine, is a type of engine
that combusts fuel within a chamber and utilizes the resulting energy from combustion to
produce mechanical energy. The IC engine encompasses various designs, including the 2-stroke,
4-stroke, and rotary engine configurations.
The 4-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a cycle in four
reciprocating motions of a piston. This cycle consists of four distinct phases: intake,
compression, power stroke, and exhaust stroke. During the intake phase, the piston moves
downward while the intake valves open, allowing the air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinders.
Once the valves close, the piston ascends, driven by the crankshaft, reaching the Top Dead
Center (TDC). At TDC, the air-fuel mixture is compressed. The power stroke begins when the
spark plug ignites the compressed mixture (both valves are closed), initiating a controlled
explosion. This explosion forces the piston downward, reaching the Bottom Dead Center (BDC).
When the piston reaches BDC, the exhaust valves open, enabling the expulsion of the burnt fuel
from the cylinder. This clears the way for fresh air and fuel to enter during the intake stroke, and
the cycle repeats continuously.

A 2-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine in which the power cycle is completed
in two strokes of the piston: the compression stroke and the power stroke. Unlike 4-stroke
engines, which have separate intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes, 2-stroke engines
combine intake and exhaust processes into one stroke. These engines utilize ports or valves to
control the flow of air-fuel mixtures and exhaust gases. While 2-stroke engines are simpler and
lighter than their 4-stroke counterparts, they tend to be less fuel efficient and produce more
pollution due to their design. As a result, they are commonly used in small, portable applications
such as chainsaws, mopeds, and outboard motors.

Rotary engines, commonly known as Wankel engines, are a unique type of internal combustion
engine where the combustion process takes place in a chamber formed by a section of the engine
housing. Unlike traditional piston engines, which rely on up-and-down motion, rotary engines
feature a triangular rotor that spins within an oval chamber. This rotation enables the engine to
undergo the necessary stages of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The design of
rotary engines offers several advantages, including a high power-to-weight ratio and smooth
operation. However, they are often less fuel-efficient and may experience challenges related to
sealing and lubrication. Despite these drawbacks, rotary engines have been notably used in some
Mazda vehicles, such as the RX-7 and RX-8.
3.3 BASIC PARTS IN A FOUR STROKE ENGINE

1. Engine Block: The engine block is the structure which contains the cylinders and other
components. The engine block has holes for both coolant and lubricant to circulate in the engine.

2. Piston: A piston is a component of reciprocating engines that compresses the air fuel mixture
and also collect the energy from power stroke and gives to the crank shaft. The up and down
movement of the piston is called the stroke of the engine

3. Connecting Rod: A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a piston engine which
connects the piston to the crankshaft. For diesel engines, the connection rod is longer, hence,
produce more torque than the short con rod of the petrol engine.

4. Crank Shaft: The crank shaft is the component in the IC that changes reciprocating motion
from the piston to rotational motion. The crank shaft is also an important component when it
comes to engine trimming. It is calibrated so that one rotation of the crank is halfway that of the
camshaft

Figure: Image showing some parts in the engine.

5. Cam Shaft: A cam shaft located at the head of the engine this is connected to the crank shaft
either via a belt or a chain and has lobe shaped part that is responsible for the opening and
closing of intake and exhaust valves.
6. Valves: The valves allow the flow of fuel-air mixture (intake valve) and exhaust gasses
(exhaust valve), the intake valves are bigger than the exhaust valves which allow more air to be
induced when open.

7. Engine Head: In an IC engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders and forms the roof of
the combustion chamber. It holds the valves, camshaft and sparkplug.

8. Spark plug: A spark plug is an electrical device used in an internal combustion engine to
produce a spark which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.

3.4 ENGINE BLOCK CONFIGURATION

The engine block comes in different configuration the common types are:

1. The inline engine: This engine has its piston arranged in a single straight bank with no
cylinder offset and a number of cylinders commonly ranging from 1-8.

2. The V-engine: This engine has two banks put side by side in a V-shape structure with bank
angle ranging from 15⁰-180⁰. The V-engine with bank angle of 180 ⁰ is also known as a flat
engine. The number of cylinders commonly ranging from 2 to 12
3.5 DRIVE TRAIN IN AUTOMOBILE

The drive train refers to the collection of components responsible for transmitting mechanical
power from the engine to the wheels of an automobile, thereby enabling the vehicle to move. In
cars, the drive train encompasses all the elements, excluding the motor or engine itself, that are
involved in delivering power to the drive wheels.

3.5.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A DRIVE TRAIN

1. Flywheel: A flywheel is a mechanical device which uses the conservation of angular

momentum to store rotational energy. It normally has a clutch attached to it.

