1 Lithium, potassium and caesium are three metals in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

(a) A small piece of each metal is placed on water in separate large troughs.
Complete the table by giving the correct metal, lithium, potassium or caesium, for
each description.
(2)

Description of reaction Metal

explodes on contact with water

fizzes gently

reacts violently and forms a lilac flame

(b) (i) Give the name and formula of the gas formed when potassium reacts with water.
(2)

name .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

formula ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the name and formula of the compound formed when lithium reacts
with water.
(2)

name .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

formula ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (iii) Describe how you could show that an alkaline solution is formed when
caesium reacts with water.
(2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)

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2 Solutions of lead(II) nitrate and sodium chloride react together to form a precipitate
of lead(II) chloride.
The equation for the reaction is
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) ĺ PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
A student carries out a series of experiments to find how much precipitate is formed
when different volumes of lead(II) nitrate are added.
She uses this method.
• place 15 cm3 of sodium chloride solution into a boiling tube
• add 2.0 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution
• allow the precipitate to settle
• measure the height of the precipitate
• repeat the experiment using different volumes of lead(II) nitrate solution
The table shows the student’s results.

Volume in cm3
Height of precipitate
of lead(II) nitrate
in cm
added

2.0 0.6

4.0 1.2

6.0 1.8

8.0 2.1

10.0 2.5

12.0 2.1

14.0 2.1

(a) Suggest why the height of the precipitate eventually stops increasing as more
lead(II) nitrate solution is added.
(1)

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 (b) (i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit through the origin and the first three points,
and another straight line of best fit through the last four points.
Make sure that the two lines cross.
(4)
4

3
Height of
precipitate 2
in cm
1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Volume in cm3 of lead(ll) nitrate solution added

(ii) Draw a circle on the grid around the point that represents the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Which statement is a possible explanation for this anomalous result?
(1)

A the precipitate was not allowed to settle before its height was measured
B only 1 cm3 of sodium chloride solution was added instead of 2 cm3
C 20 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution was used
D the reaction was carried out at a higher temperature
(iv) Why should the graph line pass through the origin?
(1)

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(v) Use your graph to estimate the volume of lead(II) nitrate solution that would
be required to react completely with 15 cm3 of the sodium chloride solution.
(1)

volume =...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

3 When lithium is burned in air, the two compounds lithium oxide (Li2O) and
lithium nitride (Li3N) are formed.
Both compounds are ionic and their ions can be represented by dot and cross diagrams.
The dot and cross diagram for the ions in lithium oxide is
⎣ + ⎣ 2–
⎡ ⎢ ⎡ ⎢
⎢ Li ⎡ ⎢ O ⎡
⎣ 2
⎣
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram for the ions in lithium nitride.
(3)

(b) The chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and oxygen is
4Li + O2 o 2Li2O
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.
(2)

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 (c) (i) Lithium nitride reacts violently with water to form a solution of lithium hydroxide
and ammonia gas.
Complete the following equation by inserting the appropriate state symbols.
(1)

Li3N(s) + 3H2O(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ) o 3LiOH(........................ ) + NH3(........................ )

(ii) Suggest a value for the pH of the solution formed.

Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

pH................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

reason ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

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(d) Solid lithium nitride conducts electricity and is used in batteries.

Why would you expect solid lithium nitride not to conduct electricity?
(1)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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4 This question is about elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Which statement about lithium is correct?
(1)
A It is a good electrical conductor and forms an acidic oxide
B It is a poor electrical conductor and forms an acidic oxide
C It is a good electrical conductor and forms a basic oxide
D It is a poor electrical conductor and forms a basic oxide

(b) A small piece of sodium is added to a large trough of water.

(i) State two observations that could be made.
(2)

1 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Complete the equation for this reaction by inserting the appropriate state symbols.
(2)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... ) o 2NaOH(........................ ) + H2(........................ )

(c) Potassium reacts in a similar way to sodium, but is more reactive.

State one observation that could be made when a small piece of potassium is
added to a large trough of water, but would not be observed with sodium.
(1)

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(d) Explain why elements in Group 1 have similar reactions.

(1)

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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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5 Three aqueous solutions are sodium chloride, sodium iodide and silver nitrate. They are in
containers labelled X, Y and Z. It is not known which solution is in each container.
The solutions are mixed together as shown in the table, and the observations recorded.

