Natural response of first order

circuits (RL & RC)

Arunachalam V
APSG, SENSE
 First order circuits
• Here we consider two types of simple circuits:
– a circuit comprising a resistor and capacitor (RC circuits).
– a circuit comprising a resistor and an inductor (RL circuits).
• By applying Kirchhoff’s laws to purely resistive circuits results in
algebraic equations, while applying the same to RC and RL circuits
produces differential equations, which are more difficult to solve than
algebraic equations.
• The differential equations resulting from analyzing RC and RL circuits are
of the first order. Hence, the circuits are collectively known as first-order
circuits.
 How are the circuits get exited ?
• There are two ways to excite the circuits.
• Source-free (initial conditions of the storage elements in the circuits).
– assume that the energy is initially stored in the capacitive or inductive element.
– The stored energy causes current to flow in the circuit and is gradually dissipated in the
resistors.
– Although source-free circuits are by definition free of independent sources, they may
have dependent sources.
• Independent sources are used to excite the circuits.
• The two types of first-order circuits and the two ways of exciting them add
up to the four possible situations.
• Finally, we consider four typical applications of RC and RL circuits:
– delay circuits ,
– relay circuits,
– a photoflash unit,
– automobile ignition circuit.
 Source-free RC circuit
• Initially, vc t  0   Vo Volts
• Applying KCL at the node, ic  iR  0
dv v dv v dv dt
C  0 C   
dt R dt R v RC
t
• Integrating both the sides, ln v    ln A
RC
,where “ln A” is the constant
v t
ln  t
A RC 
t 
Taking powers of e both the sides, vt   A e RC  vt   V0 e
RC
•
• The voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential decay of the initial
voltage.
• Since the response is due to the initial energy stored and the physical
characteristics of the circuit and not due to some external voltage or current
source, it is called the natural response of the circuit.
 Time constant (τ)
  RC
t 


 vt     V0 e RC

 V0 e 1  0.368 V0

The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay
by a factor of 1/e or 36.8 percent of its initial value.
 Energy absorbed by Resistor
t

Voltage across the resistor is, vt   V0 e 

vt  V0 t
Current through the resistor is, i t    e
R R 2 2t
V0  
Power absorbed by the resistor is, p t   vt   i t   e
R t 2 t 2t
V0 
w
Energy absorbed by the resistor un till the time ‘t’ is, R t   0 p t  dt  e 
R 0
2t t
2   2 2t
t
2t t
V0 e 
  V0   C 2  
wR t    e 
   V0 e 
R  2    2 R  2 
 0
0 0

1 1
wR t   CV0 1  e
2
2

 2t  as t  
 , wR t    
2
CV0
2

Energy absorbed by the resistor = Energy stored in the capacitor initially

 Circuits having more than one R / C
• When a circuit contains a single capacitor and several resistors and
dependent sources, the Thevenin equivalent can be found at the terminals
of the capacitor to form a simple RC circuit.
• Also, one can use Thevenin’s theorem when several capacitors can be
combined to form a single equivalent capacitor.
Find the ix and vx for t > 0 , when vc(0)=15 V
t

vt   V0 e    REq C

REq  8  12  || 5  4

  4  0.1  0.4 s

vt   15e 2.5t V

vt  12 vx
vx   9e  2.5t V ix   0.75e 2.5t A
12  8 12
Find the io ,vx and vc for t > 0 , when vc(0)=30 V
t

vt   V0 e    REq C

REq  6 || 12   8  12 
1
  12   4 s
3
vc t   30e 0.25 t V

vc
v t  4 io   2.5e 2.5t A
vx  c  10 e 0.25t V 12
4  8
 Source-free RL circuit
• Initially, i t  0   I o Ampere
• Applying KVL at the loop, vL  vR  0
di di di R
 L  iR  0  L  iR    dt
dt dt i L
Rt
• Integrating both the sides, ln i    ln A
L
,where “ln A” is the constant
i Rt
ln  t
A L 
t 
Taking powers of e both the sides, i t   A e L R  i t   I 0 e
L R
•
• The current response of the RL circuit is an exponential decay of the initial
current.
• Since the response is due to the initial energy stored and the physical
characteristics of the circuit and not due to some external voltage or current
source, it is called the natural response of the circuit.
 Time constant (τ)
 L R
t 


 i t     I 0 e L R

 I 0 e 1  0.368 I 0

The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay
by a factor of 1/e or 36.8 percent of its initial value.
 Energy absorbed by Resistor
t

Current through the resistor is, i t   I 0 e 
t

Current through the resistor is, v t   i t   R  I 0  R e 

2t

Power absorbed by the resistor is, p t   vt  i t   I 0  R e
2 

t t 2t
2 
Energy absorbed by the resistor un till the time ‘t’ is, wR t    p t  dt  I 0 R  e


0 0
2t t
  t t
e 
  2  2t  2t
L 2  
wR t   I 0 R
2
  I0 R e    I0 e 
 2    2  2 
 0
0 0

1 1

wR t   LI 0 1  e  2t 
2
2
 as t  , wR t    
2
LI 0
2

Energy absorbed by the resistor = Energy stored in the inductor initially

 Circuits having more than one R / L
• When a circuit has a single inductor and several resistors and dependent
sources, the Thevenin equivalent can be found at the terminals of the
inductor to form a simple RL circuit.
• Also, one can use Thevenin’s theorem when several inductors can be
combined to form a single equivalent inductor.
 The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time. At t = 0, the switch is
opened. Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
For t < 0,

The i(t) is obtained as,

For t > 0 ,
RT  4 || 12   2  5  ; I T  40 5  8 A
8  12
i t    6 A  I0
16
The τ is obtained as,
  L RTh  2 12  4  || 16   0.25 s

The i(t) is obtained for t > 0 as, i t   6 e A

4 t
For the circuit, find i(t) for t > 0.

For t < 0, The i(t) is obtained as,

58
i t    2 A  I0
20
The τ is obtained as,
  L RTh  2 12  8 || 5  2 4  0.5 s

The i(t) is obtained for t > 0 as,

i t   2 e 2t A
 DA 2 - 1
a) Find the values of R and C.
b) Calculate the time constant τ.
c) Determine the time required for the voltage to
decay half its initial value at t = 0.
d) Calculate the initial energy in the capacitor.
e) Obtain the time it takes to dissipate 50% of the
initial energy.
When the v and i are as given below:

(i) vt   10 e 4t V and it   0.2 e 4t A, for t  0

(ii ) vt   56 e 200t V and it   8 e 200t mA, for t  0

 DA 2 - 2
The switch has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0.
Find v(t) for t = 0.
 DA 2 - 3
The switch has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0.
Find v(t) for t > 0.
Determine the time necessary for the capacitor voltage to decay to
one-third of its value at t = 0.
 DA 2 - 4
The switch has been in position A for a long time and is moved to
position B at t = 0. Then at 1 second, the switch moves from B to C.
Find vC(t) for t > 0.
 DA 2 - 5
The switch has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0.
Find i0(t) for t > 0.
 DA 2 - 6
Determine the time constant for the following circuits.
 DA 2 - 7
The switch has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0.
Find v(t) and i(t) for t > 0, if i(0) =10 A.
 Next Class
ANALYSIS OF FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS WITH SOURCE