2. Clutch: A clutch is a mechanical device that allows the output shaft to be disconnected from
the rotating input shaft. This is found between the engine and gear box (transmission) and
generally allows for smooth change of gear when the engine is running.

3. Transmission or Gearbox: A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device

which uses gears to change the speed or direction of rotation in a car. The gearbox is of different
types which includes the manual, the automatic, the Continuous Varying Transmission (CVT),
torque converter, sequential transmission (common in bikes).

4. Drive Shaft: A drive shaft is a component for transmitting mechanical power, torque, and
rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive-train that cannot be connected
directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them It receives
power from the transmission and gives to the wheels.

5. Drive Axle: The drive axle is a split axle with a differential and universal joint between the
two half axles. Modern front-wheel drive cars typically combine the transmission (gearbox and
differential) and front axle into a single unit called a transaxle.

6. Differential: A differential is a gear train with three drive shafts that has the property that the
rotational speed of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others, these are commonly found
in rear wheel drive cars and four-wheel or all-wheel drive cars. They vary the speed of wheel
especially when cars are making a turn.
7. Torque Converter: A torque converter is a device, usually implemented as a type of fluid
coupling, that transfers rotating power from a prime mover, like an IC engine, to a rotating
driven load.

3.5.2 TYPE OF DRIVE TRAIN IN AUTOMOBILE

In modern day automobiles, there are generally four types of drive train systems used which
includes.

1. All-Wheel Drive (AWD): An All-Wheel Drive vehicle (AWD vehicle) is one with a power
train capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand.

2. Front Wheel Drive (FWD): Front-Wheel Drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission
layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the front wheels only.

3. Rear Wheel Drive (RWD): Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) is a form of engine and transmission
layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the rear wheels only.

4. Four Wheel Drive (4WD): Four-Wheel Drive, also called 4x4 ("four by four") or 4WD, refers
to a two-axle vehicle drive-train capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously.
It may be full-time or on-demand, and is typically linked via a transfer case providing an
additional output drive shaft.
 Figure: Transmission system layout.

3.6 AUTOMOBILE SUSPENSION SYSTEM

A suspension system in a vehicle is a complex arrangement of components including tires, tire

air, springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves to connect the vehicle to its wheels and
allows relative motion between the two. The primary functions of a suspension system are to
support road holding and handling while also ensuring ride quality. These objectives can
sometimes be at odds with each other, as optimizing one aspect may compromise the other.
Additionally, the suspension system plays a crucial role in dampening vibrations and
maneuvering, thereby reducing the potential damage caused by vibrations to the vehicle's frame
and components. Overall, a well-designed suspension system is essential for ensuring both the
safety and comfort of vehicle occupants, as well as protecting the vehicle itself from excessive
wear and tear.
3.6.1 COMPONENT OF A SUSPENSION SYSTEM

1. The Spring: A spring is a mechanical device typically made of elastic materials, such as metal,
formed into a coil shape that can return to its original form after being compressed or extended.
Springs have the capability to store energy when compressed. In automotive applications,
various types of springs are utilized, with the most common being coil springs and leaf springs.
Coil springs are often found in smaller vehicles, whereas leaf springs are commonly used in
trucks due to their durability and capacity to carry heavy loads.

2. Damper: A damper is a mechanical or hydraulic device engineered to absorb and mitigate

shock impulses. Its function involves converting the kinetic energy of shocks into another form,
usually heat, which is then dissipated. Dampers play a crucial role in absorbing vibrations while
a vehicle is in motion. They can be integrated either alongside the spring or mounted separately
within a vehicle.

3. Struts: Struts are integral components of an automobile's chassis. They can serve as passive
braces to reinforce the chassis and body structure or act as active components within the
suspension system. An example of an active unit is the coil-over design, which combines a shock
absorber and a spring into a single unit.

4. Control Arm: In automotive suspension systems, a control arm, also known as an A-arm or
wishbone, is a hinged suspension link connecting the chassis to the suspension upright or hub
that supports the wheel. Control arms are categorized into upper and lower arms. Some vehicles
utilize a MacPherson suspension, where the upper arm is integrated with a spring.

5. Suspension Linkage: Suspension linkage, also known as control link or suspension member, is
a component of automotive suspension systems that attaches at two points: one to the vehicle's
body or frame and the other to the knuckle, upright, axle, or another link. It plays a crucial role in
connecting various suspension components.