Experiment Observation

solution X added to solution Y yellow precipitate formed

solution X added to solution Z no change

solution Y added to solution Z white precipitate formed

(a) Explain how the results show that Y is aqueous silver nitrate.
(1)

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(b) Explain how the results can be used to identify both X and Z.
(2)

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(c) Aqueous chlorine is added to separate aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and
sodium iodide.
Explain how the observations made can be used to distinguish between sodium chloride
and sodium iodide.
(2)

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(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

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6 Lithium and magnesium both react with nitrogen.
The chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen is

6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and nitrogen.
(2)

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(b) The equation for the reaction between lithium nitride and water is

Li3N(s) + 3H2O(l) → 3LiOH(aq) + NH3(g)

(i) Describe a chemical test to show that the gas given off is ammonia.
(2)

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(ii) A sample of 1.40 g of lithium nitride is added to an excess of water.

Calculate the amount, in moles, of Li3N in the sample of lithium nitride.
(2)

amount of Li3N = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of LiOH in the lithium hydroxide formed.
(1)

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 (iv) Calculate the volume of 0.500 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid required to neutralise
exactly the amount of lithium hydroxide calculated in (b)(ii).
Give an appropriate unit.
The equation for the reaction is

2LiOH + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + 2H2O

(3)

volume of sulfuric acid = ................................................................ unit .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 10 marks)

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7 This question is about elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Which statement is correct about lithium?

(1)
A lithium is a non-metal
B lithium forms a sulfate with the formula LiSO4
C lithium reacts with water to form an alkali
D lithium reacts with water to form a white precipitate

(b) Lithium and potassium have similar chemical properties because their atoms
(1)
A have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
B have the same number of protons
C have two electrons in the first shell
D form positive ions

(c) Small pieces of lithium and potassium are added to separate large troughs of water.
State one observation that would be similar for each element, and one that would
be different for each element.
(2)

similar......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

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different .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) Suggest the formula of the compound formed when potassium reacts with oxygen,
and when potassium reacts with chlorine.
(2)

oxygen ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chlorine .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) Complete the equation for the reaction between rubidium and water by inserting
state symbols.
(1)

2Rb(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2H2O(. . . . .................... ) o 2RbOH(........................ ) + H2(........................ )

(f ) The table shows information about the isotopes in a sample of rubidium.

Number of Number of Percentage of isotope

Isotope
protons neutrons in sample

1 37 48 72

2 37 50 28

Use information from the table to calculate the relative atomic mass of this
sample of rubidium. Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)

relative atomic mass = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

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8 The table gives information about the first three elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

Atomic Relative Electronic Density Melting point

Element
number atomic mass configuration in g / cm3 in qC
lithium 3 7 2.1 0.53 180
sodium 11 23 2.8.1 0.97 98
potassium 19 39 2.8.8.1 0.86 64

(a) Which information shows that the elements have similar chemical properties?
Give a reason for your choice.
(2)

Information ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reason ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The elements in Group 1 show a clear trend (regular pattern) in some of their
physical properties.
Identify the physical property that shows a clear trend.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The elements also show a clear trend in their chemical properties, such as their
reaction with water.
When a small piece of lithium is added to water it fizzes gently and eventually
disappears to form a solution.
(i) Describe a test to show that the gas given off is hydrogen.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction by inserting the state symbols.
(1)

2Li(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2H2O(. . . . . . . . . . . .................... ) o 2LiOH(............................... ) + H2(............................... )

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (iii) State and explain the effect that the solution formed has on red litmus paper.
(2)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) State two similarities and two differences between the reactions of lithium and
potassium with water.
(4)

Similarities ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Differences ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) When lithium burns in oxygen it forms lithium oxide (Li2O).

(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and oxygen.
(2)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) When sodium burns in oxygen, one of the products is sodium peroxide (Na2O2).
Balance the equation to show the formation of sodium peroxide.
(1)

............................... Na + ............................... O2 o ............................... Na2O2

(Total for Question 8 = 14 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The table gives information about some of the elements in Group 7 of the
Periodic Table.

Element Colour Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C

fluorine yellow –220 –188

chlorine –101 –35

bromine red-brown –7 59

iodine grey 114

(a) What is the colour of chlorine at room temperature?

(1)
A black
B blue
C green
D orange

(b) The trend in the boiling points for these elements is similar to the trend in their
melting points.
Predict a value for the boiling point of iodine.
(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(c) Astatine is another element in Group 7.

