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(Download PDF) English Vocabulary in Use Advanced 3Rd Edition Book With Answers and Enhanced Michael Mccarthy Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) English Vocabulary in Use Advanced 3Rd Edition Book With Answers and Enhanced Michael Mccarthy Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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60 units of vocabulary
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Also inside is a code for an interactive eBook*. This has the same
grammar sounds, word stress, connected speech and intonation.
classroom use
Also available
explanations and exercises as in the printed book. This makes it
perfect for C
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classroom use
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Michael McCarthy
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10, more highly magnified pairing of gametes of different origin; 11, 12,
zygote developing into "A" form. (After Schaudinn.)
2. Foraminifera[74]
Sarcodina with no central capsule or distinction of ectosarc; the
pseudopodia fine, branching freely, and fusing where they meet to
form protoplasmic networks, or the outermost in the pelagic forms
radiating, but without a central or axial filament: sometimes
dimorphic, reproducing by fission and by rhizopod or flagellate germs
in the few cases thoroughly investigated: all marine (with the
exception of some of the Allogromidiaceae), and usually provided
with a test of carbonate of lime ("vitreous" calcite, or "porcellanous"
aragonite?), or of cemented particles of sand ("arenaceous"); test-
wall continuous, or with the walls perforated by minute pores or
interstices for the protrusion of pseudopodia.
In most cases the part of the previously existing chamber next the
pylome serves as the hinder part of the new chamber, and the old
pylome becomes the pore of communication. But in some of the
"Perforata" each new chamber forms a complete wall of its own
("proper wall," Fig. 13, 8b), and the space between the two adjacent
walls is filled with an intermediate layer traversed by canals
communicating with the cavities of the chambers ("intermediate
skeleton"), while an external layer of the same character may form a
continuous covering. The shell of the Perforata may be adorned with
pittings or fine spines, which serve to increase the surface of support
in such floating forms as Globigerina, Hastigerina, and the like (Fig.
17). In the "Imperforata" the outer layer is often ornamented with
regular patterns of pits, prominences, etc., which are probably
formed by a thin reflected external layer of protoplasm. In some of
the "Arenacea" a "labyrinthine" complex of laminae is formed.
A very remarkable point which has led to great confusion in the study
of the Foraminifera, is the fact that the shell on which we base our
characters of classification, may vary very much, even within the
same individual. Thus in the genus Orbitolites the first few chambers
of the shell have the character of a Milioline, in Orbiculina of a
Peneroplis. The arrangements of the Milioline shell, known as
Triloculine, Quinqueloculine, and Biloculine respectively, may
succeed one another in the same shell (Figs. 14 4, 15). A shell may
begin as a spiral and end by a straight continuation: again, the
spherical Orbulina (Fig. 16 1) is formed as an investment to a shell
indistinguishable from Globigerina, which is ultimately absorbed. In
some cases, as Rhumbler has pointed out, the more recent and
higher development shows itself in the first formed chambers, while
the later, younger chambers remain at a lowlier stage, as in the case
of the spiral passing into a straight succession; but the other cases
we have cited show that this is not always the case. In Lagena (Fig.
13 2) the pylome is produced into a short tube, which may protrude
from the shell or be turned into it, so that for the latter form the genus
Entosolenia was founded. Shells identical in minute sculpture are,
however, found with either form of neck, and, moreover, the
polythalamial shells (Nodosaria, Fig. 13 3), formed of a nearly
straight succession of Lagena-like chambers, may have these
chambers with their communications on either type. Rhumbler goes
so far as to suggest that all so-called Lagena shells are either the
first formed chamber of a Nodosaria which has not yet become
polythalamian by the formation of younger ones, or are produced by
the separation of an adult Nodosaria into separate chambers.
Fig. 15.—A, Megalospheric; B, microspheric shell of Biloculina. c, The initial
chamber. The microspheric form begins on the Quinqueloculina type. (From
Calkins' Protozoa.)
In the ordinary life of the megalospheric form the greater part of the
chromatic matter is aggregated into a nucleus, some still remaining
diffused. At the end of growth the nucleus itself disintegrates, and
the chromidia concentrate into a number of small vesicular nuclei,
each of which appropriates to itself a small surrounding zone of thick
plasm and then divides by mitosis twice; and the 4-nucleate cells so
formed are resolved into as many 1-nucleate, 2-flagellate swarmers,
which conjugate only exogamously.[80] The fusion of their nuclei
takes place after some delay: ultimately the zygote nucleus divides
into two, a shell is formed, and we have the microsphere, which is
thus pluri-nucleate ab initio. As we have seen, the nuclei of the
microsphere are ultimately replaced by chromidia, and the whole
plasmic body divides into pseudopodiospores, which grow into the
megalospheric form.
Actinophrys sol Ehrb. (Fig. 18) is a good and common type. It owes
its name to its resemblance to a conventional drawing of the sun,
with a spherical body and numerous close-set diverging rays. The
cytoplasm shows a more coarsely vacuolated outer layer, sometimes
called the ectosarc, and a denser internal layer the endosarc. In the
centre of the figure is the large nucleus, to which the continuations of
the rays may be seen to converge; the pseudopodia contain each a
stiffish axial filament,[83] which is covered by the fine granular plasm,
showing currents of the granules. The axial filament disappears
when the pseudopodia are retracted or bent, and is regenerated
afterwards. This bending occurs when a living prey touches and
adheres to a ray, all its neighbours bending in like the tentacles of a
Sundew. The prey is carried down to the surface of the ectoplasm,
and sinks into it with a little water, to form a nutritive vacuole. Fission
is the commonest mode of reproduction, and temporary plastogamic
unions are not uncommon. Arising from these true conjugations
occur, two and two, as described by Schaudinn. A gelatinous cyst
wall forms about the two which are scarcely more than in contact
with their rays withdrawn. Then in each the nucleus divides into two,
one of which passes to the surface, and is lost (as a "polar body"),
while the other approaches the corresponding nucleus of the mate,
and unites with it, while at the same time the cytoplasms fuse. Within
the gelatinous cyst the zygote so formed divides to produce two
sister resting spores, from each of which, after a few days, a young
Actinophrys escapes, as may take place indeed after encystment of
an ordinary form without conjugation.