6. Steering Knuckle: A steering knuckle, also referred to as an upright, is a component of

automotive suspension systems that houses the wheel hub or spindle. It attaches to both the
suspension and steering components and serves to connect the tire to the control arm in certain
vehicle suspension designs.
3.6.2 TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM

1. Double Wishbone Suspension System: A double wishbone suspension system is an

independent suspension design for automobiles using two (occasionally parallel) wishbone-
shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis
and one joint at the knuckle.
Advantage: Double wishbone suspension are chosen mainly due to their Excellent Handling,
Better Stability, Flexible Superior, Fine-tuning and Load Capacity, Consistent Camber which
help in terms of grip.
Disadvantage: Double wishbone suspensions are more complex, impose more difficult
packaging constraints, and are thus often more expensive than other systems like a MacPherson
strut, also cost of maintenance is high longer due to addition of more parts.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

Figure: Typical double wishbone suspension system.

2. Leaf Spring Suspension: The leaf spring suspension is one which is commonly found in truck
due to their durability and ability to carry heavy load. Instead of coil spring they utilize a leaf
spring which comes in several sizes and configuration.
Advantage: The way the suspension is constructed is really simple and strong, they also control
axle damping, Extra weight and costs are reduced because of the rear axle location, the chassis
roll can be controlled more efficiently due to the high rear moment center and wide spring base.
Disadvantage: The chassis roll can be controlled more efficiently due to the high rear moment
center and wide spring base; the ride comfort isn’t as great because of the inter-leaf friction
between each leaf. Over time, the springs tend to lose shape and can sag. When the sag is
uneven, it can alter the cross weight of the vehicle which can affect the handling slightly.

Leaf Spring Suspension.

3. Air Suspension: Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or

engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows,
usually made from textile-reinforced rubber.
Advantage: Reduced noise and vibration. As vehicles with air suspension can be adjusted to road
type, they benefit from better fuel economy. Another advantage of air suspension is its versatility
on load as it can adjust air pressure for various load applied. Air suspension compensates for
potholes, uneven surfaces and speed bumps in the road allowing your vehicle to glide easily over
the road surface.
Disadvantage: The initial cost of installation is high. The motor of the car needed to run the
compressor to vary pressure according to load and the air suspension is vulnerable to air leaks.
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Figure: A typical Air Suspension System

3.7 FUELING SYSTEM

The fueling system of a car starts from the fuel tank to the injector nozzle itself. The fueling
system of a car ensures that fuel reaches the cylinder of an IC engine without impurities and at
suitable pressure. Without the fueling system, cars will not be able to run.

3.7.1 COMPONENT OF A FUELING SYSTEM

1. The Fuel Tank. The fuel tank is a reservoir where fuel is stored safely, the fuel tank also
houses the fuel pump and ensure that fuel is safely stored. Fuel tanks are made of either high
endurance plastic or metal.

2. Fuel Pump: The Fuel Pump is a component mostly located inside the fuel tank and is
responsible for sending fuel at suitable pressure out of the tank to other components. It mainly
consist of a electric motor merged with a pump, the motor drives the pump and sends fuel out of
the tank.
 Figure: Fuel Pump.

3. Fuel Filter: The Fuel Filter is another important component of the fueling system. The filter
has a sieve in it that stops impurities and debris from going to the injector system which may
affect engine performance.

4. Injector: The Fuel Injector is the part responsible for delivering fuel to the intake manifold. It
has a valve that is electronically controlled by the Engine Control Unit (ECU) and is also
synchronized with the timing of the car.

Figure: Injector

3.8 AUTOMOBILE BRAKING SYSTEM

The braking system is a component in a vehicle that work together to slow or bring the car to a
complete stop. It is also to note that the manner in which a braking system stops or slows a car
matter. If it stops too slow it takes longer distances to stop the car which may lead to collision
when sudden brake to avoid accidents. Also, when the car is stopped instantly the car and
passenger will experience a lot of force due to their initial speed and can lead to head banging the
steering or other injuries.
3.8.1 TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM

1. Mechanical Brake: in this braking system the braking pressure is applied by means of a cable
connected from the pedal to the braking unit, it is normally use for light weight application and it
has a limitation in braking pressure.

2. Hydraulic Braking System: This braking system uses hydraulic fluid to generate hydraulic
pressure it is used for heavy duty applications because the hydraulic pressure is very high.

3. Pneumatic Braking System: This system uses air instead of fluids to apply braking pressure to
the braking unit it is wildly used in heavy duty applications.

3.8.2 COMPONENTS OF A BRAKING SYSTEM

1. Brake Pedal: The brake pedal is a part which the driver pushes with his feet to either pull a
cable, in order to compress a hydraulic fluid or send an electronic signature (brake by wire). The
amount of pressure applied determine how strong the brake is activated.

2. Reservoir: This is a container normally above or connected to the master cylinder it holds
hydraulic fluid and ensure that the master cylinder gets sufficient braking fluid.

3. Master Cylinder: In this braking system, the master cylinder is activated when the pedal is
pushed, it has a piston in a cylinder that compresses hydraulic fluid through a piping system this
provide sufficient hydraulic pressure for braking.