Predict its colour and physical state at room temperature.
(2)

colour ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

physical state ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) The elements in Group 7 have similar chemical reactions because they have the
same number of
(1)
A electrons
B electron shells
C outer electrons
D protons

(e) A student wrote these statements about the reactions of the Group 7 elements.
• The reactivity of the elements decreases down the group.
• The elements form ions with a single positive charge.
• The formula of an astatine molecule is At2
• The equation for the reaction between chlorine and potassium bromide
solution is Cl2 + 2NaBr o 2NaCl + Br2
• In the reaction between bromine and potassium iodide, bromine acts as a
reducing agent.
Three of the statements contain one incorrect word.
Complete the table to show each incorrect word and the correct word that should
be used to replace it.
(3)

Incorrect word Correct word

(Total for Question1 = 8 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 A teacher demonstrates, in a fume cupboard, two experiments to show the movement
of particles.
(a) In the first experiment she places some liquid bromine at the bottom of a gas jar.
She then places another gas jar containing air on top of it, as shown in the diagram.
The diagram shows the apparatus at the start, after a few minutes and at the end
of the experiment.

air

liquid bromine

after a few end

start
minutes

Place crosses ( ) in two boxes to show which statements are correct about this
experiment.
(2)

A All the air particles in the upper gas jar stay there.
B Bromine and air react to form bromine oxide.
C Bromine has a darker colour than air.
D Bromine vapour diffuses upwards.
E Liquid bromine sublimes during the experiment.
F The concentration of bromine in the lower gas jar does not change.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) In the second experiment, she soaks two pieces of cotton wool in different liquids
and places them at opposite ends of a glass tube. She immediately seals the tube
with bungs.
The diagram shows the apparatus at the start of the experiment.

cotton wool cotton wool

soaked in soaked in
ammonia solution concentrated hydrochloric acid

A B C

During the experiment a white ring appears in the tube.

(i) State whether the white ring appears at A, B or C.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain your choice.

(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 A sample of a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) contains 0.24 g of carbon, 0.38 g of fluorine
and 1.42 g of chlorine.
(a) (i) Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of the CFC is CFCl2
(3)

(ii) The relative formula mass of the CFC is 204.

Deduce the molecular formula of the CFC.

(2)

molecular formula ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The displayed formula of another CFC is

Cl

F C Cl

Draw a dot and cross diagram of this CFC.

Show only the outer electrons.
(2)

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 This question is about elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Complete the table to show the physical state at room temperature of fluorine
and astatine, and the colour of liquid bromine.
(2)

Physical state at
Element Colour
room temperature

fluorine pale yellow

chlorine pale green gas

bromine liquid

iodine dark grey solid

astatine black

(b) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

A piece of magnesium ribbon is added to hydrogen chloride in three separate experiments
under different conditions.
The table below shows the observations made under these different conditions.

Experiment Conditions Observations

1 Hydrogen chloride gas No visible change

The magnesium ribbon gets

2 Hydrogen chloride dissolved in water
smaller and bubbles are seen
Hydrogen chloride dissolved in
3 No visible change
methylbenzene

(i) Write the formulae of two ions formed in the solution produced in experiment 2.
(2)
Positive ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Identify the gas formed in experiment 2 and give a test for it.
(2)

gas ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

test .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid are added to the solution
produced in experiment 2.
State what is observed and name the substance responsible for this observation.
Explain why dilute nitric acid is added.
(3)

observation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

substance responsible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................. ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

explanation ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain why there is no reaction in experiment 3.

(1)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 The halogens are elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

The halogens react with metals to form compounds called halides.

Table 1 shows information about some halogens and their halides.

Appearance at Melting point

Halogen Halide
room temperature in °C
chlorine green gas lithium chloride 605
bromine red-brown liquid sodium bromide 747
iodine grey solid potassium iodide 681

Table 1

(a) (i) Predict the physical state of fluorine at room temperature.

(1)

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Predict how the colour of astatine at room temperature compares with the
colour of iodine.
(1)

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Each of the halides in table 1 was dissolved in water to form a solution.
A sample of each of the halogens was then added to some of the halide solutions.
Table 2 shows the results.

