OXFORD A Student’s Guide to GrammarOXFORD _ a Student’s Guide to | INDONESIAN | | GrammarOXFORD 253 Normanby Road, South Melboure, Vicoria 3205, Australia Oxford University Press is a department of the Univesity of Oxford. Ie furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, ‘and education by publishing worldwide in ‘Oxford. New York ‘Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi ‘Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi [New Delhi’ Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in ‘Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam ‘OXFORD is a trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright © Dwi Noverini Djenar 2003, First published 2003, Reprinted 2005, ‘This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes ‘of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Enquiries to be made to Oxford Univesity Press Copying for educational purposes Where copes of part or the whole of the book are made under Part VB Of te Copyright ct, he law requires tat prescribed procedures be followed: or information, contact the Copyright Agency Limited National Library of Australia Cataloguingin Publication data Djenat, Dwi Novein, 1961- ‘Astadent's guide to Indonesian grammar. Tludes index. For secondary students in years 10-12 and beginning tertiary students, ISBN 019551466 1. 1. Indonesian language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English I Tie. soon ‘Typeset by Sylvia ite Plated by Bookpac Production Services, SingaporeContents Introduction ‘Acknowledgments Source Acknowiedgments 1 Asking and Answering Questions 1.1 Asking questions 1.2. Giving answers 2 Noun Phrases 2.1 Noun + possessor 22. Noun + another noun 23. Noun + adjective 24 Noun + verb 25 Noun + demonstrative 3 Numbers, Classifiers and Quantity 3.1 Numbers 32. Chassifiers 33 Quantity 34. Group words 4 Saying ‘To Be’ with Adalah and lalah 4.1. The difference between adalah and ialah 42. The function of adalah and ialah 43. Optional adalah and ialah 44, Merupakan 5 Prepositions 5.1 Basic prepositions 5.2. Other prepositions 6 Uses of Ada 6.1. There is/are/wasiwere 62 To be ata place 63 To have 7 Comparing 7.1 How to say ‘more than’ or ‘ess than’ 7.2. How to say‘most’ 73 Saying'same as’ or ‘as ... as" Contents x eH 2 2 4 16 16 7 20 4 7 29 29 30 30 31 3 33 35 38 38 39 39 4 al 45Uses of Yang 8.1 To refer to a person or thing : 8.2. To say ‘the person who(m) ..." or ‘the thing that ...” 83 Asking which (one)?” 9 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 9.1 Intrans ive verbs 9.2. Transitive verbs 93. Deriving transitive from the intransitive 10 Ber. 10.1 To have what the base word indicates 10.2 To use or wear 10.3 To do what the base word indicates 104 Ber-+ numeral 10.5 Beran 10.6 Reduplicated ber- 11 Men- 1.1 Sound changes 1.2 Transitive meN- verbs 11.3 Intransitive meN- verbs 11.4 MeN adjectives 11.5 Undifferentiated meN- and ber- verbs 12 MeN-kan 12.1 Indicating the transitive 12.2 Causative 12.3 Benefactive 12.4 Optional -kan 125 Undifferentiated meN-kan and ber- 12.6 Contrast between meN-kan and member-kan 12.7 MeN-kan adjectives 13 MeN-i 13.1 Various meanings of meN-i verbs 13.2 Contrast between meN-i and meN-kan verbs 13.3 Undifferentiated meN-i and ieN-kan 134 Other meN-i and meN-kan contrasts 13.5 MeN- and corresponding intransitive verbs14 15 16 Ter- 14.1 Adjective ter- 142 Ter- verbs 143 Other uses 144 Ter and ke- or keon 145 Reduplicated ter- Ke-an 15.1 Kenan verbs 15.2 Ke-an adjectives 15.3 Kevan abstract nouns 15.4 Ke-an with dual meanings PeN- 16.1 PeN- nouns 19 20 17.1 Forming a noun 17.2 Forming an adjective 173 -on with numbers 17-4 Forming an adverb PeN-an and Per-an 18.1 PetN-an 18.2 Peron 18.3 Pe-an Subject-focus and Object-focus 19.1 Subject-ocus 19.2 Object-focus 19.3 Transforming subject-focus into object-focus Uses of -nya 20.1 To show possession 20.2 As equivalent ofthe’ 20.3 Exclamation 204 To be polite 205 In topic~comment sentences 20.6 To form abstract nouns Contents v22 25 26 27 Ways to Say ‘Because’ 21.1 (Oleh) Karena 21.2 (Oleh) sebab 21.3 Gare-gara 21.4 Mentang-mentang 21.5 Lantaran Ways to Say ‘If’ 21 222 If... then... 223 only 2.4 What if. When and While 23.1 Ketika and waktu 23.2 Sementara 23.3 Sombil 23.4 Sedangkan Although and Net ... But 24.1 Although, even though 242 Not ... but The ... More ... the 25.1 Makin ... makin ... 25.2 (Berjtambah ... (ber)tambah ... 25.3 Kian ... kion ... Both ... and ... / .. As Well As ... 26.1 Baik ... moupun Let Alone 27.1 Jangankan ... pun/saja 27.2 Apalagi ... soja 27.3 Kok ... Saja and boro-boro ... soja More ... Imperatives 28.1 Commands 28.2 Requests 28.3 Inviting. 284 Offering 142. 143 143 143 146 146 148 149 150 Ist 1st 152. 