4. Antilock Braking System Module (ABS Module): This is a component in the braking system
that is connected to all the wheels and either increases or decreases the braking pressure of
individual wheels to avoid the wheel skidding when braking. Old vehicles lack such systems,
hence making them to skid when full braking pressure is applied.

5. Braking Unit: This component has friction lining that interact with a rotor when either
hydraulic pressure or pneumatic pressure is applied to it which slows or bring the car to a stop.
The braking unit comes in different design.
 CHAPTER FOUR
ACTIVITIES
During my time on industrial attachment, I engaged in a variety of activities that significantly
broadened my understanding and expertise in my field of study. A significant aspect of this
experience involved delving into vehicle maintenance practices, where I gained insight into
numerous methods for ensuring optimal vehicle performance. Within this chapter, I have
meticulously outlined the diverse maintenance protocols I encountered, offering detailed
explanations for each.

4.1 GENERAL VEHICLE MAINTENANCE.

As cars are operated, various components such as the engine, drivetrain, transmission, and others
are subjected to movement and stress. Consequently, it is necessary to periodically inspect cars
to ensure that these components are functioning properly and are in optimal condition, thus
prolonging their longevity. If any parts or fluids are found to be faulty or running low, they
should be promptly checked and replaced. Below is a list of parts and fluids that should be
inspected and replaced as needed:

1. ENGINE OIL.

 The typical lifespan of an engine ranges from 5000 to 7500 miles. To determine if an oil
change is necessary, the vehicle's odometer reading at the last oil change is subtracted
from the current reading. If the result falls within the 5000-7500 mile range, it indicates
that the engine oil is due for replacement in order to maintain engine health. The steps
involved in changing engine oil are outlined as follows:
 Allow the engine to cool down: Before beginning the oil change process, it's essential to
let the engine cool down to prevent burns from hot oil.
 Remove the oil cap on the head cover: This step ensures smooth drainage of the oil
during the oil change procedure.
 Remove the oil drain plug: After the engine has cooled down, place a container beneath
the car to catch the draining oil. Identify the oil pan underneath the car and locate the
bolt, typically 14mm or 17mm in size, depending on the car model. Loosen the nut by
turning it counterclockwise using a spanner.
  Loosen the oil filter: The oil filter, which traps dirt and debris during oil circulation, is the
next component to be removed. It is usually located on the engine block. A special tool
such as a filter belt or chain is used to loosen and remove the oil filter.
 Replace the oil drain plug: Once the oil has drained completely, replace the bolt on the oil
pan securely.
 Install the new oil filter: Apply a small amount of oil or lubricant to the rubber seal on the
new oil filter before fitting it into place.
 Add the appropriate amount of engine oil: The quantity of oil required varies depending
on the engine model, ranging from 4 liters for small cars to 6 liters for larger trucks.
 Start the engine: Start the engine and let it run for a few seconds to allow the fresh oil to
circulate.
 Check the oil level: Use the dipstick to gauge the oil level in the car's engine.
 Use the appropriate engine oil: Engine oils commonly used in cars include 5W-20, 5W-
30, or 10W-30, depending on the manufacturer's recommendations and climate
conditions.

2. AIR FILTER CLEANING

Regular inspection of the air filter is crucial as it prevents dirt and debris from entering the
manifold, which could lead to blockages or affect combustion. Here are the steps to clean the air
filter:

 Open the hood: Lift the hood of the vehicle to access the air filter box.
 Remove screws or clips: Locate and remove any screws or clips securing the air filter box
cover.
 Take out the air filter: Carefully remove the air filter from the filter box.
 Use high-pressure air: Utilize high-pressure air, such as compressed air or an air
compressor, to blow away dust and debris from the air filter. Ensure thorough cleaning of
all surfaces of the filter.
 Reinstall the air filter: Once cleaned, place the air filter back into the filter box, ensuring
it is properly seated and aligned.
  Secure the air filter box: Close the air filter box cover and reattach any screws or clips
removed earlier to secure it in place.
By following these steps, you can effectively clean the air filter, ensuring optimal airflow and
engine performance.

3. TRANSMISSION FLUID

The transmission system also necessitates proper lubrication. To ascertain if the transmission
requires oil, follow these steps:

 Locate the transmission dipstick: Identify the dipstick leading to the transmission within
the engine compartment.
 Remove and clean the dipstick: Take out the dipstick and wipe it clean with a cloth or
rag.
 Dip the dipstick into the transmission: Insert the dipstick back into the transmission,
ensuring it is fully immersed, and then withdraw it for inspection.
 Check the oil level: Examine the tip of the dipstick, where there are typically two lines or
indicators specifying the oil level gauge. If the oil level is below the lower line or
indicator, it indicates that more oil needs to be added. However, it's crucial to avoid
exceeding the upper line or indicator to prevent overfilling.
 Inspect the condition of the gear oil: If the gear oil exhibits a change in coloration, it
indicates contamination or deterioration, necessitating oil replacement.
By following these steps, you can effectively monitor the transmission oil level and condition,
ensuring optimal performance and longevity of the transmission system.