Halogen added
Halide
Chlorine Bromine Iodine
lithium chloride not done no reaction no reaction
sodium bromide orange solution not done no reaction
potassium iodide brown solution brown solution not done

Table 2

(i) Suggest why there is no reason to add chlorine to lithium chloride solution.
(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Why was there no reaction when iodine was added to sodium bromide solution?
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name the substance with the brown colour that formed when chlorine was
added to potassium iodide solution.
(1)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) The reaction between bromine and potassium iodide solution is a

displacement reaction.
What is the correct description of this reaction?
(1)
A bromide displaces iodide
B bromine displaces iodide
C bromide displaces iodine
D bromine displaces iodine

(v) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between chlorine and
potassium bromide solution.
(1)

Cl2 + 2KBr  ........................ + ........................

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The table gives information about the first four elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

Atomic Electronic Physical state Colour

Element
number configuration at 20qC at 20qC
fluorine 9 2.7 gas pale yellow
chlorine 17 2.8.7 gas pale green
bromine 35 2.8.18.7 liquid red-brown
iodine 53 2.8.18.18.7 solid dark grey

(a) Astatine (At) has an atomic number of 85 and is the fifth element in Group 7.
It is possible to make predictions about astatine by comparison with the other
elements in Group 7.
(i) How many electrons does an atom of astatine have in its outer shell?
(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What physical state and colour would you expect for astatine at 20qC?
(2)

Physical state ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colour ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

(iii) Predict the formula of the compound formed between astatine and hydrogen.
Suggest a name for this compound.
(2)

Formula ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Name ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

(iv) Suggest how the reactivity of astatine compares to that of iodine.

Explain your answer.
(2)

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. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (b) Chlorine gas can be prepared by heating a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and manganese(IV) oxide using this apparatus.

concentrated hydrochloric acid

cardboard cover

chlorine
manganese(IV) oxide

(i) Balance the equation for the reaction.

(1)

.................. HCl(aq) + .................. MnO2(s) o .................. MnCl2(aq) + .................. H2O(l) + .................. Cl2(g)

(ii) State what you would observe when a piece of damp litmus paper is placed
into the gas jar containing chlorine.
(1)

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (c) Chlorine can be used to obtain bromine (Br2) from sea water.
Sea water contains bromide ions, Br—
The pH of sea water is usually within the range of 7.5 to 8.4
The stages in the extraction of bromine from sea water are

Stage 1 The pH of the sea water is lowered to about 3.5

Stage 2 An excess of chlorine is bubbled through the sea water
Stage 3 The bromine (Br2) is removed from the mixture and reacted with
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water. This reaction converts the bromine to
hydrogen bromide (HBr) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Stage 4 The hydrogen bromide is reacted with chlorine to form bromine (Br2)

(i) Suggest a substance that could be added to lower the pH of sea water in Stage 1.
(1)

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(ii) Why is an excess of chlorine added in Stage 2?

(1)

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(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in Stage 3.

(2)

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(iv) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in Stage 4.

(1)

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(d) State the colour change observed when bromine is added to an aqueous solution
of potassium iodide.
(2)

Colour of potassium iodide solution at start.............................................................................................................................. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colour of final reaction mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 16 marks)

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3 Bromine is an element in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
(a) What is the name given to the Group 7 elements?
(1)
A alkali metals B alkaline earth metals C halogens D noble gases

79 81
(b) The symbols of two isotopes of bromine are 35 Br and 35 Br.
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)

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. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in
79 81
one atom of 35Br and in one atom of 35Br.
(3)

Isotope Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

79
35
Br

81
35
Br

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4 The halogens are elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Put a cross in the box to indicate your answer.

(i) Chlorine gas is
(1)
A brown
B colourless
C green
D violet

(ii) At room temperature, the physical state of bromine is

(1)
A solid
B liquid
C gas
D aqueous solution

(b) Which is the most reactive element in Group 7?

(1)

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(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form a colourless gas that dissolves in water to
form an acid.
(i) What is the name of the colourless gas?
(1)

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(ii) What is the name of the acid?

(1)

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(iii) What is the formula that is used to represent both the colourless gas and the acid?
(1)

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(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)

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5 Bromine, chlorine and iodine are elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
(a) (i) Identify which of these elements has
(2)

the palest colour .......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the highest melting point ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the name of another Group 7 element that is a solid at room temperature.
(1)

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(b) When chlorine and hydrogen react together, hydrogen chloride gas forms.

Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(2)

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(c) Some hydrogen chloride gas is bubbled into separate samples of water and methylbenzene.
A piece of blue litmus paper is dipped into each solution.
(i) State, with a reason, the final colour of the litmus paper in the solution in water.
(2)

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(ii) State, with a reason, the final colour of the litmus paper in the solution in methylbenzene.
(2)

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. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 9 marks)

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