21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Q4 Reviewer

I. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS

A. The National Artist or Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
 a distinction given to a Filipino who excellently contributed to the enrichment of national art
 given by virtue of the President Proclamation No. 1001 on April 2, 1972
 honored through a ceremony administered by the National Commission for Culture and Arts
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
B. The benefits given to National Artists
 a monthly life pension
 medical and hospitalization benefits
 life insurance coverage for Awardees who are still insurable
 a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
 a place of honor, in line with protocolar precedence, at national state functions
 and recognition at cultural events.
C. Whang-od Oggay, also known as Maria Oggay, is a tattoo artist from the village of Buscalan within
Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines. She is often described as the "last" and oldest mambabatok and is
part of the Butbut people of the larger Kalinga ethnic group.
D. Nick Joaquin was conferred with the title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1976.
---He used Quijano de Manila as his pen name.
Life and Works of Nick Joaquin
-He was a celebrated and a decorated writer who remained shy and uncomfortable with the
attention he garnered despite the awards he received.
-He won the Philippines Free Press Short Story Contest in 1949.
-He was one of the TOYM Awardees for Literature in 1955.
-In 1976, he received a National Artist Award for Literature.
-He also received a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Literature Journalism, Literature, and Creative
Communication Arts, the highest honor for a writer in Asia in 1996.
E. Life and Works of Alejandro Roces
-He was a short story writer and essayist.
-He was known for his comic short stories such as “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken” and “We Filipinos
Are Mild Drinkers.”
-He became a National Artist for Literature in the Philippines in 2003.
-He won Best Short Story for “We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers” during his freshman year in the
University of Arizona. He received his undergraduate degree in Fine Arts in this university.
-He finished his master’s degree at Far Eastern University.
-He received a Doctor of Arts and Letters degree from PUP.
-He received a doctorate in Humane Letters (Honoris Causa) from Ateneo de Manila University and a
doctorate in Humanities (Honoris Causa) from St. Louis University, Baguio City.

II. Old English and Middle English Literature

A. Old English Literature
 spans from around 600 to 1200 AD
 the soulful and practical expressions of a people who struggled, lost, and triumphed over and
against neighboring invaders and warring factions
 encompasses Anglo-Saxon written and spoken works and Anglo-Latin works
 major manuscripts of that period told about the lives of saints, religious poems, and religious
narratives
  Because of the foresight of the various monasteries or abbeys across the centuries in Britain,
most Old English poetry survived through these four manuscripts: Beowulf, The Exeter Book,
The Junius or Caedmon Manuscript, and the Vercelli Book.
 Poetry is characterized by patterns of four-stress lines and six-stress lines. A caesura or
syntactical break is placed in between the second and third stresses of the poem.
B. Middle English Literature
 The term Middle English was first created to mark a period in the development of the English
language.
 Most works of literature in this period are devoted to some aspect of religion. They are both
religious and secular in nature.
 Examples of these were stories of the saints’ lives, miracle plays, and sermons,
among others.
 centralized on poetry adapted from the Normans
 still written in Old English and focused on linguistic characteristics rather than aesthetic literary
features
 From Old English, they were influenced by the French. Romance was one of their predominant
themes.
 made use of alliterative verse and caesura from the Old English period
III. Latin American Literature
 The oral and written literature of South American countries were generally written in Spanish
andPortuguese, and these make up the entirety of Latin American literature.
 The popularity of Latin American literature can be attributed to the uprising of magic realism.
 As Latin Americans migrate to other parts of the world, they brought their literary traditions. This
contributed to the proliferation of diaspora literature.
IV. Asian Literature
A. Chinese Literature
Beginning of Chinese Literature
● Ming Dynasty - Literature was written to entertain common literate Chinese.
● Tang Dynasty (618–907) - Woodblock printing was invented.
● Song Dynasty (960–1279) - Movable type of printing was introduced.
● These developments led to the propagation of literature across the country.
B. Japanese Literature
 Nara Period - considered as the Golden Age of Poetry (710–794 AD)
 Heian Period - considered the classical age of Japanese literature
-literature reflected the pleasure-loving and effeminate but cultured and refined character of
the class of Japanese who produced it
-largely the work of women
 Kamakura-Muromachi Period - characterized by a constant state of warfare and turmoil and the
decline of learning
 Edo Period - Literature was more voluminous.
-Writings were produced by merchant class and were considered bawdy and worldly.