4. SPARK PLUG CLEANING OR REPLACEMENT

Checking the spark plugs during servicing is essential, as faulty spark plugs can lead to engine
misfires and reduced performance. Here are the steps involved in checking the spark plugs:
  Open the hood of the car to access the engine compartment.
 Remove the rubber cover of the engine head to expose the spark plug area.
 Disconnect all electrical connectors and use the appropriate spanner (typically 8mm or
10mm) to loosen the ignition coil.
 Remove the spark plugs using a specialized tool called a plug spanner.
 Inspect the spark plugs: Examine the lower tip of each spark plug. A red tip indicates
complete combustion of fuel, signifying a healthy spark plug. However, if the tip is black
and red, it indicates a faulty plug that needs replacement for optimal engine performance.
 Replace faulty spark plugs: Install new spark plugs to replace any that are found to be
faulty. Additionally, clean the surface of the good spark plugs before reinstalling them.
 Reattach the ignition coil and cover the engine head with its plastic cover.
By following these steps, you can effectively inspect and replace spark plugs as needed, ensuring
proper engine performance and functionality.

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENGINE MISFIRE.

Engine misfire is a significant issue that can severely impact engine performance and
longevity. Various components can contribute to engine misfires, so it's essential to identify
the problematic part to efficiently address the issue. The following components should be
inspected to diagnose engine misfires:

 Fuel Pump: The fuel pump is responsible for delivering fuel to the engine for
combustion. A faulty fuel pump can lead to misfires. Signs of a problematic fuel
pump include engine sputtering during startup, power loss, and difficulty starting the
car. To address this issue, the fuel pump and/or fuel filter should be replaced, as a
clogged filter can impede proper fuel flow.
 Spark Plug: Faulty spark plugs can prevent fuel from burning properly, resulting in
misfires. Cleaning spark plugs and replacing any faulty ones is essential.
Additionally, inspect the ignition coil for faults, as it may restrict the flow of
electricity to the plugs.
  Injector Nozzle: A common cause of misfires is a faulty or blocked injector nozzle. If
the fuel pump and spark plugs are functioning correctly, the injector nozzle should be
checked next. The nozzle is responsible for spraying fuel at high pressure. If it is
blocked by dirt or the nozzle mechanism is damaged, misfires can occur. Cleaning the
nozzle with injector cleaner and testing its responsiveness to electricity can help
diagnose and address this issue.
 Engine Timing: Poorly set engine timing can lead to misfires by causing the valves to
open and close at incorrect intervals. Resetting the engine timing and ensuring that
the timing chain or belt and tensioners are in good condition can resolve this issue.
 Head Valve Leakage or Bend: Engine valve bending or leakage can result in misfires
by allowing air-fuel mixture to escape. To address this issue, the engine head should
be removed, and the bent valve identified and regrinded to ensure an airtight seal.
By inspecting and addressing these components, the root cause of engine misfires can be
identified and resolved, restoring optimal engine performance.

4.3 BRAKE SYSTEM REPAIRS

The braking system, responsible for bringing a vehicle to a complete stop, can encounter various
faults that diminish its effectiveness when braking is required. Below are potential issues
associated with the braking system and their respective solutions:

 Air Bubbles: Braking efficiency is compromised when air bubbles are present within the
hydraulic piping. This can occur if the reservoir is emptied and refilled. To resolve this,
fill the reservoir to its maximum capacity. Then, using an appropriate spanner, loosen the
nipple on each brake caliper to allow air bubbles to escape. Once done, tighten the nipple
and prime the brakes through a process known as bleeding.
 Faulty Master Cylinder: The master cylinder applies hydraulic pressure to the brakes. If it
leaks oil, braking performance can be compromised. Leakage typically occurs due to
wear on the rubber seal from prolonged friction, exceeding the seal's expected lifespan.
This issue is identifiable when hydraulic oil is observed near the master cylinder
assembly. The solution involves replacing the master cylinder with a new one.
  Leak in Brake Lines: Brake pressure is lost when there is a leak in the brake lines (pipes).
To address this issue, locate the leaking pipe and replace it with a new one to restore
proper brake function.
 Leaking Brake Caliper: Brake caliper leakage also results in reduced braking pressure.
Once identified, remove the caliper and either replace the O-ring or install a new caliper
altogether to rectify the issue.
By addressing these potential problems promptly and effectively, the braking system's
functionality can be restored, ensuring safe and reliable braking performance.