152 153 155 155 187 160 160 16 6h 162. tea 164 loa 165, 167 167 174 176285 Advising 28.6 How to say‘do not’ 28.7 Imperatives in object-focus 29 Reporting What Has Been Said 29.1 ‘Say’ verbs in Indonesian 29.2 Direct reporting 2913 Indirect reporting Glossary IndexIntroduction A Student’s Guide to Indonesian Grammar is intended for secondary ‘students in Years 10-12 and for tertiary students beginning Indonesian. It presents grammar iri an accessible arid fun way by focusing on its use in daily communication. Many of the exercises in this book are designed for pair or group interaction, while others are suitable for independent learning. ‘The earlier chapters in the book cover lighter topics, such as asking and answering questions, numbers and prepositions. Subsequent chapters cover more difficult topics. Teachers may wish to use the easier chapters in the carly part of the year as @ warm-up, if their students have already studied the topics beforehand, then move on to other chapters. Each chapter is self- contained, allowing teachers to select topics to coincide with other teaching materials. Cross-referencing within and between chapters provides easy access to related grammatical points. Each chiapter in this book covers one grammatical topic. For each part of the topic, an explanation is given, supported by examples. Exercises (Latihan) provide immediate reinforcement of the grammar learnt. Vocabulary (Kosakata) is given for many of the exercises. Where a dictionary may be required, this is clearly specified. Grammar is an integral part of language use. It forms part of how people communicate with each other in daily life. Often a communicative situation determines people's choice of words and way of saying things. For example, people may speak differently in informal and formal situations. In addition, people may write differently from the way they speak. The ‘communicative dimensions are complex and are impossible to be dealt ‘with comprehensively in a book of this sort. However, throughout this book, in the explanations of grammatical topics and in the accompanying exercises, indications are provided as to the situations in which certain language uses are most appropriate. ‘Additional information is given under the following headings. ‘+ Did you know? Note ‘© Handy expression + Be careful! ‘This information relates to useful expressions, cultural notes and errors to avoid, which students and teachers may find interesting and helpful. ‘The introduction of grammatical terms is unavoidable in a grammar book and some learners may find this rather daunting. In this book, grammatical terms are used only where no simpler alternative is available. Grammatical terms introduced for the first time are italicised and an explanation of the term is provided.ec Hidean. $ oni use in re designed for pendent as asking and at chapters cover :hapters in the ‘ready studied Ih chapter is solf- th other teaching mrovides easy reach part of Exercises learnt. Vhere a sthow people aicative situation gs. Fe tal sions. In veak rtor alt aghout this iccompanying hich certain es. sand errors to {helpful yammar book k, grammatical . Grammatical anation of the Acknowledgments ‘The suggestion for this book was first put to me by Ray O'Farrell, the publishing director at Oxford University Press, when my son Haris was merely three months-old. A year later, I began to work on the manuscript. Ray has since moved to another position and so has not seen this work in its completed form, but I am very grateful to him for initiating the project in the first place. Lisa Carroll, my publisher, has followed this project through. Many thanks also go to her. ‘This book has benefited greatly from comments and criticisms from many people. I would especially like to thank Linda Hibbs, Paul Fyffe, Nyoman Riasa and an anonymous reviewer, who all made detailed comments on the manuscript. My students at La Trobe University trialed the chapters and questioned a number of points. I much appreciate their useful suggestions. My thanks also go to those who furnished examples or made suggestions through various discussions on Indonesian grammar, particularly Umar Muslim, Harry Aveling, and Peter Chamberlain. Ron Baird and ‘Tracy Lee in the Department of Asian Studies at La Trobe University provided much needed technical assistance. I thank them both for their help. This book owes a great deal of its present form to my editors, Stephen Roche and Jenny Bilos. Iam very grateful to both of them for their hard work. Some of the ideas in this book have been inspired by other works on grammar, in particular An A~Z of English Grammar & Usage by Geoffrey Leech (Longman, 1989), Grammar Practice Activities by Penny Ur (Cambridge University Press, 1988), and Indonesian Reference Grammar by James Sneddon (Allen & Unwin, 1996). This book is for Haris, from whose mouth springs forth ever so effortlessly one object-focus sentence after another.