4.4 CHANGE OF DAMPER OR SPRING

When the damper or spring of a car needs to be replaced, the following steps are typically taken:

 Secure the vehicle: Wedge the vehicle in place and engage the parking brake to prevent
movement.
 Loosen the wheel nuts: Slightly loosen the wheel nuts for the wheel where the damper or
spring is to be replaced. Then, lift the vehicle using a jack and support it securely with a
jack stand.
 Remove the tire: Once the vehicle is safely elevated, remove the tire from the wheel hub.
 Loosen suspension components: Loosen the links and upper arm (if equipped with a
double wishbone suspension) or the joint between the damper and steering knuckle to
free the wheel.
 Disconnect lower arm: If the vehicle has a double wishbone suspension, loosen the link
between the damper and lower arm before tapping with a hammer to disconnect the joint.
 Access the damper: With the hood open, locate and loosen the nut holding the shock
absorber in place.
 Compress the spring: Use a spring clamp tool to compress the helical spring, ensuring it
is held securely.
 Remove the old part: Loosen the nut holding the damper or spring in place at the top,
then remove the damaged part. If both the spring and damper are damaged, replace them
with new shock absorbers.
  Install the new part: Fit the new shock absorber into place, ensuring it is properly aligned
and seated.
 Tighten components: Securely tighten all nuts, bolts, and suspension components in the
reverse order of removal.
By following these steps carefully and ensuring all components are properly tightened, the
damper or spring replacement can be completed effectively, restoring the vehicle's suspension
system to optimal condition.

4.5 REPLACEMENT OF WHEEL HUB BEARING.

When replacing the hub, which is a crucial component located at the wheels, the following steps
are typically followed:

 Secure the vehicle: Wedge the vehicle in place and engage the parking brake to prevent
movement.
 Loosen the wheel nut: Slightly loosen the wheel nut for the wheel that needs repair. Then,
lift the vehicle using a jack and support it securely with a jack stand.
 Remove the tire: Once the vehicle is safely elevated, remove the tire from the wheel hub.
 Remove the brake caliper and rotor: After removing the tire, detach the brake caliper and
then remove the rotor.
 Remove the driving shaft nut: Locate and remove the nut holding the driving shaft in
place.
 Loosen suspension components: Loosen the torsion bar link and upper arm joint to the
knuckle, as well as the lower arm, to allow removal of the knuckle.
 Remove the knuckle: With the necessary suspension components loosened, remove the
knuckle from the vehicle.
 Loosen the bearing assembly: If the hub and knuckle are pressed in, use a hammer and
chisel to remove the outer rim of the bearing assembly. Then, take the knuckle to a
hydraulic press to fit a new bearing assembly.
 Replace the hub: If the hub is separate from the knuckle, loosen the nut holding the
bearing assembly to the knuckle and replace the hub.
  Reassemble components: Reassemble all components in the reverse order of removal,
ensuring everything is properly tightened and aligned.
By following these steps carefully, the hub replacement process can be completed effectively,
restoring the functionality and safety of the vehicle's wheel assembly.

4.6 REPLACEMENT OF PISTON.

When replacing a piston due to wear or damage, it's essential to follow a series of steps to ensure
the process is completed effectively. Here's a guide for replacing a piston:

 Disconnect the battery terminals and remove the battery from the vehicle.
 Remove the radiator to access the engine more easily.
 Drain the engine oil completely to prepare for disassembly.
 Disconnect all electrical connections related to the engine to avoid any interference
during the process.
 Remove the manifold, including both the intake and exhaust components, to access the
engine block.
 Unfasten all surrounding bolts securing the engine in place.
 Use a pulley to carefully lift the engine out from under the hood, allowing for better
access to the components.
 Loosen the head cover and camshaft to free the timing chain or belt.
 Remove the sump to access the lower side of the connecting rod and piston.
 Loosen the connecting rod nuts to detach the piston from the cylinder head.
 Remove the key from the gudgeon pin and replace the piston along with the rings.
 Reattach the new piston to the connecting rod and securely tighten the nuts.
 Refit the sump onto the engine.
 Reinstall the head and camshaft, ensuring proper timing alignment for the engine.
 Mount the engine back onto the engine sits and reattach the engine sit nuts securely.
 Reinstall any removed parts, including the manifold, and reconnect all electrical
connections to the engine.
  Refill the engine with the appropriate amount of engine oil.
 Reconnect the battery terminals to restore power to the vehicle.
By following these steps meticulously, the piston replacement process can be completed
correctly, ensuring optimal engine performance and reliability.

4.7 REPLACEMENT OF STEERING RACK

Here's a step-by-step guide for replacing a steering rack:

 Raise Vehicle and Remove Wheels: Use appropriate equipment to safely lift the vehicle
off the ground and support it securely. Remove the front wheels to access the steering
rack, which is typically located under the vehicle and connected to the front wheels.
 Disconnect Steering Linkages: Identify and disconnect all linkages that are connected to
the steering rack's input and output shafts. Remove these linkages by loosening their
fastening bolts or nuts, and be sure to label each one for correct re-installation later.
 Drain Power Steering Fluid: Locate the high-pressure and return power steering lines
connected to the rack housing. Release pressure at the power steering pump, then
disconnect these lines and allow all fluid to drain into an approved container.
 Disconnect Sensors: If applicable, unplug any electronic sensors that are connected to the
steering rack body, such as the steering angle sensor or load compensation sensor. Take
care to protect these sensors from damage during the removal process.
 Remove Mounting Hardware: Identify and remove the bolts or fasteners that rigidly affix
the steering rack unit to the vehicle's subframe. There should typically be 3-4 mounting
points to carefully release the rack from.
 Remove Steering Gear: Carefully maneuver the steering rack out of the engine bay area,
taking care to avoid damaging any wiring harnesses or other nearby systems. Transfer
over any necessary components from the original unit to the new steering rack, including
retention brackets if applicable.
 Install New Steering Rack: Reverse the previous steps to install the new steering rack.
Begin by securing it into position gently, then install new fluid lines as needed. Retorque
 all mounting bolts to the factory specifications, replenish fluids in the system, and ensure
that the system is fully bled to remove any air bubbles.
These are the steps to successfully replacing a steering rack.

4.8 REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF AN ALTERNATOR

Here are the steps to remove and replace an alternator:

 Disconnect the Negative Battery Cable: Begin by disconnecting the negative terminal of
the battery. This ensures that there is no power running through the electrical circuits
during the replacement process, reducing the risk of electrical shock.
 Remove Serpentine Belt: Locate the belt tensioner, typically found near the front of the
engine. Use an appropriate tool to release the tension on the serpentine belt, allowing you
to remove it from the alternator pulley. Take note of the belt routing for reinstallation.
 Remove Mounting Bolts: Identify and remove all mounting bolts that secure the
alternator to the engine or mounting bracket. These bolts may vary in number and
location depending on the vehicle make and model. Loosen and remove them until the
alternator is free from its mounting position.
 Remove Old Alternator: Carefully maneuver the old alternator out of its mounting
position, taking care to avoid damaging any bracket linkages or wiring harnesses in the
engine bay. Once removed, compare the old alternator with the new unit to ensure
compatibility and transfer any necessary parts or components.
 Install the New Alternator: Position the new alternator into place, aligning it with the
mounting holes on the engine or bracket. Secure the alternator in place by reinstalling the
mounting bolts and tightening them to the manufacturer's specified torque settings.
Reconnect any wiring harnesses and belt removed earlier.
 Reinstall Serpentine Belt: Use the belt routing diagram or reference marks to reinstall the
serpentine belt onto the alternator pulley and other accessory pulleys. Ensure the belt is
properly seated and tensioned according to the manufacturer's specifications.
 Reconnect the Negative Battery Cable: Once the alternator is securely installed and all
connections are in place, reconnect the negative terminal of the battery. This restores
power to the electrical circuits and allows you to test the functionality of the new
alternator.
By following these steps carefully, you can successfully remove and replace the alternator in
your vehicle, restoring proper electrical power generation and functionality.
 CHAPTER FIVE
SIWES CHALLENGES
5.1 CHALLENGES FACED DURING THE STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORKING
EXPERIENCE SCHEME.

During my SIWES period at the Nigerian Army Special Retrofitting and Repair Workshop
(NASRRW), I encountered various challenges that tested my resilience and adaptability. These
challenges included:
1. Power Supply Shortages: There were occasions when the laboratory experienced power
supply shortages, rendering certain machines inoperable. Despite this setback, I proactively
sought alternative methods for practical learning, although the lack of power significantly
impacted my training experience.
2. Limited Equipment/Tools: The unavailability of operational machines in the laboratory
hindered my ability to perform certain tasks effectively. For instance, I was required to execute a
welded joint using an arc welding machine without proper eye protection, resulting in discomfort
and subsequent absence from training for three days.
3. Transportation and Sustenance Challenges: I faced difficulties in reaching the training venue
at times due to transportation issues. Additionally, there were days when fatigue prevented me
from operating heavy machinery such as lathes and milling machines, primarily due to a lack of
funds for meals. This situation arose from delayed incentives, making it challenging to cover
necessary expenses.
4. Health Issues: Periods of illness prevented me from attending training sessions, as there were
days when I was confined to my sick bed, unable to participate in practical learning activities.
Despite these challenges, I remained determined to make the most of my SIWES experience and
sought solutions where possible. While some challenges were successfully resolved, others
remained ongoing throughout my training period, posing significant obstacles to my learning and
development.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Considering the pivotal role of the SIWES program in preparing students for the workforce, it is
essential for the government, through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), to ensure its continuity
and effectiveness. To achieve this, I propose the following recommendations:
1. Increased Funding: Allocate additional financial resources to the SIWES program to address
challenges such as inadequate equipment and power supply shortages. This will enable the
provision of necessary tools and facilities for students to enhance their practical learning
experience.
2. Regular Maintenance of Facilities: Implement a structured maintenance plan for laboratories
and workspaces to prevent equipment breakdowns. Regular maintenance will ensure a conducive
learning environment and minimize disruptions during practical sessions.
3. Enhanced Power Supply: Address power supply challenges in training institutions to minimize
disruptions during practical sessions. This could involve investing in alternative power sources
or improving the reliability of existing power infrastructure.
4. Timely Stipend Disbursement: Ensure prompt and regular disbursement of stipends to
participating students. Timely stipend disbursement will alleviate financial burdens, improve
student welfare, and enhance their overall training experience.
5. Collaboration with Industries: Strengthen partnerships with industries to provide students with
exposure to cutting-edge technologies and real-world challenges. Industry collaboration will
enrich students' learning experience and better prepare them for the workforce.
6. Health and Safety Measures: Implement and enforce strict health and safety measures during
practical sessions. This includes providing necessary safety equipment and training to protect
students and minimize the risk of accidents or health issues.
7. Feedback Mechanism: Establish a feedback mechanism for students to report challenges
encountered during the SIWES program. This will enable continuous improvement and prompt
resolution of issues to enhance the overall effectiveness of the program.
8. Flexible Training Periods: Consider adjusting the timing of the SIWES program to
accommodate unforeseen circumstances such as public holidays. Flexible training periods will
ensure that students receive the full training experience without disruptions.
By incorporating these recommendations, the government can enhance the quality and impact of
the SIWES program, providing students with a more comprehensive and valuable practical
learning experience.
 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
The six-month industrial attachment at the Armed Forces Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Workshop has been a profoundly enriching and enlightening experience for me. It has provided
me with invaluable insights and a deeper understanding of real-world industrial practices and
conditions. Furthermore, it has greatly enhanced both my interpersonal and technical skills. The
knowledge and experiences gained were not limited to direct involvement in tasks but also
encompassed observation and interaction with colleagues, superiors, and industry professionals. I
am confident that the primary objective of the industrial training program has been successfully
accomplished, as it has contributed significantly to my personal and professional growth,
offering me a well-rounded perspective on the field of mechanical engineering.
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1
1.1 HISTORY OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES).........................1
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES...........................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................3
2.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION.......................................................3
2.2 VISION....................................................................................................................................3
2.3 MISSION.................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE..............................................................................................................................4
3.1 BASIC TOOLS FOUND IN WORKSHOP...................................................................................4
3.2 HOW THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINE WORK......................................................5
3.3 BASIC PARTS IN A FOUR STROKE ENGINE............................................................................6
3.4 ENGINE BLOCK CONFIGURATION..........................................................................................8
3.5 DRIVE TRAIN IN AUTOMOBILE..............................................................................................9
3.5.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A DRIVE TRAIN...........................................................................9
3.5.2 TYPE OF DRIVE TRAIN IN AUTOMOBILE..........................................................................10
3.6 AUTOMOBILE SUSPENSION SYSTEM..................................................................................11
3.6.1 COMPONENT OF A SUSPENSION SYSTEM.......................................................................12
3.6.2 TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM.......................................................................................13
3.7 FUELING SYSTEM.................................................................................................................15
3.7.1 COMPONENT OF A FUELING SYSTEM..............................................................................15
3.8 AUTOMOBILE BRAKING SYSTEM........................................................................................16
3.8.1 TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM.............................................................................................17
3.8.2 COMPONENTS OF A BRAKING SYSTEM...........................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................18
ACTIVITIES..................................................................................................................................18
4.1 GENERAL VEHICLE MAINTENANCE.....................................................................................18
4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENGINE MISFIRE.................................................................................21
4.3 BRAKE SYSTEM REPAIRS......................................................................................................22
4.4 CHANGE OF DAMPER OR SPRING.......................................................................................23
 4.5 REPLACEMENT OF WHEEL HUB BEARING...........................................................................24
4.6 REPLACEMENT OF PISTON..................................................................................................25
4.7 REPLACEMENT OF STEERING RACK.....................................................................................26
4.8 REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF AN ALTERNATOR........................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................28
SIWES CHALLENGES...................................................................................................................28
5.1 CHALLENGES FACED DURING THE STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE
SCHEME......................................................................................................................................28
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................................28
CHAPTER SIX..................................................................................................................................30
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................30